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  • Persist data when the table was not mapped (JPA EclipseLink)

    - by enrique
    Hi everybody I need some help in persisting data into a table that has not been mapped... The issue is that the database we have has a table which all of its columns are foreign keys so by mapping the whole database all of the tables are correctly mapped. However that table called "category" is not mapped. The way in which we can browse the data is by passing for the table I mentioned using the @jointable annotation which was set by the system in the other tables with which "category" has a relation. So we can go ahead and using the collections and perform a query. But the issue comes when I want to persist data into that table because there´s no any entity. We tried to persist through the collections but no luck. Then I have just tried by creating the entity with its PK and Facade all by hand. However when I try to persist using the Merge method the system tries to perform an Insert when it is supposed to perform an Update. So obviously it returns an error. Does anybody have an idea on this situation? Thanks.-

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  • VB.NET Update Access Database with DataTable

    - by sinDizzy
    I've been perusing some hep forums and some help books but cant seem to get my head wrapped around this. My task is to read data from two text files and then load that data into an existing MS Access 2007 database. So here is what i'm trying to do: Read data from first text file and for every line of data add data to a DataTable using CarID as my unique field. Read data from second text file and look for existing CarID in DataTable if exists update that row. If it doesnt exist add a new row. once im done push the contents of the DataTable to the database. What i have so far: Dim sSQL As String = "SELECT * FROM tblCars" Dim da As New OleDb.OleDbDataAdapter(sSQL, conn) Dim ds As New DataSet da.Fill(ds, "CarData") Dim cb As New OleDb.OleDbCommandBuilder(da) 'loop read a line of text and parse it out. gets dd, dc, and carId 'create a new empty row Dim dsNewRow As DataRow = ds.Tables("CarData").NewRow() 'update the new row with fresh data dsNewRow.Item("DriveDate") = dd dsNewRow.Item("DCode") = dc dsNewRow.Item("CarNum") = carID 'about 15 more fields 'add the filled row to the DataSet table ds.Tables("CarData").Rows.Add(dsNewRow) 'end loop 'update the database with the new rows da.Update(ds, "CarData") Questions: In constructing my table i use "SELECT * FROM tblCars" but what if that table has millions of records already. Is that not a waste of resources? Should i be trying something different if i want to update with new records? Once Im done with the first text file i then go to my next text file. Whats the best approach here: To First look for an existing record based on CarNum or to create a second table and then merge the two at the end? Finally when the DataTable is done being populated and im pushing it to the database i want to make sure that if records already exist with three primary fields (DriveDate, DCode, and CarNum) that they get updated with new fields and if it doesn't exist then those records get appended. Is that possible with my process? tia AGP

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  • Database source control with Oracle

    - by borjab
    I have been looking during hours for a way to check in a database into source control. My first idea was a program for calculating database diffs and ask all the developers to imlement their changes as new diff scripts. Now, I find that if I can dump a database into a file I cound check it in and use it as just antother type of file. The main conditions are: Works for Oracle 9R2 Human readable so we can use diff to see the diferences. (.dmp files doesn't seem readable) All tables in a batch. We have more than 200 tables. It stores BOTH STRUCTURE AND DATA It supports CLOB and RAW Types. It stores Procedures, Packages and its bodies, functions, tables, views, indexes, contraints, Secuences and synonims. It can be turned into an executable script to rebuild the database into a clean machine. Not limitated to really small databases (Supports least 200.000 rows) It is not easy. I have downloaded a lot of demos that does fail in one way or another. EDIT: I wouldn't mind alternatives aproaches provided that they allows us to check a working system against our release DATABASE STRUCTURE AND OBJECTS + DATA in a bath mode. By the way. Our project has been developed for years. Some aproaches can be easily implemented when you make a fresh start but seem hard at this point. EDIT: To understand better the problem let's say that some users can sometimes do changes to the config data in the production eviroment. Or developers might create a new field or alter a view without notice in the realease branch. I need to be aware of this changes or it will be complicated to merge the changes into production.

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  • git: How to move last N commits made to master, into own branch?

    - by amn
    Hi all, I have a repository where I had been working on master branch having last committed some 10 or so commits which I now wish were in another branch, as they describe work that I now consider experimental (i am still learning good git practices). Basically I would like to have these last 10 commits starting from a point in master to form another branch instead, so that I can have my master in a release state (which is what I strive for.) So, this is what I have (rightmost X is the last commit good for release): b--b (feature B) / X--X--X--Z--Z--Z--Z--Z--Z (master) \ a--a--a (feature A) You can see that both X and Z are on master, while I want commits marked by Z (my feature Z work) to lie on their own feature branch, and so that rightmost X is at the tip of master forming a good master branch tip. I guess this is what I want: b--b (feature B) / X--X--X (master) \ \ \ Z--Z--Z--Z--Z--Z (feature Z - the branch I want Z on) a--a--a (feature A) That way I will have my master always ready for release, and merge A, B and Z features when the time comes. Hope I am making sense here...

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  • Implementation help... Subclass NSManagedObject?

    - by Canada Dev
    I'm working on an app where I have some products that I download in a list. The downloaded products are displayed in a table and each will is showing a detail view with more information. These same products can be saved as a favorite, and for this I am using Core Data. I'd like to be able to re-use a bunch of views for displaying the products, which means the stores object and the downloaded object would have to be the same kind. Now, how would I go about best implementing the objects? Can I make a class such as this: FavoriteProduct : NSManageObject // implementation and then subclass Product : FavoriteProduct // implementation ? The CD class just doesn't give me everything. What would be the best way to merge these two object classes so I have as little work ahead of me in terms of implementing the different views for each object? Basically, I just want to be able to call the same methods, etc. on the Product objects as I would on the ones that are FavoriteProduct objects, and re-use views for both kinds. There's only a bit of difference between the two (one is of course stored as a favorite and has some extra values such as notes, tags, while the Product one doesn't). Thanks in advance

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  • How to load the SQL data into several ComboBox easily, am i doing the correctly or is there another way

    - by Dominic Deepan.d
    I have a Combobox to fill the data for City, State and PinCode these combobox is dopdown list and the user will pick it. and it loads once the form opens. Here is the CODE: /// CODE TO BRING A DATA FROM SQL INTO THE FORM DROP LIST /// To fill the sates from States Table cn = new SqlConnection(@"Data Source=Nick-PC\SQLEXPRESS;Initial Catalog=AutoDB;Integrated Security=True"); cmd= new SqlCommand("select * from TblState",cn); cn.Open(); SqlDataReader dr; try { dr = cmd.ExecuteReader(); while (dr.Read()) { SelectState.Items.Add(dr["State"].ToString()); } } catch (Exception ex) { MessageBox.Show(ex.Message); } finally { cn.Close(); } //To fill the Cities from City Table cn1 = new SqlConnection(@"Data Source=Nick-PC\SQLEXPRESS;Initial Catalog=AutoDB;Integrated Security=True"); cmd1 = new SqlCommand("SELECT * FROM TblCity", cn); cn.Open(); SqlDataReader ds; try { ds = cmd1.ExecuteReader(); while (ds.Read()) { SelectCity.Items.Add(ds["City"].ToString()); } } catch (Exception ex) { MessageBox.Show(ex.Message); } finally { cn1.Close(); } // To fill the Data in the Pincode from the City Table cn2 = new SqlConnection(@"Data Source=Nick-PC\SQLEXPRESS;Initial Catalog=AutoDB;Integrated Security=True"); cmd2 = new SqlCommand("SELECT (Pincode) FROM TblCity ", cn2); cn2.Open(); SqlDataReader dm; try { dm = cmd2.ExecuteReader(); while (dm.Read()) { SelectPinCode.Items.Add(dm["Pincode"].ToString()); } } catch (Exception ex) { MessageBox.Show(ex.Message); } finally { cn2.Close(); } its kinda Big, i am doing the same steps for all the combo-box, but is there a way i can merge it in a simple way.

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  • How to "upgrade" the database in real world?

    - by Tattat
    My company have develop a web application using php + mysql. The system can display a product's original price and discount price to the user. If you haven't logined, you get the original price, if you loginned , you get the discount price. It is pretty easy to understand. But my company want more features in the system, it want to display different prices base on different user. For example, user A is a golden parnter, he can get 50% off. User B is a silver parnter, only have 30 % off. But this logic is not prepare in the original system, so I need to add some attribute in the database, at least a user type in this example. Is there any recommendation on how to merge current database to my new version of database. Also, all the data should preserver, and the server should works 24/7. (within stop the database) Is it possible to do so? Also , any recommend for future maintaince advice? Thz u.

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  • Need to sort 3 arrays by one key array

    - by jeff6461
    I am trying to get 3 arrays sorted by one key array in objective c for the iphone, here is a example to help out... Array 1 Array 2 Array 3 Array 4 1 15 21 7 3 12 8 9 6 7 8 0 2 3 4 8 When sorted i want this to look like Array 1 Array 2 Array 3 Array 4 1 15 21 7 2 3 4 8 3 12 8 9 6 7 8 0 So array 2,3,4 are moving with Array 1 when sorted. Currently i am using a bubble sort to do this but it lags so bad that it crashes by app. The code i am using to do this is int flag = 0; int i = 0; int temp = 0; do { flag=1; for(i = 0; i < distancenumber; i++) { if(distance[i] > distance[i+1]) { temp = distance[i]; distance[i]=distance[i + 1]; distance[i + 1]=temp; temp = FlowerarrayNumber[i]; FlowerarrayNumber[i] = FlowerarrayNumber[i+1]; FlowerarrayNumber[i + 1] = temp; temp = BeearrayNumber[i]; BeearrayNumber[i] = BeearrayNumber[i + 1]; BeearrayNumber[i + 1] = temp; flag=0; } } }while (flag==0); where distance number is the amount of elements in all of the arrays, distance is array 1 or my key array. and the other 2 are getting sorted. If anyone can help me get a merge sort(or something faster, it is running on a iPhone so it needs to be quick and light) to do this that would be great i cannot figure out how the recursion works in this method and so having a hard time to get the code to work. Any help would be greatly appreciated

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  • Will array_unique work also with array of objects?

