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  • Installed 4GB memory but Windows XP 32 bit only reporting 2GB?

    - by AnthonyWJones
    I've just taken an existing XP Pro 32 bit system that had only 0.5GB of memory installed and maxed it out to 4GB. The BIOS reports the 4GB ram however when XP is booted and I look at the computer properties only 2GB of RAM is reported. Can anyone explain this? Before we go up any blind allys the /3GB switch is not the answer here, I have no need for a single process to use more the 2GB of memory. I'm wondering if the the 32 bit XP Pro is deliberately limited to 2GB. I seem to remember seeing an excellent table on a Microsoft site listing all the various SKUs of Windows and what each one was limited to. However I can't seem to find that table now.

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  • Installed 4GB memory but Windows XP 32 bit only reporting 2GB?

    - by AnthonyWJones
    I've just taken an existing XP Pro 32 bit system that had only 0.5GB of memory installed and maxed it out to 4GB. The BIOS reports the 4GB ram however when XP is booted and I look at the computer properties only 2GB of RAM is reported. Can anyone explain this? Before we go up any blind allys the /3GB switch is not the answer here, I have no need for a single process to use more the 2GB of memory. I'm wondering if the the 32 bit XP Pro is deliberately limited to 2GB. I seem to remember seeing an excellent table on a Microsoft site listing all the various SKUs of Windows and what each one was limited to. However I can't seem to find that table now.

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  • Per bytes RAM memory acess

    - by b-gen-jack-o-neill
    Hi, I have just a simple question. Today memory DDR chips are 64 bits wide, and the CPU data bus is also 64 bits wide. But memory is stil organised in single bytes. So, what I want to ask is, when CPU selects some memory adress, it should be one byte, right? Becouse the lowest memory portion you can access is 1 byte. But, if you get 1 byte per 1 adress, why is memory bus 8 bytes wide?

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  • Memory management (segmentation and paging) in 80286 and 80386: How does it work?

    - by Andrew J. Brehm
    I found lots of Web sites and books explaining how memory management worked on the 8086 and later x86 CPUs in Real Mode. I understand, I think, how two 16 bit values, segment address and offset are combined to get a linear 20 bit physical address (shift segment four bits to the left, add offset; segments are 64K and start every 16 bytes). But I couldn't find any good Web sites or books that explained how memory management works in Protected Mode, specifically the differences between 80286 and 80386. Can anyone point me to a good Web site or book (or explain it right here)? (For extra credit, i.e. an upvote, how does it work in Long Mode?)

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  • How do I make the Windows low memory warning less sensitive?

    - by Stephen
    I keep getting this annoying low memory warning/prompt to close games I play. It happens very often and I still have ~6 gigs of ram free. I disabled virtual memory because it was putting stuff on the pagefile when I had 10 gigs free ram so that spiked my disk usage. Is there any way to disable this warning? I have 16GB ram so it shouldn't be an issue. I would prefer to keep pagefiles off because my HD is very loud so it's nice to keep it spun down as much as possible. I don't want to disable it completely. Ideally, I would like it to go off when I have ~2GB left rather than 6, but if this isn't viable, I may just disable it completely.

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  • iTunes and Hulu Playback Choppy and Slow?

