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• *Simple* way to block DDoS by number of requests

  - by Eduard Luca

  I have 3 Varnish 3.0.2 servers with Apache 2 as backends, which are being load balanced through a HAproxy separate server. I need to find a very simple program (I'm not much of a sysadmin), which blocks requests from an IP, if that IP has made more than X requests in Y seconds. Would something like this be achievable with a simple solution? Right now I have to block all requests manually with iptables.

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• Windows Server 2008R2 IIS7.5, Requests getting 401 status

  - by TLBH

  We have a web site running in windows server 2008r2 iis7.5 and we are seeing several errors reported from our global error handler saying that "Request Timed Out". I matched up one to the IIS log file and see the request took 135116 (presumably milliseconds) had an sc-status of 401 an sc-sub0status of 0 and an sc-win32-status of 64. 2 requests failed in these way but lots of surrounding requests (1979 successful requests vs 2 fails) for the same user went through perfectly fine- with the same cs-username which makes a 401 seem a little odd. The target of the requests is an ASP.Net web service's web method called by the .net client library- it's called a lot of times per user (3 times per second) to keep a page updated. We're getting some users reportng seeing a freezing effect and I think this may be the cause, any ideas? Peter

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• ASP.NET website http requests appear to be queueing

  - by scolemann

  We cloned our servers this weekend into a colo. All non-asp.net sites are performing great, but ASP.NET sites are very slow. It appears to be an issue with the requests/connections, but I cannot figure out where. The reason I think it is a problem with the connections is that when I launch fiddler and watch the requests, all requests appear to happen sequentially. Even the static image requests are taking 5 seconds and another one doesn't start until the first one finishes. MaxConnections is set to 100 in machine.config and the "website connections" are set to unlimited. Any idea what else coudld be causing this? from machine.config:

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• How to defend agains botnet http requests

  - by Killercode

  I have a server with WHM + CPanel and 5 of my costumer got infected with zbot. This means that the domains they have are constantly receiving requests to certain destinations. I tried to use mod_security but seems that it can't filter every requests... I don't really know why? I still see in the access log the connection comming in and it's consuming a LOT of bandwidth and server load Those accounts have already been clean so all of those requests go to error 404 (the ones catched on mod_security I am dropping the connection). Is there anymore ways to defend against this requests?

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• Diagnose cause of long running requests in IIS 7.0

  - by Shlomi Fruchter

  We are running an ASP.NET web application on IIS 7.0, Windows Server 2008 R2, with SQL Server 2008 R2 for DB. On weekends, when the traffic is high, the request queue length in the IIS servers increase (up to 800 requests) and then drops, every minute or so. I can see that the servers are handling some requests which, according to the 'Current Requests' view in IIS Manager, are long running (thier Time Elapsed value ranges from 20 to 50 seconds). Those requests are not necessarily heavy queries, actually, I can't understand why they are taking so long. Can it be because the client is closing the connection on his side? Thanks, Shlomi

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• RuntimeError: maximum recursion depth exceeded while calling a Python object

  - by Bilal Basharat

  this error arises when i try to run the following test case which is written in models.py of my django app named 'administration' : from django.test import Client, TestCase from django.core import mail class ClientTest( TestCase ): fixtures = [ 'testdata.json' ] def test_get_register( self ): response = self.client.get( '/accounts/register/', {} ) self.assertEqual( response.status_code, 200 ) the error arises at this line specifically: response = self.client.get( '/accounts/register/', {} ) my django version is 1.2.1 and python 2.6 and satchmo version is 0.9.2-pre hg-unknown. I code in windows platform(xp sp2). The command to run test case is: python manage.py test administration the complete error log is as follow: site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 101, in by_host site = Site.objects.get(domain=host) File "C:\django\django\db\models\manager.py", line 132, in get return self.get_query_set().get(*args, **kwargs) File "C:\django\django\db\models\query.py", line 336, in get num = len(clone) File "C:\django\django\db\models\query.py", line 81, in __len__ self._result_cache = list(self.iterator()) File "C:\django\django\db\models\query.py", line 269, in iterator for row in compiler.results_iter(): File "C:\django\django\db\models\sql\compiler.py", line 672, in results_iter for rows in self.execute_sql(MULTI): File "C:\django\django\db\models\sql\compiler.py", line 717, in execute_sql sql, params = self.as_sql() File "C:\django\django\db\models\sql\compiler.py", line 65, in as_sql where, w_params = self.query.where.as_sql(qn=qn, connection=self.connection) File "C:\django\django\db\models\sql\where.py", line 91, in as_sql sql, params = child.as_sql(qn=qn, connection=connection) File "C:\django\django\db\models\sql\where.py", line 94, in as_sql sql, params = self.make_atom(child, qn, connection) File "C:\django\django\db\models\sql\where.py", line 141, in make_atom lvalue, params = lvalue.process(lookup_type, params_or_value, connection) File "C:\django\django\db\models\sql\where.py", line 312, in process connection=connection, prepared=True) File "C:\django\django\db\models\fields\subclassing.py", line 53, in inner return func(*args, **kwargs) File "C:\django\django\db\models\fields\subclassing.py", line 53, in inner return func(*args, **kwargs) File "C:\django\django\db\models\fields\__init__.py", line 323, in get_db_prep _lookup return [self.get_db_prep_value(value, connection=connection, prepared=prepar ed)] File "C:\django\django\db\models\fields\subclassing.py", line 53, in inner return func(*args, **kwargs) File "C:\django\django\db\models\fields\subclassing.py", line 53, in inner return func(*args, **kwargs) RuntimeError: maximum recursion depth exceeded while calling a Python object ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Ran 7 tests in 48.453s FAILED (errors=1) Destroying test database 'default'...