    - by Richard Knop
    Is there a better way than using array-walk in combination with unserialize? I have two arrays which contain objects. The objects can be same or can be different. I want to merge both arrays and keep only unique objects. This seems to me like a very long solution for something so trivial. Is there any other way? class Dummy { private $name; public function __construct($theName) {$this->name=$theName;} } $arr = array(); $arr[] = new Dummy('Dummy 1'); $arr[] = new Dummy('Dummy 2'); $arr[] = new Dummy('Dummy 3'); $arr2 = array(); $arr2[] = new Dummy('Dummy 1'); $arr2[] = new Dummy('Dummy 2'); $arr2[] = new Dummy('Dummy 3'); function serializeArrayWalk(&$item) { $item = serialize($item); } function unSerializeArrayWalk(&$item) { $item = unserialize($item); } $finalArr = array_merge($arr, $arr2); array_walk($finalArr, 'serializeArrayWalk'); $finalArr = array_unique($finalArr); array_walk($finalArr, 'unSerializeArrayWalk'); var_dump($finalArr);

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  • Sorting a very large text file in Java

    - by Alice
    Hi, I have a large text file I need to sort in Java. The format is: word [tab] frequency [new line] The algorithm for sorting is: Read some of the file, filtering for purlely alphabetic words. Once you have X number of alphabetic words, call Collections.sort and write the result to a file. Repeat until you have finished reading the file. Start reading two sorted files, comparing line by line for the word with higher frequency, and writing at the same time to a new file as to not load much into your memory Repeat until all files are merged into one large file Right now I've divided the large file into smaller ones (sorted by descending frequency) with 10,000 lines each. I know I need to somehow merge these files back together, but I'm not sure how to go about this. I've created a LinkedList to keep track of all the files created. The algorithm says to compare each line in the two files, except I've tried a case where , say file1 = 8,6,5,3,1 and file2 = 9,8,8,8,8. Then if I compare them line by line I would get file3 = 9,8,8,6,8,5,8,3,8,1 which is incorrectly sorted (they should be in decreasing order). I think I'm misunderstanding some part of the algorithm. If someone could point out what I should do instead, I'd greatly appreciate it. Thanks. edit: Yes this is an assignment. We aren't allowed to increase memory unfortunately :(

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  • Bad idea to force creation of Mercurial remote heads (ie. branches)?

    - by Chad Johnson
    I am developing a centralized web application, and I have a centralized Mercurial repository. Locally I created a branch in my repository hg branch my_branch I then made some changes and committed. Then when I try to push, I get abort: push creates new remote branch 'my_branch'! (did you forget to merge? use push -f to force) I've just been using push -f. Is this bad? I WANT multiple branches in my central, remote repository, as I want to 1) back up my work and 2) allow other developers to develop with me on that branch. Is it bad or something to have branches in my remote repository or something? Should I not be doing push -f (and if not, what should I do?)? Why does Joel say this in his tutorial: Occasionally I've made a change in a branch, pushed, switched to another branch, and changes I had made in that branch I switch to were mysteriously reverted to a previous version from several commits ago. Maybe this is a symptom of forcing a push?

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  • subversion: how to manage tweaked files

    - by punk4funk
    Our group is considering moving to SVN. But, I can't seem to find a way to do the following: I need to make minor tweaks locally to about 20 files in the repository w/o having SVN consider them "changed" and included in the commit. (Changes like communication time-outs and logging levels.) Ideally I would want to merge the tweaked files to newer versions in the repository. (Keeping the tweaked local file up-to-date with committed changes form other users.) I can't imagine we're unique in wanting/needing this. Are there best practices around this type of use case? One thing I'm considering is putting all the tweaked files into a branched "tweaked" working copy. Then merging my tweaked files into my "official" working copy. Then using a script, which compares the "tweaked" and "official" working copies, to update my ignore list. The script would also un-ignore and alert me to any files that had tweaks and other changes that, presumably, needed to be committed to the repository. This seems kinda hacky and I can't imagine there's not a better way.

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  • customized form_for tag in rails

    - by poseid
    I want to make a table within a form by making a new form_tag. The following code in ApplicationHelper fails: module ApplicationHelper class TabularFormBuilder < ActionView::Helpers::FormBuilder # ... code to insert <tr> tags </tr> end def tabular_form_for(name, object = nil, options = nil, &proc) concat("<table>", proc.binding) form_for(name, object, (options||{}).merge(:builder => TabularFormBuilder), &proc) concat("</table>", proc.binding) end end The view I use is: <h1>New project</h1> <% tabular_form_for :project, :builder => ApplicationHelper::TabularFormBuilder do |f| %> <%= f.error_messages %> <%= f.text_field :name %> <%= f.text_area :description %> <%= f.text_field :location %> <%= f.submit 'Create' %> <% end %> The error I get is: NoMethodError in Projects#new Showing app/views/projects/new.html.erb where line #5 raised: undefined method `errors' for {:builder=ApplicationHelper::TabularFormBuilder}:Hash Any ideas how to make this custom tag work?

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  • Why is joining two vectors simply not working?

    - by Jim
    I have two vectors of MyObj structs. MyObj is defined as follows: struct MyObj { float x, y; unsigned int data[8]; unsigned int tmp[1]; MyObj(const MyObj &m) { x = m.x; y = m.y; tmp[0] = 0; for (int i = 0; i < 8; ++i) { data[i] = m.data[i]; } } }; I then have two vectors... vector<MyObj> v1; vector<MyObj> v2; // both get data eventually. v1.insert(v1.end(), v2.begin(), v2.end()); v2 has 3535004 elements in my experiment. v1 is similarly sized. I've also tried building a new vector and just using .push_back to build it from both vectors. Essentially, when I try to merge the two vectors I just get an error from visual studio saying "Debug error! R6010, abort() has been called". Very non-useful... So my question is: what could be causing this error, and how can I solve it? Thank you

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  • Generate regular expression to match strings from the list A, but not from list B

    - by Vlad
    I have two lists of strings ListA and ListB. I need to generate a regular expression that will match all strings in ListA and will not match any string in ListB. The strings could contain any combination of characters, numbers and punctuation. If a string appears on ListA it is guaranteed that it will not be in the ListB. If a string is not in either of these two lists I don't care what the result of the matching should be. The lists typically contain thousands of strings, and strings are fairly similar to each other. I know the trivial answer to this question, which is just generate a regular expression of the form (Str1)|(Str2)|(Str3) where StrN is the string from ListA. But I am looking for a more efficient way to do this. Ideal solution would be some sort of tool that will take two lists and generate a Java regular expression for this. Update 1: By "efficient", I mean to generate expression that is shorter than trivial solution. The ideal algorithm would generate the shorted possible expression. Here are some examples. ListA = { C10 , C15, C195 } ListB = { Bob, Billy } The ideal expression would be /^C1.+$/ Another example, note the third element of ListB ListA = { C10 , C15, C195 } ListB = { Bob, Billy, C25 } The ideal expression is /^C[^2]{1}.+$/ The last example ListA = { A , D ,E , F , H } ListB = { B , C , G , I } The ideal expression is the same as trivial solution which is /^(A|D|E|F|H)$/ Also, I am not looking for the ideal solution, anything better than trivial would help. I was thinking along the lines of generating the list of trivial solutions, and then try to merge the common substrings while watching that we don't wander into ListB territory. *Update 2: I am not particularly worried about the time it takes to generate the RegEx, anything under 10 minutes on the modern machine is acceptable

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  • How would I sort files to directories based on filenames?

    - by gnomed
    I have a huge number of files to sort all named in some terrible convention. Here are some examples: (4)_mr__mcloughlin____.txt 12__sir_john_farr____.txt (b)mr__chope____.txt dame_elaine_kellett-bowman____.txt dr__blackburn______.txt These names are supposed to be a different person (speaker) each. Someone in another IT department produced these from a ton of XML files using some script but the naming is unfathomably stupid as you can see. I need to sort literally tens of thousands of these files with multiple files of text for each person; each with something stupid making the filename different, be it more underscores or some random number. They need to be sorted by speaker. This would be easier with a script to do most of the work then I could just go back and merge folders that should be under the same name or whatever. There are a number of ways I was thinking about doing this. parse the names from each file and sort them into folders for each unique name. get a list of all the unique names from the filenames, then look through this simplified list of unique names for similar ones and ask me whether they are the same, and once it has determined this it will sort them all accordingly. I plan on using Perl, but I can try a new language if it's worth it. I'm not sure how to go about reading in each filename in a directory one at a time into a string for parsing into an actual name. I'm not completely sure how to parse with regex in perl either, but that might be googleable. For the sorting, I was just gonna use the shell command: `cp filename.txt /example/destination/filename.txt` but just cause that's all I know so it's easiest. I dont even have a pseudocode idea of what im going to do either so if someone knows the best sequence of actions, im all ears. I guess I am looking for a lot of help, I am open to any suggestions. Many many many thanks to anyone who can help. B.

