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  • OpenGL - have object follow mouse

    - by kevin james
    I want to have an object follow around my mouse on the screen in OpenGL. (I am also using GLEW, GLFW, and GLM). The best idea I've come up with is: Get the coordinates within the window with glfwGetCursorPos. The window was created with window = glfwCreateWindow( 1024, 768, "Test", NULL, NULL); and the code to get coordinates is double xpos, ypos; glfwGetCursorPos(window, &xpos, &ypos); Next, I use GLM unproject, to get the coordinates in "object space" glm::vec4 viewport = glm::vec4(0.0f, 0.0f, 1024.0f, 768.0f); glm::vec3 pos = glm::vec3(xpos, ypos, 0.0f); glm::vec3 un = glm::unProject(pos, View*Model, Projection, viewport); There are two potential problems I can already see. The viewport is fine, as the initial x,y, coordinates of the lower left are indeed 0,0, and it's indeed a 1024*768 window. However, the position vector I create doesn't seem right. The Z coordinate should probably not be zero. However, glfwGetCursorPos returns 2D coordinates, and I don't know how to go from there to the 3D window coordinates, especially since I am not sure what the 3rd dimension of the window coordinates even means (since computer screens are 2D). Then, I am not sure if I am using unproject correctly. Assume the View, Model, Projection matrices are all OK. If I passed in the correct position vector in Window coordinates, does the unproject call give me the coordinates in Object coordinates? I think it does, but the documentation is not clear. Finally, to each vertex of the object I want to follow the mouse around, I just increment the x coordinate by un[0], the y coordinate by -un[1], and the z coordinate by un[2]. However, since my position vector that is being unprojected is likely wrong, this is not giving good results; the object does move as my mouse moves, but it is offset quite a bit (i.e. moving the mouse a lot doesn't move the object that much, and the z coordinate is very large). I actually found that the z coordinate un[2] is always the same value no matter where my mouse is, probably because the position vector I pass into unproject always has a value of 0.0 for z. Edit: The (incorrectly) unprojected x-values range from about -0.552 to 0.552, and the y-values from about -0.411 to 0.411.

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  • How do you educate your teammates without seeming condescending or superior?

    - by Dan Tao
    I work with three other guys; I'll call them Adam, Brian, and Chris. Adam and Brian are bright guys. Give them a problem; they will figure out a way to solve it. When it comes to OOP, though, they know very little about it and aren't particularly interested in learning. Pure procedural code is their MO. Chris, on the other hand, is an OOP guy all the way -- and a cocky, condescending one at that. He is constantly criticizing the work Adam and Brian do and talking to me as if I must share his disdain for the two of them. When I say that Adam and Brian aren't interested in learning about OOP, I suspect Chris is the primary reason. This hasn't bothered me too much for the most part, but there have been times when, looking at some code Adam or Brian wrote, it has pained me to think about how a problem could have been solved so simply using inheritance or some other OOP concept instead of the unmaintainable mess of 1,000 lines of code that ended up being written instead. And now that the company is starting a rather ambitious new project, with Adam assigned to the task of getting the core functionality in place, I fear the result. Really, I just want to help these guys out. But I know that if I come across as just another holier-than-thou developer like Chris, it's going to be massively counterproductive. I've considered: Team code reviews -- everybody reviews everybody's code. This way no one person is really in a position to look down on anyone else; besides, I know I could learn plenty from the other members on the team as well. But this would be time-consuming, and with such a small team, I have trouble picturing it gaining much traction as a team practice. Periodic e-mails to the team -- this would entail me sending out an e-mail every now and then discussing some concept that, based on my observation, at least one team member would benefit from learning about. The downside to this approach is I do think it could easily make me come across as a self-appointed expert. Keeping a blog -- I already do this, actually; but so far my blog has been more about esoteric little programming tidbits than straightforward practical advice. And anyway, I suspect it would get old pretty fast if I were constantly telling my coworkers, "Hey guys, remember to check out my new blog post!" This question doesn't need to be specifically about OOP or any particular programming paradigm or technology. I just want to know: how have you found success in teaching new concepts to your coworkers without seeming like a condescending know-it-all? It's pretty clear to me there isn't going to be a sure-fire answer, but any helpful advice (including methods that have worked as well as those that have proved ineffective or even backfired) would be greatly appreciated. UPDATE: I am not the Team Lead on this team. Chris is. UPDATE 2: Made community wiki to accord with the general sentiment of the community (fancy that).