    - by Bart Silverstrim
    Specs: Windows XP, latest updates 1.7 ghz Pentium 4 1 gig ram DirectX 9.0c NVIDIA GeForce FX 5200 with 256 meg RAM OpenGL 2.1 The story: Okay, I had an older system laying around that I figured I would try turning into a mini-media system to connect to our TV. I put together a lot of older parts, got it into working order, etc. and hooked it up and voila'...slower, but usable system that displayed to the TV. It could run some things decently. I put in iTunes, it played video okay. Not great, but okay. Played Hulu and since we have a 1Mb download rate, the minimum for their site, there were some choppy moments when watching their shows, but I found that (sadly) changing resolution to 800x600 seemed to help with the issue when running full screen. I downloaded the application called Boxee and installed it. It wouldn't run; apparently the video card in the system supported OpenGL 1.2, and needed at least 1.4. I bought a cheap card, the 5200, with four times the memory in it and support for OpenGL 2.1. Installed, everything seemed fine. iTunes seemed to run fine, the video driver (PNY video card) came with OpenGL 2.1, and Boxee finally ran. I then upgraded to the latest drivers for the video card and ran the DirectX updater from MS. After that, the OpenGL Extension Viewer wouldn't run. It just stayed as an icon in the task bar. Also, any and all videos in iTunes stuttered and went out of sync horribly. Unwatchable. I tried watching Hulu video in Boxee, and it displayed video like it was a series of stills in a very bad powerpoint. Playing straightforward audio-only came through fine, no stutters no hiccups. I tried system restore to roll back updates to pre-directX updates (I thought that seemed to be the time that triggered the weird behavior), no joy. I tried uninstalling and reinstalling the video drivers. I installed updated audio drivers (ensoniq audiopci), nothing helped. I finally wiped the drive last night and tried reinstalling everything and restoring my iTunes content via an import from a backup. Fresh install, no updater on the video card or directx. the problem was still there although I haven't tested Hulu, the iTunes player is still stuttering like crazy if I play video, fine if I play audio. I know the processor isn't high in heft, but with one gig of RAM and the fact that it seemed to do okay before I thought that the problem must be software related. Has anyone else run into this sort of issue and have a solution other than "buy a new computer"? What specs seem to work with video at the low end for you? Right now the system is of little use other than keeping my music library and iTunes apps synced with my iPod.

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  • ideal memory configuration 4 bank, ddr3, AM3+ FX - 1 vs 2 vs 4 dimms?

    - by TardisGuy
    Ok, so ive been looking around, trying to learn and understand the way that ram works. Ive gotten one answer that said "The addressing is best for 2 sticks, and when you use 4; it slows down" Another answer said something like: Theres bank/channel interleave that makes the memory read like one stick Also I read something about the memory density also being a factor. I dug further and found out that theres a higher speed limit on my board for 2 sticks vs 4, so now im trying to put an image in my head of how and why, and... pfft. Can anyone explain, or recommend a resource that would answer these questions?

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  • Suggestion for live video stream aggregation/switching/forwarding/management software?

    - by deceze
    I'm looking for a software or system that can receive video streams from a number of cameras via a network (RTMP or similar protocol), present a visual overview of all video streams and allow me to forward/send a selected stream to another service (e.g. to a Flash Media Server, or anywhere via RTMP). Basically the digital internet equivalent of a TV studio control panel, which allows a director to put together a live show. Is there any such software at an affordable price? A GUI-less server which can be scripted to switch streams would be good too. I'm not even quite sure what kind of product category this falls into or what search terms to plug into Google. Most results I have come up with have little more than an executive summary description which doesn't tell me anything. Any suggestion welcome.

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  • How to increase the volume gain when viewing online flash video?

    - by Nick000
    When watching online Flash videos on Youtube, Dailymotion, etc... sometimes the videos are recorded at low volume. The thing is that, I have a HP Notebook with good enough audio volume, but when I watch these "low volume" videos the sound level is really low, even when I have the volume at 100%. So I am looking for a way to increase the volume gain (like VLC player where you can increase it to 200%), BUT while watching it live on Youtube... that is, I don't want to download the video on my PC. Is there a software that can do that? Maybe an advanced flash video player that integrates to browser? or some other software to increase the volume gain overall on my laptop? My Specs: HP Pavilion Notebook, Audio: IDT High Definition Audio CODEC (integrated), Vista 64-bit, 4 GB RAM, etc.....

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  • Do memory cards have any max file size limitation?

    - by Dmitriy R
    I am not sure where to ask this question, so perhaps it is physical limitation. I have a 8 GB flash micro SD memory card. When I copy any file size of up to few gigabytes, copying happens normally. But if I am trying to copy file over 4 GB file, then the system tells me like insufficient memory on card, although 8 GB is available. So perhaps only 32 bit address is used for keeping size of file in micro SD card, or is my micro SD defective?

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  • 2 GB of memory in 1 GB system is a problem?