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  • Mysql query, need suggestion or solution

    - by Xi Kam
    Can anyone help me, i have two tables and i need records from both the table //////////////////////////////++ Query 1 ++//////////////////////////////////// SELECT SUM(rec_issued) AS issed, regen_id, YEAR(issue_date) AS iYear, MONTH(issue_date) AS iMonth FROM `view_rec_issued` WHERE `regen_id` = 2 GROUP BY YEAR(issue_date) DESC, MONTH(issue_date) DESC ORDER BY issue_date ASC issed regen_id iYear iMonth 424 2 2011 3 4340 2 2011 4 4235 2 2011 5 10570 2 2012 2 4761 2 2012 3 5000 2 2012 4 3700 2 2012 5 3414 2 2012 6 3700 2 2012 7 2992 2 2012 8 995 2 2012 10 ![Result from Query 1][1] //////////////////////////////++ Query 2 ++//////////////////////////////////// SELECT SUM(total_redem) AS redemed, regen_id, YEAR(redemption_date) AS rYear, MONTH(redemption_date) AS rMonth FROM `recredem_month_wise` WHERE `regen_id` = 2 GROUP BY YEAR(redemption_date) DESC, MONTH(redemption_date) DESC order by redemption_date ASC redemed regen_id rYear rMonth 424 2 2011 3 260 2 2011 4 6523 2 2011 5 1070 2 2011 6 200 2 2011 10 500 2 2011 11 9750 2 2012 2 5000 2 2012 3 5500 2 2012 4 3803 2 2012 5 3700 2 2012 7 3000 2 2012 8 ![Result from Query 2][2] But i want it as - issed regen_id iYear iMonth redemed regen_id rYear rMonth 424 2 2011 3 424 2 2011 3 4340 2 2011 4 260 2 2011 4 4235 2 2011 5 6523 2 2011 5 NULL NULL NULL NULL 1070 2 2011 6 NULL NULL NULL NULL 200 2 2011 10 NULL NULL NULL NULL 500 2 2011 11 10570 2 2012 2 9750 2 2012 2 4761 2 2012 3 5000 2 2012 3 5000 2 2012 4 5500 2 2012 4 3700 2 2012 5 3803 2 2012 5 3414 2 2012 6 NULL NULL NULL NULL 3700 2 2012 7 3700 2 2012 7 2992 2 2012 8 3000 2 2012 8 995 2 2012 10 NULL NULL NULL NULL ![I want this output][3] In these table regen_id is unique and i need data as YEAR and MONTH, if in any table not have the records in perticular month and year it should retrieve zero or null. But in every record year and month should equal like this - iYear = rYear and iMonth = rMonth So we can merge both the fields - No need to show year and month twice iYear and rYear = year iMonth and rMonth = month Thank You Please look at this problem.

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  • grep from a log file to get count

    - by subodh1989
    I have to get certain count from files. The grep statement i am using is like this : counter_pstn=0 completed_count_pstn=0 rec=0 for rec in `(grep "merged" update_completed*.log | awk '{print $1}' | sed 's/ //g' | cut -d':' -f2)` do if [ $counter_pstn -eq 0 ] then completed_count_pstn=$rec else completed_count_pstn=$(($completed_count_pstn+$rec)) fi counter_pstn=$(($counter_pstn+1)) done echo "Completed Orders PSTN Primary " $completed_count_pstn But the log file contains data in this format : 2500 rows merged. 2500 rows merged. 2500 rows merged. 2500 rows merged.2500 rows merged. 2500 rows merged. 2500 rows merged. As a result , it is missing out the count of one merge(eg on line 4 of output).How do i modify the grep or use another function to get the count. NOTE that the 2500 number maybe for different logs. So we have to use "rows merged" pattern to get the count. i have tried -o ,-w grep options,but it is not working. Expected output from above data: 17500 Actual output showing : 15000

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  • Speeding up a group by date query on a big table in postgres

    - by zaius
    I've got a table with around 20 million rows. For arguments sake, lets say there are two columns in the table - an id and a timestamp. I'm trying to get a count of the number of items per day. Here's what I have at the moment. SELECT DATE(timestamp) AS day, COUNT(*) FROM actions WHERE DATE(timestamp) >= '20100101' AND DATE(timestamp) < '20110101' GROUP BY day; Without any indices, this takes about a 30s to run on my machine. Here's the explain analyze output: GroupAggregate (cost=675462.78..676813.42 rows=46532 width=8) (actual time=24467.404..32417.643 rows=346 loops=1) -> Sort (cost=675462.78..675680.34 rows=87021 width=8) (actual time=24466.730..29071.438 rows=17321121 loops=1) Sort Key: (date("timestamp")) Sort Method: external merge Disk: 372496kB -> Seq Scan on actions (cost=0.00..667133.11 rows=87021 width=8) (actual time=1.981..12368.186 rows=17321121 loops=1) Filter: ((date("timestamp") >= '2010-01-01'::date) AND (date("timestamp") < '2011-01-01'::date)) Total runtime: 32447.762 ms Since I'm seeing a sequential scan, I tried to index on the date aggregate CREATE INDEX ON actions (DATE(timestamp)); Which cuts the speed by about 50%. HashAggregate (cost=796710.64..796716.19 rows=370 width=8) (actual time=17038.503..17038.590 rows=346 loops=1) -> Seq Scan on actions (cost=0.00..710202.27 rows=17301674 width=8) (actual time=1.745..12080.877 rows=17321121 loops=1) Filter: ((date("timestamp") >= '2010-01-01'::date) AND (date("timestamp") < '2011-01-01'::date)) Total runtime: 17038.663 ms I'm new to this whole query-optimization business, and I have no idea what to do next. Any clues how I could get this query running faster?

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  • Merging multiple docx files to one

    - by coding
    I am developing a desktop application in C#. I have coded a function to merge multiple docx files but it does not work as expected. I don't get the content exactly as how it was in the source files. A few blank lines are added in between. The content extends to the next pages, header and footer information is lost, page margins gets changed, etc.. How can I concatenate docs as it is without and change in it.Any suggestions will be helpful. This is my code. public bool CombineDocx(string[] filesToMerge, string destFilepath) { Application wordApp = null; Document wordDoc = null; object outputFile = destFilepath; object missing = Type.Missing; object pageBreak = WdBreakType.wdPageBreak; try { wordApp = new Application { DisplayAlerts = WdAlertLevel.wdAlertsNone, Visible = false }; wordDoc = wordApp.Documents.Add(ref missing, ref missing, ref missing, ref missing); Selection selection = wordApp.Selection; foreach (string file in filesToMerge) { selection.InsertFile(file, ref missing, ref missing, ref missing, ref missing); selection.InsertBreak(ref pageBreak); } wordDoc.SaveAs( ref outputFile, ref missing, ref missing, ref missing, ref missing, ref missing, ref missing, ref missing, ref missing, ref missing, ref missing, ref missing, ref missing, ref missing, ref missing, ref missing); return true; } catch (Exception ex) { Msg.Log(ex); return false; } finally { if (wordDoc != null) { wordDoc.Close(); } if (wordApp != null) { wordApp.DisplayAlerts = WdAlertLevel.wdAlertsAll; wordApp.Quit(); Marshal.FinalReleaseComObject(wordApp); } } }

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  • Do Distributed Version Control Systems promote poor backup habits?

    - by John
    In a DVCS, each developer has an entire repository on their workstation, to which they can commit all their changes. Then they can merge their repo with someone else's, or clone it, or whatever (as I understand it, I'm not a DVCS user). To me that flags a side-effect, of being more vulnerable to forgetting to backup. In a traditional centralised system, both you as a developer and the people in charge know that if you commit something, it's held on a central server which can have decent backup solutions in place. But using a DVCS, it seems you only have to push your work to a server when you feel like sharing it. It's all very well you have the repo locally so you can work on your feature branch for a month without bothering anyone, but it means (I think) that checking in your code to the repo is not enough, you have to remember to do regular pushes to a backed-up server. It also means, doesn't it, that a team lead can't see all those nice SVN commit emails to keep a rough idea what's going on in the code-base? Is any of this a real issue?

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  • Change value of adjacent vertices and remove self loop

    - by StereoMatching
    Try to write a Karger’s algorithm with boost::graph example (first column is vertice, other are adjacent vertices): 1 2 3 2 1 3 4 3 1 2 4 4 2 3 assume I merge 2 to 1, I get the result 1 2 3 2 1 1 3 4 2 1 3 4 3 1 2 4 4 2 3 first question : How could I change the adjacent vertices("2" to "1") of vertice 1? my naive solution template<typename Vertex, typename Graph> void change_adjacent_vertices_value(Vertex input, Vertex value, Graph &g) { for (auto it = boost::adjacent_vertices(input, g); it.first != it.second; ++it.first){ if(*it.first == value){ *(it.first) = input; //error C2106: '=' : left operand must be l-value } } } Apparently, I can't set the value of the adjacent vertices to "1" by this way The result I want after "change_adjacent_vertices_value" 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 4 2 1 3 4 3 1 2 4 4 2 3 second question : How could I pop out the adjacent vertices? Assume I want to pop out the consecutive 1 from the vertice 1 The result I expected 1 1 3 1 3 4 2 1 3 4 3 1 2 4 4 2 3 any function like "pop_adjacent_vertex" could use?