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  • Test interface implementation

    - by Michael
    I have a interface in our code base that I would like to be able to mock out for unit testing. I am writing a test implementation to allow the individual tests to be able to override the specific methods they are concerned with rather than implementing every method. I've run into a quandary over how the test implementation should behave if the test fails to override a method used by the method under test. Should I return a "non-value" (0, null) in the test implementation or throw a UnsupportedOperationException to explicitly fail the test?

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  • High-Level Application Architecture Question

    - by Jesse Bunch
    So I'm really wanting to improve how I architect the software I code. I want to focus on maintainability and clean code. As you might guess, I've been reading a lot of resources on this topic and all it's doing is making it harder for me to settle on an architecture because I can never tell if my design is the one that the more experienced programmer would've chosen. So I have these requirements: I should connect to one vendor and download form submissions from their API. We'll call them the CompanyA. I should then map those submissions to a schema fit for submitting to another vendor for integration with the email service provider. We'll call them the CompanyB. I should then submit those responses to the ESP (CompanyB) and then instruct the ESP to send that submitter an email. So basically, I'm copying data from one web service to another and then performing an action at the latter web service. I've identified a couple high-level services: The service that downloads data from CompanyA. I called this the CompanyAIntegrator. The service that submits the data to CompanyB. I called this CompanyBIntegrator. So my questions are these: Is this a good design? I've tried to separate the concerns and am planning to use the facade pattern to make the integrators interchangeable if the vendors change in the future. Are my naming conventions accurate and meaningful to you (who knows nothing specific of the project)? Now that I have these services, where should I do the work of taking output from the CompanyAIntegrator and getting it in the format for input to the CompanyBIntegrator? Is this OK to be done in main()? Do you have any general pointers on how you'd code something like this? I imagine this scenario is common to us engineers---especially those working in agencies. Thanks for any help you can give. Learning how to architect well is really mind-cluttering.

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  • Development: SDK for Social Net

    - by loldop
    I have a task: development sdk for social networking service like facebook, twitter and etc. At now i'm developing facebook-extension-sdk which based on facebook-ios-sdk 3.0. But not all social networking services have good sdks. And all time i improved my facebook-extension-sdk, when i see ugly code :( Please, advise me good techniques to development these sdks (like design-patterns or your own experience or good books/sites). Thanks!

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  • Using Live Data in Database Development Work

    - by Phil Factor
    Guest Editorial for Simple-Talk Newsletter... in which Phil Factor reacts with some exasperation when coming across a report that a majority of companies were still using financial and personal data for both developing and testing database applications. If you routinely test your development work using real production data that contains personal or financial information, you are probably being irresponsible, and at worst, risking a heavy financial penalty for your company. Surprisingly, over 80% of financial companies still do this. Plenty of data breaches and fraud have happened from the use of real data for testing, and a data breach is a nightmare for any organisation that suffers one. The cost of each data breach averages out at around $7.2 million in the US in notification, escalation, credit monitoring, fines, litigation, legal costs, and lost business due to customer churn, £1.9 million in the UK. 70% of data breaches are done from within the organisation. Real data can be exploited in a number of ways for malicious or criminal purposes. It isn't just the obvious use of items such as name and address, date of birth, social security number, and credit card and bank account numbers: Data can be exploited in many subtle ways, so there are excellent reasons to ensure that a high priority is given to the detection and prevention of any data breaches. You'll never successfully guess all the ways that real data can be exploited maliciously, or the ease with which it can be accessed. It would be silly to argue that developers never need access to a copy of the database containing live data. Developers sometimes need to track a bug that can only be replicated on the data from the live database. However, it has to be done in a very restrictive harness. The law makes no distinction between development and production databases when a data breach occurs, so the data has to be held with all appropriate security measures in place. In Europe, the use of personal data for testing requires the explicit consent of the people whose data is being held. There are federal standards such as GLBA, PCI DSS and HIPAA, and most US States have privacy legislation. The task of ensuring compliance and tight security in such circumstances is an expensive and time-consuming overhead. The developer is likely to suffer investigation if a data breach occurs, even if the company manages to stay in business. Ironically, the use of copies of live data isn't usually the most effective way to develop or test your data. Data is usually time-specific and isn't usually current by the time it is used for testing, Existing data doesn't help much for new functionality, and every time the data is refreshed from production, any test data is likely to be overwritten. Also, it is not always going to test all the 'edge' conditions that are likely to flush out bugs. You still have the task of simulating the dynamics of actual usage of the database, and here you have no alternative to creating 'spoofed' data. Because of the complexities of relational data, It used to be that there was no realistic alternative to developing and testing with live data. However, this is no longer the case. Real data can be obfuscated, or it can be created entirely from scratch. The latter process used to be impractical, now that there are plenty of third-party tools to choose from. The process of obfuscation isn't risk free. The process must access the live data, and the success of the obfuscation process has to be carefully monitored. Database data security isn't an exciting topic to you or I, but to a hacker it can be an all-consuming obsession, especially if there is financial or political gain involved. This is not the sort of adversary one would wish for and it is far better to accept, and work with, security restrictions that exist for using live data in database development work, especially when the tools exist to create large realistic database test data that can be better for several aspects of testing.

