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  • abstract test case using python unittest

    - by gruszczy
    Is it possible to create an abstract TestCase, that will have some test_* methods, but this TestCase won't be called and those methods will only be used in subclasses? I think I am going to have one abstract TestCase in my test suite and it will be subclassed for a few different implementation of a single interface. This is why all test methods are the some, only one, internal method changes. How can I do it in elegant way?

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  • unit test SqlCacheDependency

    - by hotyi
    I'm using SqlCacheDependency in asp.net application, and i'm using HttpRuntime.Cache to cache items. and the application works well only when i debug the web application, but the HttpRuntime.Cache will not be notified when some data changes from the db when i debug the application in the unit test mode. Anyone have suggestions to make HttpRuntime.Cache to work under unit test?

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  • Unit test distributed software

    - by user262646
    Is there any tool or framework able to make it easier to "unit test" distributed software written in Java? My system under test is a peer-to-peer software, and I'd like to perform testing using something like PNUnit, but with Java instead of .Net.

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  • Using Django.test.client to check template vars

    - by scott
    I've got a view that I'm trying to test with the Client object. Can I get to the variables I injected into the render_to_response of my view? Example View: def myView(request): if request.method == "POST": # do the search return render_to_response('search.html',{'results':results},context_instance=RequestContext(request)) else: return render_to_response('search.html',context_instance=RequestContext(request) Test: c = Client() response = c.post('/school/search/', {'keyword':'beagles'}) # how do I get to the 'results' variable??

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  • Master Note for Generic Data Warehousing

