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  • What are some practical uses of generating all permutations of a list, such as ['a', 'b', 'c'] ?

    - by Jian Lin
    I was asked by somebody in an interview for web front end job, to write a function that generates all permutation of a string, such as "abc" (or consider it ['a', 'b', 'c']). so the expected result from the function, when given ['a', 'b', 'c'], is abc acb bac bca cab cba Actually in my past 20 years of career, I have never needed to do something like that, especially when doing front end work for web programming. What are some practical use of this problem nowadays, in web programming, front end or back end, I wonder? As a side note, I kind of feel that expecting a result in 3 minutes might be "either he gets it or he doesn't", especially I was thinking of doing it by a procedural, non-recursive way at first. After the interview, I spent another 10 minutes and thought of how to do it using recursion, but expecting it to be solved within 3 minutes... may not be a good test of how qualified he is, especially for front end work.

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  • In Javascript, a function starts a new scope, but we have to be careful that the function must be in

    - by Jian Lin
    In Javascript, I am sometimes too immerged in the idea that a function creates a new scope, that sometimes I even think the following anonymous function will create a new scope when it is being defined and assigned to onclick: <a href="#" id="link1">ha link 1</a> <a href="#" id="link2">ha link 2</a> <a href="#" id="link3">ha link 3</a> <a href="#" id="link4">ha link 4</a> <a href="#" id="link5">ha link 5</a> <script type="text/javascript"> for (i = 1; i <= 5; i++) { document.getElementById('link' + i).onclick = function() { var x = i; alert(x); return false; } } </script> but in fact, the anonymous function will create a new scope, that's right, but ONLY when it is being invoked, is that so? So the x inside the anonymous function is not created, no new scope is created. When the function was later invoked, there is a new scope alright, but the i is in the outside scope, and the x gets its value, and it is all 6 anyways. The following code will actually invoke a function and create a new scope and that's why the x is a new local variable x in the brand new scope each time, and the invocation of the function when the link is clicked on will use the different x in the different scopes. <a href="#" id="link1">ha link 1</a> <a href="#" id="link2">ha link 2</a> <a href="#" id="link3">ha link 3</a> <a href="#" id="link4">ha link 4</a> <a href="#" id="link5">ha link 5</a> <script type="text/javascript"> for (var i = 1; i <= 5; i++) { (function() { var x = i; document.getElementById('link' + i).onclick = function() { alert(x); return false; } })(); // invoking it now! } </script> If we take away the var in front of x, then it is a global x and so no local variable x is created in the new scope, and therefore, clicking on the links get all the same number, which is the value of the global x.

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  • TextMate can show definition of a function easily?

    - by Jian Lin
    I am using TextMate on a Ruby on Rails project and wonder if you can put the mouse on link_to, and then press a key and it will show the definition of link_to, or does this for any other helper functions? Or, click open a box and type in a function name and it will show you the definition?

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  • How to create a function and pass in variable length argument list?

    - by Jian Lin
    We can create a function p in the following code: var p = function() { }; if (typeof(console) != 'undefined' && console.log) { p = function() { console.log(arguments); }; } but the arguments are passed like an array to console.log, instead of passed one by one as in console.log(arguments[0], arguments[1], arguments[2], ... Is there a way to expand the arguments and pass to console.log like the way above? Note that if the original code were var p = function() { }; if (typeof(console) != 'undefined' && console.log) { p = console.log; } then it works well on Firefox and IE 8 but not on Chrome.

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  • In SQL, why is "Distinct" not used in a subquery, when looking for some items "not showing up" in th

    - by Jian Lin
    Usually when looking for some items not showing up in the other table, we can use: select * from gifts where giftID not in (select giftID from sentgifts); or select * from gifts where giftID not in (select distinct giftID from sentgifts); the second line is with "distinct" added, so that the resulting table is smaller, and probably let the search for "not in" faster too. So, won't using "distinct" be desirable? Often than not, I don't see it being used in the subquery in such a case. Is there advantage or disadvantage of using it? thanks.

