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  • Different programming languages possibilities

    - by b-gen-jack-o-neill
    Hello. This should be very simple question. There are many programming languages out there, compiled into machine code or managed code. I first started with ASM back in high school. Assembler is very nice, since you know what exactly CPU does. Next, (as you can see from my other questions here) I decided to learn C and C++. I choosed C becouse from what I read it is the language with output most close to assembler-written programs. But, what I want to know is, can any other Windows programming language out there call win32 API? To be exact, like C has its special header and functions for win32 api interactions, is this assumed to be some important part of programming language? Or are there any languages that have no support for calling win32 API, or just use console to IO and some functions for basic file IO? Becouse, for Windows programming with graphic output, it is essential to have acess to win32 API. I know this question might seem silly, but still please, help me, I ask for study porposes. Thanks.

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  • Apples, oranges, and pointers to the most derived c++ class

    - by Matthew Lowe
    Suppose I have a bunch of fruit: class Fruit { ... }; class Apple : public Fruit { ... }; class Orange: public Fruit { ... }; And some polymorphic functions that operate on said fruit: void Eat(Fruit* f, Pesticide* p) { } void Eat(Apple* f, Pesticide* p) { ingest(f,p); } void Eat(Orange* f, Pesticide* p) { peel(f,p); ingest(f,p); } OK, wait. Stop right there. Note at this point that any sane person would make Eat() a virtual member function of the Fruit classes. But that's not an option, because I am not a sane person. Also, I don't want that Pesticide* in the header file for my fruit class. Sadly, what I want to be able to do next is exactly what member functions and dynamic binding allow: typedef list<Fruit*> Fruits; Fruits fs; ... for(Fruits::iterator i=fs.begin(), e=fs.end(); i!=e; ++i) Eat(*i); And obviously, the problem here is that the pointer we pass to Eat() will be a Fruit*, not an Apple* or an Orange*, therefore nothing will get eaten and we will all be very hungry. So what I really want to be able to do instead of this: Eat(*i); is this: Eat(MAGIC_CAST_TO_MOST_DERIVED_CLASS(*i)); But to my limited knowledge, such magic does not exist, except possibly in the form of a big nasty if-statement full of calls to dynamic_cast. So is there some run-time magic of which I am not aware? Or should I implement and maintain a big nasty if-statement full of dynamic_casts? Or should I suck it up, quit thinking about how I would implement this in Ruby, and allow a little Pesticide to make its way into my fruit header?

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  • string comparision and counting the key in target [closed]

    - by mesun
    Suppose we want to count the number of times that a key string appears in a target string. We are going to create two different functions to accomplish this task: one iterative, and one recursive. For both functions, you can rely on Python's find function - you should read up on its specifications to see how to provide optional arguments to start the search for a match at a location other than the beginning of the string. For example, find("atgacatgcacaagtatgcat","atgc") #returns the value 5, while find("atgacatgcacaagtatgcat","atgc",6) #returns the value 15, meaning that by starting the search at index 6, #the next match is found at location 15. For the recursive version, you will want to think about how to use your function on a smaller version of the same problem (e.g., on a smaller target string) and then how to combine the result of that computation to solve the original problem. For example, given you can find the first instance of a key string in a target string, how would you combine that result with invocation of the same function on a smaller target string? You may find the string slicing operation useful in getting substrings of string.

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  • Unresolved external symbol error in c++