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• Get stacktrace from stuck python process

  - by piquadrat

  I have to run a legacy Zope2 website and have some grievance with it. The biggest issue is that, occasionally, it just locks up, running at 100% CPU load and not answering to requests anymore. While the problem isn't reproducible on a regular basis, one page containing 3 dynamic graphs triggers it sometimes, so I suspect some kind of race condition that leads to an endless loop or a stuck busywait. The problem is, I have not yet found a way to debug this thing. There's nothing in the Zope logs and nothing in the system logs. I tried the suggestions from this question to get a stacktrace, but the only signal that has any effect is SIGKILL. Is there another possibility to find out where exactly the process is when it gets stuck?

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• How would you adblock using Python?

  - by regomodo

  I'm slowly building a web browser in PyQt4 and like the speed i'm getting out of it. However, I want to combine easylist.txt with it. I believe adblock uses this to block http requests by the browser. How would you go about it using python/PyQt4? [edit1] Ok. I think i've setup Privoxy. I haven't setup any additional filters and it seems to work. The PyQt4 i've tried to use looks like this self.proxyIP = "127.0.0.1" self.proxyPORT= 8118 proxy = QNetworkProxy() proxy.setType(QNetworkProxy.HttpProxy) proxy.setHostName(self.proxyIP) proxy.setPort(self.proxyPORT) QNetworkProxy.setApplicationProxy(proxy) However, this does absolutely nothing and I cannot make sense of the docs and can not find any examples. [edit2] I've just noticed that i'f I change self.proxyIP to my actual local IP rather than 127.0.0.1 the page doesn't load. So something is happening.

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• Python and urllib2: how to make a GET request with parameters

  - by Infinity

  I'm building an "API API", it basically a wrapper for a in house REST web service that the web app will be making a lot of requests to. Some of the web service calls need to be GET rather than post, but passing parameters. Is there a "best practice" way to encode a dictionary into a query string? e.g.: ?foo=bar&bla=blah I'm looking at the urllib2 docs, and it looks like it decides by itself wether to use POST or GET based on if you pass params or not, but maybe someone knows how to make it transform the params dictionary into a GET request. Maybe there's a package for something like this out there? It would be great if it supported keep-alive, as the web server will be constantly requesting things from the REST service. Thanks!

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• "Passing Go" in a (python) date range

  - by anonymous coward

  The Rules: An employee accrues 8 hours of Paid Time Off on the day after each quarter. Quarters, specifically being: Jan 1 - Mar 31 Apr 1 - Jun 30 Jul 1 - Sep 30 Oct 1 - Dec 31 The Problem Employees will use an automated system to request paid time off, possibly occurring in the past, as well as the future. Requests should only be accepted if the employee has (or will have) that time available. For instance, if an employee only has 1 Day of Paid Time Off currently available (currently being January 20th), but is requesting 2 Days of Paid Time Off, beginning September 20th, the system should take into account that the employee would have accrued enough time off by then and allow the request. (Obviously ignoring that the employee may use up existing time before that date). I'm currently using Python, and wondering what the correct approach to something like this would be. I'm assuming that using DateTime objects, and possibly the dateutil module, would help here, but my brain isn't wrapping around this problem for some reason.

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• I have a very long and repetitive python path, where do I look to correct this?

