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• Optimality of Binary Search

  - by templatetypedef

  Hello all- This may be a silly question, but does anyone know of a proof that binary search is asymptotically optimal? That is, if we are given a sorted list of elements where the only permitted operation on those objects is a comparison, how do you prove that the search can't be done in o(lg n)? (That's little-o of lg n, by the way.) Note that I'm restricting this to elements where the only operation permitted operation is a comparison, since there are well-known algorithms that can beat O(lg n) on expectation if you're allowed to do more complex operations on the data (see, for example, interpolation search). Thanks so much! This has really been bugging me since it seems like it should be simple but has managed to resist all my best efforts. :-)

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• What are the core mathematical concepts a good developer should know?

  - by Jose B.

  Since Graduating from a very small school in 2006 with a badly shaped & outdated program (I'm a foreigner & didn't know any better school at the time) I've come to realize that I missed a lot of basic concepts from a mathematical & software perspective that are mostly the foundations of other higher concepts. I.e. I tried to listen/watch the open courseware from MIT on Introduction to Algorithms but quickly realized I was missing several mathematical concepts to better understand the course. So what are the core mathematical concepts a good software engineer should know? And what are the possible books/sites you will recommend me?

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• What can be parameters other than time and space while analyzing certain algorithms?

  - by sul4bh

  Dear all: I was interested to know about parameters other than space and time during analysing the effectiveness of an algorithms. For example, we can focus on the effective trap function while developing encryption algorithms. What other things can you think of ?

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• skipping certain number of frames on a timeline

  - by clamp

  hi, i have a mathematical problem which is a bit hard to describe, but i'll give it a try anyway. in a timeline, i have a number of frames, of which i want to skip a certain number of frames, which should be evenly distributed along the timeline. for example i have 10 frames and i want to skip 5, then the solution is easy: we skip every second frame. 10/5 = 2 if (frame%2 == 0) skip(); but what if the above division does result in a floating number? for example in 44 frames i want to skip 15 times. how can i determine the 15 frames which should be skipped? thanks!

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• Show me some cool python list comprehensions

  - by christangrant

  One of the major strengths of python and a few other (functional) programming languages are the list comprehension. They allow programmers to write complex expressions in 1 line. They may be confusing at first but if one gets used to the syntax, it is much better than nested complicated for loops. With that said, please share with me some of the coolest uses of list comprehensions. (By cool, I just mean useful) It could be for some programming contest, or a production system. For example: To do the transpose of a matrix mat >>> mat = [ ... [1, 2, 3], ... [4, 5, 6], ... [7, 8, 9], ... ] >>> [[row[i] for row in mat] for i in [0, 1, 2]] [[1, 4, 7], [2, 5, 8], [3, 6, 9]] Please include a description of the expression and where it was used (if possible).

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• how to fast compute distance between high dimension vectors

  - by chyojn

  assume there are three group of high dimension vectors: {a_1, a_2, ..., a_N}, {b_1, b_2, ... , b_N}, {c_1, c_2, ..., c_N}. each of my vector can be represented as: x = a_i + b_j + c_k, where 1 <=i, j, k <= N. then the vector is encoded as (i, j, k) wich is then can be decoded as x = a_i + b_j + c_k. my question is, if there are two vector: x = (i_1, j_1, k_1), y = (i_2, j_2, k_2), is there a method to compute the euclidian distance of these two vector without decode x and y.

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• Enumerating large (20-digit) [probable] prime numbers

  - by Paul Baker

  Given A, on the order of 10^20, I'd like to quickly obtain a list of the first few prime numbers greater than A. OK, my needs aren't quite that exact - it's alright if occasionally a composite number ends up on the list. What's the fastest way to enumerate the (probable) primes greater than A? Is there a quicker way than stepping through all of the integers greater than A (other than obvious multiples of say, 2 and 3) and performing a primality test for each of them? If not, and the only method is to test each integer, what primality test should I be using?