    - by lajos.varady(at)oracle.com
    ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ The complete and the most recent version of this article can be viewed from My Oracle Support Knowledge Section. Master Note for Generic Data Warehousing [ID 1269175.1] ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++In this Document   Purpose   Master Note for Generic Data Warehousing      Components covered      Oracle Database Data Warehousing specific documents for recent versions      Technology Network Product Homes      Master Notes available in My Oracle Support      White Papers      Technical Presentations Platforms: 1-914CU; This document is being delivered to you via Oracle Support's Rapid Visibility (RaV) process and therefore has not been subject to an independent technical review. Applies to: Oracle Server - Enterprise Edition - Version: 9.2.0.1 to 11.2.0.2 - Release: 9.2 to 11.2Information in this document applies to any platform. Purpose Provide navigation path Master Note for Generic Data Warehousing Components covered Read Only Materialized ViewsQuery RewriteDatabase Object PartitioningParallel Execution and Parallel QueryDatabase CompressionTransportable TablespacesOracle Online Analytical Processing (OLAP)Oracle Data MiningOracle Database Data Warehousing specific documents for recent versions 11g Release 2 (11.2)11g Release 1 (11.1)10g Release 2 (10.2)10g Release 1 (10.1)9i Release 2 (9.2)9i Release 1 (9.0)Technology Network Product HomesOracle Partitioning Advanced CompressionOracle Data MiningOracle OLAPMaster Notes available in My Oracle SupportThese technical articles have been written by Oracle Support Engineers to provide proactive and top level information and knowledge about the components of thedatabase we handle under the "Database Datawarehousing".Note 1166564.1 Master Note: Transportable Tablespaces (TTS) -- Common Questions and IssuesNote 1087507.1 Master Note for MVIEW 'ORA-' error diagnosis. For Materialized View CREATE or REFRESHNote 1102801.1 Master Note: How to Get a 10046 trace for a Parallel QueryNote 1097154.1 Master Note Parallel Execution Wait Events Note 1107593.1 Master Note for the Oracle OLAP OptionNote 1087643.1 Master Note for Oracle Data MiningNote 1215173.1 Master Note for Query RewriteNote 1223705.1 Master Note for OLTP Compression Note 1269175.1 Master Note for Generic Data WarehousingWhite Papers Transportable Tablespaces white papers Database Upgrade Using Transportable Tablespaces:Oracle Database 11g Release 1 (February 2009) Platform Migration Using Transportable Database Oracle Database 11g and 10g Release 2 (August 2008) Database Upgrade using Transportable Tablespaces: Oracle Database 10g Release 2 (April 2007) Platform Migration using Transportable Tablespaces: Oracle Database 10g Release 2 (April 2007)Parallel Execution and Parallel Query white papers Best Practices for Workload Management of a Data Warehouse on the Sun Oracle Database Machine (June 2010) Effective resource utilization by In-Memory Parallel Execution in Oracle Real Application Clusters 11g Release 2 (Feb 2010) Parallel Execution Fundamentals in Oracle Database 11g Release 2 (November 2009) Parallel Execution with Oracle Database 10g Release 2 (June 2005)Oracle Data Mining white paper Oracle Data Mining 11g Release 2 (March 2010)Partitioning white papers Partitioning with Oracle Database 11g Release 2 (September 2009) Partitioning in Oracle Database 11g (June 2007)Materialized Views and Query Rewrite white papers Oracle Materialized Views  and Query Rewrite (May 2005) Improving Performance using Query Rewrite in Oracle Database 10g (December 2003)Database Compression white papers Advanced Compression with Oracle Database 11g Release 2 (September 2009) Table Compression in Oracle Database 10g Release 2 (May 2005)Oracle OLAP white papers On-line Analytic Processing with Oracle Database 11g Release 2 (September 2009) Using Oracle Business Intelligence Enterprise Edition with the OLAP Option to Oracle Database 11g (July 2008)Generic white papers Enabling Pervasive BI through a Practical Data Warehouse Reference Architecture (February 2010) Optimizing and Protecting Storage with Oracle Database 11g Release 2 (November 2009) Oracle Database 11g for Data Warehousing and Business Intelligence (August 2009) Best practices for a Data Warehouse on Oracle Database 11g (September 2008)Technical PresentationsA selection of ObE - Oracle by Examples documents: Generic Using Basic Database Functionality for Data Warehousing (10g) Partitioning Manipulating Partitions in Oracle Database (11g Release 1) Using High-Speed Data Loading and Rolling Window Operations with Partitioning (11g Release 1) Using Partitioned Outer Join to Fill Gaps in Sparse Data (10g) Materialized View and Query Rewrite Using Materialized Views and Query Rewrite Capabilities (10g) Using the SQLAccess Advisor to Recommend Materialized Views and Indexes (10g) Oracle OLAP Using Microsoft Excel With Oracle 11g Cubes (how to analyze data in Oracle OLAP Cubes using Excel's native capabilities) Using Oracle OLAP 11g With Oracle BI Enterprise Edition (Creating OBIEE Metadata for OLAP 11g Cubes and querying those in BI Answers) Building OLAP 11g Cubes Querying OLAP 11g Cubes Creating Interactive APEX Reports Over OLAP 11g CubesSelection of presentations from the BIWA website:Extreme Data Warehousing With Exadata  by Hermann Baer (July 2010) (slides 2.5MB, recording 54MB)Data Mining Made Easy! Introducing Oracle Data Miner 11g Release 2 New "Work flow" GUI   by Charlie Berger (May 2010) (slides 4.8MB, recording 85MB )Best Practices for Deploying a Data Warehouse on Oracle Database 11g  by Maria Colgan (December 2009)  (slides 3MB, recording 18MB, white paper 3MB )

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  • White box testing with Google Test

    - by Daemin
    I've been trying out using GoogleTest for my C++ hobby project, and I need to test the internals of a component (hence white box testing). At my previous work we just made the test classes friends of the class being tested. But with Google Test that doesn't work as each test is given its own unique class, derived from the fixture class if specified, and friend-ness doesn't transfer to derived classes. Initially I created a test proxy class that is friends with the tested class. It contains a pointer to an instance of the tested class and provides methods for the required, but hidden, members. This worked for a simple class, but now I'm up to testing a tree class with an internal private node class, of which I need to access and mess with. I'm just wondering if anyone using the GoogleTest library has done any white box testing and if they have any hints or helpful constructs that would make this easier. Ok, I've found the FRIEND_TEST macro defined in the documentation, as well as some hints on how to test private code in the advanced guide. But apart from having a huge amount of friend declerations (i.e. one FRIEND_TEST for each test), is there an easier idion to use, or should I abandon using GoogleTest and move to a different test framework?