  - by ninja123

  I know it is probably not necessary to paste the whole path, but just for the record I have done so below. Whenever I run a python command, it takes a long time to load this path I suppose. I have checked in .bash_profile and only have these two lines: export PATH=/Users/username/bin:/opt/local/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.5/bin:/opt/local/bin:/opt/local/sbin:/opt/local/apache2/bin:$PATH export PYTHONPATH=/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/ And my python path as outputed by Django's debug is: Python path : ['/Users/username/Sites/videocluster/eggs/ipython-0.10-py2.5.egg', '/Users/username/Sites/videocluster/eggs/South-0.6.1-py2.5.egg', '/Users/username/Sites/videocluster/eggs/django_markitup-0.5.2-py2.5.egg', '/Users/username/Sites/videocluster/eggs/DateTime-2.12.0-py2.5.egg', '/Users/username/Sites/videocluster/eggs/Markdown-2.0.3-py2.5.egg', '/Users/username/Sites/videocluster/eggs/PIL-1.1.7-py2.5-macosx-10.5-i386.egg', '/Users/username/Sites/videocluster/eggs/djangorecipe-0.20-py2.5.egg', '/Users/username/Sites/videocluster/eggs/zc.recipe.egg-1.2.3b2-py2.5.egg', '/Users/username/Sites/videocluster/eggs/zc.buildout-1.5.0b2-py2.5.egg', '/Users/username/Sites/videocluster/eggs/pytz-2010h-py2.5.egg', '/Users/username/Sites/videocluster/eggs/zope.interface-3.6.1-py2.5-macosx-10.5-i386.egg', '/Users/username/Sites/videocluster/eggs/setuptools-0.6c11-py2.5.egg', '/Users/username/Sites/videocluster/parts/django', '/Users/username/Sites/videocluster', '/Users/username/Sites/videocluster/bin', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/setuptools_git-0.3.3-py2.5.egg', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/pysqlite-2.5.5-py2.5-macosx-10.5-i386.egg', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/CouchDB-0.5-py2.5.egg', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/httplib2-0.4.0-py2.5.egg', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/PyYAML-3.08-py2.5-macosx-10.5-i386.egg', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/simple_db_migrate-1.2.8-py2.5.egg', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/PyDispatcher-2.0.1-py2.5.egg', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/pyOpenSSL-0.9-py2.5-macosx-10.5-i386.egg', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/greenlet-0.2-py2.5-macosx-10.5-i386.egg', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/Supay-0.0.2-py2.5.egg', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/configobj-4.6.0-py2.5.egg', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/Fabric-0.9b1-py2.5.egg', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/fudge-0.9.3-py2.5.egg', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/pydelicious-0.5.3-py2.5.egg', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/feedparser-4.1-py2.5.egg', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/github_cli-0.2.5.2-py2.5.egg', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/simplejson-2.0.9-py2.5-macosx-10.5-i386.egg', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/setuptools-0.6c11-py2.5.egg', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/setuptools-0.6c11-py2.5.egg', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/setuptools-0.6c11-py2.5.egg', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/setuptools-0.6c11-py2.5.egg', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/setuptools-0.6c11-py2.5.egg', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/setuptools-0.6c11-py2.5.egg', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/setuptools-0.6c11-py2.5.egg', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/setuptools-0.6c11-py2.5.egg', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/setuptools-0.6c11-py2.5.egg', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/setuptools-0.6c11-py2.5.egg', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/setuptools-0.6c11-py2.5.egg', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/setuptools-0.6c11-py2.5.egg', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/setuptools-0.6c11-py2.5.egg', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/setuptools-0.6c11-py2.5.egg', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/setuptools-0.6c11-py2.5.egg', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/setuptools-0.6c11-py2.5.egg', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/setuptools-0.6c11-py2.5.egg', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/setuptools-0.6c11-py2.5.egg', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/setuptools-0.6c11-py2.5.egg', ......(repeating)....... 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'/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/gtk-2.0', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/gtk-2.0', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/gtk-2.0', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/gtk-2.0', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/gtk-2.0', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/gtk-2.0', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/gtk-2.0', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/gtk-2.0', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/gtk-2.0', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/gtk-2.0', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/gtk-2.0', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/gtk-2.0', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/gtk-2.0', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/gtk-2.0', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/gtk-2.0', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/gtk-2.0', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/gtk-2.0', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/gtk-2.0', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/gtk-2.0', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/gtk-2.0', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/gtk-2.0', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/gtk-2.0', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/gtk-2.0', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/gtk-2.0', ......(repeating)....... '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/gtk-2.0', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/gtk-2.0', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/gtk-2.0', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/gtk-2.0', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/gtk-2.0', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/gtk-2.0', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/gtk-2.0', '/opt/local/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.5/lib/python2.5/site-packages/gtk-2.0'] Someone, please tell me where I can go to correct this. Thanks

