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  • Why is there "data" and "newtype" in Haskell?

    - by martingw
    To me it seems that a newtype definition is just a data definition that obeys some restrictions (only one constructor and such), and that due to these restrictions the runtime system can handle newtypes more efficiently. Ok, and the handling of pattern matching for undefined values is slightly different. But suppose Haskell would only knew data definitions, no newtypes: Couldn't the compiler find out for himself whether a given data definition obeys these restrictions, and automatically treat it more efficiently? I'm sure I'm missing out on something, these Haskell designers are so clever, there must be some deeper reason for this...

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  • Count the number of objects in an Image

    - by kunjaan
    I am investigating the possibility of image processing to identify certain objects and also count them in an image. I will be given a picture and I need to identify the number of boxes present in that image. Does anybody have any experience with any Machine Vision/ Image Processing libraries like ImageJ, Fiji, JAI, jMagick ,Java Vision Toolkit? Which do you think is best suited for the job? What do you guys suggest? If the APIs can be used from Java, it would be better. Thank you. Edit: I am dealing with warehouse brown boxes. Yes I am talking about regular photos. The source is usually a mobile phone picture.

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  • Interface explosion problem

    - by Benny
    I am implementing a screen using MVP pattern, with more feature added to the screen, I am adding more and more methods to the IScreen/IPresenter interface, hence, the IScreen/IPresenter interface is becoming bigger and bigger, what should I do to cope with this situation?

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  • How to Check Authenticity of an AJAX Request

    - by Alex Reisner
    I am designing a web site in which users solve puzzles as quickly as they can. JavaScript is used to time each puzzle, and the number of milliseconds is sent to the server via AJAX when the puzzle is completed. How can I ensure that the time received by the server was not forged by the user? I don't think a session-based authenticity token (the kind used for forms in Rails) is sufficient because I need to authenticate the source of a value, not just the legitimacy of the request. Is there a way to cryptographically sign the request? I can't think of anything that couldn't be duplicated by a hacker. Is any JavaScript, by its exposed, client-side nature, subject to tampering? Am I going to have to use something that gets compiled, like Flash? (Yikes.) Or is there some way to hide a secret key? Or something else I haven't thought of? Update: To clarify, I don't want to penalize people with slow network connections (and network speed should be considered inconsistent), so the timing needs to be 100% client-side (the timer starts only when we know the user can see the puzzle). Also, there is money involved so no amount of "trusting the user" is acceptable.

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  • Inter-rater agreement (Fleiss' Kappa, Krippendorff's Alpha etc) Java API?

    - by adam
    I am working on building a Question Classification/Answering corpus as a part of my masters thesis. I'm looking at evaluating my expected answer type taxonomy with respect to inter-rater agreement/reliability, and I was wondering: Does anybody know of any decent (preferably free) Java API(s) that can do this? I'm reasonably certain all I need is Fleiss' Kappa and Krippendorff's Alpha at this point. Weka provides a kappa statistic in it's evaluation package, but I think it can only evaluate a classifier and I'm not at that stage yet (because I'm still building the data set and classes). Thanks.

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  • What is the cost of memory access?

    - by Jurily
    We like to think that a memory access is fast and constant, but on modern architectures/OSes, that's not necessarily true. Consider the following C code: int i = 34; int *p = &i; // do something that may or may not involve i and p {...} // 3 days later: *p = 643; What is the estimated cost of this last assignment in CPU instructions, if i is in L1 cache, i is in L2 cache, i is in L3 cache, i is in RAM proper, i is paged out to an SSD disk, i is paged out to a traditional disk? Where else can i be? Of course the numbers are not absolute, but I'm only interested in orders of magnitude. I tried searching the webs, but Google did not bless me this time.

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  • Guidelines for solution source code organisation(OO/DDD)

    - by fearofawhackplanet
    I'm starting on my first business project (.NET) and am trying to follow DDD principles. Are there any guidelines or common patterns for orgaining source code and namespaces? For example, do your domain objects go in a namespace MyProject.Domain or whatever? Would you separate the concrete implementations and the interfaces? In different namespaces? Different folders? Different solutions? I know a lot of this is subjective and dependent on project size, but a few pointers or suggestions to get started on a relatively small but extensible n-tier project would be useful.