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  • White box testing with Google Test

    - by Daemin
    I've been trying out using GoogleTest for my C++ hobby project, and I need to test the internals of a component (hence white box testing). At my previous work we just made the test classes friends of the class being tested. But with Google Test that doesn't work as each test is given its own unique class, derived from the fixture class if specified, and friend-ness doesn't transfer to derived classes. Initially I created a test proxy class that is friends with the tested class. It contains a pointer to an instance of the tested class and provides methods for the required, but hidden, members. This worked for a simple class, but now I'm up to testing a tree class with an internal private node class, of which I need to access and mess with. I'm just wondering if anyone using the GoogleTest library has done any white box testing and if they have any hints or helpful constructs that would make this easier. Ok, I've found the FRIEND_TEST macro defined in the documentation, as well as some hints on how to test private code in the advanced guide. But apart from having a huge amount of friend declerations (i.e. one FRIEND_TEST for each test), is there an easier idion to use, or should I abandon using GoogleTest and move to a different test framework?

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  • Speed up loading of test results from builds in Visual Studio

    - by Jakob Ehn
    I still see people complaining about the long time it takes to load test results from a TFS build in Visual Studio. And they make a valid point, it does take a very long time to load the test results, even for a small number of tests. The reason for this is that the test results is not just the result of the test run but also all the binaries that were part of the test run. This often also means that the debug symbols (*.pdb) will be downloaded to your local machine. This reason for this behaviour is that it letsyou re-run the tests locally. However, most of the times this is not what the developer will do, they just want to know which tests failed and why. They can then fix the tests and rerun them locally. It turns out there is a way to load only the test results, which is much faster. The only tricky bit is to find the location of the .trx file that is generated during the build. Particularly in TFS 2010 where you often have multiple build agents, which of corse results in different paths to the trx file. Note: To use this you must have read permission to the build folder on the build agent where the build was executed. Open the build result for the build Click View Log Locate the part where MSTest is invoked. When using test containers, it looks like this:   Note: You can actually search in the log window, press Ctrl+F and you will get a little search box at the bottom. Nice! On the MSTest command line call, locate the /resultsfileroot parameter, which points to the folder where the test results are stored Note that this path is local for the build server, so you need to replace the drive letter with the server name: D:\Builds\Project\TestResults to \Project\TestResults">\\<BuildServer>\Project\TestResults Double-click on the .trx file and you will notice that it loads much faster compared to opening it from the build log window

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  • Please recommend the best tools to build a test plan management tool

    - by fzkl
    I have mostly worked on hardware testing in my professional career and would like to get onto the software development side. I thought working on a practically usable project will help motivate me and help acquire some skills. I have decided to build a test plan management tool for the QA team I work in (We use excel sheets!). The test plan management tool should be browser based and should support this: There would be many test plans, each test plan having test sets, test sets having test cases and test cases having instructions, attachments and Pass/fail status marking and bug info in case of failure. It should also have an export to excel option. I have a visual picture of the tool I am looking to build but I don't have enough experience to figure our where to start. My current programming skills are limited to C and shell programming and I want to pick up python. What tools (programming language, database and anything else?) would you recommend for me to get this done? Also what are the key concepts in the recommended programming language that I should focus on to build a browser based tool like this?

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  • Linking errors when building against Boost Unit Test Framework