  Read the article

• Python: Improving long cumulative sum

  - by Bo102010

  I have a program that operates on a large set of experimental data. The data is stored as a list of objects that are instances of a class with the following attributes: time_point - the time of the sample cluster - the name of the cluster of nodes from which the sample was taken code - the name of the node from which the sample was taken qty1 = the value of the sample for the first quantity qty2 = the value of the sample for the second quantity I need to derive some values from the data set, grouped in three ways - once for the sample as a whole, once for each cluster of nodes, and once for each node. The values I need to derive depend on the (time sorted) cumulative sums of qty1 and qty2: the maximum value of the element-wise sum of the cumulative sums of qty1 and qty2, the time point at which that maximum value occurred, and the values of qty1 and qty2 at that time point. I came up with the following solution: dataset.sort(key=operator.attrgetter('time_point')) # For the whole set sys_qty1 = 0 sys_qty2 = 0 sys_combo = 0 sys_max = 0 # For the cluster grouping cluster_qty1 = defaultdict(int) cluster_qty2 = defaultdict(int) cluster_combo = defaultdict(int) cluster_max = defaultdict(int) cluster_peak = defaultdict(int) # For the node grouping node_qty1 = defaultdict(int) node_qty2 = defaultdict(int) node_combo = defaultdict(int) node_max = defaultdict(int) node_peak = defaultdict(int) for t in dataset: # For the whole system ###################################################### sys_qty1 += t.qty1 sys_qty2 += t.qty2 sys_combo = sys_qty1 + sys_qty2 if sys_combo > sys_max: sys_max = sys_combo # The Peak class is to record the time point and the cumulative quantities system_peak = Peak(time_point=t.time_point, qty1=sys_qty1, qty2=sys_qty2) # For the cluster grouping ################################################## cluster_qty1[t.cluster] += t.qty1 cluster_qty2[t.cluster] += t.qty2 cluster_combo[t.cluster] = cluster_qty1[t.cluster] + cluster_qty2[t.cluster] if cluster_combo[t.cluster] > cluster_max[t.cluster]: cluster_max[t.cluster] = cluster_combo[t.cluster] cluster_peak[t.cluster] = Peak(time_point=t.time_point, qty1=cluster_qty1[t.cluster], qty2=cluster_qty2[t.cluster]) # For the node grouping ##################################################### node_qty1[t.node] += t.qty1 node_qty2[t.node] += t.qty2 node_combo[t.node] = node_qty1[t.node] + node_qty2[t.node] if node_combo[t.node] > node_max[t.node]: node_max[t.node] = node_combo[t.node] node_peak[t.node] = Peak(time_point=t.time_point, qty1=node_qty1[t.node], qty2=node_qty2[t.node]) This produces the correct output, but I'm wondering if it can be made more readable/Pythonic, and/or faster/more scalable. The above is attractive in that it only loops through the (large) dataset once, but unattractive in that I've essentially copied/pasted three copies of the same algorithm. To avoid the copy/paste issues of the above, I tried this also: def find_peaks(level, dataset): def grouping(object, attr_name): if attr_name == 'system': return attr_name else: return object.__dict__[attrname] cuml_qty1 = defaultdict(int) cuml_qty2 = defaultdict(int) cuml_combo = defaultdict(int) level_max = defaultdict(int) level_peak = defaultdict(int) for t in dataset: cuml_qty1[grouping(t, level)] += t.qty1 cuml_qty2[grouping(t, level)] += t.qty2 cuml_combo[grouping(t, level)] = (cuml_qty1[grouping(t, level)] + cuml_qty2[grouping(t, level)]) if cuml_combo[grouping(t, level)] > level_max[grouping(t, level)]: level_max[grouping(t, level)] = cuml_combo[grouping(t, level)] level_peak[grouping(t, level)] = Peak(time_point=t.time_point, qty1=node_qty1[grouping(t, level)], qty2=node_qty2[grouping(t, level)]) return level_peak system_peak = find_peaks('system', dataset) cluster_peak = find_peaks('cluster', dataset) node_peak = find_peaks('node', dataset) For the (non-grouped) system-level calculations, I also came up with this, which is pretty: dataset.sort(key=operator.attrgetter('time_point')) def cuml_sum(seq): rseq = [] t = 0 for i in seq: t += i rseq.append(t) return rseq time_get = operator.attrgetter('time_point') q1_get = operator.attrgetter('qty1') q2_get = operator.attrgetter('qty2') timeline = [time_get(t) for t in dataset] cuml_qty1 = cuml_sum([q1_get(t) for t in dataset]) cuml_qty2 = cuml_sum([q2_get(t) for t in dataset]) cuml_combo = [q1 + q2 for q1, q2 in zip(cuml_qty1, cuml_qty2)] combo_max = max(cuml_combo) time_max = timeline.index(combo_max) q1_at_max = cuml_qty1.index(time_max) q2_at_max = cuml_qty2.index(time_max) However, despite this version's cool use of list comprehensions and zip(), it loops through the dataset three times just for the system-level calculations, and I can't think of a good way to do the cluster-level and node-level calaculations without doing something slow like: timeline = defaultdict(int) cuml_qty1 = defaultdict(int) #...etc. for c in cluster_list: timeline[c] = [time_get(t) for t in dataset if t.cluster == c] cuml_qty1[c] = [q1_get(t) for t in dataset if t.cluster == c] #...etc. Does anyone here at Stack Overflow have suggestions for improvements? The first snippet above runs well for my initial dataset (on the order of a million records), but later datasets will have more records and clusters/nodes, so scalability is a concern. This is my first non-trivial use of Python, and I want to make sure I'm taking proper advantage of the language (this is replacing a very convoluted set of SQL queries, and earlier versions of the Python version were essentially very ineffecient straight transalations of what that did). I don't normally do much programming, so I may be missing something elementary. Many thanks!