    - by daveslab
    Hi folks, I just installed 2 1 Gig sticks into my friend's machine, thinking that it would take all the 2 GBs. Unfortunately, according to Dell's website, it says the maximum amount of memory accessible to the machine is arbitrarily set to 1 GB! The system indeed reports having 1 GB of memory accessible to it, but I'm worried that having 2 GB in there might break something. Are my fears reasonable? Should I buy two 512 MB sticks instead? Thanks for any help!

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  • Is it safe to use up all memory on linux server, not leaving anything for the cache?

    - by Temnovit
    I have a CentOS server fully dedicated to MySQL 5.5 (with innodb tables mostly). Server has 32 GB RAM, SSD disks, and avarage memory usage looks like this: So about 25GB is in use and about 6.5GB is cached. I am experiencing performance problems with WRITE queries, so I was thinking, is this the optimal cache size? I might increase innodb buffer size, so that linux cache would become smaller, or decrease it, so it would be bigger. What is the optimal used/cached memory balance for busy MySQL server on linux?

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  • We have a Solaris 9 server running Oracle 10G and have been getting memory consumption errors for a few weeks now

    - by another_netadmin
    We recently upgraded our Enterprise application and everything worked ok until one weekend when we did a server reboot, ever since then we have run into memory errors. The server has 4GB of physical memory installed and the kernel parameters are set to the following (/etc/system). I'm not an Oracle guy so I'm not sure where to start looking but any informaiton is greatly appreciated. Thanks in advance. There are two databases running on this server, one is a production database and the other is a pre-production database. [root@bandb /]# cat /etc/system | grep seminfo set semsys:seminfo_semmni=100 set semsys:seminfo_semmns=2048 set semsys:seminfo_semmsl=400 set semsys:seminfo_semopm=100 set semsys:seminfo_semvmx=32767 [root@bandb /]# cat /etc/system | grep shminfo set shmsys:shminfo_shmmax=4294967295 set shmsys:shminfo_shmmin=1 set shmsys:shminfo_shmmni=100 set shmsys:shminfo_shmseg=10 [root@bandb /]#

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  • Desktop Fun: Video Game Icon Packs

    - by Asian Angel
    Whether you are a fan of the original 8-bit video games or much newer versions we have a nice collection of video games icon packs pulled together to help you create a cool video game themed desktop. Note: To customize the icon setup on your Windows 7 & Vista systems see our article here. Using Windows XP? We have you covered here. Sneak Preview For our example here we went with a definite classic using the Supermario Lumina Style set shown below. Note: Original wallpaper (altered to fit our monitor) can be found here. A closer look at the desktop icons that we added to our desktop… Arcade Daze *.ico format only Download Arcade Daze Galaxian *.ico format only Download Supermario Lumina Style *.ico and .png format Download Super Mario Dock Icon Pack *.png format only Download Archon *.ico format only Download Diablo II *.ico format only Download Medievalish Gaming Icon Pack *.png format only Download Water Gaming Icon Pack *.png format only Download Zelda OoT Iconset *.ico, .png, & .tif format Download Warcraft – Volume 1 *.ico format only Download Quake Icon Pack *.ico and .png format Download Video game icons 256 pix *.ico format only Download Storm Riders – Swords *.ico format only Download Emulators Pack 1 *.ico and .png format Download Emulators Pack 2 *.ico and .png format Download Be sure to visit our new Desktop Fun section for more customization goodness! Similar Articles Productive Geek Tips Desktop Fun: Sci-Fi Icons Packs Series 2Restore Missing Desktop Icons in Windows 7 or VistaSave and Restore Desktop Icon Layout in Windows VistaAdd Home Directory Icon to the Desktop in Windows 7 or VistaQuick Help: Downloadable Show Desktop Icon for XP TouchFreeze Alternative in AutoHotkey The Icy Undertow Desktop Windows Home Server – Backup to LAN The Clear & Clean Desktop Use This Bookmarklet to Easily Get Albums Use AutoHotkey to Assign a Hotkey to a Specific Window Latest Software Reviews Tinyhacker Random Tips VMware Workstation 7 Acronis Online Backup DVDFab 6 Revo Uninstaller Pro Create Ringtones For Your Android Phone With RingDroid Enhance Your Laptop’s Battery Life With These Tips Easily Search Food Recipes With Recipe Chimp Tech Fanboys Field Guide Check these Awesome Chrome Add-ons iFixit Offers Gadget Repair Manuals Online