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• GWT Calendrical Calculations

  - by Kyle Hayes

  We have a GWT application that needs to display various holidays. Is there a library available to do these calendrical calculations? If not, we'll have to do our own that we can ingest a set of rules to. Cheers

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• A question about matrix manipulation

  - by appi

  Given a 1*N matrix or an array, how do I find the first 4 elements which have the same value and then store the index for those elements? PS: I'm just curious. What if we want to find the first 4 elements whose value differences are within a certain range, say below 2? For example, M=[10,15,14.5,9,15.1,8.5,15.5,9.5], the elements I'm looking for will be 15,14.5,15.1,15.5 and the indices will be 2,3,5,7.

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• How to find same-value rectangular areas of a given size in a matrix most efficiently?

  - by neo

  My problem is very simple but I haven't found an efficient implementation yet. Suppose there is a matrix A like this: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 2 2 2 0 0 4 4 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 Now I want to find all starting positions of rectangular areas in this matrix which have a given size. An area is a subset of A where all numbers are the same. Let's say width=2 and height=3. There are 3 areas which have this size: 2 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 2 2 0 0 The result of the function call would be a list of starting positions (x,y starting with 0) of those areas. List((2,1),(3,1),(5,0)) The following is my current implementation. "Areas" are called "surfaces" here. case class Dimension2D(width: Int, height: Int) case class Position2D(x: Int, y: Int) def findFlatSurfaces(matrix: Array[Array[Int]], surfaceSize: Dimension2D): List[Position2D] = { val matrixWidth = matrix.length val matrixHeight = matrix(0).length var resultPositions: List[Position2D] = Nil for (y <- 0 to matrixHeight - surfaceSize.height) { var x = 0 while (x <= matrixWidth - surfaceSize.width) { val topLeft = matrix(x)(y) val topRight = matrix(x + surfaceSize.width - 1)(y) val bottomLeft = matrix(x)(y + surfaceSize.height - 1) val bottomRight = matrix(x + surfaceSize.width - 1)(y + surfaceSize.height - 1) // investigate further if corners are equal if (topLeft == bottomLeft && topLeft == topRight && topLeft == bottomRight) { breakable { for (sx <- x until x + surfaceSize.width; sy <- y until y + surfaceSize.height) { if (matrix(sx)(sy) != topLeft) { x = if (x == sx) sx + 1 else sx break } } // found one! resultPositions ::= Position2D(x, y) x += 1 } } else if (topRight != bottomRight) { // can skip x a bit as there won't be a valid match in current row in this area x += surfaceSize.width } else { x += 1 } } } return resultPositions } I already tried to include some optimizations in it but I am sure that there are far better solutions. Is there a matlab function existing for it which I could port? I'm also wondering whether this problem has its own name as I didn't exactly know what to google for. Thanks for thinking about it! I'm excited to see your proposals or solutions :)

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• Are there any well-known algorithms or computer models that computer scientists use to predict FIFA

  - by Khnle

  Occasionally I read news articles that mention about some computer models that computer scientists use to predict winners of some sporting events or the odds for betting which I think there must be a mathematical model behind it. I never bothered to think twice even though I am a "pseudo computer scientist" myself. With the 2010 FIFA World Cup just underway, and since I am also a "pseudo football/soccer player" myself, I just started to wonder about these calculations algorithms. For example, I know one factor is determining the strength of opponents, so that a win against a strong opponent can count more than a win against a weak opponent. But it now kind of gets in a circular loop, or at least how does one determine the strength of a team in the first place, before that team can be considered strong or weak? If it's based on a historical data then there's no way that could be accurate, because those players of the past are no longer on the fields so their impact is none (except maybe if they become coaches like Maradona) Anyway, long question short, if you're happen to be working in this field or have some knowledge, please shed some lights.

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• Help to learn Image Search algorithm

  - by R Manu

  I am a beginner in image processing. I want to write an application in C++ or in C# for Searching an image in a list of images Searching for a particular feature (for e.g. face) in a list of images. Can anybody suggest where should I start from? What all should I learn before doing this? Where can I find the correct information regarding this?

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• more efficient version of this?