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• Python dictionary key missing

  - by Greg K

  I thought I'd put together a quick script to consolidate the CSS rules I have distributed across multiple CSS files, then I can minify it. I'm new to Python but figured this would be a good exercise to try a new language. My main loop isn't parsing the CSS as I thought it would. I populate a list with selectors parsed from the CSS files to return the CSS rules in order. Later in the script, the list contains an element that is not found in the dictionary. for line in self.file.readlines(): if self.hasSelector(line): selector = self.getSelector(line) if selector not in self.order: self.order.append(selector) elif selector and self.hasProperty(line): # rules.setdefault(selector,[]).append(self.getProperty(line)) property = self.getProperty(line) properties = [] if selector not in rules else rules[selector] if property not in properties: properties.append(property) rules[selector] = properties # print "%s :: %s" % (selector, "".join(rules[selector])) return rules Error encountered: $ css-combine combined.css test1.css test2.css Traceback (most recent call last): File "css-combine", line 108, in <module> c.run(outfile, stylesheets) File "css-combine", line 64, in run [(selector, rules[selector]) for selector in parser.order], KeyError: 'p' Swap the inputs: $ css-combine combined.css test2.css test1.css Traceback (most recent call last): File "css-combine", line 108, in <module> c.run(outfile, stylesheets) File "css-combine", line 64, in run [(selector, rules[selector]) for selector in parser.order], KeyError: '#header_.title' I've done some quirky things in the code like sub spaces for underscores in dictionary key names in case it was an issue - maybe this is a benign precaution? Depending on the order of the inputs, a different key cannot be found in the dictionary. The script: #!/usr/bin/env python import optparse import re class CssParser: def __init__(self): self.file = False self.order = [] # store rules assignment order def parse(self, rules = {}): if self.file == False: raise IOError("No file to parse") selector = False for line in self.file.readlines(): if self.hasSelector(line): selector = self.getSelector(line) if selector not in self.order: self.order.append(selector) elif selector and self.hasProperty(line): # rules.setdefault(selector,[]).append(self.getProperty(line)) property = self.getProperty(line) properties = [] if selector not in rules else rules[selector] if property not in properties: properties.append(property) rules[selector] = properties # print "%s :: %s" % (selector, "".join(rules[selector])) return rules def hasSelector(self, line): return True if re.search("^([#a-z,\.:\s]+){", line) else False def getSelector(self, line): s = re.search("^([#a-z,:\.\s]+){", line).group(1) return "_".join(s.strip().split()) def hasProperty(self, line): return True if re.search("^\s?[a-z-]+:[^;]+;", line) else False def getProperty(self, line): return re.search("([a-z-]+:[^;]+;)", line).group(1) class Consolidator: """Class to consolidate CSS rule attributes""" def run(self, outfile, files): parser = CssParser() rules = {} for file in files: try: parser.file = open(file) rules = parser.parse(rules) except IOError: print "Cannot read file: " + file finally: parser.file.close() self.serialize( [(selector, rules[selector]) for selector in parser.order], outfile ) def serialize(self, rules, outfile): try: f = open(outfile, "w") for rule in rules: f.write( "%s {\n\t%s\n}\n\n" % ( " ".join(rule[0].split("_")), "\n\t".join(rule[1]) ) ) except IOError: print "Cannot write output to: " + outfile finally: f.close() def init(): op = optparse.OptionParser( usage="Usage: %prog [options] <output file> <stylesheet1> " + "<stylesheet2> ... <stylesheetN>", description="Combine CSS rules spread across multiple " + "stylesheets into a single file" ) opts, args = op.parse_args() if len(args) < 3: if len(args) == 1: print "Error: No input files specified.\n" elif len(args) == 2: print "Error: One input file specified, nothing to combine.\n" op.print_help(); exit(-1) return [opts, args] if __name__ == '__main__': opts, args = init() outfile, stylesheets = [args[0], args[1:]] c = Consolidator() c.run(outfile, stylesheets) Test CSS file 1: body { background-color: #e7e7e7; } p { margin: 1em 0em; } File 2: body { font-size: 16px; } #header .title { font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 1.9em; } #header .title a, #header .title a:hover { color: #f5f5f5; border-bottom: none; text-shadow: 2px 2px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); } Thanks in advance.

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• globals and locals in python exec()