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  • PASS 13 Dispatches: Memory Optimized = On

    - by Tony Davis
    I'm at the PASS Summit in Charlotte for the Day 1 keynote by Quentin Clarke, Corporate VP of the data platform group at Microsoft. He's talking about how SQL Server 2014 is “pushing boundaries” and first up is SQL Server 2014's In-Memory OLTP technology (former codename “hekaton”) It is a feature that provokes a lot of interest and for good reason as, without any need for application rewrites or hardware updates, it can enable us to ensure that an application can find in memory most or all of the data it needs, and can lead to huge improvements in processing times. A good recent hekaton use cases article talks about applications that need a “Shock Absorber” when either spikes or just a high rate of incoming workload (including data in ETL scenarios) become a primary bottleneck. To get a really deep look at this technology, I would check out David DeWitt's summit keynote tomorrow (it will be live streamed). Other than that, to get started I'd recommend Kalen Delaney's whitepaper. She offers a lot of insight into how it works and how to start to define memory-optimized tables, and natively compiled stored procedures. These memory-optimized tables uses completely optimistic multi-version concurrency control – no waiting on locks! After that, Tom LaRock has compiled a useful set of links to drill deeper, and includes one to Microsoft's AMR tool to help you gauge the tables that might benefit most. Tony.

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  • Advices fo starting a video game design career

    - by Allen Gabriel Baker
    I'm 24 and have a passion for video games and game-design. I've decided I want to design video games as my career. I have no experience with designing video games or coding but I'm interested and willing to learn. I want a job at any level but what would I need to land a job? I have no college experience and I have no money. What is a cheap school, or do I really need to go to school for this, or can I learn on my own? Is it possible to do this with no money? I'm literally broke but I want this so bad I feel like its the only career I'll enjoy. I want to call up company's and ask them what they are looking for in someone they want to hire, is that a good idea? Also I don't know the history of video game design and I don't want to sound like a dummy when someone says something about this field or talks about a famous designer and I have no idea who they're talking about. So what is key info when it comes to this field and where should I find it? Hopefully some of you guys and girls can help me out: I know in the future I will create something everyone will enjoy and you guys will remember when you gave me advice and I will always remember you guys for helping me. I'm gifted I know I am and I want to share my gift with the rest of the world by making games that change the Industry. Help me out please.

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  • Oracle at Work videó: Banca Transilvania, Exadata és Exalogic, alkalmazások és adattárház