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  • New to Java and Spring. What are some good design principles for an inexperienced java developer like me?

    - by Imtiaz Ahmad
    I am learning Java and have written a few small useful programs. I am new to spring but have managed to understand the concept of dependency injection for decoupling. I'm trying to applying that in my development work in an enterprise setting. What are the 3 most important design patterns I should master (not for interview purposes but ones that I will use every day in as a good java developer)? Also what are some good java design considerations and practices in coding specifically in Java? My goal is write good decoupled and coherent programs that are easy to maintain that don't make me standout as a java rookie. Stuff like not beginning my package names with com. have already made me precariously visible in my team. But they know I have 2 years of coding experience and its not in java.

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  • What is the value in hiding the details through abstractions? Isn't there value in transparency?

    - by user606723
    Background I am not a big fan of abstraction. I will admit that one can benefit from adaptability, portability and re-usability of interfaces etc. There is real benefit there, and I don't wish to question that, so let's ignore it. There is the other major "benefit" of abstraction, which is to hide implementation logic and details from users of this abstraction. The argument is that you don't need to know the details, and that one should concentrate on their own logic at this point. Makes sense in theory. However, whenever I've been maintaining large enterprise applications, I always need to know more details. It becomes a huge hassle digging deeper and deeper into the abstraction at every turn just to find out exactly what something does; i.e. having to do "open declaration" about 12 times before finding the stored procedure used. This 'hide the details' mentality seems to just get in the way. I'm always wishing for more transparent interfaces and less abstraction. I can read high level source code and know what it does, but I'll never know how it does it, when how it does it, is what I really need to know. What's going on here? Has every system I've ever worked on just been badly designed (from this perspective at least)? My philosophy When I develop software, I feel like I try to follow a philosophy I feel is closely related to the ArchLinux philosophy: Arch Linux retains the inherent complexities of a GNU/Linux system, while keeping them well organized and transparent. Arch Linux developers and users believe that trying to hide the complexities of a system actually results in an even more complex system, and is therefore to be avoided. And therefore, I never try to hide complexity of my software behind abstraction layers. I try to abuse abstraction, not become a slave to it. Question at heart Is there real value in hiding the details? Aren't we sacrificing transparency? Isn't this transparency valuable?

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  • Is there any reason to use "plain old data" classes?

    - by Michael
    In legacy code I occasionally see classes that are nothing but wrappers for data. something like: class Bottle { int height; int diameter; Cap capType; getters/setters, maybe a constructor } My understanding of OO is that classes are structures for data and the methods of operating on that data. This seems to preclude objects of this type. To me they are nothing more than structs and kind of defeat the purpose of OO. I don't think it's necessarily evil, though it may be a code smell. Is there a case where such objects would be necessary? If this is used often, does it make the design suspect?

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  • Announcement: Oracle Database Appliance 2.4 patch update now available

    - by uwes
    The Oracle Database Appliance 2.4 patch is now available from My Oracle Support (MOS).  If you search for the Oracle Database Appliance 2.4.0.0.0 Kit under Patches it will display the newly uploaded bundles. The patch highlights include: Normal redundancy (double-mirroring) option providing 6TB of usable storage Enhanced Diagnostics - Trace File Analyzer and ODACHK Also, if you review the README, you may see content that says:        "The grid infrastructure and database patching, both are rolling upgradable. During our patching, we patch the node 1 first and when completed, we patch the node 2." I would like to clarify that the 'infrastructure' updates (OS, Firmware, ILOM, etc) will require a  short downtime of the ODA while it is applied.  When you update the grid infrastructure (--gi), the appliance manager verifies that the infrastructure was updated so you cannot just patch the GI without first updating the infrastructure. The high level update patch steps include (but not limited to): Download patch update to your ODA The --infra (infrastructure) is updated and ODA Databases are down and the ODA is/may be rebooted ODA and GI/Databases are restarted Issue the command to update the Grid Infrastructure/databases (The order of the steps are completed automatically and you cannot control when the nodes are brought up and down during the patching) Node 1 -- shutdown databases and GI Node 1 -- patch GI/database Node 1 -- bring up databases and GI Node 2 -- shutdown databases and GI Node 2 -- patch GI/database Node 2 -- bring up databases and GI A replay from Friday's with Sohan on the 2.4 release can be found here.  The PDF of the presentation is here. The Data Sheet, WP, and 2.4 Configurator are available on the ODA OTN site.