    - by Rafid
    I am trying to use Boost Unit Test Framework by building a stand alone library as detailed here: http://www.boost.org/doc/libs/1_35_0/libs/test/doc/components/utf/compilation.html So I created a VC library project containing the mentioned files and build it and it was successful. Then I created a test project and referenced the library project I just created, but when I tried to build it, I got the following linking errors: 1>Type.obj : error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol "bool __cdecl boost::test_tools::tt_detail::check_impl(class boost::test_tools::predicate_result const &,class boost::unit_test::lazy_ostream const &,class boost::unit_test::basic_cstring<char const >,unsigned __int64,enum boost::test_tools::tt_detail::tool_level,enum boost::test_tools::tt_detail::check_type,unsigned __int64,...)" (?check_impl@tt_detail@test_tools@boost@@YA_NAEBVpredicate_result@23@AEBVlazy_ostream@unit_test@3@V?$basic_cstring@$$CBD@63@_KW4tool_level@123@W4check_type@123@3ZZ) referenced in function "public: void __cdecl test1::test_method(void)" (?test_method@test1@@QEAAXXZ) 1>BoostUnitTestFramework.lib(framework.obj) : error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol "void __cdecl boost::debug::break_memory_alloc(long)" (?break_memory_alloc@debug@boost@@YAXJ@Z) referenced in function "void __cdecl boost::unit_test::framework::init(class boost::unit_test::test_suite * (__cdecl*)(int,char * * const),int,char * * const)" (?init@framework@unit_test@boost@@YAXP6APEAVtest_suite@23@HQEAPEAD@ZH0@Z) 1>BoostUnitTestFramework.lib(framework.obj) : error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol "void __cdecl boost::debug::detect_memory_leaks(bool)" (?detect_memory_leaks@debug@boost@@YAX_N@Z) referenced in function "void __cdecl boost::unit_test::framework::init(class boost::unit_test::test_suite * (__cdecl*)(int,char * * const),int,char * * const)" (?init@framework@unit_test@boost@@YAXP6APEAVtest_suite@23@HQEAPEAD@ZH0@Z) 1>BoostUnitTestFramework.lib(execution_monitor.obj) : error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol "bool __cdecl boost::debug::attach_debugger(bool)" (?attach_debugger@debug@boost@@YA_N_N@Z) referenced in function "public: int __cdecl boost::detail::system_signal_exception::operator()(unsigned int,struct _EXCEPTION_POINTERS *)" (??Rsystem_signal_exception@detail@boost@@QEAAHIPEAU_EXCEPTION_POINTERS@@@Z) 1>BoostUnitTestFramework.lib(execution_monitor.obj) : error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol "bool __cdecl boost::debug::under_debugger(void)" (?under_debugger@debug@boost@@YA_NXZ) referenced in function "public: int __cdecl boost::execution_monitor::execute(class boost::unit_test::callback0<int> const &)" (?execute@execution_monitor@boost@@QEAAHAEBV?$callback0@H@unit_test@2@@Z) 1>BoostUnitTestFramework.lib(unit_test_main.obj) : error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol "class boost::unit_test::test_suite * __cdecl init_unit_test_suite(int,char * * const)" (?init_unit_test_suite@@YAPEAVtest_suite@unit_test@boost@@HQEAPEAD@Z) referenced in function main 1>C:\Users\Rafid\Workspace\MyPhysics\Builds\VC10\Tests\Debug\Tests.exe : fatal error LNK1120: 6 unresolved externals They seem to be mainly caused by Boost debug library, but I can't see a reason why I should get linking errors putting in mind that Boost debug library only need to be included as header files, rather than linking against as a library! Any ideas?!

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  • Mocking with Boost::Test

    - by Billy ONeal
    Hello everyone :) I'm using the Boost::Test library for unit testing, and I've in general been hacking up my own mocking solutions that look something like this: //In header for clients struct RealFindFirstFile { static HANDLE FindFirst(LPCWSTR lpFileName, LPWIN32_FIND_DATAW lpFindFileData) { return FindFirstFile(lpFileName, lpFindFileData); }; }; template <typename FirstFile_T = RealFindFirstFile> class DirectoryIterator { //.. Implementation } //In unit tests (cpp) #define THE_ANSWER_TO_LIFE_THE_UNIVERSE_AND_EVERYTHING 42 struct FakeFindFirstFile { static HANDLE FindFirst(LPCWSTR lpFileName, LPWIN32_FIND_DATAW lpFindFileData) { return THE_ANSWER_TO_LIFE_THE_UNIVERSE_AND_EVERYTHING; }; }; BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE( MyTest ) { DirectoryIterator<FakeFindFirstFile> LookMaImMocked; //Test } I've grown frustrated with this because it requires that I implement almost everything as a template, and it is a lot of boilerplate code to achieve what I'm looking for. Is there a good method of mocking up code using Boost::Test over my Ad-hoc method? I've seen several people recommend Google Mock, but it requires a lot of ugly hacks if your functions are not virtual, which I would like to avoid. Oh: One last thing. I don't need assertions that a particular piece of code was called. I simply need to be able to inject data that would normally be returned by Windows API functions.

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  • Need MySQL RLIKE expression to exclude certain strings ending in particular characters...