  - by john connor

  i have this thingy here : function numOfPackets(bufferSize, packetSize) { if (bufferSize <= 0 || packetSize > bufferSize) return 0; if (packetSize < 0) throw Error(); var out = 0; for(;;){ out++; bufferSize = bufferSize - packetSize; if( packetSize > bufferSize ) break; } return out; } which i run at often , can u give me more efficent variant of it?

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• What is the best book for learning about Algorithms?

  - by sheats

  I know what algorithms are, but I have never consciously used or created one for any of the programming that I have done. So I'd like to get a book about the subject - I'd prefer if it was in python but that's not a strict requirement. What book about algorithms helped you most to understand, use, and create algorithms? One book per answer so they can be voted on...

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• Simple loop, which one I would get more performance and which one is recommended? defining a variable inside a loop or outside of it?

  - by Grego

  Variable outside of the loop int number = 0; for(int i = 0; i < 10000; i++){ number = 3 * i; printf("%d",number); } or Variable inside of the loop for(int i = 0; i < 10000; i++){ int number = 3 * i; printf("%d",number); } Which one is recommended and which one is better in performance? Edit: This is just an example to exhibit what I mean, All I wanna know is if defining a variable inside a loop and outside a loop means the same thing , or there's a difference.

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• How to properly define hash function for a list of objects?

  - by AnSGri

  I have a data structure containing a list of objects, like this: class A { private List<Object> list; } How to properly define a hash function for the list, assuming each element of the list has correct hashCode()? (It's strange that I couldn't easily find the solution via Google.)

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• List circular group membership from active directory

  - by KAPes

  We have 40K+ groups in our active directory and we are increasingly facing problem of circular nested groups which are creating problems for some applications. Does anyone know how to list down the full route through which a circular group membership exists ? e.g. G1 --> G2 --> G3 --> G4 --> G1 How do I list it down.

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• Automatic images translation to 3d model

  - by farrakhov-bulat

  I'm quite interested in automatic images translation to 3d models. Not really for commercial product, but from the point of possible academic research and implementation. What I'd like to achieve is almost transparent for user process of transformation series of images (fewer is better) to 3d model which might be shown in flash/silverlight/javafx or similar. Consider online furniture store with 3d models of all items in stock. Kinda cool to have ability to see the product in 3d before purchasing it. I managed to find a few pieces of software, like insight3d, but it couldn't be used in my case I guess. So, are there any similar projects or tips for me? If it would require to write that piece of software - I'd really love to dig into research on this field.

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• Generate all the ways to intersperse a list of lists, keeping each list in order.

  - by dreeves

  Given a list of lists like this [[1,2,3],[a,b,c,d],[x,y]] generate all permutations of the flattened list, [1,2,3,a,b,c,d,x,y], such that the elements of each sublist occur in the same order. For example, this one is okay [a,1,b,2,x,y,3,c,d] but this one is not [y,1,2,3,a,b,c,x,d] because y must occur after x, that being how x and y are ordered in the original sublist. I believe the number of such lists is determined by the multinomial coefficient. I.e., if there are k sublists, n_i is the length of the ith sublist, and n is the sum of the n_i's then the number of such permutations is n!/(n_i! * ... * n_k!). The question is how to generate those sublists. Pseudocode is great. An actual implementation in your language of choice is even better!

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• Pointer mysteriously moves

  - by Armen Ablak

  Hi, I have this code for Node rotation and in a line which is marked something happens and I don't really know what and why :). //Test case 30 \ 16 / 29 RotationRight(node->mParent); //call template<class T> void SplayTree<T>::RotationRight(SplayNode<T> *&node) const { SplayNode<T> *left = node->mLeft; SplayNode<T> *parent = node->mParent; node->mLeft = left->mRight; if(left->HasRight()) left->mRight->mParent = node; left->mRight = node; //node in this line points to 0x00445198 {30} left->mParent = node->mParent; //and in this line it points to 0x00444fb8 {16} (node, not node->mParent) node->mParent = left; node = left; } Well, left-mParent points to node also, so I basically do node = node-mParent. The problem is I can't find a work around - how to unpin in from node and change it's pointing address without changing it's.