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  • Oracle Database 11g Release 2: Optimized for SAP

    - by jenny.gelhausen
    With the release of Oracle Database 11g Release 2 Enterprise Edition, Oracle has further enhanced its long-standing commitment to joint Oracle and SAP AG customers. Get more details on the release. The Oracle Database Insider sat down with Gerhard Kuppler, senior director Corporate SAP Account at Oracle, to find out just how much Oracle Database 11g Release 2 can impact SAP customers. Check out the interview details.

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  • DDD: Service or Repository

    - by tikhop
    I am developing an app in DDD manner. And I have a little problem with it. I have a Fare (airline fare) and FareRepository objects. And at some point I should load additional fare information and set this information to existing Fare. I guess that I need to create an Application Service (FareAdditionalInformationService) that will deal with obtaining data from the server and than update existing Fare. However, some people said me that it is necessary to use FareRepository for this problem. I don't know wich place is better for my problem Service or Repository.

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  • Web Developer interview questions

    - by Baba
    I read an article today that listed some basic questions about web development: Describe how POST data was submitted to a server by a browser. Explain a number of HTTP status codes (except maybe 404 and 500). Explain SOLID or name a design pattern. Explain ways to improve a page load speed or user experience. The author says "if you can’t answer the questions above there are a lot of people who wouldn’t think of you as a Senior Web Developer." My questions are: How relevant are these questions in respect to real life web programming and scalability? How true is that statement? In other words, do you consider this knowledge a requirement to be considered a Senior Web Developer? I was able to answer all the questions, too easily it seemed, so I'm wondering whether it is effective to use these or similar questions to screen developers rather than asking them to write sample code.

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  • Unable to add users to Microsoft Dynamics CRM 4.0 after database restore

    - by Wes Weeks
    Working with a client in our Multi-tenant CRM environment who was doing a database migration into CRM and as part of the process, a backup of their Organization_MSCRM database was taken just prior to starting the migration in case it needed to be restored and run a second time. In this case it did, so I restored the database and let the client know he should be good to go.  A few hours later I received a call that they were unable to add some new users, they would appear as available when using the add multiple user wizard, but anyone added would not be added to CRM.  It was also disucussed that these users had been added to CRM initally AFTER the database backup had been taken. I turned on tracing and tried to add the users through both the single user form and multiple user interface and was unable to do so.  The error message in the logs wasn't much help: Unexpected error adding user [email protected]: Microsoft.Crm.CrmException: INVALID_WRPC_TOKEN: Validate WRPC Token: WRPCTokenState=Invalid, TOKEN_EXPIRY=4320, IGNORE_TOKEN=False Searching on Google or bing didn't offer any assitance.  Apparently not a very common problem, or no one has been able to resolve. I did some searching in the MSCRM_CONFIG database and found that their are several user tables there and after getting my head around the structure found that there were enties here for users that were not part of the restored DB.  It seems that new users are added to both the Orgnaization_MSCRM and MSCRM_CONFIG and after the restore these were out of sync. I needed to remove the extra entries in order to address.  Restoring the MSCRM_CONFIG database was not an option as other clients could have been adding users at this point and to restore would risk breaking their instances of CRM.  Long story short, I was finally able to generate a script to remove the bad entries and when I tried to add users again, I was succesful.  In case someone else out there finds themselves in a similar situation, here is the script I used to delete the bad entries. DECLARE @UsersToDelete TABLE (   UserId uniqueidentifier )   Insert Into @UsersToDelete(UserId) Select UserId from [MSCRM_CONFIG].[dbo].[SystemUserOrganizations] Where CrmuserId Not in (select systemuserid from Organization_MSCRM.dbo.SystemUserBase) And OrganizationId = '00000000-643F-E011-0000-0050568572A1' --Id From the Organization table for this instance   Delete From [MSCRM_CONFIG].[dbo].[SystemUserAuthentication]   Where UserId in (Select UserId From @UsersToDelete)   Delete From [MSCRM_CONFIG].[dbo].[SystemUserOrganizations] Where UserId in (Select UserId From @UsersToDelete)   Delete From [MSCRM_CONFIG].[dbo].[SystemUser] Where Id in (Select UserId From @UsersToDelete)

