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• Executing python subprocess via git hook

  - by aljesco

  I'm running Gitolite over the Git repository and I have post-receive hook there written in Python. I need to execute "git" command at git repository directory. There are few lines of code: proc = subprocess.Popen(['git', 'log', '-n1'], cwd='/home/git/repos/testing.git' stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE) proc.communicate() After I make new commit and push to repository, scripts executes and says fatal: Not a git repository: '.' If I run proc = subprocess.Popen(['pwd'], cwd='/home/git/repos/testing.git' stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE) it says, as expected, correct path to git repository (/home/git/repos/testing.git) If I run this script manually from bash, it works correct and show correct output of "git log". What I'm doing wrong?

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• Python / Django : emulating a multidimensionnal layer on a mySql database

  - by Sébastien Piquemal

  Hi, I'm working on a Django project where I need to provide a lot of different visualizations on the same data (for example average of a value for each month, for each year / for a location, etc ...). I have been using OLAP database once in college, and I thought that it would fit my needs, but it appears that it is much to heavy for what I need. Actually the volume of data is not very big, so I don't need any optimization, just a way to present different visualizations of the same data without having to write 1000 times the same code. So let's recap : I need a python library : to emulate a multidimensional database (OLAP style would be nice because I think it is quite convenient : stat structure, and everything) non-intrusive, because I can't modify anything on the existing mysql database easy-to-use, because otherwise there's no point in replacing some overhead by another.

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• Auto enter pass phrase in case of Python ssl Client/Server

  - by rauch

  I need to create Client/Server application to send files from clients to Server. I use simple ssl sockets for that and authenticate with certificates. ms = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) ssl_sock = ssl.wrap_socket(ms, keyfile=".../newCA/my_client.key", certfile=".../newCA/my_client.crt", server_side=0, cert_reqs=ssl.CERT_REQUIRED, ca_certs=".../newCA/CA/my-ca.crt" ) ssl_sock.connect((HOST, MPORT)) And Server side: msock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) self.ssl_sock = ssl.wrap_socket(msock, keyfile=".../newCA/my_server.key", certfile=".../newCA/my_server.crt", server_side=1, cert_reqs=ssl.CERT_REQUIRED, ca_certs=".../newCA/CA/my-ca.crt" ) self.ssl_sock.bind(('', self.PORT)) self.ssl_sock.listen(self.QUEUE_MAX) The problem is the following: when client tries to connect to Server, it requires Enter the pass phrase for private key for Both: for Server-side and Client-side. In Java we need to set System Property: javax.net.ssl.keyStorePassword="" and it has to be used automatically, But how is it been used in Python? I can't enter pass phrase all time the client connects.

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• Running a python script in background from a CGI

  - by Cagey

  I have a python CGI which runs some script in the background and shows the stdout in the html page. I run the script when the user clicks some button in the page. My problem is when the script starts running the page becomes busy and the user can't use the other client side features in the page. What I want is: The script should run in background when the user clicks the button and should notify the CGI when run is complete. Then the CGI show should the stdout of the script run. How can this be done?

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• Iterate over a dict or list in Python

  - by Chris Dutrow

  Just wrote some nasty code that iterates over a dict or a list in Python. I have a feeling this was not the best way to go about it. The problem is that in order to iterate over a dict, this is the convention: for key in dict_object: dict_object[key] = 1 But modifying the object properties by key does not work if the same thing is done on a list: # Throws an error because the value of key is the property value, not # the list index: for key in list_object: list_object[key] = 1 The way I solved this problem was to write this nasty code: if isinstance(obj, dict): for key in obj: do_loop_contents(obj, key) elif isinstance(obj, list): for i in xrange(0, len(obj)): do_loop_contents(obj, i) def do_loop_contents(obj, key): obj[key] = 1 Is there a better way to do this? Thanks!

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• "painting" one array onto another using python / numpy

  - by Nate

  I'm writing a library to process gaze tracking in Python, and I'm rather new to the whole numpy / scipy world. Essentially, I'm looking to take an array of (x,y) values in time and "paint" some shape onto a canvas at those coordinates. For example, the shape might be a blurred circle. The operation I have in mind is more or less identical to using the paintbrush tool in Photoshop. I've got an interative algorithm that trims my "paintbrush" to be within the bounds of my image and adds each point to an accumulator image, but it's slow(!), and it seems like there's probably a fundamentally easier way to do this. Any pointers as to where to start looking?

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• Most useful Python modules from the standard library?