    - by user299508
    So I've been working with RLIKE to pull some data in a new application and mostly enjoying it. To date I've been using RLIKE queries to return 3 types of results (files, directories and everything). The queries (and example results) follow: **All**: SELECT * FROM public WHERE obj_owner_id='test' AND obj_namespace RLIKE '^user/test/public/[-0-9a-z_./]+$' ORDER BY obj_namespace user/test/public/a-test/.comment user/test/public/a-test/.delete user/test/public/directory/ user/test/public/directory/image.jpg user/test/public/index user/test/public/site-rip user/test/public/site-rip2 user/test/public/test-a user/test/public/widget-test **Files**: SELECT * FROM public WHERE obj_owner_id='test' AND obj_namespace RLIKE '^user/test/public/[-0-9a-z_./]+[-0-9a-z_.]+$' ORDER BY obj_namespace user/test/public/a-test/.comment user/test/public/a-test/.delete user/test/public/directory/image.jpg user/test/public/index user/test/public/site-rip user/test/public/site-rip2 user/test/public/test-a user/test/public/widget-test **Directories**: SELECT * FROM public WHERE obj_owner_id='test' AND obj_namespace RLIKE '^user/test/public/[-0-9a-z_./]+/$' ORDER BY obj_namespace user/test/public/directory/ This works well for the above 3 basic scenarios but under certain situations I'll be including special 'suffixes' I'd like to be excluded from the results of queries (without having to resort to PHP functions to do it). A good example of such a string would be: user/test/public/a-test/.delete That data (there are more rows then just obj_namespace) is considered deleted and in the Files and All type queries I'd like it to be omitted within the expression if possible. Same goes for the /.comments and all such meta data will always be in the same format: /.[sometext] I'd hoped to use this feature extensively throughout my application, so I'm hoping there might be a very simple answer. (crosses fingers) Anyway, thanks as always for any/all responses and feedback.

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  • Unit tests and Test Runner problems under .Net 4.0

    - by Brett Rigby
    Hi there, We're trying to migrate a .Net 3.5 solution into .Net 4.0, but are experiencing complications with the testing frameworks that can operate using an assembly that is built using version 4.0 of the .Net Framework. Previously, we used NUnit 2.4.3.0 and NCover 1.5.8.0 within our NAnt scripts, but NUnit 2.4.3.0 doesn't like .Net 4.0 projects. So, we upgraded to a newer version of the NUnit framework within the test project itself, but then found that NCover 1.5.8.0 doesn't support this version of NUnit. We get errors in the code saying words to the effect of the assembly was built using a newer version of the .Net Framework than is currently in use, as it's using .Net Framework 2.0 to run the tools. We then tried using Gallio's Icarus test runner GUI, but found that this and MbUnit only support up to version 3.5 of the .Net Frameword and the result is "the tests will be ignored". In terms of the coverage side of things (for reporting into CruiseControl.net), we have found that PartCover is a good candidate for substituting-out NCover, (as the newer version of NCover is quite dear, and PartCover is free), but this is a few steps down the line yet, as we can't get the test runners to work first!! Can any shed any light on a testnig framework that will run under .Net 4.0 in the same way as I've described above? If not, I fear we may have to revert back to using .Net 3.5 until the manufacturers of the tooling that we're currently using have a chance to upgrade to .Net 4.0. Thanks.

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  • Idiomatic scheme and generic programming, why only on numbers ?

    - by Skeptic
    Hi, In Scheme, procedures like +, -, *, / works on different types of numbers, but we don't much see any other generic procedures. For example, length works only on list so that vector-length and string-length are needed. I guess it comes from the fact that the language doesn't really offer any mechanism for defining generic procedure (except cond of course) like "type classes" in Haskell or a standardized object system. Is there an idiomatic scheme way to handle generic procedures that I'm not aware of ?

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  • How can I traverse a reverse generic relation in a Django template?

    - by user569139
    I have the following class that I am using to bookmark items: class BookmarkedItem(models.Model): is_bookmarked = models.BooleanField(default=False) user = models.ForeignKey(User) content_type = models.ForeignKey(ContentType) object_id = models.PositiveIntegerField() content_object = generic.GenericForeignKey() And I am defining a reverse generic relationship as follows: class Link(models.Model): url = models.URLField() bookmarks = generic.GenericRelation(BookmarkedItem) In one of my views I generate a queryset of all links and add this to a context: links = Link.objects.all() context = { 'links': links } return render_to_response('links.html', context) The problem I am having is how to traverse the generic relationship in my template. For each link I want to be able to check the is_bookmarked attribute and change the add/remove bookmark button according to whether the user already has it bookmarked or not. Is this possible to do in the template? Or do I have to do some additional filtering in the view and pass another queryset?