    - by Crystal
    I am trying to do a simple hw problem involving namespace, static data members and functions. I am getting an unresolved external symbol error Error 1 error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol "private: static double JWong::SavingsAccount::annualInterestRate" (?annualInterestRate@SavingsAccount@JWong@@0NA) SavingsAccount.obj SavingsAccount And I don't see why I am getting this error. Maybe I don't know something about static variables compared to regular data members that is causing this error. Here is my code: SavingsAccount.h file #ifndef JWONG_SAVINGSACCOUNT_H #define JWONG_SAVINGSACCOUNT_H namespace JWong { class SavingsAccount { public: // default constructor SavingsAccount(); // constructor SavingsAccount(double savingsBalance); double getSavingsBalance(); void setSavingsBalance(double savingsBalance); double calculateMonthlyInterest(); // static functions static void modifyInterestRate(double newInterestRate); static double getAnnualInterestRest(); private: double savingsBalance; // static members static double annualInterestRate; }; } #endif SavingsAccount.cpp file #include <iostream> #include "SavingsAccount.h" // default constructor, set savingsBalance to 0 JWong::SavingsAccount::SavingsAccount() : savingsBalance(0) {} // constructor JWong::SavingsAccount::SavingsAccount(double savingsBalance) : savingsBalance(savingsBalance) {} double JWong::SavingsAccount::getSavingsBalance() { return savingsBalance; } void JWong::SavingsAccount::setSavingsBalance(double savingsBalance) { this->savingsBalance = savingsBalance; } // returns monthly interest and sets savingsBalance to new amount double JWong::SavingsAccount::calculateMonthlyInterest() { double monthlyInterest = savingsBalance * SavingsAccount::annualInterestRate / 12; setSavingsBalance(savingsBalance + monthlyInterest); return monthlyInterest; } void JWong::SavingsAccount::modifyInterestRate(double newInterestRate) { SavingsAccount::annualInterestRate = newInterestRate; } double JWong::SavingsAccount::getAnnualInterestRest() { return SavingsAccount::annualInterestRate; }

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  • What is the rationale to not allow overloading of C++ conversions operator with non-member function

    - by Vicente Botet Escriba
    C++0x has added explicit conversion operators, but they must always be defined as members of the Source class. The same applies to the assignment operator, it must be defined on the Target class. When the Source and Target classes of the needed conversion are independent of each other, neither the Source can define a conversion operator, neither the Target can define a constructor from a Source. Usually we get it by defining a specific function such as Target ConvertToTarget(Source& v); If C++0x allowed to overload conversion operator by non member functions we could for example define the conversion implicitly or explicitly between unrelated types. template < typename To, typename From > operator To(const From& val); For example we could specialize the conversion from chrono::time_point to posix_time::ptime as follows template < class Clock, class Duration> operator boost::posix_time::ptime( const boost::chrono::time_point<Clock, Duration>& from) { using namespace boost; typedef chrono::time_point<Clock, Duration> time_point_t; typedef chrono::nanoseconds duration_t; typedef duration_t::rep rep_t; rep_t d = chrono::duration_cast<duration_t>( from.time_since_epoch()).count(); rep_t sec = d/1000000000; rep_t nsec = d%1000000000; return posix_time::from_time_t(0)+ posix_time::seconds(static_cast<long>(sec))+ posix_time::nanoseconds(nsec); } And use the conversion as any other conversion. For a more complete description of the problem, see here or on my Boost.Conversion library.. So the question is: What is the rationale to non allow overloading of C++ conversions operator with non-member functions?

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  • Fastest way to clamp a real (fixed/floating point) value?

    - by Niklas
    Hi, Is there a more efficient way to clamp real numbers than using if statements or ternary operators? I want to do this both for doubles and for a 32-bit fixpoint implementation (16.16). I'm not asking for code that can handle both cases; they will be handled in separate functions. Obviously, I can do something like: double clampedA; double a = calculate(); clampedA = a > MY_MAX ? MY_MAX : a; clampedA = a < MY_MIN ? MY_MIN : a; or double a = calculate(); double clampedA = a; if(clampedA > MY_MAX) clampedA = MY_MAX; else if(clampedA < MY_MIN) clampedA = MY_MIN; The fixpoint version would use functions/macros for comparisons. This is done in a performance-critical part of the code, so I'm looking for an as efficient way to do it as possible (which I suspect would involve bit-manipulation) EDIT: It has to be standard/portable C, platform-specific functionality is not of any interest here. Also, MY_MIN and MY_MAX are the same type as the value I want clamped (doubles in the examples above).

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  • How can I send GET data to multiple URLs at the same time using cURL?