  - by EOL

  I am teaching a graduate level Python class at the University of Paris, and the students need to be introduced to the standard library. I want to discuss with them about some of the most important standard modules. What modules do you think are absolute musts? Even though responses probably vary depending on your field (web programming, science, etc.), I feel that some modules are commonly needed: math, sys, re, os, os.path, logging,… and maybe: collections, struct,… What modules would you suggest I present, in a 1 or 2 hour slot?

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• Python - Using "Google AJAX Search" API's Local Search Objects

  - by user330739

  Hi! I've just started using Google's search API to find addresses and the distances between those addresses. I used geopy for this, but, I often had the problem of not getting the correct addresses for my queries. I decided to experiment, therefore, with Google's "Local Search" (http://code.google.com/apis/ajaxsearch/local.html). Anyway, I wanted to ask if I could use the "Local Search" objects provided by the API within python. Something tells me that I can't and that I have to use json. Does anyone know if there is a work around? PS: Im trying to make something like this: http://www.google.com/uds/samples/random/lead.html ... except a matrix type deal where the insides will be filled with distances between the addresses. Thanks for reading!

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• Loading a DB table into nested dictionaries in Python

  - by Hossein

  Hi, I have a table in MySql DB which I want to load it to a dictionary in python. the table columns is as follows: id,url,tag,tagCount tagCount is the number of times that a tag has been repeated for a certain url. So in that case I need a nested dictionary, in other words a dictionary of dictionary, to load this table. Because each url have several tags for which there are different tagCounts.the code that I used is this:( the whole table is about 22,000 records ) cursor.execute( ''' SELECT url,tag,tagCount FROM wtp ''') urlTagCount = cursor.fetchall() d = defaultdict(defaultdict) for url,tag,tagCount in urlTagCount: d[url][tag]=tagCount print d first of all I want to know if this is correct.. and if it is why it takes so much time? Is there any faster solutions? I am loading this table into memory to have fast access to get rid of the hassle of slow database operations, but with this slow speed it has become a bottleneck itself, it is even much slower than DB access. and anyone help? thanks

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• Mocking imported modules in Python

  - by Evgenyt

  I'm trying to implement unit tests for function that uses imported external objects. For example helpers.py is: import os import pylons def some_func(arg): ... var1 = os.path.exist(...) var2 = os.path.getmtime(...) var3 = pylons.request.environ['HTTP_HOST'] ... So when I'm creating unit test for it I do some mocking (minimock in my case) and replacing references to pylons.request and os.path: import helpers def test_some_func(): helpers.pylons.request = minimock.Mock("pylons.request") helpers.pylons.request.environ = { 'HTTP_HOST': "localhost" } helpers.os.path = minimock.Mock(....) ... some_func(...) # assert ... This does not look good for me. Is there any other better way or strategy to substitute imported function/objects in Python?

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• Generator speed in python 3

  - by Will

  Hello all, I am going through a link about generators that someone posted. In the beginning he compares the two functions below. On his setup he showed a speed increase of 5% with the generator. I'm running windows XP, python 3.1.1, and cannot seem to duplicate the results. I keep showing the "old way"(logs1) as being slightly faster when tested with the provided logs and up to 1GB of duplicated data. Can someone help me understand whats happening differently? Thanks! def logs1(): wwwlog = open("big-access-log") total = 0 for line in wwwlog: bytestr = line.rsplit(None,1)[1] if bytestr != '-': total += int(bytestr) return total def logs2(): wwwlog = open("big-access-log") bytecolumn = (line.rsplit(None,1)[1] for line in wwwlog) getbytes = (int(x) for x in bytecolumn if x != '-') return sum(getbytes)

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• Check if Rhythmbox is running via Python

  - by cschol

  I am trying to extract information from Rhythmbox via dbus, but I only want to do so, if Rhythmbox is running. Is there a way to check if Rhythmbox is running via Python without starting it if it is not running? Whenever I invoke the dbus code like this: bus = dbus.Bus() obj = bus.get_object("org.gnome.Rhythmbox", "/org/gnome/Rhythmbox/Shell") iface = dbus.Interface(obj, "org.gnome.Rhythmbox.Shell) and Rhythmbox is not running, it then starts it. Can I check via dbus if Rhythmbox is running without actually starting it? Or is there any other way, other than parsing the list of currently running processes, to do so?

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• Having my Python package install shortcuts in Start menu

  - by cool-RR

  I'm making a Python package that gets installed with a setup.py file using setuptools. The package includes a GUI, and when it's installed on a Windows machine, I want the installation to make a folder in "Programs" in the start menu, and make a shortcut there to a pyw script that will start the GUI. (The pyw think works on all platforms, right?) On Mac and Linux, I would like it to put this shortcut in whatever Mac and Linux have that is parallel to the start menu. How do I do this?