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  • How to know if your Unit Test Fixture is “right-sized”?

    - by leeand00
    How do you know if you "Test Fixture" is right-sized. And by "Test Fixture" I mean a class with a bunch of tests in it. One thing that I've always noticed with my test fixtures is that they get to be kind of verbose; seeing as they could also be not verbose enough, how do you get a sense of when your unit tests are the right size? My assumption is that (at least in the context of web development) you should have one test fixture class per page. I know of a good quote for this and it's: "Perfection is achieved, not when there is nothing left to add, but when there is nothing left to remove." - Antoine de Saint-Exupery.

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  • Solving problems with near infinite potential solutions

    - by Zonda333
    Today I read the following problem: Use the digits 2, 0, 1, 1 and the operations +, -, x, ÷, sqrt, ^ , !, (), combinations, and permutations to write equations for the counting numbers 1 through 100. All four digits must be used in each expression. Only the digits 2, 0, 1, 1 may be used, and each must be used exactly once. Decimals may be used, as in .1, .02, etc. Digits may be combined; numbers such as 20 or 101 may be used. Example: 60 = 10*(2+1)!, 54 = ¹¹C2 - 0! Though I was able to quickly find around 50 solutions quite easily in my head, I thought programming it would be a far superior solution. However, I then realized I had no clue how to go about solving a problem like this. I am not asking for complete code for me to copy and paste, but for ideas about how I would solve this problems, and others like it that have nearly infinite potential solutions. As I will be writing it in python, where I have the most experience, I would prefer if the answers were more python based, but general ideas are great too.

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  • Methods in Ruby: objects or not?

    - by Mladen Jablanovic
    Inspired by this discussion, after some googling I wasn't able to find an answer to a pretty simple question regarding methods in Ruby: are they objects or not? There are different opinions here and there, and I would really like to hear, let's say, an in-depth explanation. I'm aware of Object#method method, which takes a method name and returns a Method instance, but, on the other hand, there's a similar thing you can do with blocks to make them into Proc instances, and blocks aren't objects, so what makes methods any different?

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  • Extensions methods and forward compatibilty of source code.

    - by TcKs
    Hi, I would like solve the problem (now hypothetical but propably real in future) of using extension methods and maginification of class interface in future development. Example: /* the code written in 17. March 2010 */ public class MySpecialList : IList<MySpecialClass> { // ... implementation } // ... somewhere elsewhere ... MySpecialList list = GetMySpecialList(); // returns list of special classes var reversedList = list.Reverse().ToList(); // .Reverse() is extension method /* now the "list" is unchanged and "reveresedList" has same items in reversed order */ /* --- in future the interface of MySpecialList will be changed because of reason XYZ*/ /* the code written in some future */ public class MySpecialList : IList<MySpecialClass> { // ... implementation public MySpecialList Reverse() { // reverse order of items in this collection return this; } } // ... somewhere elsewhere ... MySpecialList list = GetMySpecialList(); // returns list of special classes var reversedList = list.Reverse().ToList(); // .Reverse() was extension method but now is instance method and do something else ! /* now the "list" is reversed order of items and "reveresedList" has same items lake in "list" */ My question is: Is there some way how to prevent this case (I didn't find them)? If is now way how to prevent it, is there some way how to find possible issues like this? If is now way how to find possible issues, should I forbid usage of extension methods? Thanks.

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  • Graph search problem with route restrictions

    - by Darcara
    I want to calculate the most profitable route and I think this is a type of traveling salesman problem. I have a set of nodes that I can visit and a function to calculate cost for traveling between nodes and points for reaching the nodes. The goal is to reach a fixed known score while minimizing the cost. This cost and rewards are not fixed and depend on the nodes visited before. The starting node is fixed. There are some restrictions on how nodes can be visited. Some simplified examples include: Node B can only be visited after A After node C has been visited, D or E can be visited. Visiting at least one is required, visiting both is permissible. Z can only be visited after at least 5 other nodes have been visited Once 50 nodes have been visited, the nodes A-M will no longer reward points Certain nodes can (and probably must) be visited multiple times Currently I can think of only two ways to solve this: a) Genetic Algorithms, with the fitness function calculating the cost/benefit of the generated route b) Dijkstra search through the graph, since the starting node is fixed, although the large number of nodes will probably make that not feasible memory wise. Are there any other ways to determine the best route through the graph? It doesn't need to be perfect, an approximated path is perfectly fine, as long as it's error acceptable. Would TSP-solvers be an option here?

