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• My self-generated CA is nearing it's end-of-life; what are the best practices for CA-rollover?

  - by Alphager

  Some buddies and me banded together to rent a small server to use for email, web-hosting and jabber. Early on we decided to generate our own Certificate Authority(CA) and sign all our certificates with that CA. It worked great! However, the original CA-cert is nearing it's end-of-life (it expires in five months). Obviously, we will have to generate a new cert and install it on all our computers. Are there any best practices we should follow? We have to re-generate all certs and sign them with the new CA, right?

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• Is file permission secured when it transferred from Ubuntu to Windows?

  - by Gaurav_Java

  I am having 9GB text file which is encrypted . This file contains some confidential data . Which is on my system(Ubuntu) and my external HDD (ntfs) . This file get daily updated and then encrypted . But it has to be shared among 2-3 (Windows) person. I defined permission so that no other person can even read this file(chmod 660). It is too large file, so I can't upload it anywhere and it get updated daily basis. But this file travel on Windows OS and Ubuntu also. Even I am having copy of this on my personal computer. Recently it was deleted by some other user over Windows . I just want to know how can I set permission over that file so that it cannot be deleted from any other operating system. If someone delete this file, then I am having data old for couple of days, which is only on my system. I gone through this question it says there is nothing. And from this question I am not able to understand how can I protect it. Can I do anything for preventing this file from being deleted. Then how can I secure this files from getting deleted any suggestion or software or ideas. Maybe I sound silly or this is stupid question. Please don't close it, thanks for any suggestion or solution.

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• Avoiding "double" subscriptions

  - by john smith

  I am working on a website that requires a bit of marketing; let me explain. This website is offering a single, say, iTunes 50$ voucher to a lucky winner. To be entered in the draw, you need to invite (and has to join) at least one friend to the website. Pretty straightforward. Now, of course it would be easy for anyone to just create a fake account and invite that account so, I was thinking of some other way to somehow find out of possible cheating. I was thinking of an IP check on the newly subscribed (invited) user, and if there is the same IP logged in the last 24 hours, and if that's the case, investigate more about it. But I was thinking that maybe there is a more clever way around this issue. Has anyone ever though about this? What other solutions did you try? Thanks in advance.

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• Significant number of non-HTTP requests hitting my site

  - by Mark Westling

  I'm seeing a significant number of non-HTTP requests hitting a site I just launched. They show up in the server (nginx) logs as non-ASCII and get rejected (correctly) with a 400 status. Here are some lines from the log: 95.132.198.189 - - [09/Jan/2011:13:53:30 -0500] "œ$A\x10õœ²É9J" 400 173 "-" "-" 79.100.145.126 - - [09/Jan/2011:13:57:42 -0500] "#§i²¸oYi á¹„\x13VJ—x·—œ\x04N \x1DÔvbÛè½\x10§¬\x1E0œ_^¼+\x09ÜÅ\x08DÌÃiJeT€¿æ]œr\x1EëîyIÐ/ßýúê5Ǹ" 400 173 "-" "-" 79.100.145.126 - - [09/Jan/2011:13:58:33 -0500] "¯Ú%ø=Œ›D@\x12¼\x1C†ÄÀe\x015mˆàd˜Û%pÛÿ" 400 173 "-" "-" What should I make of this? Is this some sort of scripted attack? Or could these be correct requests that have somehow been garbled? They're not affecting the performance of the site and I'm not seeing any other signs of attacks (e.g., no strange POSTs) so at this point I'm more curious than afraid.

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• Why can't non-admin users install software?

  - by fiftyeight

  This is probably something I don't understand since I am used to Windows and am only starting out with Ubuntu. I know that software in linux comes in packages what I don't understand is why can't non-admin users install software. I mean, every application is run by a specific user, and that user will only be able to run that applciation with his privilages, so if he has no admin privileges, the application also won't be able to access unauthorized directories etc. I want most of the time to work on my PC with a non-admin user since it seems more safe to me, most of the time I have no need for admin privileges. and even though I know viruses in linux are uncommon I still think the best practice is to work on the computer in a state that you yourself can't make any changes to important files, that way viruses also can't harm any important files, but I need to install software for programming and web-design etc. and first of all I don't want to switch users all the time. But also it sounds safer to me that everything being done on the PC will be done through the non-admin user. I'll be glad to know what misunderstanding I have here, cause something here doesn't sound right.