  - by hawkettc

  Hi, I'm trying to run a piece of python code using exec. my_code = """ class A(object): pass print 'locals: %s' % locals() print 'A: %s' % A class B(object): a_ref = A """ global_env = {} local_env = {} my_code_AST = compile(my_code, "My Code", "exec") exec(my_code_AST, global_env, local_env) print local_env which results in the following output locals: {'A': <class 'A'>} A: <class 'A'> Traceback (most recent call last): File "python_test.py", line 16, in <module> exec(my_code_AST, global_env, local_env) File "My Code", line 8, in <module> File "My Code", line 9, in B NameError: name 'A' is not defined However, if I change the code to this - my_code = """ class A(object): pass print 'locals: %s' % locals() print 'A: %s' % A class B(A): pass """ global_env = {} local_env = {} my_code_AST = compile(my_code, "My Code", "exec") exec(my_code_AST, global_env, local_env) print local_env then it works fine - giving the following output - locals: {'A': <class 'A'>} A: <class 'A'> {'A': <class 'A'>, 'B': <class 'B'>} Clearly A is present and accessible - what's going wrong in the first piece of code? I'm using 2.6.5, cheers, Colin * UPDATE 1 * If I check the locals() inside the class - my_code = """ class A(object): pass print 'locals: %s' % locals() print 'A: %s' % A class B(object): print locals() a_ref = A """ global_env = {} local_env = {} my_code_AST = compile(my_code, "My Code", "exec") exec(my_code_AST, global_env, local_env) print local_env Then it becomes clear that locals() is not the same in both places - locals: {'A': <class 'A'>} A: <class 'A'> {'__module__': '__builtin__'} Traceback (most recent call last): File "python_test.py", line 16, in <module> exec(my_code_AST, global_env, local_env) File "My Code", line 8, in <module> File "My Code", line 10, in B NameError: name 'A' is not defined However, if I do this, there is no problem - def f(): class A(object): pass class B(object): a_ref = A f() print 'Finished OK' * UPDATE 2 * ok, so the docs here - http://docs.python.org/reference/executionmodel.html 'A class definition is an executable statement that may use and define names. These references follow the normal rules for name resolution. The namespace of the class definition becomes the attribute dictionary of the class. Names defined at the class scope are not visible in methods.' It seems to me that 'A' should be made available as a free variable within the executable statement that is the definition of B, and this happens when we call f(), but not when we use exec(). This can be more easily shown with the following - my_code = """ class A(object): pass print 'locals in body: %s' % locals() print 'A: %s' % A def f(): print 'A in f: %s' % A f() class B(object): a_ref = A """ which outputs locals in body: {'A': <class 'A'>} A: <class 'A'> Traceback (most recent call last): File "python_test.py", line 20, in <module> exec(my_code_AST, global_env, local_env) File "My Code", line 11, in <module> File "My Code", line 9, in f NameError: global name 'A' is not defined So I guess the new question is - why aren't those locals being exposed as free variables in functions and class definitions - it seems like a pretty standard closure scenario.

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• Problem using easy_install on Windows 7, 64 bit. (cannot find python.exe)

  - by Rune

  Hi, I have just now installed Python 2.6 on my Windows 7 (64 bit) Lenovo t61p laptop. I have downloaded Sphinx and nose and apparently installed them correctly using python setup.py install (at least no errors were reported during the installation). Now I am trying to install pymongo using easy_install but I am not having much success. It seems that easy_install isn't working at all. I execute easy_install as administrator: C:\>easy_install Cannot find Python executable C:\Program Files\Python26\python.exe The path C:\Program Files\Python26\python.exe is correct. I have found this bug report on bugs.python.org which seems to be related, although its status is 'Resolved'. Do you have any ideas as to what may be wrong? Any pointers, hints or tips for diagnosing the problem further would be greatly appreciated. EDIT: This is the stacktrace I receive when trying to install pymongo: C:\Users\Rune Ibsen\Documents\Downloads\pymongo-1.4>python setup.py install running install running bdist_egg running egg_info writing pymongo.egg-info\PKG-INFO writing top-level names to pymongo.egg-info\top_level.txt writing dependency_links to pymongo.egg-info\dependency_links.txt reading manifest file 'pymongo.egg-info\SOURCES.txt' reading manifest template 'MANIFEST.in' writing manifest file 'pymongo.egg-info\SOURCES.txt' installing library code to build\bdist.win-amd64\egg running install_lib running build_py running build_ext building 'pymongo._cbson' extension Traceback (most recent call last): File "setup.py", line 166, in <module> "doc": doc}) File "C:\Program Files\Python26\lib\distutils\core.py", line 152, in setup dist.run_commands() File "C:\Program Files\Python26\lib\distutils\dist.py", line 975, in run_commands self.run_command(cmd) File "C:\Program Files\Python26\lib\distutils\dist.py", line 995, in run_command cmd_obj.run() File "C:\Program Files\Python26\lib\site-packages\setuptools-0.6c9-py2.6.egg\setuptools\command\install.py", line 76, in run File "C:\Program Files\Python26\lib\site-packages\setuptools-0.6c9-py2.6.egg\setuptools\command\install.py", line 96, in do_egg_install File "C:\Program Files\Python26\lib\distutils\cmd.py", line 333, in run_command self.distribution.run_command(command) File "C:\Program Files\Python26\lib\distutils\dist.py", line 995, in run_command cmd_obj.run() File "C:\Program Files\Python26\lib\site-packages\setuptools-0.6c9-py2.6.egg\setuptools\command\bdist_egg.py", line 174, in run File "C:\Program Files\Python26\lib\site-packages\setuptools-0.6c9-py2.6.egg\setuptools\command\bdist_egg.py", line 161, in call_command File "C:\Program Files\Python26\lib\distutils\cmd.py", line 333, in run_command self.distribution.run_command(command) File "C:\Program Files\Python26\lib\distutils\dist.py", line 995, in run_command cmd_obj.run() File "C:\Program Files\Python26\lib\site-packages\setuptools-0.6c9-py2.6.egg\setuptools\command\install_lib.py", line 20, in run File "C:\Program Files\Python26\lib\distutils\command\install_lib.py", line 113, in build self.run_command('build_ext') File "C:\Program Files\Python26\lib\distutils\cmd.py", line 333, in run_command self.distribution.run_command(command) File "C:\Program Files\Python26\lib\distutils\dist.py", line 995, in run_command cmd_obj.run() File "setup.py", line 107, in run build_ext.run(self) File "C:\Program Files\Python26\lib\distutils\command\build_ext.py", line 340, in run self.build_extensions() File "C:\Program Files\Python26\lib\distutils\command\build_ext.py", line 449, in build_extensions self.build_extension(ext) File "setup.py", line 117, in build_extension build_ext.build_extension(self, ext) File "C:\Program Files\Python26\lib\distutils\command\build_ext.py", line 499, in build_extension depends=ext.depends) File "C:\Program Files\Python26\lib\distutils\msvc9compiler.py", line 448, in compile self.initialize() File "C:\Program Files\Python26\lib\distutils\msvc9compiler.py", line 358, in initialize vc_env = query_vcvarsall(VERSION, plat_spec) File "C:\Program Files\Python26\lib\distutils\msvc9compiler.py", line 274, in query_vcvarsall raise ValueError(str(list(result.keys()))) ValueError: [u'path'] C:\Users\Rune Ibsen\Documents\Downloads\pymongo-1.4> PS.: I previously installed Python 3.1 but later installed 2.6 because I am not sure whether pymongo supports 3.1. PPS.: I have tried installing pymongo using the python setup.py install approach, but this resulted in a nasty-looking stack trace, so I thought I would try to let easy_install take care of it for me. PPPS.: I am completely new to Python, easy_install, eggs etc.