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  • Stop overlooking minor details

    - by Mark Lubin
    Compared to most people on this site I am admittedly a novice. I wanted to get some advice from the pros on how to avoid making stupid errors in your code. Is there anyone else who had the problem when they were first starting out of missing some detail that causes big problems? Are there any habits or behaviors that helped you over come this.

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  • Creating our own APIs

    - by Markii
    We need a bunch of APIs for our service and are looking at the job as being quite tedious for starting from scratch because we need strict user restrictions such as max queries and usage statistics. Are there any pre-made services or scripts for this already?

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  • Mandatory method documentation

    - by Sjoerd
    On my previous job, providing all methods with javadoc was mandatory, which resulted in things like this: /** * Sets the Frobber. * * @param frobber The frobber */ public setFrobber(Frobber frobber) { ... } As you can see, the documentation adds little to the code, but takes up space and work. Should documenting all methods be mandatory or optional? Is there a rule for which methods to document? What are pros and cons of requiring every method to be documented?

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  • [Raise|Trigger|Fire|...] an event?!?

    - by winSharp93
    Hello, in a German programming forum we currently have a discussion about events and what you (grammatically) do with them. The MSDN talks about "Event Raising" and "to raise an event". Thus, this seems to be one possibility. Are there any other synonyms? What about "to trigger an event" and "to fire an event"? A Google search will bring results for all of the three possibilities. This, however, does not mean that they are correct, too, of course. Are they? Are there any (stylistic, ...) differences or are they used in different contexts? Many thanks in advance for ending a heated debate :-)

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  • Arrange 0's & 1's in a array

    - by Ganesh M
    This is one of an interview question which I had recently. I would like to know others perception of approach for this problem. Question: You are given a structure which holds an employee details with two elements as int Deptartment and string Name. struct Employee { string Name; int Dept; } You are given details of N Employees among which there are N/2 employees Dept are 0's and N/2 employees dept are 1's arranged in some random order. You need to sort the employee details based on their Dept value and it should be stable i.e., the order of 1s and 0s in the original record should be maintained. For example, given the following sample data: Name Dept X1 0 X2 1 X3 0 X4 1 X5 0 after sorting the result should be: Name Dept X2 1 X4 1 X1 0 X3 0 X5 0 The algorithm should be stable and the complexity should be o(N), with constant space for additional variables (which means sorting should be done in-place).

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  • Code Golf: Connecting the dots

    - by ChristopheD
    Description: The input are multiple lines (terminated by a newline) which describe a 'field'. There are 'numbers' scattered across this field: the numbers always start at 1 they follow the ordering of the natural numbers: every 'next number' is incremented with 1 every number is surrounded by (at least) one whitespace on it's left and right Task: Draw lines between these numbers in their natural order (1 -> 2 -> 3 -> ...N) with the following characteristics: replace a number with a '+' character for horizontal lines: use '-' for vertical lines: use '|' going left and down or right and up: / going left and up or right and down: \ Important note: When drawing lines of type 4 and 5 you can assume that : (given points to connect with coordinates x1, y1 and x2, y2) distance(x1,x2) == distance(y1,y2). Have a look at the examples to see where you should 'attach' the lines. It is important to follow the order in which the dots are connected (newer lines can be drawn over older lines). Sample input 1 9 10 8 7 6 5 11 13 12 3 4 14 15 16 1 2 Sample output 1 /+ / | / | +/ +--+ | +\ | \ | \+ /+ | / | /+-------------+/ +---+ / | +--+ | + | +--------------------------+ Sample input 2 4 2 3 5 6 1 8 7 Sample output 2 /+ / | / | / | /+------------------+/ +--------+\ / \ +/ +--------------------------------------+ Winner: shortest solution (by code count). Input can be read via command line.

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