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• Setting to protect gnome-terminal from key logging

  - by yanychar

  Looks like it is easy to log keystrokes of all processes of the same user. A basic keylogger is 'xinput'. xinput test-xi2 The command generates log of all key-presses. Unfortunately, this includes passwords in gnome-terminal. Googling suggested that grabbing keyboard may prevent other windows from capturing key strokes. Is there a way to prevent XI2 logging in gnome-terminal? Or is there an X terminal that has this feature?

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• Making Agile and DevOps methodology compatible with PCI requirements

  - by kenchew

  Would like to hear from those working in a PCI compliance environment and is practicing agile development and devops methodology, how you maintain compliance with PCI requirements. Specifically, what do you do to address: separation of duties between development/test and production alignment of continuous integration / deployment and change control alignment of agile stories to requirement documentation

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• Password protected website

  - by danie7L T

  I need to add a user authentication page before the actual homepage of the website. In Joomla! I just set the website offline and the offline page loads in place of the homepage but then it's automatically throwing a "503 Service Temporarily Unavailable" error which I would like to avoid. That's why I would like to know the other ways to load an authentication page before the homepage. NB: I'm using Apache servers if that's relevant Thank you

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• How to protect Ubuntu from fork bomb

  - by dblang

  I heard someone talking about a fork bomb, I did some research and found some dreadful information about some strange looking characters people can have you type at the command line and as a result do bad things on the computer. I certainly would not issue commands I do not understand but one never knows what can happen. I heard that some OS allows the administrator to place some limit on user processes to mitigate the effects of fork bombs, is this protection in Ubuntu by default or would a person with sudo privilege have to set this? If so, how?

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• Best Method/Library For Remote Authentication

  - by Mike

  I have a web app that has a REST API interface: http://api.example.com/core that uses API Keys and domain specific keys (key has to be used on the specified domain). I then will have several client sites with ajax forms where we will require users to sign in before being able to submit the form. This form will add data to a table, and submit an email to several recipients along with checking credentials. This form will use an ajax submit to our REST API. All Communication to/from the API is over SSL Ideal Flow: Visitor Fills Form Out -> Enters User/pass -> Submits Form -> ajax request to REST API -> API Verifies credentials -> does CRUD -> sends emails -> returns 200/403 -> perform DOM manipulation based on return code in ajax call Are there any libraries in PHP that currently do something to this similarly? Would OAuth be a good use for this scenario? Languages used are: js/html/css/php/MySQL

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• Disadvantages of a fake phpMyAdmin honeypot that causes ip blacklisting and robots.txt disallow/exclusion of the honeypot?

  - by Tchalvak

  I'm trying to figure out whether I should set up a honeypot system with a fake phpMyAdmin (site gets hits all the time with people spidering for insecurities with that app). My thought was to create a honeypot php script that would mimic a phpMyAdmin login, and then blacklist ips that hit that url (and aren't already whitelisted). I would then add the appropriate urls to the robots.txt so that spiders that actually respect my robots.txt wouldn't be caught by the blacklist. Are there disadvantages to this approach, do legit robots sometimes not respect robots.txt in certain circumstances, are there any problems with this that I should consider in advance?

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• MCrypt Module, Rijndael-256

  - by WernerCD

  An outside company is redoing our company Intranet. During some basic usage I disovered that the "User Edit" screens, with the "Password: *" boxes have the password in plain text, with the text box "type=password" to "hide" the password. The passwords are not store in the database as plain text, they are stored encrypted using "rijndael-256" cypher using the mcrypt module. I know that if I encrypt a password with SHA*, the password is "Unrecoverable" via one-way encryption. Is the same of MCrypt Rijndael-256 encryption? Shouldn't an encrypted password be un-recoverable? Are they blowing smoke up my rear or just using the wrong technology?