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  • Hosting the Razor Engine for Templating in Non-Web Applications

    - by Rick Strahl
    Microsoft’s new Razor HTML Rendering Engine that is currently shipping with ASP.NET MVC previews can be used outside of ASP.NET. Razor is an alternative view engine that can be used instead of the ASP.NET Page engine that currently works with ASP.NET WebForms and MVC. It provides a simpler and more readable markup syntax and is much more light weight in terms of functionality than the full blown WebForms Page engine, focusing only on features that are more along the lines of a pure view engine (or classic ASP!) with focus on expression and code rendering rather than a complex control/object model. Like the Page engine though, the parser understands .NET code syntax which can be embedded into templates, and behind the scenes the engine compiles markup and script code into an executing piece of .NET code in an assembly. Although it ships as part of the ASP.NET MVC and WebMatrix the Razor Engine itself is not directly dependent on ASP.NET or IIS or HTTP in any way. And although there are some markup and rendering features that are optimized for HTML based output generation, Razor is essentially a free standing template engine. And what’s really nice is that unlike the ASP.NET Runtime, Razor is fairly easy to host inside of your own non-Web applications to provide templating functionality. Templating in non-Web Applications? Yes please! So why might you host a template engine in your non-Web application? Template rendering is useful in many places and I have a number of applications that make heavy use of it. One of my applications – West Wind Html Help Builder - exclusively uses template based rendering to merge user supplied help text content into customizable and executable HTML markup templates that provide HTML output for CHM style HTML Help. This is an older product and it’s not actually using .NET at the moment – and this is one reason I’m looking at Razor for script hosting at the moment. For a few .NET applications though I’ve actually used the ASP.NET Runtime hosting to provide templating and mail merge style functionality and while that works reasonably well it’s a very heavy handed approach. It’s very resource intensive and has potential issues with versioning in various different versions of .NET. The generic implementation I created in the article above requires a lot of fix up to mimic an HTTP request in a non-HTTP environment and there are a lot of little things that have to happen to ensure that the ASP.NET runtime works properly most of it having nothing to do with the templating aspect but just satisfying ASP.NET’s requirements. The Razor Engine on the other hand is fairly light weight and completely decoupled from the ASP.NET runtime and the HTTP processing. Rather it’s a pure template engine whose sole purpose is to render text templates. Hosting this engine in your own applications can be accomplished with a reasonable amount of code (actually just a few lines with the tools I’m about to describe) and without having to fake HTTP requests. It’s also much lighter on resource usage and you can easily attach custom properties to your base template implementation to easily pass context from the parent application into templates all of which was rather complicated with ASP.NET runtime hosting. Installing the Razor Template Engine You can get Razor as part of the MVC 3 (RC and later) or Web Matrix. Both are available as downloadable components from the Web Platform Installer Version 3.0 (!important – V2 doesn’t show these components). If you already have that version of the WPI installed just fire it up. You can get the latest version of the Web Platform Installer from here: http://www.microsoft.com/web/gallery/install.aspx Once the platform Installer 3.0 is installed install either MVC 3 or ASP.NET Web Pages. Once installed you’ll find a System.Web.Razor assembly in C:\Program Files\Microsoft ASP.NET\ASP.NET Web Pages\v1.0\Assemblies\System.Web.Razor.dll which you can add as a reference to your project. Creating a Wrapper The basic Razor Hosting API is pretty simple and you can host Razor with a (large-ish) handful of lines of code. I’ll show the basics of it later in this article. However, if you want to customize the rendering and handle assembly and namespace includes for the markup as well as deal with text and file inputs as well as forcing Razor to run in a separate AppDomain so you can unload the code-generated assemblies and deal with assembly caching for re-used templates little more work is required to create something that is more easily reusable. For this reason I created a Razor Hosting wrapper project that combines a bunch of this functionality into an easy to use hosting class, a hosting factory that can load the engine in a separate AppDomain and a couple of hosting containers that provided folder based and string based caching for templates for an easily embeddable and reusable engine with easy to use syntax. If you just want the code and play with the samples and source go grab the latest code from the Subversion Repository at: http://www.west-wind.com:8080/svn/articles/trunk/RazorHosting/ or a snapshot from: http://www.west-wind.com/files/tools/RazorHosting.zip Getting Started Before I get into how hosting with Razor works, let’s take a look at how you can get up and running quickly with the wrapper classes provided. It only takes a few lines of code. The easiest way to use these Razor Hosting Wrappers is to use one of the two HostContainers provided. One is for hosting Razor scripts in a directory and rendering them as relative paths from these script files on disk. The other HostContainer serves razor scripts from string templates… Let’s start with a very simple template that displays some simple expressions, some code blocks and demonstrates rendering some data from contextual data that you pass to the template in the form of a ‘context’. Here’s a simple Razor template: @using System.Reflection Hello @Context.FirstName! Your entry was entered on: @Context.Entered @{ // Code block: Update the host Windows Form passed in through the context Context.WinForm.Text = "Hello World from Razor at " + DateTime.Now.ToString(); } AppDomain Id: @AppDomain.CurrentDomain.FriendlyName Assembly: @Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly().FullName Code based output: @{ // Write output with Response object from code string output = string.Empty; for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { output += i.ToString() + " "; } Response.Write(output); } Pretty easy to see what’s going on here. The only unusual thing in this code is the Context object which is an arbitrary object I’m passing from the host to the template by way of the template base class. I’m also displaying the current AppDomain and the executing Assembly name so you can see how compiling and running a template actually loads up new assemblies. Also note that as part of my context I’m passing a reference to the current Windows Form down to the template and changing the title from within the script. It’s a silly example, but it demonstrates two-way communication between host and template and back which can be very powerful. The easiest way to quickly render this template is to use the RazorEngine<TTemplateBase> class. The generic parameter specifies a template base class type that is used by Razor internally to generate the class it generates from a template. The default implementation provided in my RazorHosting wrapper is RazorTemplateBase. Here’s a simple one that renders from a string and outputs a string: var engine = new RazorEngine<RazorTemplateBase>(); // we can pass any object as context - here create a custom context var context = new CustomContext() { WinForm = this, FirstName = "Rick", Entered = DateTime.Now.AddDays(-10) }; string output = engine.RenderTemplate(this.txtSource.Text new string[] { "System.Windows.Forms.dll" }, context); if (output == null) this.txtResult.Text = "*** ERROR:\r\n" + engine.ErrorMessage; else this.txtResult.Text = output; Simple enough. This code renders a template from a string input and returns a result back as a string. It  creates a custom context and passes that to the template which can then access the Context’s properties. Note that anything passed as ‘context’ must be serializable (or MarshalByRefObject) – otherwise you get an exception when passing the reference over AppDomain boundaries (discussed later). Passing a context is optional, but is a key feature in being able to share data between the host application and the template. Note that we use the Context object to access FirstName, Entered and even the host Windows Form object which is used in the template to change the Window caption from within the script! In the code above all the work happens in the RenderTemplate method which provide a variety of overloads to read and write to and from strings, files and TextReaders/Writers. Here’s another example that renders from a file input using a TextReader: using (reader = new StreamReader("templates\\simple.csHtml", true)) { result = host.RenderTemplate(reader, new string[] { "System.Windows.Forms.dll" }, this.CustomContext); } RenderTemplate() is fairly high level and it handles loading of the runtime, compiling into an assembly and rendering of the template. If you want more control you can use the lower level methods to control each step of the way which is important for the HostContainers I’ll discuss later. Basically for those scenarios you want to separate out loading of the engine, compiling into an assembly and then rendering the template from the assembly. Why? So we can keep assemblies cached. In the code above a new assembly is created for each template rendered which is inefficient and uses up resources. Depending on the size of your templates and how often you fire them you can chew through memory very quickly. This slighter lower level approach is only a couple of extra steps: // we can pass any object as context - here create a custom context var context = new CustomContext() { WinForm = this, FirstName = "Rick", Entered = DateTime.Now.AddDays(-10) }; var engine = new RazorEngine<RazorTemplateBase>(); string assId = null; using (StringReader reader = new StringReader(this.txtSource.Text)) { assId = engine.ParseAndCompileTemplate(new string[] { "System.Windows.Forms.dll" }, reader); } string output = engine.RenderTemplateFromAssembly(assId, context); if (output == null) this.txtResult.Text = "*** ERROR:\r\n" + engine.ErrorMessage; else this.txtResult.Text = output; The difference here is that you can capture the assembly – or rather an Id to it – and potentially hold on to it to render again later assuming the template hasn’t changed. The HostContainers take advantage of this feature to cache the assemblies based on certain criteria like a filename and file time step or a string hash that if not change indicate that an assembly can be reused. Note that ParseAndCompileTemplate returns an assembly Id rather than the assembly itself. This is done so that that the assembly always stays in the host’s AppDomain and is not passed across AppDomain boundaries which would cause load failures. We’ll talk more about this in a minute but for now just realize that assemblies references are stored in a list and are accessible by this ID to allow locating and re-executing of the assembly based on that id. Reuse of the assembly avoids recompilation overhead and creation of yet another assembly that loads into the current AppDomain. You can play around with several different versions of the above code in the main sample form:   Using Hosting Containers for more Control and Caching The above examples simply render templates into assemblies each and every time they are executed. While this works and is even reasonably fast, it’s not terribly efficient. If you render templates more than once it would be nice if you could cache the generated assemblies for example to avoid re-compiling and creating of a new assembly each time. Additionally it would be nice to load template assemblies into a separate AppDomain optionally to be able to be able to unload assembli es and also to protect your host application from scripting attacks with malicious template code. Hosting containers provide also provide a wrapper around the RazorEngine<T> instance, a factory (which allows creation in separate AppDomains) and an easy way to start and stop the container ‘runtime’. The Razor Hosting samples provide two hosting containers: RazorFolderHostContainer and StringHostContainer. The folder host provides a simple runtime environment for a folder structure similar in the way that the ASP.NET runtime handles a virtual directory as it’s ‘application' root. Templates are loaded from disk in relative paths and the resulting assemblies are cached unless the template on disk is changed. The string host also caches templates based on string hashes – if the same string is passed a second time a cached version of the assembly is used. Here’s how HostContainers work. I’ll use the FolderHostContainer because it’s likely the most common way you’d use templates – from disk based templates that can be easily edited and maintained on disk. The first step is to create an instance of it and keep it around somewhere (in the example it’s attached as a property to the Form): RazorFolderHostContainer Host = new RazorFolderHostContainer(); public RazorFolderHostForm() { InitializeComponent(); // The base path for templates - templates are rendered with relative paths // based on this path. Host.TemplatePath = Path.Combine(Environment.CurrentDirectory, TemplateBaseFolder); // Add any assemblies you want reference in your templates Host.ReferencedAssemblies.Add("System.Windows.Forms.dll"); // Start up the host container Host.Start(); } Next anytime you want to render a template you can use simple code like this: private void RenderTemplate(string fileName) { // Pass the template path via the Context var relativePath = Utilities.GetRelativePath(fileName, Host.TemplatePath); if (!Host.RenderTemplate(relativePath, this.Context, Host.RenderingOutputFile)) { MessageBox.Show("Error: " + Host.ErrorMessage); return; } this.webBrowser1.Navigate("file://" + Host.RenderingOutputFile); } You can also render the output to a string instead of to a file: string result = Host.RenderTemplateToString(relativePath,context); Finally if you want to release the engine and shut down the hosting AppDomain you can simply do: Host.Stop(); Stopping the AppDomain and restarting it (ie. calling Stop(); followed by Start()) is also a nice way to release all resources in the AppDomain. The FolderBased domain also supports partial Rendering based on root path based relative paths with the same caching characteristics as the main templates. From within a template you can call out to a partial like this: @RenderPartial(@"partials\PartialRendering.cshtml", Context) where partials\PartialRendering.cshtml is a relative to the template root folder. The folder host example lets you load up templates from disk and display the result in a Web Browser control which demonstrates using Razor HTML output from templates that contain HTML syntax which happens to me my target scenario for Html Help Builder.   