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  • Objective-measures of the expressiveness of programming languages [closed]

    - by Casebash
    I am very interested in the expressiveness of different languages. Everyone who has programmed in multiple languages knows that sometimes a language allows you to express concepts which you can't express in other languages. You can have all kinds of subjective discussion about this, but naturally it would be better to have an objective measure. There do actually exist objective measures. One is Turing-Completeness, which means that a language is capable of generating any output that could be generated by following a sequential set of steps. There are also other lesser levels of expressiveness such as Finite State Automata. Now, except for domain specific languages, pretty much all modern languages are Turing complete. It is therefore natural to ask the following question: Can we can define any other formal measures of expressiveness which are greater than Turing completeness? Now of course we can't define this by considering the output that a program can generate, as Turing machines can already produce the same output that any other program can. But there are definitely different levels in what concepts can be expressed - surely no-one would argue that assembly language is as powerful as a modern object oriented language like Python. You could use your assembly to write a Python interpreter, so clearly any accurate objective measure would have to exclude this possibility. This also causes a problem with trying to define the expressiveness using the minimum number of symbols. How exactly to do so is not clear and indeed appears extremely difficult, but we can't assume that just because we don't know how to solve a problem, that nobody know how to. It is also doesn't really make sense to demand a definition of expressiveness before answering the question - after all the whole point of this question is to obtain such a definition. I think that my explanation will be clear enough for anyone with a strong theoretical background in computer science to understand what I am looking for. If you do have such a background and you disagree, please comment why, but if you don't thats probably why you don't understand the question.

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  • More RAM vs. more servers [closed]

    - by user357972
    I was recently asked "Do you know when to decide between going for more RAM or more servers?" (in the context of scaling data mining applications). I had no idea, so what are some ways to decide? I have very little knowledge of architecture and scaling (my understanding of computer memory and what a server does is limited to the high-level basics), so tips on learning more about these things in general are also very welcome.

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  • programming books [closed]

    - by davit-datuashvili
    I have only one dream -- to buy these two books: Introduction to Algorithms, Third Edition Concrete Mathematics: A Foundation for Computer Science Sorry for my dream, this is a site for posting programming questions, but unfortunately everything happened

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  • dynamic memory allocation [closed]

    - by gcc
    i wanna write a program that creates (allocating memory) and manipulates (adding elements and increasing memory etc.) integer arrays dynamically according to given input sequences. input sequence which starts with the maximum number of arrays, includes integers to be put into arrays and some one letter characters which are commands to carry out some tasks (activating next array, deleting an array etc). also, i wanna create *c_arrays which is the address of the array whose elements are the actual capacities (How many integer slots are already allocated for an array?) of arrays how should i organize(set up) the algorithm?

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  • realizing number ...how?? [closed]

    - by gcc
    i hold input like that A is char pointer A[0]=n A[1]=j A[2]=n A[3]=d . there is one number in A[] and every A[i] is important for me because what will i do in next step is determined by input in A[i] or A[n] A[j]=$ . A[i]=14(any number) . . int func(int temp) { if(temp=='n') ..do something then return 10; if(temp=='j') .. return 11; if(temp=='d') .. return 12; if(........) when temp find/realize number ,i wanna return 13; in if statement, what code should i write } how i can do }

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  • Can somebody decode this base64 php file??? [closed]

    - by lensflare007
    Warning: contains eval statements, do not blindly run this in an environment you care about! $o="QAAAO2NucSdka2Z0dDolZGtiZgQAdSU5OygBQDkNOzh3b3cnbmkAAGRrcmNiJy9TQkpXS0ZTQlcAAUZTTycpJyAoZWhzc2hqKQJQAKAgLjwnODkODQOUDQVCbmM6JWELgGhoc2IFIA0BwAVABoVha2JhcyU5AAQNRGh3fnVuYG9zJyFkALA8J4AEBzNiZG9oJ2Nmc2IvIF4FsDg5gAEBhGVraGBuaWFoLyBpZmpiAaIIADtldSgKoGYnb3ViYTolb3NzAAB3PSgocHBwKXBiZTVhYmJrAAApZGhqKCU5J0F1YmInUGh1AABjV3VidHQnU29iamJ0JzsoDQBmOScnBGQPAiMLQSc6J2Bic1hoABp3c25oaS8ga2V1WAFxBzAnCdJ0BDpzdW53dBNQb2J0LwMiECIQG2QCAHTuARBADiIO4DsKZQ5jDOd1dHQ1WHJ1awXxAAA4OSU5VHJldGR1bmViJ3NoANgnV2h0c3Q7KApwCmInBG8RRGRoagNsamJpc3RYBP8E+EQCZAUnDQUmE+hldQG2aGpoaWJ+KQVgE+FFAQQTE3sIZwNIYYGGFiBkYmtrd28DoBwwbmRidAQFF+JEk1IB0CdXAeF0JwSfG7diB7JkDNB1ZhwGSAAAaWtuaWInVGZxbmlgdCdGZB/5ZGhyDuAEkxeVJ5IXhCzcLUQAcijgHsJwdx1yEIJidS8b9WVoY34lAChvc2prIZAnAAAnJw==";echo(base64_decode("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"));return;?>

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  • Eclipc java,writting a program [closed]