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• How to Detect and Fix an Infected PC

  You may have noticed that your PC is not acting the way it used to when you first purchased it. If so, malware may be the culprit. Here are some ways to detect if your PC has been infected, as well as methods to correct any such problems to get things back to normal, as suggested by researcher Tim Armstrong of Kaspersky Lab. Malware Detection Irritating Popups Irritating popup windows are one of the telltale signs that your PC is infected with malware. One of the most common classes of malware driven popup windows comes in the form of scareware, or fake antivirus warnings. These popups tel...

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• Facebook - Isn't this a big vulnerability risk for users? (After Password Change)

  - by Trufa

  I would like to know you opinions as programmers / developers. When I changed my Facebook password yesterday, by mistake I entered the old one and got this: Am I missing something here or this is a big potencial risk for users. In my opinion this is a problem BECAUSE it is FaceBook and is used by, well, everyone and the latest statistics show that 76.3% of the users are idiots [source:me], that is more that 3/4!! All kidding aside: Isn't this useful information for an attacker? It reveals private information about the user! It could help the attacker gain access to another site in which the user used the same password Granted, you should't use use the same password twice (but remember: 76.3%!!!) Doesn't this simply increase the surface area for attackers? It increases the chances of getting useful information at least. In a site like Facebook 1st choice for hackers and (bad) people interested in valued personal information shouldn't anything increasing the chance of a vulnerability be removed? Am I missing something? Am I being paranoid? Will 76.3% of the accounts will be hacked after this post? Thanks in advance!! BTW if you want to try it out, a dummy account: user: [email protected] (old) password: hunter2

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• Is there an industry standard for systems registered user permissions in terms of database model?

  - by EASI

  I developed many applications with registered user access for my enterprise clients. In many years I have changed my way of doing it, specially because I used many programming languages and database types along time. Some of them not very simple as view, create and/or edit permissions for each module in the application, or light as access or can't access certain module. But now that I am developing a very extensive application with many modules and many kinds of users to access them, I was wondering if there is an standard model for doing it, because I already see that's the simple or the light way won't be enough.

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• How would I know if my OS is compromised?

  - by itsols

  I had opened a php folder from a friend's web host. I run it on mine to fix some bugs. Then I tried attaching the code to be emailed and GMAIL stated that the attachment was infected by a virus. Now I'm afraid if my Apache or OS (12.04) is infected. I checked the php files and found a base64 encoded set of code being 'eval'd at the top of each and every php file. Just reversing it (echo with htmlspecialchars) showed some clue that there were sockets in use and something to do with permissions. And also there were two websites referred having .ru extensions. Now I'm afraid if my Ubuntu system is affected or compromised. Any advice please! Here's my second run of rkhunter with the options: sudo rkhunter --check --rwo Warning: The command '/usr/bin/unhide.rb' has been replaced by a script: /usr/bin/unhide.rb: Ruby script, ASCII text Warning: Hidden directory found: /dev/.udev Warning: Hidden file found: /dev/.initramfs: symbolic link to `/run/initramfs'

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• How to refuse to give an access to passwords to a customer without being unprofessional or rude?

  - by MainMa

  Let's say you're creating a website for a customer. This website has its own registration (either combined with OpenID or not). The customer asks you to be able to see the passwords the users are choosing, given that the users will probably be using the same password on every website. In general, I say: either that it is impossible to retrieve the passwords, since they are not stored in plain text, but hashed, or that I have no right to do that or that administrators must not be able to see the passwords of users, without giving any additional details. The first one is false: even if the passwords are hashed, it is still possible to catch and store them on each logon (for example doing a strange sort of audit which will remember not only which user succeeded or failed to logon, but also with which password). The second one is rude. How to refuse this request, without being either unprofessional or rude?