The Razor Engine Wrapper Project The project I created to wrap Razor hosting has a fair bit of code and a number of classes associated with it. Most of the components are internally used and as you can see using the final RazorEngine<T> and HostContainer classes is pretty easy. The classes are extensible and I suspect developers will want to build more customized host containers for their applications. Host containers are the key to wrapping up all functionality – Engine, BaseTemplate, AppDomain Hosting, Caching etc in a logical piece that is ready to be plugged into an application. When looking at the code there are a couple of core features provided: Core Razor Engine Hosting This is the core Razor hosting which provides the basics of loading a template, compiling it into an assembly and executing it. This is fairly straightforward, but without a host container that can cache assemblies based on some criteria templates are recompiled and re-created each time which is inefficient (although pretty fast). The base engine wrapper implementation also supports hosting the Razor runtime in a separate AppDomain for security and the ability to unload it on demand. Host Containers The engine hosting itself doesn’t provide any sort of ‘runtime’ service like picking up files from disk, caching assemblies and so forth. So my implementation provides two HostContainers: RazorFolderHostContainer and RazorStringHostContainer. The FolderHost works off a base directory and loads templates based on relative paths (sort of like the ASP.NET runtime does off a virtual). The HostContainers also deal with caching of template assemblies – for the folder host the file date is tracked and checked for updates and unless the template is changed a cached assembly is reused. The StringHostContainer similiarily checks string hashes to figure out whether a particular string template was previously compiled and executed. The HostContainers also act as a simple startup environment and a single reference to easily store and reuse in an application. TemplateBase Classes The template base classes are the base classes that from which the Razor engine generates .NET code. A template is parsed into a class with an Execute() method and the class is based on this template type you can specify. RazorEngine<TBaseTemplate> can receive this type and the HostContainers default to specific templates in their base implementations. Template classes are customizable to allow you to create templates that provide application specific features and interaction from the template to your host application. How does the RazorEngine wrapper work? You can browse the source code in the links above or in the repository or download the source, but I’ll highlight some key features here. Here’s part of the RazorEngine implementation that can be used to host the runtime and that demonstrates the key code required to host the Razor runtime. The RazorEngine class is implemented as a generic class to reflect the Template base class type: public class RazorEngine<TBaseTemplateType> : MarshalByRefObject where TBaseTemplateType : RazorTemplateBase The generic type is used to internally provide easier access to the template type and assignments on it as part of the template processing. The class also inherits MarshalByRefObject to allow execution over AppDomain boundaries – something that all the classes discussed here need to do since there is much interaction between the host and the template. The first two key methods deal with creating a template assembly: /// <summary> /// Creates an instance of the RazorHost with various options applied. /// Applies basic namespace imports and the name of the class to generate /// </summary> /// <param name="generatedNamespace"></param> /// <param name="generatedClass"></param> /// <returns></returns> protected RazorTemplateEngine CreateHost(string generatedNamespace, string generatedClass) { Type baseClassType = typeof(TBaseTemplateType); RazorEngineHost host = new RazorEngineHost(new CSharpRazorCodeLanguage()); host.DefaultBaseClass = baseClassType.FullName; host.DefaultClassName = generatedClass; host.DefaultNamespace = generatedNamespace; host.NamespaceImports.Add("System"); host.NamespaceImports.Add("System.Text"); host.NamespaceImports.Add("System.Collections.Generic"); host.NamespaceImports.Add("System.Linq"); host.NamespaceImports.Add("System.IO"); return new RazorTemplateEngine(host); } /// <summary> /// Parses and compiles a markup template into an assembly and returns /// an assembly name. The name is an ID that can be passed to /// ExecuteTemplateByAssembly which picks up a cached instance of the /// loaded assembly. /// /// </summary> /// <param name="namespaceOfGeneratedClass">The namespace of the class to generate from the template</param> /// <param name="generatedClassName">The name of the class to generate from the template</param> /// <param name="ReferencedAssemblies">Any referenced assemblies by dll name only. Assemblies must be in execution path of host or in GAC.</param> /// <param name="templateSourceReader">Textreader that loads the template</param> /// <remarks> /// The actual assembly isn't returned here to allow for cross-AppDomain /// operation. If the assembly was returned it would fail for cross-AppDomain /// calls. /// </remarks> /// <returns>An assembly Id. The Assembly is cached in memory and can be used with RenderFromAssembly.</returns> public string ParseAndCompileTemplate( string namespaceOfGeneratedClass, string generatedClassName, string[] ReferencedAssemblies, TextReader templateSourceReader) { RazorTemplateEngine engine = CreateHost(namespaceOfGeneratedClass, generatedClassName); // Generate the template class as CodeDom GeneratorResults razorResults = engine.GenerateCode(templateSourceReader); // Create code from the codeDom and compile CSharpCodeProvider codeProvider = new CSharpCodeProvider(); CodeGeneratorOptions options = new CodeGeneratorOptions(); // Capture Code Generated as a string for error info // and debugging LastGeneratedCode = null; using (StringWriter writer = new StringWriter()) { codeProvider.GenerateCodeFromCompileUnit(razorResults.GeneratedCode, writer, options); LastGeneratedCode = writer.ToString(); } CompilerParameters compilerParameters = new CompilerParameters(ReferencedAssemblies); // Standard Assembly References compilerParameters.ReferencedAssemblies.Add("System.dll"); compilerParameters.ReferencedAssemblies.Add("System.Core.dll"); compilerParameters.ReferencedAssemblies.Add("Microsoft.CSharp.dll"); // dynamic support! // Also add the current assembly so RazorTemplateBase is available compilerParameters.ReferencedAssemblies.Add(Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly().CodeBase.Substring(8)); compilerParameters.GenerateInMemory = Configuration.CompileToMemory; if (!Configuration.CompileToMemory) compilerParameters.OutputAssembly = Path.Combine(Configuration.TempAssemblyPath, "_" + Guid.NewGuid().ToString("n") + ".dll"); CompilerResults compilerResults = codeProvider.CompileAssemblyFromDom(compilerParameters, razorResults.GeneratedCode); if (compilerResults.Errors.Count > 0) { var compileErrors = new StringBuilder(); foreach (System.CodeDom.Compiler.CompilerError compileError in compilerResults.Errors) compileErrors.Append(String.Format(Resources.LineX0TColX1TErrorX2RN, compileError.Line, compileError.Column, compileError.ErrorText)); this.SetError(compileErrors.ToString() + "\r\n" + LastGeneratedCode); return null; } AssemblyCache.Add(compilerResults.CompiledAssembly.FullName, compilerResults.CompiledAssembly); return compilerResults.CompiledAssembly.FullName; } Think of the internal CreateHost() method as setting up the assembly generated from each template. Each template compiles into a separate assembly. It sets up namespaces, and assembly references, the base class used and the name and namespace for the generated class. ParseAndCompileTemplate() then calls the CreateHost() method to receive the template engine generator which effectively generates a CodeDom from the template – the template is turned into .NET code. The code generated from our earlier example looks something like this: //------------------------------------------------------------------------------ // <auto-generated> // This code was generated by a tool. // Runtime Version:4.0.30319.1 // // Changes to this file may cause incorrect behavior and will be lost if // the code is regenerated. // </auto-generated> //------------------------------------------------------------------------------ namespace RazorTest { using System; using System.Text; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.IO; using System.Reflection; public class RazorTemplate : RazorHosting.RazorTemplateBase { #line hidden public RazorTemplate() { } public override void Execute() { WriteLiteral("Hello "); Write(Context.FirstName); WriteLiteral("! Your entry was entered on: "); Write(Context.Entered); WriteLiteral("\r\n\r\n"); // Code block: Update the host Windows Form passed in through the context Context.WinForm.Text = "Hello World from Razor at " + DateTime.Now.ToString(); WriteLiteral("\r\nAppDomain Id:\r\n "); Write(AppDomain.CurrentDomain.FriendlyName); WriteLiteral("\r\n \r\nAssembly:\r\n "); Write(Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly().FullName); WriteLiteral("\r\n\r\nCode based output: \r\n"); // Write output with Response object from code string output = string.Empty; for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { output += i.ToString() + " "; } } } } Basically the template’s body is turned into code in an Execute method that is called. Internally the template’s Write method is fired to actually generate the output. Note that the class inherits from RazorTemplateBase which is the generic parameter I used to specify the base class when creating an instance in my RazorEngine host: var engine = new RazorEngine<RazorTemplateBase>(); This template class must be provided and it must implement an Execute() and Write() method. Beyond that you can create any class you chose and attach your own properties. My RazorTemplateBase class implementation is very simple: public class RazorTemplateBase : MarshalByRefObject, IDisposable { /// <summary> /// You can pass in a generic context object /// to use in your template code /// </summary> public dynamic Context { get; set; } /// <summary> /// Class that generates output. Currently ultra simple /// with only Response.Write() implementation. /// </summary> public RazorResponse Response { get; set; } public object HostContainer {get; set; } public object Engine { get; set; } public RazorTemplateBase() { Response = new RazorResponse(); } public virtual void Write(object value) { Response.Write(value); } public virtual void WriteLiteral(object value) { Response.Write(value); } /// <summary> /// Razor Parser implements this method /// </summary> public virtual void Execute() {} public virtual void Dispose() { if (Response != null) { Response.Dispose(); Response = null; } } } Razor fills in the Execute method when it generates its subclass and uses the Write() method to output content. As you can see I use a RazorResponse() class here to generate output. This isn’t necessary really, as you could use a StringBuilder or StringWriter() directly, but I prefer using Response object so I can extend the Response behavior as needed. The RazorResponse class is also very simple and merely acts as a wrapper around a TextWriter: public class RazorResponse : IDisposable { /// <summary> /// Internal text writer - default to StringWriter() /// </summary> public TextWriter Writer = new StringWriter(); public virtual void Write(object value) { Writer.Write(value); } public virtual void WriteLine(object value) { Write(value); Write("\r\n"); } public virtual void WriteFormat(string format, params object[] args) { Write(string.Format(format, args)); } public override string ToString() { return Writer.ToString(); } public virtual void Dispose() { Writer.Close(); } public virtual void SetTextWriter(TextWriter writer) { // Close original writer if (Writer != null) Writer.Close(); Writer = writer; } } The Rendering Methods of RazorEngine At this point I’ve talked about the assembly generation logic and the template implementation itself. What’s left is that once you’ve generated the assembly is to execute it. The code to do this is handled in the various RenderXXX methods of the RazorEngine class. Let’s look at the lowest level one of these which is RenderTemplateFromAssembly() and a couple of internal support methods that handle instantiating and invoking of the generated template method: public string RenderTemplateFromAssembly( string assemblyId, string generatedNamespace, string generatedClass, object context, TextWriter outputWriter) { this.SetError(); Assembly generatedAssembly = AssemblyCache[assemblyId]; if (generatedAssembly == null) { this.SetError(Resources.PreviouslyCompiledAssemblyNotFound); return null; } string className = generatedNamespace + "." + generatedClass; Type type; try { type = generatedAssembly.GetType(className); } catch (Exception ex) { this.SetError(Resources.UnableToCreateType + className + ": " + ex.Message); return null; } // Start with empty non-error response (if we use a writer) string result = string.Empty; using(TBaseTemplateType instance = InstantiateTemplateClass(type)) { if (instance == null) return null; if (outputWriter != null) instance.Response.SetTextWriter(outputWriter); if (!InvokeTemplateInstance(instance, context)) return null; // Capture string output if implemented and return // otherwise null is returned if (outputWriter == null) result = instance.Response.ToString(); } return result; } protected virtual TBaseTemplateType InstantiateTemplateClass(Type type) { TBaseTemplateType instance = Activator.CreateInstance(type) as TBaseTemplateType; if (instance == null) { SetError(Resources.CouldnTActivateTypeInstance + type.FullName); return null; } instance.Engine = this; // If a HostContainer was set pass that to the template too instance.HostContainer = this.HostContainer; return instance; } /// <summary> /// Internally executes an instance of the template, /// captures errors on execution and returns true or false /// </summary> /// <param name="instance">An instance of the generated template</param> /// <returns>true or false - check ErrorMessage for errors</returns> protected virtual bool InvokeTemplateInstance(TBaseTemplateType instance, object context) { try { instance.Context = context; instance.Execute(); } catch (Exception ex) { this.SetError(Resources.TemplateExecutionError + ex.Message); return false; } finally { // Must make sure Response is closed instance.Response.Dispose(); } return true; } The RenderTemplateFromAssembly method basically requires the namespace and class to instantate and creates an instance of the class using InstantiateTemplateClass(). It then invokes the method with InvokeTemplateInstance(). These two methods are broken out because they are re-used by various other rendering methods and also to allow subclassing and providing additional configuration tasks to set properties and pass values to templates at execution time. In the default mode instantiation sets the Engine and HostContainer (discussed later) so the template can call back into the template engine, and the context is set when the template method is invoked. The various RenderXXX methods use similar code although they create the assemblies first. If you’re after potentially cashing assemblies the method is the one to call and that’s exactly what the two HostContainer classes do. More on that in a minute, but before we get into HostContainers let’s talk about AppDomain hosting and the like. Running Templates in their own AppDomain With the RazorEngine class above, when a template is parsed into an assembly and executed the assembly is created (in memory or on disk – you can configure that) and cached in the current AppDomain. In .NET once an assembly has been loaded it can never be unloaded so if you’re loading lots of templates and at some time you want to release them there’s no way to do so. If however you load the assemblies in a separate AppDomain that new AppDomain can be unloaded and the assemblies loaded in it with it. In order to host the templates in a separate AppDomain the easiest thing to do is to run the entire RazorEngine in a separate AppDomain. Then all interaction occurs in the other AppDomain and no further changes have to be made. To facilitate this there is a RazorEngineFactory which has methods that can instantiate the RazorHost in a separate AppDomain as well as in the local AppDomain. The host creates the remote instance and then hangs on to it to keep it alive as well as providing methods to shut down the AppDomain and reload the engine. Sounds complicated but cross-AppDomain invocation is actually fairly easy to implement. Here’s some of the relevant code from the RazorEngineFactory class. Like the RazorEngine this class is generic and requires a template base type in the generic class name: public class RazorEngineFactory<TBaseTemplateType> where TBaseTemplateType : RazorTemplateBase Here are the key methods of interest: /// <summary> /// Creates an instance of the RazorHost in a new AppDomain. This /// version creates a static singleton that that is cached and you /// can call UnloadRazorHostInAppDomain to unload it. /// </summary> /// <returns></returns> public static RazorEngine<TBaseTemplateType> CreateRazorHostInAppDomain() { if (Current == null) Current = new RazorEngineFactory<TBaseTemplateType>(); return Current.GetRazorHostInAppDomain(); } public static void UnloadRazorHostInAppDomain() { if (Current != null) Current.UnloadHost(); Current = null; } /// <summary> /// Instance method that creates a RazorHost in a new AppDomain. /// This method requires that you keep the Factory around in /// order to keep the AppDomain alive and be able to unload it. /// </summary> /// <returns></returns> public RazorEngine<TBaseTemplateType> GetRazorHostInAppDomain() { LocalAppDomain = CreateAppDomain(null); if (LocalAppDomain == null) return null; /// Create the instance inside of the new AppDomain /// Note: remote domain uses local EXE's AppBasePath!!! RazorEngine<TBaseTemplateType> host = null; try { Assembly ass = Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly(); string AssemblyPath = ass.Location; host = (RazorEngine<TBaseTemplateType>) LocalAppDomain.CreateInstanceFrom(AssemblyPath, typeof(RazorEngine<TBaseTemplateType>).FullName).Unwrap(); } catch (Exception ex) { ErrorMessage = ex.Message; return null; } return host; } /// <summary> /// Internally creates a new AppDomain in which Razor templates can /// be run. /// </summary> /// <param name="appDomainName"></param> /// <returns></returns> private AppDomain CreateAppDomain(string appDomainName) { if (appDomainName == null) appDomainName = "RazorHost_" + Guid.NewGuid().ToString("n"); AppDomainSetup setup = new AppDomainSetup(); // *** Point at current directory setup.ApplicationBase = AppDomain.CurrentDomain.BaseDirectory; AppDomain localDomain = AppDomain.CreateDomain(appDomainName, null, setup); return localDomain; } /// <summary> /// Allow unloading of the created AppDomain to release resources /// All internal resources in the AppDomain are released including /// in memory compiled Razor assemblies. /// </summary> public void UnloadHost() { if (this.LocalAppDomain != null) { AppDomain.Unload(this.LocalAppDomain); this.LocalAppDomain = null; } } The static CreateRazorHostInAppDomain() is the key method that startup code usually calls. It uses a Current singleton instance to an instance of itself that is created cross AppDomain and is kept alive because it’s static. GetRazorHostInAppDomain actually creates a cross-AppDomain instance which first creates a new AppDomain and then loads the RazorEngine into it. The remote Proxy instance is returned as a result to the method and can be used the same as a local instance. The code to run with a remote AppDomain is simple: private RazorEngine<RazorTemplateBase> CreateHost() { if (this.Host != null) return this.Host; // Use Static Methods - no error message if host doesn't load this.Host = RazorEngineFactory<RazorTemplateBase>.CreateRazorHostInAppDomain(); if (this.Host == null) { MessageBox.Show("Unable to load Razor Template Host", "Razor Hosting", MessageBoxButtons.OK, MessageBoxIcon.Exclamation); } return this.Host; } This code relies on a local reference of the Host which is kept around for the duration of the app (in this case a form reference). To use this you’d simply do: this.Host = CreateHost(); if (host == null) return; string result = host.RenderTemplate( this.txtSource.Text, new string[] { "System.Windows.Forms.dll", "Westwind.Utilities.dll" }, this.CustomContext); if (result == null) { MessageBox.Show(host.ErrorMessage, "Template Execution Error", MessageBoxButtons.OK, MessageBoxIcon.Exclamation); return; } this.txtResult.Text = result; Now all templates run in a remote AppDomain and can be unloaded with simple code like this: RazorEngineFactory<RazorTemplateBase>.UnloadRazorHostInAppDomain(); this.Host = null; One Step further – Providing a caching ‘Runtime’ Once we can load templates in a remote AppDomain we can add some additional functionality like assembly caching based on application specific features. One of my typical scenarios is to render templates out of a scripts folder. So all templates live in a folder and they change infrequently. So a Folder based host that can compile these templates once and then only recompile them if something changes would be ideal. Enter host containers which are basically wrappers around the RazorEngine<t> and RazorEngineFactory<t>. They provide additional logic for things like file caching based on changes on disk or string hashes for string based template inputs. The folder host also provides for partial rendering logic through a custom template base implementation. There’s a base implementation in RazorBaseHostContainer, which provides the basics for hosting a RazorEngine, which includes the ability to start and stop the engine, cache assemblies and add references: public abstract class RazorBaseHostContainer<TBaseTemplateType> : MarshalByRefObject where TBaseTemplateType : RazorTemplateBase, new() { public RazorBaseHostContainer() { UseAppDomain = true; GeneratedNamespace = "__RazorHost"; } /// <summary> /// Determines whether the Container hosts Razor /// in a separate AppDomain. Seperate AppDomain /// hosting allows unloading and releasing of /// resources. /// </summary> public bool UseAppDomain { get; set; } /// <summary> /// Base folder location where the AppDomain /// is hosted. By default uses the same folder /// as the host application. /// /// Determines where binary dependencies are /// found for assembly references. /// </summary> public string BaseBinaryFolder { get; set; } /// <summary> /// List of referenced assemblies as string values. /// Must be in GAC or in the current folder of the host app/ /// base BinaryFolder /// </summary> public List<string> ReferencedAssemblies = new List<string>(); /// <summary> /// Name of the generated namespace for template classes /// </summary> public string GeneratedNamespace {get; set; } /// <summary> /// Any error messages /// </summary> public string ErrorMessage { get; set; } /// <summary> /// Cached instance of the Host. Required to keep the /// reference to the host alive for multiple uses. /// </summary> public RazorEngine<TBaseTemplateType> Engine; /// <summary> /// Cached instance of the Host Factory - so we can unload /// the host and its associated AppDomain. /// </summary> protected RazorEngineFactory<TBaseTemplateType> EngineFactory; /// <summary> /// Keep track of each compiled assembly /// and when it was compiled. /// /// Use a hash of the string to identify string /// changes. /// </summary> protected Dictionary<int, CompiledAssemblyItem> LoadedAssemblies = new Dictionary<int, CompiledAssemblyItem>(); /// <summary> /// Call to start the Host running. Follow by a calls to RenderTemplate to /// render individual templates. Call Stop when done. /// </summary> /// <returns>true or false - check ErrorMessage on false </returns> public virtual bool Start() { if (Engine == null) { if (UseAppDomain) Engine = RazorEngineFactory<TBaseTemplateType>.CreateRazorHostInAppDomain(); else Engine = RazorEngineFactory<TBaseTemplateType>.CreateRazorHost(); Engine.Configuration.CompileToMemory = true; Engine.HostContainer = this; if (Engine == null) { this.ErrorMessage = EngineFactory.ErrorMessage; return false; } } return true; } /// <summary> /// Stops the Host and releases the host AppDomain and cached /// assemblies. /// </summary> /// <returns>true or false</returns> public bool Stop() { this.LoadedAssemblies.Clear(); RazorEngineFactory<RazorTemplateBase>.UnloadRazorHostInAppDomain(); this.Engine = null; return true; } … } This base class provides most of the mechanics to host the runtime, but no application specific implementation for rendering. There are rendering functions but they just call the engine directly and provide no caching – there’s no context to decide how to cache and reuse templates. The key methods are Start and Stop and their main purpose is to start a new AppDomain (optionally) and shut it down when requested. The RazorFolderHostContainer – Folder Based Runtime Hosting Let’s look at the more application specific RazorFolderHostContainer implementation which is defined like this: public class RazorFolderHostContainer : RazorBaseHostContainer<RazorTemplateFolderHost> Note that a customized RazorTemplateFolderHost class template is used for this implementation that supports partial rendering in form of a RenderPartial() method that’s available to templates. The folder host’s features are: Render templates based on a Template Base Path (a ‘virtual’ if you will) Cache compiled assemblies based on the relative path and file time stamp File changes on templates cause templates to be recompiled into new assemblies Support for partial rendering using base folder relative pathing As shown in the startup examples earlier host containers require some startup code with a HostContainer tied to a persistent property (like a Form property): // The base path for templates - templates are rendered with relative paths // based on this path. HostContainer.TemplatePath = Path.Combine(Environment.CurrentDirectory, TemplateBaseFolder); // Default output rendering disk location HostContainer.RenderingOutputFile = Path.Combine(HostContainer.TemplatePath, "__Preview.htm"); // Add any assemblies you want reference in your templates HostContainer.ReferencedAssemblies.Add("System.Windows.Forms.dll"); // Start up the host container HostContainer.Start(); Once that’s done, you can render templates with the host container: // Pass the template path for full filename seleted with OpenFile Dialog // relativepath is: subdir\file.cshtml or file.cshtml or ..\file.cshtml var relativePath = Utilities.GetRelativePath(fileName, HostContainer.TemplatePath); if (!HostContainer.RenderTemplate(relativePath, Context, HostContainer.RenderingOutputFile)) { MessageBox.Show("Error: " + HostContainer.ErrorMessage); return; } webBrowser1.Navigate("file://" + HostContainer.RenderingOutputFile); The most critical task of the RazorFolderHostContainer implementation is to retrieve a template from disk, compile and cache it and then deal with deciding whether subsequent requests need to re-compile the template or simply use a cached version. Internally the GetAssemblyFromFileAndCache() handles this task: /// <summary> /// Internally checks if a cached assembly exists and if it does uses it /// else creates and compiles one. Returns an assembly Id to be /// used with the LoadedAssembly list. /// </summary> /// <param name="relativePath"></param> /// <param name="context"></param> /// <returns></returns> protected virtual CompiledAssemblyItem GetAssemblyFromFileAndCache(string relativePath) { string fileName = Path.Combine(TemplatePath, relativePath).ToLower(); int fileNameHash = fileName.GetHashCode(); if (!File.Exists(fileName)) { this.SetError(Resources.TemplateFileDoesnTExist + fileName); return null; } CompiledAssemblyItem item = null; this.LoadedAssemblies.TryGetValue(fileNameHash, out item); string assemblyId = null; // Check for cached instance if (item != null) { var fileTime = File.GetLastWriteTimeUtc(fileName); if (fileTime <= item.CompileTimeUtc) assemblyId = item.AssemblyId; } else item = new CompiledAssemblyItem(); // No cached instance - create assembly and cache if (assemblyId == null) { string safeClassName = GetSafeClassName(fileName); StreamReader reader = null; try { reader = new StreamReader(fileName, true); } catch (Exception ex) { this.SetError(Resources.ErrorReadingTemplateFile + fileName); return null; } assemblyId = Engine.ParseAndCompileTemplate(this.ReferencedAssemblies.ToArray(), reader); // need to ensure reader is closed if (reader != null) reader.Close(); if (assemblyId == null) { this.SetError(Engine.ErrorMessage); return null; } item.AssemblyId = assemblyId; item.CompileTimeUtc = DateTime.UtcNow; item.FileName = fileName; item.SafeClassName = safeClassName; this.LoadedAssemblies[fileNameHash] = item; } return item; } This code uses a LoadedAssembly dictionary which is comprised of a structure that holds a reference to a compiled assembly, a full filename and file timestamp and an assembly id. LoadedAssemblies (defined on the base class shown earlier) is essentially a cache for compiled assemblies and they are identified by a hash id. In the case of files the hash is a GetHashCode() from the full filename of the template. The template is checked for in the cache and if not found the file stamp is checked. If that’s newer than the cache’s compilation date the template is recompiled otherwise the version in the cache is used. All the core work defers to a RazorEngine<T> instance to ParseAndCompileTemplate(). The three rendering specific methods then are rather simple implementations with just a few lines of code dealing with parameter and return value parsing: /// <summary> /// Renders a template to a TextWriter. Useful to write output into a stream or /// the Response object. Used for partial rendering. /// </summary> /// <param name="relativePath">Relative path to the file in the folder structure</param> /// <param name="context">Optional context object or null</param> /// <param name="writer">The textwriter to write output into</param> /// <returns></returns> public bool RenderTemplate(string relativePath, object context, TextWriter writer) { // Set configuration data that is to be passed to the template (any object) Engine.TemplatePerRequestConfigurationData = new RazorFolderHostTemplateConfiguration() { TemplatePath = Path.Combine(this.TemplatePath, relativePath), TemplateRelativePath = relativePath, }; CompiledAssemblyItem item = GetAssemblyFromFileAndCache(relativePath); if (item == null) { writer.Close(); return false; } try { // String result will be empty as output will be rendered into the // Response object's stream output. However a null result denotes // an error string result = Engine.RenderTemplateFromAssembly(item.AssemblyId, context, writer); if (result == null) { this.SetError(Engine.ErrorMessage); return false; } } catch (Exception ex) { this.SetError(ex.Message); return false; } finally { writer.Close(); } return true; } /// <summary> /// Render a template from a source file on disk to a specified outputfile. /// </summary> /// <param name="relativePath">Relative path off the template root folder. Format: path/filename.cshtml</param> /// <param name="context">Any object that will be available in the template as a dynamic of this.Context</param> /// <param name="outputFile">Optional - output file where output is written to. If not specified the /// RenderingOutputFile property is used instead /// </param> /// <returns>true if rendering succeeds, false on failure - check ErrorMessage</returns> public bool RenderTemplate(string relativePath, object context, string outputFile) { if (outputFile == null) outputFile = RenderingOutputFile; try { using (StreamWriter writer = new StreamWriter(outputFile, false, Engine.Configuration.OutputEncoding, Engine.Configuration.StreamBufferSize)) { return RenderTemplate(relativePath, context, writer); } } catch (Exception ex) { this.SetError(ex.Message); return false; } return true; } /// <summary> /// Renders a template to string. Useful for RenderTemplate /// </summary> /// <param name="relativePath"></param> /// <param name="context"></param> /// <returns></returns> public string RenderTemplateToString(string relativePath, object context) { string result = string.Empty; try { using (StringWriter writer = new StringWriter()) { // String result will be empty as output will be rendered into the // Response object's stream output. However a null result denotes // an error if (!RenderTemplate(relativePath, context, writer)) { this.SetError(Engine.ErrorMessage); return null; } result = writer.ToString(); } } catch (Exception ex) { this.SetError(ex.Message); return null; } return result; } The idea is that you can create custom host container implementations that do exactly what you want fairly easily. Take a look at both the RazorFolderHostContainer and RazorStringHostContainer classes for the basic concepts you can use to create custom implementations. Notice also that you can set the engine’s PerRequestConfigurationData() from the host container: // Set configuration data that is to be passed to the template (any object) Engine.TemplatePerRequestConfigurationData = new RazorFolderHostTemplateConfiguration() { TemplatePath = Path.Combine(this.TemplatePath, relativePath), TemplateRelativePath = relativePath, }; which when set to a non-null value is passed to the Template’s InitializeTemplate() method. This method receives an object parameter which you can cast as needed: public override void InitializeTemplate(object configurationData) { // Pick up configuration data and stuff into Request object RazorFolderHostTemplateConfiguration config = configurationData as RazorFolderHostTemplateConfiguration; this.Request.TemplatePath = config.TemplatePath; this.Request.TemplateRelativePath = config.TemplateRelativePath; } With this data you can then configure any custom properties or objects on your main template class. It’s an easy way to pass data from the HostContainer all the way down into the template. The type you use is of type object so you have to cast it yourself, and it must be serializable since it will likely run in a separate AppDomain. This might seem like an ugly way to pass data around – normally I’d use an event delegate to call back from the engine to the host, but since this is running over AppDomain boundaries events get really tricky and passing a template instance back up into the host over AppDomain boundaries doesn’t work due to serialization issues. So it’s easier to pass the data from the host down into the template using this rather clumsy approach of set and forward. It’s ugly, but it’s something that can be hidden in the host container implementation as I’ve done here. It’s also not something you have to do in every implementation so this is kind of an edge case, but I know I’ll need to pass a bunch of data in some of my applications and this will be the easiest way to do so. Summing Up Hosting the Razor runtime is something I got jazzed up about quite a bit because I have an immediate need for this type of templating/merging/scripting capability in an application I’m working on. I’ve also been using templating in many apps and it’s always been a pain to deal with. The Razor engine makes this whole experience a lot cleaner and more light weight and with these wrappers I can now plug .NET based templating into my code literally with a few lines of code. That’s something to cheer about… I hope some of you will find this useful as well… Resources The examples and code require that you download the Razor runtimes. Projects are for Visual Studio 2010 running on .NET 4.0 Platform Installer 3.0 (install WebMatrix or MVC 3 for Razor Runtimes) Latest Code in Subversion Repository Download Snapshot of the Code Documentation (CHM Help File) © Rick Strahl, West Wind Technologies, 2005-2010Posted in ASP.NET  .NET  