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  • Catch test case order [on hold]

    - by DeadMG
    Can I guarantee the order of execution with multiple TEST_CASEs with Catch? I am testing some code using LLVM, and they have some despicable global state that I need to explicitly initialize. Right now I have one test case that's like this: TEST_CASE("", "") { // Initialize really shitty LLVM global variables. llvm::InitializeAllTargets(); llvm::InitializeAllTargetMCs(); llvm::InitializeAllAsmPrinters(); llvm::InitializeNativeTarget(); llvm::InitializeAllAsmParsers(); // Some per-test setup I can make into its own function CHECK_NOTHROW(Compile(...)); CHECK_NOTHROW(Compile(...)); CHECK_NOTHROW(Compile(...)); CHECK_NOTHROW(Compile(...)); CHECK_NOTHROW(Compile(...)); CHECK_NOTHROW(Compile(...)); CHECK_NOTHROW(Compile(...)); CHECK_NOTHROW(Compile(...)); CHECK_NOTHROW(Compile(...)); CHECK_NOTHROW(Compile...)); CHECK_NOTHROW(Interpret(...)); CHECK_THROWS(Compile(...)); CHECK_THROWS(Compile(...)); } What I want is to refactor it into three TEST_CASE, one for tests that should pass compilation, one for tests that should fail, and -one for tests that should pass interpretation (and in the future, further such divisions, perhaps). But I can't simply move the test contents into another TEST_CASE because if that TEST_CASE is called before the one that sets up the inconvenient globals, then they won't be initialized and the testing will spuriously fail.

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  • how to solve this problem

    - by Surbir
    root@me-desktop:~# sudo apt-get install aircrack-ng Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done The following NEW packages will be installed: aircrack-ng 0 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 446 not upgraded. 1 not fully installed or removed. Need to get 1,579kB of archives. After this operation, 2,843kB of additional disk space will be used. Get:1 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ maverick/universe aircrack-ng i386 1:1.1-1 [1,579kB] Fetched 1,579kB in 1min 9s (22.7kB/s) Selecting previously deselected package aircrack-ng. (Reading database ... 520739 files and directories currently installed.) Unpacking aircrack-ng (from .../aircrack-ng_1%3a1.1-1_i386.deb) ... Processing triggers for man-db ... Setting up linux-image-3.0.1-030001-generic (3.0.1-030001.201108060905) ... Running depmod. update-initramfs: Generating /boot/initrd.img-3.0.1-030001-generic Warning: No support for locale: en_US.utf8 Examining /etc/kernel/postinst.d. run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postinst.d/dkms 3.0.1-030001-generic /boot/vmlinuz-3.0.1-030001-generic run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postinst.d/initramfs-tools 3.0.1-030001-generic /boot/vmlinuz-3.0.1-030001-generic run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postinst.d/nvidia-common 3.0.1-030001-generic /boot/vmlinuz-3.0.1-030001-generic run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postinst.d/pm-utils 3.0.1-030001-generic /boot/vmlinuz-3.0.1-030001-generic run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postinst.d/update-notifier 3.0.1-030001-generic /boot/vmlinuz-3.0.1-030001-generic run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postinst.d/zz-update-grub 3.0.1-030001-generic /boot/vmlinuz-3.0.1-030001-generic exec: 15: update-grub: not found run-parts: /etc/kernel/postinst.d/zz-update-grub exited with return code 2 Failed to process /etc/kernel/postinst.d at /var/lib/dpkg/info/linux-image-3.0.1-030001-generic.postinst line 1010. dpkg: error processing linux-image-3.0.1-030001-generic (--configure): subprocess installed post-installation script returned error exit status 2 Setting up aircrack-ng (1:1.1-1) ... Errors were encountered while processing: linux-image-3.0.1-030001-generic E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1) root@me-desktop:~#

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  • C# 4.0: Covariance And Contravariance In Generics