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• Design practice for securing data inside Azure SQL

  - by Sid

  Update: I'm looking for a specific design practice as we try to build-our-own database encryption. Azure SQL doesn't support many of the encryption features found in SQL Server (Table and Column encryption). We need to store some sensitive information that needs to be encrypted and we've rolled our own using AesCryptoServiceProvider to encrypt/decrypt data to/from the database. This solves the immediate issue (no cleartext in db) but poses other problems like Key rotation (we have to roll our own code for this, walking through the db converting old cipher text into new cipher text) metadata mapping of which tables and which columns are encrypted. This is simple when it's just couple of columns (send an email to all devs/document) but that quickly gets out of hand ... So, what is the best practice for doing application level encryption into a database that doesn't support encryption? In particular, what is a good design to solve the above two bullet points? If you had specific schema additions would love it if you could give details ("Have a NVARCHAR(max) column to store the cipher metadata as JSON" or a SQL script/commands). If someone would like to recommend a library, I'd be happy to stay away from "DIY" too. Before going too deep - I assume there isn't any way I can add encryption support to Azure by creating a stored procedure, right?

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• GPG Workflow in 11.04

  - by Ross Bearman

  At work we handle the transfer of small bits of sensitive data with GPG, usually posted on a secure internal website. Until Firefox 4 was released, we used FireGPG for inline decryption; however the IPC libraries that it relied upon were no longer present in FF4, making it unusable and it will no longer install in FF5. Currently I'm manually pasting the GPG blocks into a text file, then using the Nautilus context-menu plugin or the command line to decrypt the contents of the file. When we're handling large amount of these small files throughout the day this starts to become a real chore. I've looked around but can't seem to find much information on useful GPG clients in Ubuntu. A client that allowed me to paste in a GPG block and instantly decrypt it, and also paste in plaintext and easily encrypt it for multiple recipients would be ideal. So my question is does this exist? I can't seem to find anything about this with obvious searches on Google, so hopefully someone here can help, or offer an alternative workflow.

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• Creating deterministic key pairs in javascript for use in encrypting/decrypting/signing messages

  - by SlickTheNick

  So I have been searching everywhere and havn't been able to find anything with the sufficient information I need.. so Im a bit stumped on this one at the moment What I am trying to do is create a public/private key pair (like PGP) upon a users account creation, based on their passphrase and a random seed. The public key would be saved on the server, and ideally the private key would never be seen by the server whatsoever. The user could then sign in, and send a message to another user. Before the message is sent, the senders key pair would be re-generated on the fly based on their credentials (and maybe a password prompt) and used to encrypt the message. The receiver would then use their own re-generated private key to decrypt said message. The server itself should never see any plaintext passwords, private keys or readable messages. Bit unsure how on how I could go about implementing this. Iv been looking into PGP, specifically openPGP.js. The main trouble I am having is being able to regenerate the key-pair based off a specific seed. PGP seems to have a random output even if the inputs are the same. Storing the private key in a cookie or in HTML5 storage or something also isnt really an option, too unreliable. Can anyone point me in the right direction?

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• Steps after SQL Injection detected

  - by Zukas

  I've come across SQL injection vulnerabilities on my companies ecommerce page. It was fairly poorly put together. I believe I have prevented future attempts however we are getting calls about fraudulent credit card charges on our site and others. This leads me to believe that someone was able to get a list of our credit card numbers. What doesn't make sense is that we don't store that information and we use Authorize.net for the transaction. If someone was able to get the CC#s, what should I do next? Inform ALL of our customers that someone broken into our system and stole their information? I have a feeling that will be bad for business.