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  • Is it true that in most Object Oriented Programming Languages, an "i" in an instance method always r

    - by Jian Lin
    In the following code: <script type="text/javascript"> var i = 10; function Circle(radius) { this.r = radius; this.i = radius; } Circle.i = 123; Circle.prototype.area = function() { alert(i); } var c = new Circle(1); var a = c.area(); </script> What is being alerted? The answer is at the end of this question. I found that the i in the alert call either refers to any local (if any), or the global variable. There is no way that it can be the instance variable or the class variable even when there is no local and no global defined. To refer to the instance variable i, we need this.i, and to the class variable i, we need Circle.i. Is this actually true for almost all Object oriented programming languages? Any exception? Are there cases that when there is no local and no global, it will look up the instance variable and then the class variable scope? (or in this case, are those called scope?) the answer is: 10 is being alerted.

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  • In CSS, does it make sense or is it legal to nest an id in another id -- such as "#main #display img

    - by Jian Lin
    In CSS, if it is #main #display img { height: 80px } that means all images within an element with id display that is within another element with id main. But does it make sense or is it legal since id seems to be just global names. It is because SASS actually allow nesting and some code may nest it like #main width: 700px #display img height: 80px which is "id within id".

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  • In MVC framworks (such as Ruby on Rails), do usually Model spell as singular and controller and view

    - by Jian Lin
    I usually see Ruby on Rails books using script/generate model Story name:string link:string which is a singular Story, while when it is controller script/generate controller Stories index then the Story now is Stories, which is plural. Is this a standard on Ruby on Rails? Is it true in other MVC frameworks too, like CakePHP, Symfony, Django, or TurboGears? I see that in the book Rails Space, the controller is also called User, which is the same as the model name, and it is the only exception I see.

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  • In Ruby, why is a method invocation not able to be treated as a unit when "do" and "end" is used?

    - by Jian Lin
    The following question is related to the question "Ruby Print Inject Do Syntax". My question is, can we insist on using do and end and make it work with puts or p? This works: a = [1,2,3,4] b = a.inject do |sum, x| sum + x end puts b # prints out 10 so, is it correct to say, inject is an instance method of the Array object, and this instance method takes a block of code, and then returns a number. If so, then it should be no different from calling a function or method and getting back a return value: b = foo(3) puts b or b = circle.getRadius() puts b In the above two cases, we can directly say puts foo(3) puts circle.getRadius() so, there is no way to make it work directly by using the following 2 ways: a = [1,2,3,4] puts a.inject do |sum, x| sum + x end but it gives ch01q2.rb:7:in `inject': no block given (LocalJumpError) from ch01q2.rb:4:in `each' from ch01q2.rb:4:in `inject' from ch01q2.rb:4 grouping the method call using ( ) doesn't work either: a = [1,2,3,4] puts (a.inject do |sum, x| sum + x end) and this gives: ch01q3.rb:4: syntax error, unexpected kDO_BLOCK, expecting ')' puts (a.inject do |sum, x| ^ ch01q3.rb:4: syntax error, unexpected '|', expecting '=' puts (a.inject do |sum, x| ^ ch01q3.rb:6: syntax error, unexpected kEND, expecting $end end) ^ finally, the following version works: a = [1,2,3,4] puts a.inject { |sum, x| sum + x } but why doesn't the grouping of the method invocation using ( ) work in the earlier example? What if a programmer insist that he uses do and end, can it be made to work?

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  • In SQL, a Join is actually an Intersection? And it is also a linkage or a "Sideway Union"?