    - by Paulo Morgado
    C# 4.0 (and .NET 4.0) introduced covariance and contravariance to generic interfaces and delegates. But what is this variance thing? According to Wikipedia, in multilinear algebra and tensor analysis, covariance and contravariance describe how the quantitative description of certain geometrical or physical entities changes when passing from one coordinate system to another.(*) But what does this have to do with C# or .NET? In type theory, a the type T is greater (>) than type S if S is a subtype (derives from) T, which means that there is a quantitative description for types in a type hierarchy. So, how does covariance and contravariance apply to C# (and .NET) generic types? In C# (and .NET), variance applies to generic type parameters and not to the resulting generic type. A generic type parameter is: covariant if the ordering of the generic types follows the ordering of the generic type parameters: Generic<T> = Generic<S> for T = S. contravariant if the ordering of the generic types is reversed from the ordering of the generic type parameters: Generic<T> = Generic<S> for T = S. invariant if neither of the above apply. If this definition is applied to arrays, we can see that arrays have always been covariant because this is valid code: object[] objectArray = new string[] { "string 1", "string 2" }; objectArray[0] = "string 3"; objectArray[1] = new object(); However, when we try to run this code, the second assignment will throw an ArrayTypeMismatchException. Although the compiler was fooled into thinking this was valid code because an object is being assigned to an element of an array of object, at run time, there is always a type check to guarantee that the runtime type of the definition of the elements of the array is greater or equal to the instance being assigned to the element. In the above example, because the runtime type of the array is array of string, the first assignment of array elements is valid because string = string and the second is invalid because string = object. This leads to the conclusion that, although arrays have always been covariant, they are not safely covariant – code that compiles is not guaranteed to run without errors. In C#, the way to define that a generic type parameter as covariant is using the out generic modifier: public interface IEnumerable<out T> { IEnumerator<T> GetEnumerator(); } public interface IEnumerator<out T> { T Current { get; } bool MoveNext(); } Notice the convenient use the pre-existing out keyword. Besides the benefit of not having to remember a new hypothetic covariant keyword, out is easier to remember because it defines that the generic type parameter can only appear in output positions — read-only properties and method return values. In a similar way, the way to define a type parameter as contravariant is using the in generic modifier: public interface IComparer<in T> { int Compare(T x, T y); } Once again, the use of the pre-existing in keyword makes it easier to remember that the generic type parameter can only be used in input positions — write-only properties and method non ref and non out parameters. Because covariance and contravariance apply only to the generic type parameters, a generic type definition can have both covariant and contravariant generic type parameters in its definition: public delegate TResult Func<in T, out TResult>(T arg); A generic type parameter that is not marked covariant (out) or contravariant (in) is invariant. All the types in the .NET Framework where variance could be applied to its generic type parameters have been modified to take advantage of this new feature. In summary, the rules for variance in C# (and .NET) are: Variance in type parameters are restricted to generic interface and generic delegate types. A generic interface or generic delegate type can have both covariant and contravariant type parameters. Variance applies only to reference types; if you specify a value type for a variant type parameter, that type parameter is invariant for the resulting constructed type. Variance does not apply to delegate combination. That is, given two delegates of types Action<Derived> and Action<Base>, you cannot combine the second delegate with the first although the result would be type safe. Variance allows the second delegate to be assigned to a variable of type Action<Derived>, but delegates can combine only if their types match exactly. If you want to learn more about variance in C# (and .NET), you can always read: Covariance and Contravariance in Generics — MSDN Library Exact rules for variance validity — Eric Lippert Events get a little overhaul in C# 4, Afterward: Effective Events — Chris Burrows Note: Because variance is a feature of .NET 4.0 and not only of C# 4.0, all this also applies to Visual Basic 10.

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  • Example of DOD design (on a generic Zombie game)