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• Help writing server script to ban IP's from a list

  - by Chev_603

  I have a VPS that I use as an openvpn and web server. For some reason, my apache log files are filled with thousands of these hack attempts: "POST /xmlrpc.php HTTP/1.0" 404 395 These attack attempts fill up 90% of my logs. I think it's a WordPress vulnerability they're looking for. Obviously they are not successful (I don't even have Wordpress on my server), but it's annoying and probably resource consuming as well. I am trying to write a bash script that will do the following: Search the apache logs and grab the offending IP's (even if they try it once), Sort them into a list with each unique IP on a seperate line, And then block them using the IP table rules. I am a bash newb, and so far my script does everything except Step 3. I can manually block the IP's, but that's tedious and besides, this is Linux and it's perfectly capable of doing it for me. I also want the script to be customizable so that I (or anyone else who wants to use it) can change the variables to suit whatever situation I/they may deal with in the future. Here is the script so far: #!/bin/bash ##IP LIST GENERATOR ##Author Chev Young ##Script to search Apache logs and list IP's based on custom filters ## ##Define our variables: DIRECT=~/Script ##Location of script&where to put results/temp files LOGFILE=/var/log/apache2/access.log ## Logfile to search for offenders TEMPLIST=xml_temp ## Temporary file name IP_LIST=ipstoban ## Name of results file FILTER1=xmlrpc ## What are we looking for? (Requests we want to ban) cd $DIRECT if [ ! -f $TEMPLIST ];then touch $TEMPLIST ##Create temp file fi cat $LOGFILE | grep $FILTER1 >> $DIRECT/$TEMPLIST ## Only interested in the IP's, so: sed -e 's/\([0-9]\+\.[0-9]\+\.[0-9]\+\.[0-9]\+\).*$/\1/' -e t -e d $DIRECT/$TEMPLIST | sort | uniq > $DIRECT/$IP_LIST rm $TEMPLIST ## Clean temp file echo "Done. Results located at $DIRECT/$IP_LIST" So I need help with the next part of the script, which should ban the IP's (incoming and perhaps outgoing too) from the resulting $IP_LIST file. I don't care if it utilizes UFW or IPTables directly, as long as it bans the IP's. I'd probably run it as a cron task. What I'm having trouble with is understanding how to use line of the result file as a seperate variable to do something like: ufw deny $IP1 $IP2 $IP3, ect Any ideas? Thanks.

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• Is it reasonable to require passwords when users sign into my application through social media accounts?

  - by BrMcMullin

  I've built an application that requires users to authenticate with one or more social media accounts from either Facebook, Twitter, or LinkedIn. Edit Once the user has signed in, an 'identity' for them is maintained in the system, to which all content they create is associated. A user can associate one account from each of the supported providers with this identity. I'm concerned about how to protect potential users from connecting the wrong account to their identity in our application. /Edit There are two main scenarios that could happen: User has multiple accounts on one of the three providers, and is not logged into the one s/he desires. User comes to a public or shared computer, in which the previous user left themselves logged into one of the three providers. While I haven't encountered many examples of this myself, I'm considering requiring users to password authenticate with Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn whenever they are signing into our application. Is that a reasonable approach, or are there reasons why many other sites and applications don't challenge users to provide a user name and password when authorizing applications to access their social media accounts? Thanks in advance! Edit A clarification, I'm not intending to store anyone's user name and password. Rather, when a user clicks the button to sign in, with Facebook as an example, I'm considering showing an "Is this you?" type window. The idea is that a user would respond to the challenge by either signing into Facebook on the account fetched from the oauth hash, or would sign into the correct account and the oauth callback would run with the new oauth hash data.

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• Package denyhosts in Ubuntu Trusty Tahr is deleted: temporary or forever?

  - by Kees van Dieren

  While doing a test-upgrade of our Ubuntu server to 14.04, I found that the package DenyHosts is no longer available. Installing it gives following error: apt-get install denyhosts Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done E: Unable to locate package denyhosts Apparently it has been deleted, according to launchpad. Will Denyhosts be available in the final release of Ubuntu 14.04?

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• Botnet Malware Sleeps Eight Months Activation, Child Concerns

  Daily Safety Check experts used a computer forensic analysis of a significant botnet that consisted of Carberp and SpyEye malware to come up with the details for their report. The analysis found that the botnet profiled the behavior of the slave computers it infected, similar to surveillance techniques used by law enforcement agencies, for an average of eight months. During the eight months, the botnet analyzed each computer's users and assigned ratings to certain activities to form a complete profile for each. Doing so allowed those behind the scheme to determine which were the most favora...

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