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  • Timeout Expired error Using LINQ

    - by Refracted Paladin
    I am going to sum up my problem first and then offer massive details and what I have already tried. Summary: I have an internal winform app that uses Linq 2 Sql to connect to a local SQL Express database. Each user has there own DB and the DB stay in sync through Merge Replication with a Central DB. All DB's are SQL 2005(sp2or3). We have been using this app for over 5 months now but recently our users are getting a Timeout expired. The timeout period elapsed prior to completion of the operation or the server is not responding. Detailed: The strange part is they get that in two differnt locations(2 differnt LINQ Methods) and only the first time they fire in a given time period(~5mins). One LINQ method is pulling all records that match a FK ID and then Manipulating them to form a Heirarchy View for a TreeView. The second is pulling all records that match a FK ID and dumping them into a DataGridView. The only things I can find in common with the 2 are that the first IS an IEnumerable and the second converts itself from IQueryable - IEnumerable - DataTable... I looked at the query's in Profiler and they 'seemed' normal. They are not very complicated querys. They are only pulling back 10 - 90 records, from one table. Any thoughts, suggestions, hints whatever would be greatly appreciated. I am at my wit's end on this.... public IList<CaseNoteTreeItem> GetTreeViewDataAsList(int personID) { var myContext = MatrixDataContext.Create(); var caseNotesTree = from cn in myContext.tblCaseNotes where cn.PersonID == personID orderby cn.ContactDate descending, cn.InsertDate descending select new CaseNoteTreeItem { CaseNoteID = cn.CaseNoteID, NoteContactDate = Convert.ToDateTime(cn.ContactDate). ToShortDateString(), ParentNoteID = cn.ParentNote, InsertUser = cn.InsertUser, ContactDetailsPreview = cn.ContactDetails.Substring(0, 75) }; return caseNotesTree.ToList<CaseNoteTreeItem>(); } AND THIS ONE public static DataTable GetAllCNotes(int personID) { using (var context = MatrixDataContext.Create()) { var caseNotes = from cn in context.tblCaseNotes where cn.PersonID == personID orderby cn.ContactDate select new { cn.ContactDate, cn.ContactDetails, cn.TimeSpentUnits, cn.IsCaseLog, cn.IsPreEnrollment, cn.PresentAtContact, cn.InsertDate, cn.InsertUser, cn.CaseNoteID, cn.ParentNote }; return caseNotes.ToList().CopyLinqToDataTable(); } }