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• shared hosting: ssl domain receives all server's ssl requests, google gets it wrong

  - by pixeline

  This website is hosted on a shared server. I've recently had my hosting provider secure our website using SSL (https://domain.com instead of http://domain.com). Ever since then, all https requests sent to the server are redirected to my website. https://otherdomain.com leads to a warning, then, if you continue, to my website. Ok, my fault, i should have known SSL means 1 IP, otherwise, this thing can happen. But... Google Search results for my website's target keywords is now displaying these websites above my own, even though they have nothing even remotely related to the target keywords! already done: provide canonical url in the html page. told the problem to the server manager, who tells me it's normal but he'll look for a solution. This was one week ago, no answer since. I have no idea why Google is providing these https urls: i thought someone would have to submit them, or have them inside an html page in order for Google to actually index dummy https domains, but i see no reason why someone would do that. Any suggestion on how to solve this situation? Golive is in one week and SEO looks really bad because of that.

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• IIS - HTTP Redirect all requests for one virtual directory to another

  - by nekno

  How do I set up an HTTP Redirect rule to redirect all requests for a virtual directory to another virtual directory, when I don't know the hostname or complete URL, and cannot use the URL Rewrite module? The following redirects should work: http://host1/app/oldvdir -> http://host1/app/newvdir http://host1/app/oldvdir/ -> http://host1/app/newvdir/ http://host1/app/oldvdir/login.aspx -> http://host1/app/newvdir/login.aspx http://host2/app/oldvdir/login.aspx -> http://host2/app/newvdir/login.aspx I would like to place the redirect rule in the app's root web.config. I have attempted the following rules, but the end result is simply that the redirected vdir gets duplicated on the end of the original vdir until reaching the max URL length, e.g., http://host/oldvdir/login.aspx -> http://host/oldvdir/newvdir/newvdir/newvdir/... Rules in root web.config (I also have tried all sorts of combinations of settings with and without leading and trailing slashes, etc): <location path="oldvdir"> <system.webServer> <httpRedirect enabled="true" exactDestination="false" httpResponseStatus="Permanent"> <add wildcard="*/oldvdir/*" destination="/newvdir/"/> </httpRedirect> </system.webServer> </location> <location path="oldvdir/"> <system.webServer> <httpRedirect enabled="true" exactDestination="false" destination="/newvdir" httpResponseStatus="Permanent"/> </system.webServer> </location>

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• Tracking feature requests for small-scale components

  - by DXM

  I'm curious how other development teams (especially those that work in moderate to large development groups) track "future" features/wishlists for functionality for internally developed frameworks or components. I know the standard advice is that a development team should find one good tool for tracking bugs/features and use that for everything and I agree with that if the future requests are for the product itself. In my company we have an engineering department, which is broken up into multiple groups and within each there can be one to several agile teams. The bug tracking product we use has been "a leader since 1997" (their UI/usability seems to also be evaluated against that year even today) but my agile team or even group doesn't really control what is being used by the whole department. What we are looking to track is not necessarily product features but expansion/nice to have functionality for internal components that go into our product. So to name a few for example... framework/utility library on top of CppUnit which our developers share low-level IPC communications framework Common development SDK that myself and several other team leads started to help share some common code/tools at the department-wide level (this SDK is released as internal "product" to each of the groups). Is the standard practice to use the one bug tracking tool? Or would it make more sense to setup something more localized specifically for our needs and maintain it ourselves? It's also unclear how management will feel if developers start performing "IT" roles of maintaining software and servers. At the same time, right now, we use excel files, internal wiki and MS OneNote for this kind of stuff and that just doesn't feel right. (I'm afraid to ask for actual software recommendations, since that might make this question more localized or something. Also developers needs this way more than management, so it would be nice to find something either free or no more than the cost of a happy hour).