    - by user645740
    Az ORACLE AT WORK videók sorában most a Banca Transilvania romániai bank felso vezetoi osztják meg gyakorlati tapasztalataikat az Exadata Database Machine és az Exalogic megoldások banki muködésérol. Videó link: Video Case Study with Banca Transilvania.    A kolozsvári székhelyu Banca Transilvania a harmadik legnagyobb bank Romániában, 1,5 millió aktív ügyfelet kezel, a bank növekszik. Amikor 1999-ben megjelent a II. generációs Exadata V2-es sorozat, ebbol a Banca Transilvania volt az elso banki vásárló a világon. Eloször az adattárházukat helyezték át Exadatára, hatalmas teljesítmény ugrást tapasztaltak, amit az üzlet ki is tudott használni, több riport, extrém jó válaszidokkel, gyorsabb batch futások. A cél a banki architektúra Exadata és Exalogic rendszerre történo konszolidálása. A videóban az Exadata + Exalogic megoldásuk elonyeirol a Banca Transilvania vezetoi beszélnek: Robert C. Rekkers, CEO;  Leontin Toderici, COO;  Marius Ursuti, IT Director. az alkalmazásaikat Oracle-ön konszolidálják kártya rendszer új core-banking rendszer: FLEXCUBE is az Exadatán fog muködni, ez segíti a bankot a növekedésben, a növekvo ügyfélszám, tranzakciók kezelésében Siebel CRM tesztelik az Exa architektúrán az Oracle E-Business Suite alkalmazásokat is legjobb teljesítmény Oracle adatbázisokra, kisebb válaszidok, adattárház és Oracle OLAP: költségcsökkenés, 30-szor gyorsabb muködés Exalogic: alkalmazásszerverek konszolidációja WebLogic szerveren a bank tesztjei is azt mutatják, hogy az Exalogic elonyei még jobban kidomborodnak az Exadata használatával együtt a gépek beállítását követoen 24 órán belül már kezdhetik a munkát, az elore telepített szoftverekkel, a gyárilag alaposan tesztelt és hangolt gépekkel egyszerubb architektúra, ennek menedzsmentje is kisebb költségu általánosan minden rendszer bevezetési ideje lecsökken az Exa architektúrán lehetové teszi új termékek és szolgáltatások gyorsabb bevezetését költségcsökkentés, teljes költség, Total Cost csökkent kiemelték az Oracle Corporation  felkészült csapatának rugalmasságát az Oracle folyamatos fejlesztése, innovációja, supportja Videó link: Video Case Study with Banca Transilvania.

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  • Memory concerns while plotting escape from DLL Hell in Delphi

    - by Peter Turner
    I work on a program with about 50 DLLs that are loaded from one executable, it's an old organically grown program where the only rationale for creating a new DLL is that one previously didn't exist to fill a given need. (and namespaces didn't exist in Delphi so it never crossed our mind to make dll1.main.pas, dll2.main.pas or something even more unique) What we want to do is consolidate all these DLLs into one executable, since none of them are used out of the program, there shouldn't be much of a problem. The concern my boss has is that if we did this, the memory overhead for terminal server clients would go through the roof. So, I've stepped through enough initialization code to know that lots of stuff is done every time a DLL is loaded in to memory, but say I've got a project with about 4000 files, and 50 dlls, 10 of which are probably utilized by any one user in any one session of the program. The 50 dlls are about 2/3rds form files, if not more, but beyond that there's not a lot of other resources being loaded (only a few embedded pictures, icons, cursors, etc..). If I loaded all these files in to memory, how much memory is used per unit? how much is used per class? How do I keep the overhead down? and what is the biggest project one can reasonably expect to build with Delphi? This tidbit won't help answering, but I think it might clarify what my boss is worried about, we currently start our program at about 18megs, normal working conditions are usually less than 40 megs, he thinks it could climb as high as 120 megs.

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  • Gnome 3 - Multiple Video Cards - Xinerama -- Forced Fallback Mode

    - by Alvin
    Just installed a 2nd nvidia video card -- previously had gnome 3 working perfectly with 2 monitors on a a single video card using twinview tried a number of things thus far twinview on 1 card + xinerama no xinerama no twinview various manual xorg.conf hacks based on random forums (couple references below) xinerama no twinview with and without Extensions Composite The last one is what I'm using now -- it results in a forced fallback mode with Composite Disable set at the end of xorg.conf via nvidia-settings Section "Extensions" Option "Composite" "Disable" EndSection when I disabled that last snippet it boots to gnome 3 full with the left monitor on a black screen and the middle monitor as primary but non-responsive switching to console mode Ctrl+Alt+F1 and then switching back I get 3 black screens with a mouse that can move around but nothing to interact with issue seems related to OpenGL and the multiple video cards -- I can boot into Unity without issue though my Glx-Dock shows up with the black background as barely shows in the screenshot below indicating the OpenGL is not initiated has anyone had any luck with getting Xinerama to work with Multiple NVidia Video Cards with OpenGL support? Found this in the logs while looking a bit further [ 23.208] (II) NVIDIA(1): Setting mode "nvidia-auto-select+0+0" [ 23.254] (WW) NVIDIA(1): The GPU driving screen 1 is incompatible with the rest of the [ 23.254] (WW) NVIDIA(1): GPUs composing the desktop. OpenGL rendering will be [ 23.254] (WW) NVIDIA(1): disabled on screen 1. [ 23.277] (==) NVIDIA(1): Disabling shared memory pixmaps [ 23.277] (==) NVIDIA(1): Backing store disabled [ 23.277] (==) NVIDIA(1): Silken mouse enabled [ 23.277] (==) NVIDIA(1): DPMS enabled According to this page at the NVidia User Docs http://us.download.nvidia.com/XFree86/Linux-x86/173.14.09/README/chapter-14.html I may be out of luck =( Starting this question with the hopes that others may be able to help debug and perhaps gain answers over time as I really want to get the full gnome 3 back.