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• Most efficient way for a lookup/search in a huge list (python)

  - by user229269

  Hey guys, -- I just parsed a big file and I created a list containing 42.000 strings/words. I want to query [against this list] to check if a given word/string belongs to it. So my question is: What is the most efficient way for such a lookup? A first approach is to sort the list [list.sort()] and then just use the if word in list: print 'word' -- which is really trivial and I am sure there is a better way to do it. My goal is to apply a fast lookup that finds whether a given string is in this list or not. If you have any ideas of another data structure, they are welcome. Yet, I want to avoid for now more sophisticated data-structures like Tries etc. I am interested in hearing ideas (or tricks) about fast lookups or any other python library methods that might do the search faster than the simple 'in'. Thanks in advance!

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• how to send data to server using python

  - by Apache

  hi experts, how data can be send to the server, for example i retrieve MAC address, so i want send to the server ( i.e 211.21.24.43:8080/data?mac=00-0C-F1-56-98-AD i found snippet from internet as below from urllib2 import Request, urlopen from binascii import b2a_base64 def b64open(url, postdata): req = Request(url, b2a_base64(postdata), headers={'Content-Transfer-Encoding': 'base64'}) return urlopen(req) conn = b64open("http://211.21.24.43:8080/data","mac=00-0C-F1-56-98-AD") but when run, File "send2.py", line 8 SyntaxError: Non-ASCII character '\xc3' in file send2.py on line 8, but no encoding declared; see http://www.python.org/peps/pep-0263.html for details can anyone help me how send data to the server thanks in advance

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• How to change font size using the Python ImageDraw Library

  - by Eldila

  I am trying to change the font size using python's ImageDraw library. You can do something like this: fontPath = "/usr/share/fonts/dejavu-lgc/DejaVuLGCSansCondensed-Bold.ttf" sans16 = ImageFont.truetype ( fontPath, 16 ) im = Image.new ( "RGB", (200,50), "#ddd" ) draw = ImageDraw.Draw ( im ) draw.text ( (10,10), "Run awayyyy!", font=sans16, fill="red" ) The problem is that I don't want to specify a font. I want to use the default font and just change the size of the font. This seems to me that it should be simple, but I can't find documentation on how to do this.

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• Sending mail via sendmail from python

  - by Nate

  If I want to send mail not via SMTP, but rather via sendmail, is there a library for python that encapsulates this process? Better yet, is there a good library that abstracts the whole 'sendmail -versus- smtp' choice? I'll be running this script on a bunch of unix hosts, only some of which are listening on localhost:25; a few of these are part of embedded systems and can't be set up to accept SMTP. As part of Good Practice, I'd really like to have the library take care of header injection vulnerabilities itself -- so just dumping a string to popen('/usr/bin/sendmail', 'w') is a little closer to the metal than I'd like. If the answer is 'go write a library,' so be it ;-)

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• Creating a unique key based on file content in python

  - by Cawas

  I got many, many files to be uploaded to the server, and I just want a way to avoid duplicates. Thus, generating a unique and small key value from a big string seemed something that a checksum was intended to do, and hashing seemed like the evolution of that. So I was going to use hash md5 to do this. But then I read somewhere that "MD5 are not meant to be unique keys" and I thought that's really weird. What's the right way of doing this? edit: by the way, I took two sources to get to the following, which is how I'm currently doing it and it's working just fine, with Python 2.5: import hashlib def md5_from_file (fileName, block_size=2**14): md5 = hashlib.md5() f = open(fileName) while True: data = f.read(block_size) if not data: break md5.update(data) f.close() return md5.hexdigest()

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• python: strange behavior about exec statement

  - by ifocus

  exec statement: exec code [ in globals[, locals]] When I execute the following code in python, the result really confused me. Some of the variables were setup into the globals, some were setup into the locals. s = """ # test var define int_v1 = 1 list_v1 = [1, 2, 3] dict_v1 = {1: 'hello', 2:'world', 3:'!'} # test built-in function list_v2 = [float(x) for x in list_v1] len_list_v1 = len(list_v1) # test function define def func(): global g_var, list_v1, dict_v1 print 'access var in globals:' print g_var print 'access var in locals:' for x in list_v1: print dict_v1[x] """ g = {'__builtins__': __builtins__, 'g_var': 'global'} l = {} exec s in g, l print 'globals:', g print 'locals:', l exec 'func()' in g, l the result in python2.6.5: globals: {'__builtins__': <module '__builtin__' (built-in)>, 'dict_v1': {1: 'hello', 2: 'world', 3: '!'}, 'g_var': 'global', 'list_v1': [1, 2, 3]} locals: {'int_v1': 1, 'func': <function func at 0x00ACA270>, 'x': 3, 'len_list_v1': 3, 'list_v2': [1.0, 2.0, 3.0]} access var in globals: global access var in locals: hello world ! And if I want to setup all variables and functions into the locals, and keep the rights of accessing the globals. How to do ?