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  • Unix sort keys cause performance problems

    - by KenFar
    My data: It's a 71 MB file with 1.5 million rows. It has 6 fields All six fields combine to form a unique key - so that's what I need to sort on. Sort statement: sort -t ',' -k1,1 -k2,2 -k3,3 -k4,4 -k5,5 -k6,6 -o output.csv input.csv The problem: If I sort without keys, it takes 30 seconds. If I sort with keys, it takes 660 seconds. I need to sort with keys to keep this generic and useful for other files that have non-key fields as well. The 30 second timing is fine, but the 660 is a killer. More details using unix time: sort input.csv -o output.csv = 28 seconds sort -t ',' -k1 input.csv -o output.csv = 28 seconds sort -t ',' -k1,1 input.csv -o output.csv = 64 seconds sort -t ',' -k1,1 -k2,2 input.csv -o output.csv = 194 seconds sort -t ',' -k1,1 -k2,2 -k3,3 input.csv -o output.csv = 328 seconds sort -t ',' -k1,1 -k2,2 -k3,3 -k4,4 input.csv -o output.csv = 483 seconds sort -t ',' -k1,1 -k2,2 -k3,3 -k4,4 -k5,5 input.csv -o output.csv = 561 seconds sort -t ',' -k1,1 -k2,2 -k3,3 -k4,4 -k5,5 -k6,6 input.csv -o output.csv = 660 seconds I could theoretically move the temp directory to SSD, and/or split the file into 4 parts, sort them separately (in parallel) then merge the results, etc. But I'm hoping for something simpler since looks like sort is just picking a bad algorithm. Any suggestions? Testing Improvements using buffer-size: With 2 keys I got a 5% improvement with 8, 20, 24 MB and best performance of 8% improvement with 16MB, but 6% worse with 128MB With 6 keys I got a 5% improvement with 8, 20, 24 MB and best performance of 9% improvement with 16MB. Testing improvements using dictionary order (just 1 run each): sort -d --buffer-size=8M -t ',' -k1,1 -k2,2 input.csv -o output.csv = 235 seconds (21% worse) sort -d --buffer-size=8M -t ',' -k1,1 -k2,2 input.csv -o ouput.csv = 232 seconds (21% worse) conclusion: it makes sense that this would slow the process down, not useful Testing with different file system on SSD - I can't do this on this server now. Testing with code to consolidate adjacent keys: def consolidate_keys(key_fields, key_types): """ Inputs: - key_fields - a list of numbers in quotes: ['1','2','3'] - key_types - a list of types of the key_fields: ['integer','string','integer'] Outputs: - key_fields - a consolidated list: ['1,2','3'] - key_types - a list of types of the consolidated list: ['string','integer'] """ assert(len(key_fields) == len(key_types)) def get_min(val): vals = val.split(',') assert(len(vals) <= 2) return vals[0] def get_max(val): vals = val.split(',') assert(len(vals) <= 2) return vals[len(vals)-1] i = 0 while True: try: if ( (int(get_max(key_fields[i])) + 1) == int(key_fields[i+1]) and key_types[i] == key_types[i+1]): key_fields[i] = '%s,%s' % (get_min(key_fields[i]), key_fields[i+1]) key_types[i] = key_types[i] key_fields.pop(i+1) key_types.pop(i+1) continue i = i+1 except IndexError: break # last entry return key_fields, key_types While this code is just a work-around that'll only apply to cases in which I've got a contiguous set of keys - it speeds up the code by 95% in my worst case scenario.

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