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  • OT: Fixing choppy video playback on OS X

    - by terrencebarr
    This is a bit off-topic but I wanted to share because it seems a lot of people are running into issues with choppy video playback and stutter on Mac OS X. I am using a Mac Mini with Snow Leopard (10.6.8) as a home media center and it has worked great in the past, playing back music and videos from multiple sources (web, quicktime, VLC, EyeTV). A few weeks ago the video playback from all my sources started to become choppy, to stutter, and often the picture would hang for seconds at a time. Totally unusable. Drove me nuts for two weeks. After much research and trial-and-error it turns out the problem was an outdated Flash Player which seems to have messed up the video pipeline for the entire system. The short is, I updated the Flash Player to version 11 directly from the Adobe web site, rebooted the Mac Mini, and all is well again! Judging from the various posts across the web, video playback appears to be a fairly widespread problem for Mac users and I hope this helps some of you out there! And I can’t wait to get rid of Flash altogether – I can’t remember the times it has crashed my browser, hung my system, and screwed up things. Thanks Adobe ;-( Cheers, – Terrence Filed under: Uncategorized Tagged: Adobe Flash, Mac OS X

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  • Understanding how memory contents map into a struct

    - by user95592
    I am not able to understand how bytes in memory are being mapped into a struct. My machine is a little-endian x86_64. The code was compiled with gcc 4.7.0 from the Win64 mingw32-64 distribution for Win64. These are contents of the relevant memory fragment: ...450002cf9fe5000040115a9fc0a8fe... And this is the struct definition: typedef struct ip4 { unsigned int ihl :4; unsigned int version :4; uint8_t tos; uint16_t tot_len; uint16_t id; uint16_t frag_off; // flags=3 bits, offset=13 bits uint8_t ttl; uint8_t protocol; uint16_t check; uint32_t saddr; uint32_t daddr; /*The options start here. */ } ip4_t; When a pointer to such an structure (let it be *ip4) is initialized to the starting address of the above pasted memory region, this is what the debugger shows for the struct's fields: ip4: address=0x8da36ce ip4->ihl: address=0x8da36ce, value=0x5 ip4->version: address=0x8da36ce, value=0x4 ip4->tos: address=0x8da36d2, value=0x9f ip4->tot_len: address=0x8da36d4, value=0x0 ... I see how ihl and version are mapped: 4 bytes for a long integer, little-endian. But I don't understand how tos and tot_len are mapped; which bytes in memory correspond to each one of them. Thank you in advance.

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  • Shooting Print Quality Pictures with a Camera Phone [Video]

    - by Jason Fitzpatrick
    Camera phones get a lot of grief for being underpowered but in this video tutorial the crew at SLR Lounge shows how basic technique and a good eye overcome all. Last year over at the photo blog FStoppers they put together a video showing off how you could use the iPhone as a fashion camera–essentially arguing that the camera wasn’t as important as the photographer. A lot of people said “Well yeah, but you had professional models and thousands of dollars in lighting equipment!” in reaction to the video. In turn the crew at SLR Lounge decided to make their own video showing that using only an iPhone camera and two reflectors (as well as an attractive but informal model). It of course helps to have some side kicks to help hold up your reflectors but the point still stands about modern camera phones being perfectly capable of good photos. The SLR Lounge iPhone Photo Shoot – A Follow Up Tribute to The FStoppers [YouTube] What is a Histogram, and How Can I Use it to Improve My Photos?How To Easily Access Your Home Network From Anywhere With DDNSHow To Recover After Your Email Password Is Compromised