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• Python XLWT attempt to overwrite cell workaround

  - by PPTim

  Hi, Using the python module xlwt, writing to the same cell twice throws an error: Message File Name Line Position Traceback <module> S:\******** write C:\Python26\lib\site-packages\xlwt\Worksheet.py 1003 write C:\Python26\lib\site-packages\xlwt\Row.py 231 insert_cell C:\Python26\lib\site-packages\xlwt\Row.py 150 Exception: Attempt to overwrite cell: sheetname=u'Sheet 1' rowx=1 colx=12 with the code snippet def insert_cell(self, col_index, cell_obj): if col_index in self.__cells: if not self.__parent._cell_overwrite_ok: msg = "Attempt to overwrite cell: sheetname=%r rowx=%d colx=%d" \ % (self.__parent.name, self.__idx, col_index) raise Exception(msg) #row 150 prev_cell_obj = self.__cells[col_index] sst_idx = getattr(prev_cell_obj, 'sst_idx', None) if sst_idx is not None: self.__parent_wb.del_str(sst_idx) self.__cells[col_index] = cell_obj Looks like the code 'raise'es an exception which halts the entire process. Is removing the 'raise' term enough to allow for overwriting cells? I appreciate xlwt's warning, but i thought the pythonic way is to assume "we know what we're doing". I don't want to break anything else in touching the module.

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• Usabe of Python 3 super()

  - by deamon

  I wonder when to use what flavour of Python 3 super(). Help on class super in module builtins: class super(object) | super() -> same as super(__class__, <first argument>) | super(type) -> unbound super object | super(type, obj) -> bound super object; requires isinstance(obj, type) | super(type, type2) -> bound super object; requires issubclass(type2, type) Until now I've used super() only without arguments and it worked as expected (by a Java developer). Questions: What does "bound" mean in this context? What is the difference between bound and unbound super object? When to use super(type, obj) and when super(type, type2)? Would it be better to name the super class like in Mother.__init__(...)?

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• Python: split files using mutliple split delimiters

  - by donalmg

  Hi, I have multiple CSV files which I need to parse in a loop to gather information. The problem is that while they are the same format, some are delimited by '\t' and others by ','. After this, I want to remove the double-quote from around the string. Can python split via multiple possible delimiters? At the minute, I can split the line with one by using: f = open(filename, "r") fields = f.readlines() for fs in fields: sf = fs.split('\t') tf = [fi.strip ('"') for fi in sf] Any suggestions are welcome.

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• Python script repeated auto start up.

  - by Ali

  I am designing a python web app, where people can have an email sent to them on a particular day. So a user puts in his emai and date in a form and it gets stored in my database. My script would then search through the database looking for all records of todays date, retrive the email, sends them out and deletes the entry from the table. Is it possible to have a setup, where the script starts up automatically at a give time, say 1 pm everyday, sends out the email and then quits? If I have a continuously running script, i might go over the CPU limit of my shared web hosting. Or is the effect negligible? Ali

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• Doxygen C++ comment string parser in python?

  - by Sebastian

  Does anybody know of a python module to parse a doxygen style C++ comment string? I mean a string like this (simple example): /** * A constructor. * A more elaborate description of the constructor. * @param param1 test1 * @param param2 test2 */ and I would like to extract the brief, the long description, the parameters, the return value etc. I'm currently doing this using string methods and regular expressions but my solution is not very robust. Alternatively does anybody know an easy to use parser lib that I can set up quickly? Thanks in advance

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• Open payment gateway libraries for Java, Python, Ruby, and PHP

  - by Tauren

  I'm looking for generic and open source payment libraries that support many different payment processor APIs. In other words, I'd like to develop an application using a single payment processing API, but be able to easily switch between payment gateways, such as Authorize.Net, Payflow Pro, Braintree, PayPal, Google, Amazon, etc. This question gives some Java solutions, but the suggestions all look horrible. Isn't there anything more like ActiveMerchant for Java? I really need a good Java solution, to the point of building my own if necessary. But I don't want to reinvent the wheel if it exists. Are there any solutions for Python or PHP? Ideally, I'd like to find something similar to Ruby's ActiveMerchant, which looks exceptionally complete. Are there any other Ruby solutions?

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• What does the caret operator in Python do?

  - by Fry

  I ran across the caret operator in python today and trying it out, I got the following output: >>> 8^3 11 >>> 8^4 12 >>> 8^1 9 >>> 8^0 8 >>> 7^1 6 >>> 7^2 5 >>> 7^7 0 >>> 7^8 15 >>> 9^1 8 >>> 16^1 17 >>> 15^1 14 >>> It seems to be based on 8, so I'm guessing some sort of byte operation? I can't seem to find much about this searching sites other than it behaves oddly for floats, does anybody have a link to what this operator does or can you explain it here?

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