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• python regex for repeating string

  - by Lars Nordin

  I am wanting to verify and then parse this string (in quotes): string = "start: c12354, c3456, 34526;" //Note that some codes begin with 'c' I would like to verify that the string starts with 'start:' and ends with ';' Afterward, I would like to have a regex parse out the strings. I tried the following python re code: regx = r"V1 OIDs: (c?[0-9]+,?)+;" reg = re.compile(regx) matched = reg.search(string) print ' matched.groups()', matched.groups() I have tried different variations but I can either get the first or the last code but not a list of all three. Or should I abandon using a regex?

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• Draw and move a point over an image in python

  - by frx08

  Hi all I have to do a little script in Python. In this script I have a variable (that represents a coordinate) that is continuously updated to a new value. So I have to draw a red point over a image and update the point position every time the variable that contains the coordinate is updated. I tried to explain what I need doing something like this but obviously it doesn't works: import Tkinter, Image, ImageDraw, ImageTk i=0 root = Tkinter.Tk() im = Image.open("img.jpg") root.geometry("%dx%d" % (im.size[0], im.size[1])) while True: draw = ImageDraw.Draw(im) draw.ellipse((i, 0, 10, 10), fill=(255, 0, 0)) pi = ImageTk.PhotoImage(im) label = Tkinter.Label(root, image=pi) label.place(x=0, y=0, width=im.size[0], height=im.size[1]) i+=1 del draw someone may help me please? thanks very much!

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• Python IDLE freezes

  - by ooboo

  This is absolutely frustrating, but I am not sure if the following is an issue only on my machine or with IDLE in general. When attempting to print a long list in the shell, and that could happen by accident while debugging, the program crushes and you have to restart it manually. Even worse, if you have a few editor windows open, it always spawns a few sub-processes, and each of these has to be manually shut down from the task manager. Is there any way to avoid that? I am using Python 3, by the way.

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• Capturing stdout within the same process in Python

  - by danben

  I've got a python script that calls a bunch of functions, each of which writes output to stdout. Sometimes when I run it, I'd like to send the output in an e-mail (along with a generated file). I'd like to know how I can capture the output in memory so I can use the email module to build the e-mail. My ideas so far were: use a memory-mapped file (but it seems like I have to reserve space on disk for this, and I don't know how long the output will be) bypass all this and pipe the output to sendmail (but this may be difficult if I also want to attach the file)

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• Random List of millions of elements in Python Efficiently

  - by eWizardII

  Hello, I have read this answer potentially as the best way to randomize a list of strings in Python. I'm just wondering then if that's the most efficient way to do it because I have a list of about 30 million elements via the following code: import json from sets import Set from random import shuffle a = [] for i in range(0,193): json_data = open("C:/Twitter/user/user_" + str(i) + ".json") data = json.load(json_data) for j in range(0,len(data)): a.append(data[j]['su']) new = list(Set(a)) print "Cleaned length is: " + str(len(new)) ## Take Cleaned List and Randomize it for Analysis shuffle(new) If there is a more efficient way to do it, I'd greatly appreciate any advice on how to do it. Thanks,

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• MD5 hash differences between Python and other file hashers

  - by Sam

  I have been doing a bit of programming in Python (still a n00b at it) and came across something odd. I made a small program to find the MD5 hash of a filename passed to it on the command line. I used a function I found here on SO. When I ran it against a file, I got a hash "58a...113". But when I ran Microsoft's FCIV or the md5sum.py in \Python26\Tools\Scripts\, I get a different hash, "591...ae6". The actual hashing part of the md5sum.py in Scripts is m = md5.new() while 1: data = fp.read(bufsize) if not data: break m.update(data) out.write('%s %s\n' % (m.hexdigest(), filename)) This looks functionally identical to the code in the function given in the other answer... What am I missing? (This is my first time posting to stackoverflow, please let me know if I am doing it wrong.)

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