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• finding the maximum in series

  - by peril brain

  I need to know a code that will automatically:- search a specific word in excel notes it row or column number (depends on data arrangement) searches numerical type values in the respective row or column with that numeric value(suppose a[7][0]or a[0][7]) it compares all other values of respective row or column(ie. a[i][0] or a[0][i]) sets that value to the highest value only if IT HAS GOT NO FORMULA FOR DERIVATION i know most of coding but at a few places i got myself stuck... i'm writing a part of my program upto which i know: using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Text; using System.IO; using System.Threading; using Microsoft.Office.Interop; using Excel = Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel; Excel.Application oExcelApp; namespace a{ class b{ static void main(){ try { oExcelApp = (Excel.Application)System.Runtime.InteropServices.Marshal.GetActiveObject("Excel.Application"); ; if(oExcelApp.ActiveWorkbook != null) {Excel.Workbook xlwkbook = (Excel.Workbook)oExcelApp.ActiveWorkbook; Excel.Worksheet ws = (Excel.Worksheet)xlwkbook.ActiveSheet; Excel.Range rn; rn = ws.Cells.Find("maximum", Type.Missing, Excel.XlFindLookIn.xlValues, Excel.XlLookAt.xlPart,Excel.XlSearchOrder.xlByRows, Excel.XlSearchDirection.xlNext, false, Type.Missing, Type.Missing); }}} now ahead of this i only know tat i have to use cell.value2 ,cell.hasformula methods..... & no more idea can any one help me with this..

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• Algorithms for finding the intersections of intervals

  - by tomwu

  I am wondering how I can find the number of intervals that intersect with the ones before it. for the intervals [2, 4], [1, 6], [5, 6], [0, 4], the output should be 2. from [2,4] [5,6] and [5,6] [0,4]. So now we have 1 set of intervals with size n all containing a point a, then we add another set of intervals size n as well, and all of the intervals are to the right of a. Can you do this in O(nlgn) and O(nlg^2n)?

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• Collision free hash function for a specific data structure

  - by Max

  Is it possible to create collision free hash function for a data structure with specific properties. The datastructure is int[][][] It contains no duplicates The range of integers that are contained in it is defined. Let's say it's 0..1000, the maximal integer is definitely not greater than 10000. Big problem is that this hash function should also be very fast. Is there a way to create such a hash function? Maybe at run time depending on the integer range?

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• Data structure name: combination array/linked list

  - by me_and

  I have come up with a data structure that combines some of the advantages of linked lists with some of the advantages of fixed-size arrays. It seems very obvious to me, and so I'd expect someone to have thought of it and named it already. Does anyone know what this is called: Take a small fixed-size array. If the number of elements you want to put in your array is greater than the size of the array, add a new array and whatever pointers you like between the old and the new. Thus you have: Static array ————————————————————————— |1|2|3|4|5|6|7|8|9|a|b|c| ————————————————————————— Linked list ———— ———— ———— ———— ———— |1|*->|2|*->|3|*->|4|*->|5|*->NULL ———— ———— ———— ———— ———— My thing: ———————————— ———————————— |1|2|3|4|5|*->|6|7|8|9|a|*->NULL ———————————— ————————————

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• Shuffle array variables in a pre-specified order, without using extra memory of "size of input array"

  - by Eternal Learner

  Input : A[4] = {0,4,-1,1000} - Actual Array P[4] = {1,0,3,2} - Order to be reshuffled Output: A[4] = {4,0,1000,-1} Condition : Don't use an additional array as memory. Can use an extra variable or two. Problem : I have the below program in C++, but this fails for certain inputs of array P. #include<iostream> using namespace std; void swap(int *a_r,int *r) { int temp = *r; *r = *a_r; *a_r = temp; } int main() { int A[4] = {0,4,-1,1000}; int P[4] = {3,0,1,2}; int value = A[0] , dest = P[0]; for(int i=0; i<4;i++) { swap(&A[dest],&value); dest = P[dest]; } for(int i=0;i<4;i++) cout<<A[i]<<" "; }

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