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  • The Database as Intellectual Property

    - by Jonathan Kehayias
    Every so often, a question shows up on the forums in the form of, “How do I prevent anyone from accessing my database schema, including local administrators and sysadmins in SQL Server?”  I usually laugh a little shake my head when I read a question like this because it demonstrates an complete lack of understanding of the power an administrator has over SQL Server.  The simple answer is this: If you don’t want your database schema to ever be accessed or known, don’t distribute your database....(read more)

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  • Add a database to use with locate command

    - by Pedro Teran
    i would like to know if anyone knows how I can create a database of a file system on my computer. so I can choose this data base to search for files on this file system efficiently. I ask this question since in man locate I found that I can choose a database for a different file system. Also would be grate if /var/lib/mlocate/mlocate.db database can have the data of 2 disks any approach ideas or others would be greatly appreciated

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  • Oracle Database As Seen at Sapphire 2010

    - by jenny.gelhausen
    Seen around the Orange County Convention Center in Orlando Florida at the May 16-19th SAPPHIRE 2010 conference Oracle Database is the #1 Database for SAP applications Oracle Database 11g Release 2 is available for SAP. By upgrading you can lower the cost of your SAP applications infrastructure and improve your quality of service, so we encourage you to consider the upgrade.

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  • Can't I just use all static methods?

    - by Reddy S R
    What's the difference between the two UpdateSubject methods below? I felt using static methods is better if you just want to operate on the entities. In which situations should I go with non-static methods? public class Subject { public int Id {get; set;} public string Name { get; set; } public static bool UpdateSubject(Subject subject) { //Do something and return result return true; } public bool UpdateSubject() { //Do something on 'this' and return result return true; } } I know I will be getting many kicks from the community for this really annoying question but I could not stop myself asking it. Does this become impractical when dealing with inheritance?

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  • jMonkey Quest Database

    - by theJollySin
    I am building a game in jMonkey (Java) and I have so far only used default quest text. But now I need to start populating a lot of quests with text. My design requires A LOT of quests texts. What is the best way to build a database of quest texts in jMonkey? I don't have a lot of real experience with databases. Is there a database that integrates well with jMonkey? Here are the ideal properties I want in my database, in order of priority: Reasonably light learning curve Easy portability (in Java) to Windows, Linux, and Mac OSX Good interface with Java Good interface with jMonkey The ability to add properties to the quests: ID, level, gender, quest chain ID, etc. Or am I wrong in thinking I need to use some giant monster like SQL? I haven't been able to find much information on this, so are people using some non-database methods for storing things like quest text in jMonkey?

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  • Oracle Database 11g Release 2 for Windows available!

    - by Mike Dietrich
    Hi there, just returned from vacation - and the Easter bunny (was its name Tux??) just delivered the Windows release (32bit and 64bit) of Oracle Database 11g Release 2. It's available for download from edelivery.oracle.com or OTN: Oracle Database 11g Release 2 for Windows 32-bit Oracle Database 11g Release 2 for Windows 64-bit And if you wonder yourself why it took sooooooo long to release Oracle Database 11g Release 2 on the Windows platform: The developers have incorporated a lot of the available fixes on top of 11.2.0.1.0 - so it's more a 11.2.0.1.1/2 ;-) And don't forget to download the newest version of rhe upgrade slides: http://apex.oracle.com/folien Use the keyword (Schluesselwort): upgrade112

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  • Which open source PHP project has the 'perfect' OOP design I can learn from?

    - by aditya menon
    I am a newbie to OOP, and I learn best by example. You could say this question is similar to Which Scala open source projects should I study to learn best coding practices - but in PHP. I have heard-tell that Symfony has the best 'architecture' (I will not pretend I know what that exactly means), as well as Doctrine ORM. Is it worth it to spend many months reading the source code of these projects, trying to deduce the patterns used and learning new tricks? I have seen equal number of web pages dissing and liking Zend's codebase (will provide links if deemed necessary). Do you know of any other project that would make any veteran OOP developer shed tears of joy? Please let me add that practicality and scope of use is not a concern at all here - I just want to do: Pick a project that has a codebase deemed awesome by devs way better and greater than me. Write code that achieves what the project does. Compare results and try to learn what I don't know. Basically, an academic interest codebase. Any recommendations please?