    - by Jian Lin
    I always thought of a Join in SQL as some kind of linkage between two tables. For example, select e.name, d.name from employees e, departments d where employees.deptID = departments.deptID In this case, it is linking two tables, to show each employee with a department name instead of a department ID. And kind of like a "linkage" or "Union" sideway". But, after learning about inner join vs outer join, it shows that a Join (Inner join) is actually an intersection. For example, when one table has the ID 1, 2, 7, 8, while another table has the ID 7 and 8 only, the way we get the intersection is: select * from t1, t2 where t1.ID = t2.ID to get the two records of "7 and 8". So it is actually an intersection. So we have the "Intersection" of 2 tables. Compare this with the "Union" operation on 2 tables. Can a Join be thought of as an "Intersection"? But what about the "linking" or "sideway union" aspect of it?

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  • In SQL, why is "select *, count(*) from sentGifts group by whenSent;" ok, but when "*" and "count(*)

    - by Jian Lin
    In SQL, using the table: mysql> select * from sentGifts; +--------+------------+--------+------+---------------------+--------+ | sentID | whenSent | fromID | toID | trytryWhen | giftID | +--------+------------+--------+------+---------------------+--------+ | 1 | 2010-04-24 | 123 | 456 | 2010-04-24 01:52:20 | 100 | | 2 | 2010-04-24 | 123 | 4568 | 2010-04-24 01:56:04 | 100 | | 3 | 2010-04-24 | 123 | NULL | NULL | 1 | | 4 | 2010-04-24 | NULL | 111 | 2010-04-24 03:10:42 | 2 | | 5 | 2010-03-03 | 11 | 22 | 2010-03-03 00:00:00 | 6 | | 6 | 2010-04-24 | 11 | 222 | 2010-04-24 03:54:49 | 6 | | 7 | 2010-04-24 | 1 | 2 | 2010-04-24 03:58:45 | 6 | +--------+------------+--------+------+---------------------+--------+ 7 rows in set (0.00 sec) The following is OK: mysql> select *, count(*) from sentGifts group by whenSent; +--------+------------+--------+------+---------------------+--------+----------+ | sentID | whenSent | fromID | toID | trytryWhen | giftID | count(*) | +--------+------------+--------+------+---------------------+--------+----------+ | 5 | 2010-03-03 | 11 | 22 | 2010-03-03 00:00:00 | 6 | 1 | | 1 | 2010-04-24 | 123 | 456 | 2010-04-24 01:52:20 | 100 | 6 | +--------+------------+--------+------+---------------------+--------+----------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) But suppose we want the count(*) to appear as the first column: mysql> select count(*), * from sentGifts group by whenSent; ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near '* from sentGifts group by whenSent' at line 1 it gave an error. Why is it so and what is a way to fix it? I realized that this is ok: mysql> select count(*), whenSent from sentGifts group by whenSent; +----------+------------+ | count(*) | whenSent | +----------+------------+ | 1 | 2010-03-03 | | 6 | 2010-04-24 | +----------+------------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) but what about the one above that gave an error? thanks.

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  • In Ruby, how to write a method to display any object's instance variable names and its values

    - by Jian Lin
    Given any object in Ruby (on Rails), how can I write a method so that it will display that object's instance variable names and its values, like this: @x: 1 @y: 2 @link_to_point: #<Point:0x10031b298 @y=20, @x=38> I also want to be able to print <br> to the end of each instance variable's value so as to print them out nicely on a webpage. the difficulty now seems to be that not every instance variable has an accessor, so it can't be called with obj.send(var_name) (the var_name has the "@" removed, so "@x" becomes "x")

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  • why assert_equal() in Ruby on Rails sometimes seem to compare by Identity and sometimes by value?

    - by Jian Lin
    it was very weird that yesterday, I was do an integration test in Rails and assert_equal array_of_obj1, array_of_obj2 # obj1 from db, obj2 created in test and it failed. The values shown inside the array and objects were identical. If I change the test to assert array_of_obj1 == array_of_obj2 Then it will pass. But today, the first test actually passed. What reason could it be? Is assert_equal always using == or .equal? in Rails 2.2 or 2.3.5?

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