    - by Jeffrey
    I can't seem to find a nice explanation of the Data Oriented Design for a generic zombie game (it's just an example, pretty common example). Could you make an example of the Data Oriented Design on creating a generic zombie class? Is the following good? Zombie list class: class ZombieList { GLuint vbo; // generic zombie vertex model std::vector<color>; // object default color std::vector<texture>; // objects textures std::vector<vector3D>; // objects positions public: unsigned int create(); // return object id void move(unsigned int objId, vector3D offset); void rotate(unsigned int objId, float angle); void setColor(unsigned int objId, color c); void setPosition(unsigned int objId, color c); void setTexture(unsigned int, unsigned int); ... void update(Player*); // move towards player, attack if near } Example: Player p; Zombielist zl; unsigned int first = zl.create(); zl.setPosition(first, vector3D(50, 50)); zl.setTexture(first, texture("zombie1.png")); ... while (running) { // main loop ... zl.update(&p); zl.draw(); // draw every zombie } Or would creating a generic World container that contains every action from bite(zombieId, playerId) to moveTo(playerId, vector) to createPlayer() to shoot(playerId, vector) to face(radians)/face(vector); and contains: std::vector<zombie> std::vector<player> ... std::vector<mapchunk> ... std::vector<vbobufferid> player_run_animation; ... be a good example? Whats the proper way to organize a game with DOD?

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  • Ideal data structure/techniques for storing generic scheduler data in C#

    - by GraemeMiller
    I am trying to implement a generic scheduler object in C# 4 which will output a table in HTML. Basic aim is to show some object along with various attributes, and whether it was doing something in a given time period. The scheduler will output a table displaying the headers: Detail Field 1 ....N| Date1.........N I want to initialise the table with a start date and an end date to create the date range (ideally could also do other time periods e.g. hours but that isn't vital). I then want to provide a generic object which will have associated events. Where an object has events within the period I want a table cell to be marked E.g. Name Height Weight 1/1/2011 2/1/2011 3/1/20011...... 31/1/2011 Ben 5.11 75 X X X Bill 5.7 83 X X So I created scheduler with Start Date=1/1/2011 and end date 31/1/2011 I'd like to give it my person object (already sorted) and tell it which fields I want displayed (Name, Height, Weight) Each person has events which have a start date and end date. Some events will start and end outwith but they should still be shown on the relevant date etc. Ideally I'd like to have been able to provide it with say a class booking object as well. So I'm trying to keep it generic. I have seen Javasript implementations etc of similar. What would a good data structure be for this? Any thoughts on techniques I could use to make it generic. I am not great with generics so any tips appreciated.

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  • 3.2.0-31-generic version doesn't boot

    - by user92526
    12.04 used to work just fine a month ago. Since August, I installed all of the available updates. Since then my mac-pro is acting weird. If I restart the computer, the screen gets stuck in the purple back ground without any texts. Then if I restart again, I can choose what versions of linux I want to run. If I select 3.2.0-31-generic, the machine gets stuck in a state of blinking cursor. If I boot again to run 3.2.0-31-generic recovery mode, the machine gets stuck in a "..... memory freed End of Stack" mode. I can't boot through this kernel. I have to choose an older version of linux like 3.2.0-12-generic to boot into my mac pro, but I have too boot twice to get into this version. I was wondering --if you could provide me a solution to boot the 3.2.0-31-generic version. -- if you could provide me a solution to boot into any version the first time I restart. (Usually I have to kill the first restart) --- If there is an option in linux to choose what version I want to run every time I restart so that I don't have to choose everytime. Thank you

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  • Test Doubles : Do they go in "source packages" or "test packages"?

    - by sbrattla
    I've got a couple of data access objects (DefaultPersonServices.class, DefaultAddressServices.class) which is responsible for various CRUD operations in a database. A few different classes use these services, but as the services requires that a connection is established with a database I can't really use them in unit tests as they take too long. Thus, I'd like to create a test doubles for them and simply do FakePersonServices.class and FakeAddressService.class implementations which I can use throughout testing. Now, this is all good (I assume)...but my question relates to where I put the test doubles. Should I keep them along with the default implementations (aka "real" implementations) or should I keep them in a corresponding test package. The default implementations are found in Source Packages : com.company.data.services. Should I keep the test doubles here too, or should the test doubles rather be in Test Packages : com.company.data.services?

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  • How do people maintain their test suite?

    - by Ida
    In particular, I'm curious about the following aspects: How do you know that your test cases are wrong (or out-of-date) and needed to be repaired (or discarded)? I mean, even if a test case became invalid, it might still pass and remain silent, which could let you falsely believe that your software works okay. So how do you realize such problems of your test suite? How do you know that your test suite is no longer sufficient and that new test cases should be added? I guess this has something to do with the requirement changes, but is there any systematic approach to check the adequacy of test suite?

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