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  • OO Design, how to model Tonal Harmony?

    - by David
    I have started to write a program in C++ 11 that would analyse chords, scales, and harmony. The biggest problem I am having in my design phase, is that the note 'C' is a note, a type of chord (Cmaj, Cmin, C7, etc), and a type of key (the key of Cmajor, Cminor). The same issue arises with intervals (minor 3rd, major 3rd). I am using a base class, Token, that is the base class for all 'symbols' in the program. so for example: class Token { public: typedef shared_ptr<Token> pointer_type; Token() {} virtual ~Token() {} }; class Command : public Token { public: Command() {} pointer_type execute(); } class Note : public Token; class Triad : public Token; class MajorTriad : public Triad; // CMajorTriad, etc class Key : public Token; class MinorKey : public Key; // Natural Minor, Harmonic minor,etc class Scale : public Token; As you can see, to create all the derived classes (CMajorTriad, C, CMajorScale, CMajorKey, etc) would quickly become ridiculously complex including all the other notes, as well as enharmonics. multiple inheritance would not work, ie: class C : public Note, Triad, Key, Scale class C, cannot be all of these things at the same time. It is contextual, also polymorphing with this will not work (how to determine which super methods to perform? calling every super class constructors should not happen here) Are there any design ideas or suggestions that people have to offer? I have not been able to find anything on google in regards to modelling tonal harmony from an OO perspective. There are just far too many relationships between all the concepts here.

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  • LSP vs OCP / Liskov Substitution VS Open Close

    - by Kolyunya
    I am trying to understand the SOLID principles of OOP and I've come to the conclusion that LSP and OCP have some similarities (if not to say more). the open/closed principle states "software entities (classes, modules, functions, etc.) should be open for extension, but closed for modification". LSP in simple words states that any instance of Foo can be replaced with any instance of Bar which is derived from Foo and the program will work the same very way. I'm not a pro OOP programmer, but it seems to me that LSP is only possible if Bar, derived from Foo does not change anything in it but only extends it. That means that in particular program LSP is true only when OCP is true and OCP is true only if LSP is true. That means that they are equal. Correct me if I'm wrong. I really want to understand these ideas. Great thanks for an answer.

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  • Design patterns and multiple programming languages

    - by Eduard Florinescu
    I am referring here to the design patterns found in the GOF book. First, how I see it, there are a few peculiarities to design pattern and knowing multiple languages, for example in Java you really need a singleton but in Python you can do without it you write a module, I saw somewhere a wiki trying to write all GOF patterns for JavaScript and all the entries were empty, I guess because it might be a daunting task to do that adaptation. If there is someone who is using design patterns and is programming multiple languages supporting the OOP paradigm and can give me a hint on how should I approach design patterns. An approach that might help me in all languages I use(Java, JavaScript, Python, Ruby): Can I write good application without knowing exactly the GOF design patterns or I might need just some of them which might be crucial and if yes which one, are there alternatives to GOF for specific languages, and should a programmer or a team make their own design patterns set?

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  • Looking for some OO design advice

    - by Andrew Stephens
    I'm developing an app that will be used to open and close valves in an industrial environment, and was thinking of something simple like this:- public static void ValveController { public static void OpenValve(string valveName) { // Implementation to open the valve } public static void CloseValve(string valveName) { // Implementation to close the valve } } (The implementation would write a few bytes of data to the serial port to control the valve - an "address" derived from the valve name, and either a "1" or "0" to open or close the valve). Another dev asked whether we should instead create a separate class for each physical valve, of which there are dozens. I agree it would be nicer to write code like PlasmaValve.Open() rather than ValveController.OpenValve("plasma"), but is this overkill? Also, I was wondering how best to tackle the design with a couple of hypothetical future requirements in mind:- We are asked to support a new type of valve requiring different values to open and close it (not 0 and 1). We are asked to support a valve that can be set to any position from 0-100, rather than simply "open" or "closed". Normally I would use inheritance for this kind of thing, but I've recently started to get my head around "composition over inheritance" and wonder if there is a slicker solution to be had using composition?

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