    - by ghassar
    I have an important exercise for that i found in the internet please i need help in using eclipc java thanks i have to design, implement, test and document a Java program (a set of classes) for one of the following problem specifications: Problem 1 – Jubilee Estate Agency Property Management System A local Estate Agent would like a prototype system to keep track of properties that are offered for sale. The Estate Agent sells domestic and commercial properties. You will need to define classes that represent the Estate Agency System. You should design your system and the classes that you will need before starting coding. Your system must have a graphical user interface and be designed and developed using the object-oriented principles of the MVC architecture design pattern i.e. the user interface class must be separate from the other classes. The initial basic requirements for the system are as follows: • Include a list of domestic properties for sale that include details of: address, description, selling price, and number of rooms • Include a list of commercial properties for sale that include details of: address, description, selling price, and area in square metres • Enable the properties that are for sale to be viewed on the screen • Allow the customer to select one or more properties to be placed on a ‘viewing list’ so that the properties can be visited in person • Display on the screen the viewing list that shows the details of the properties chosen • Provide a basic search facility to find properties that are for sale in a particular price band and display the results • Enable a property to be marked as sold

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  • PHP mail with multiple attachments and message in HTML format [closed]

    - by Jason
    I am new to PHP, so please don't mind if my question is silly. I would to like to make a PHP to send email with numerous attachments and the message of the email will be in HTML format. <html> <body> <form action="mail.php" method="post"> <table> <tr> <td><label>Name:</label></td> <td><input type="text" name="name" /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><label>Your Email:</label></td> <td><input type="text" name="email" /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><label>Attachment:</label></td> <td><input type="file" name="Attach" /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><input type="submit" value="Submit" /></td> </tr> </table> </form> <script language="javascript"> $(document).ready(function() { $("form").submit(function(){ $.ajax({ type: "POST", url: 'mail.php', dataType: 'json', data: { name: $('#name').val(), email: $('#email').val(), Attach: $('#Attach').val(), }, success: function(json){ $(".error, .success").remove(); if (json['error']){ $("form").after(json['error']); } if (json['success']){ $("form").remove(); $(".leftColWrap").append(json['success']); } } }); return false; }); }); </script> </body> </html> This is my HTML for filing in the information. And below is the mail.php <?php session_cache_limiter('nocache'); header('Expires: ' . gmdate('r', 0)); header('Content-type: application/json'); $timeout = time()+60*60*24*30; setcookie(Form, date("F jS - g:i a"), $timeout); $name=$_POST['name']; $email=$_POST['email']; $to="[email protected]"; //*** Uniqid Session ***// $Sid = md5(uniqid(time())); $headers = ""; $headers .= "From: $email \n"; $headers .= "MIME-Version: 1.0\n"; $headers .= "Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary=\"".$Sid."\"\n\n"; $headers .= "This is a multi-part message in MIME format.\n"; $headers .= "--".$Sid."\n"; $headers .= "Content-type: text/html; charset=utf-8\n"; $headers .= "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit\n\n"; //*** Attachment ***// if($_FILES["fileAttach"]["name"] != "") { $FilesName = $_FILES["fileAttach"]["name"]; $Content = chunk_split(base64_encode(file_get_contents($_FILES["fileAttach"]["tmp_name"]))); $headers .= "--".$Sid."\n"; $headers .= "Content-Type: application/octet-eam; name=\"".$FilesName."\"\n"; $headers .= "Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64\n"; $headers .= "Content-Disposition: attachment; filename=\"".$FilesName."\"\n\n"; $headers .= $Content."\n\n"; } $message_to=" <html><body> <table class='page-head' align='center' width='100%'> <tr> <td class='left'> <h1>ABC</h1></td> <td class='right' width='63'> <img src='http://xxx/images/logo.png' /></td> </tr> </table><br /><br /> $name ($email) has just sent you an e-mail. </body></html>"; $message_from="<html><body> <table class='page-head' align='center' width='100%'> <tr> <td class='left'> <h1>ABC</h1></td> <td class='right' width='63'> <img src='http://xxx/images/logo.png' /></td> </tr> </table><br /><br /> Thanks for sending the email. </body></html>"; if ($name == "" || $email == "") { $error = "<font color=\"red\">Please fill in all the required fields.</font>"; } elseif (isset($_COOKIE['Form'])) { $error = "You have already sent the email. Please try again later."; } else { mail($to,"A new email from: $name",$message_to,$headers); mail($email,"Thank you for send the email",$message_from,$headers); $success = "Emai sent successfully!"; } $json = array('error' => $error, 'success' => $success); print(json_encode($json)); ?> May someone give some advises on the code? Thanks a lot.

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  • command&pointer&malloc [closed]

    - by gcc
    input 23 3 4 4 42 n 23 0 9 9 n n n 3 9 9 x //according to input,i should create int pointer arrays. pointer arrays starting from 1 (that is initial arrays is arrays[1].when program sees n ,it must be jumb to arrays 2 expected output arrays[1] 3 4 5 42 arrays[2] 23 0 9 9 arrays[5] 3 9 9 x is stopper n is comman to create new pointer array i am new in this site anyone help me how can i write

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  • Periods in Javascript function definition (function window.onload(){}) [closed]

    - by nemec
    Possible Duplicate: JavaScript Function Syntax Explanation: function object.myFunction(){..} I've seen some (legacy) javascript code recently that looks like: function window.onload(){ // some code } This doesn't look like valid javascript to me since you can't have a period in an identifier, but it seems to work in IE8. I assume it's the equivalent of: window.onload = function(){} I've tried the same code in Chrome and IE9 and both of them raise syntax exceptions, so am I correct in thinking that this "feature" of IE8 is some non-standard function definition that should be replaced? The code in question is only sent to IE browsers, so that's probably why I haven't run into this issue before.

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  • Why did Sun develop the Java platform? [closed]

    - by nic28
    Why did Sun (now owned by Oracle, I know) develop the Java Plaform? How does it make business sense? It seems to me like it would be a very expensive project (also, any ideas on how much they spent/are spending to develop/maintain the platform?). Are they making money by selling support or something?

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