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  • Sound not working after installing PCI video card and then removing it

    - by bakhshu
    I am running 11.10 on a HP/Compaq Presario sr1010z, and the video/audio was working fine with whatever was in the machine already. Then I installed a new video card (PCI/nVidia), which disabled the audio/video on the old one automatically. But that card didn't work out too well so I removed it. Now the video is back to normal, but the audio is gone. I have tried the following: 1. In BIOS, set audio to on/enable rather than Auto 2. Looked for hardware in System Settings Sound, but nothing shows up there 3. But when I run the sysinfo utility, I get the description of the audio controller When I do a 'sudo aplay -l', I get 'aplay: device_list:240: no soundcards found...' And then when I do a 'lspci -v | grep -A7 -i "audio"' I get the following: 00:02.7 Multimedia audio controller: Silicon Integrated Systems [SiS] SiS7012 AC'97 Sound Controller (rev a0) Subsystem: Hewlett-Packard Company Device 2a05 Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency 32, IRQ 5 I/O ports at a000 [size=256] I/O ports at a400 [size=128] Capabilities: 00:03.0 USB Controller: Silicon Integrated Systems [SiS] USB 1.1 Controller (rev 0f) (prog-if 10 [OHCI]) Any ideas on how to fix this? Thanks

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  • TXPAUSE : polite waiting for hardware transactional memory

    - by Dave
    Classic locks are an appropriate tool to prevent potentially conflicting operations A and B, invoked by different threads, from running at the same time. In a sense the locks cause either A to run before B or vice-versa. Similarly, we can replace the locks with hardware transactional memory, or use transactional lock elision to leverage potential disjoint access parallelism between A and B. But often we want A to wait until B has run. In a Pthreads environment we'd usually use locks in conjunction with condition variables to implement our "wait until" constraint. MONITOR-MWAIT is another way to wait for a memory location to change, but it only allows us to track one cache line and it's only available on x86. There's no similar "wait until" construct for hardware transactions. At the instruction-set level a simple way to express "wait until" in transactions would be to add a new TXPAUSE instruction that could be used within an active hardware transaction. TXPAUSE would politely stall the invoking thread, possibly surrendering or yielding compute resources, while at the same time continuing to track the transaction's address-set. Once a transaction has executed TXPAUSE it can only abort. Ideally that'd happen when some other thread modifies a variable that's in the transaction's read-set or write-set. And since we're aborting all writes would be discarded. In a sense this gives us multi-location MWAIT but with much more flexibility. We could also augment the TXPAUSE with a cycle-count bound to cap the time spent stalled. I should note that we can already enter a tight spin loop in a transaction to wait for updates to address-set to cause an abort. Assuming that the implementation monitors the address-set via cache-coherence probes, by waiting in this fashion we actually communicate via the probes, and not via memory values. That is the updating thread signals the waiter via probes instead of by traditional memory values. But TXPAUSE gives us a polite way to spin.

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  • [PHP] - Lowering script memory usage in a "big" file creation

    - by Riccardo
    Hi there people, it looks like I'm facing a typical memory outage problem when using a PHP script. The script, originally developed by another person, serves as an XML sitemap creator, and on large websites uses quite a lot of memory. I thought that the problem was related due to an algorithm holding data in memory until the job was done, but digging into the code I have discovered that the script works in this way: open file in output (will contain XML sitemap entries) in the loop: ---- for each entry to be added in sitemap, do fwrite close file end Although there are no huge arrays or variables being kept in memory, this technique uses a lot of memory. I thought that maybe PHP was buffering under the hood the fwrites and "flushing" data at the end of the script, so I have modified the code to close and open the file every Nth record, but the memory usage is still the same.... I'm debugging the script on my computer and watching memory usage: while script execution runs, memory allocation grows. Is there a particular technique to instruct PHP to free unsed memory, to force flushing buffers if any? Thanks

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