    - by Rob
    My apologies, I've actually asked this question multiple times, but never quite understood the answers. Here is my current code: while($resultSet = mysql_fetch_array($SQL)){ $ch = curl_init($resultSet['url'] . $fullcurl); //load the urls and send GET data curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_TIMEOUT, 2); //Only load it for two seconds (Long enough to send the data) curl_exec($ch); //Execute the cURL curl_close($ch); //Close it off } //end while loop What I'm doing here, is taking URLs from a MySQL Database ($resultSet['url']), appending some extra variables to it, just some GET data ($fullcurl), and simply requesting the pages. This starts the script running on those pages, and that's all that this script needs to do, is start those scripts. It doesn't need to return any output. Just the load the page long enough for the script to start. However, currently it's loading each URL (currently 11) one at a time. I need to load all of them simultaneously. I understand I need to use curl_multi_*, but I haven't the slightest idea on how cURL functions work, so I don't know how to change my code to use curl_multi_* in a while loop. So my questions are: How can I change this code to load all of the URLs simultaneously? Please explain it and not just give me code. I want to know what each individual function does exactly. Will curl_multi_exec even work in a while loop, since the while loop is just sending each row one at a time? And of course, any references, guides, tutorials about cURL functions would be nice, as well. Preferably not so much from php.net, as while it does a good job of giving me the syntax, its just a little dry and not so good with the explanations.

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  • python list/dict property best practice

    - by jterrace
    I have a class object that stores some properties that are lists of other objects. Each of the items in the list has an identifier that can be accessed with the id property. I'd like to be able to read and write from these lists but also be able to access a dictionary keyed by their identifier. Let me illustrate with an example: class Child(object): def __init__(self, id, name): self.id = id self.name = name class Teacher(object): def __init__(self, id, name): self.id = id self.name = name class Classroom(object): def __init__(self, children, teachers): self.children = children self.teachers = teachers classroom = Classroom([Child('389','pete')], [Teacher('829','bob')]) This is a silly example, but it illustrates what I'm trying to do. I'd like to be able to interact with the classroom object like this: #access like a list print classroom.children[0] #append like it's a list classroom.children.append(Child('2344','joe')) #delete from like it's a list classroom.children.pop(0) But I'd also like to be able to access it like it's a dictionary, and the dictionary should be automatically updated when I modify the list: #access like a dict print classroom.childrenById['389'] I realize I could just make it a dict, but I want to avoid code like this: classroom.childrendict[child.id] = child I also might have several of these properties, so I don't want to add functions like addChild, which feels very un-pythonic anyway. Is there a way to somehow subclass dict and/or list and provide all of these functions easily with my class's properties? I'd also like to avoid as much code as possible.

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  • memcmp,strcmp,strncmp in C

    - by el10780
    I wrote this small piece of code in C to test memcmp() strncmp() strcmp() functions in C. Here is the code that I wrote: #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> int main(int argc, char** argv) { char *word1="apple",*word2="atoms"; if (strncmp(word1,word2,5)==0) printf("strncmp result.\n"); if (memcmp(word1,word2,5)==0) printf("memcmp result.\n"); if (strcmp(word1,word2)==0) printf("strcmp result.\n"); } Can somebody explain me the differences because I am confused with these three functions?My main problem is that I have a file in which I tokenize its line of it,the problem is that when I tokenize the word "atoms" in the file I have to stop the process of tokenizing.I first tried strcmp() but unfortunately when it reached to the point where the word "atoms" were placed in the file it didn't stop and it continued,but when I used either the memcmp() or the strncmp() it stopped and I was happy.But then I thought,what if there will be a case in which there is one string in which the first 5 letters are a,t,o,m,s and these are being followed by other letters.Unfortunately,my thoughts were right as I tested it using the above code by initializing word1 to "atomsaaaaa" and word2 to atoms and memcmp() and strncmp() in the if statements returned 0.On the other hand strcmp() it didn't.It seems that I must use strcmp(). I have done google searches but I got more confused as I have seen sites and other forums to define these three differently.If it is possible for someone to give me correct explanations/definitions so I can use them correctly in my source code,I would be really grateful.

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  • Sending one record from cursor to another function Postgres

    - by PylonsN00b
    FYI: I am completely new to using cursors... So I have one function that is a cursor: CREATE FUNCTION get_all_product_promos(refcursor, cursor_object_id integer) RETURNS refcursor AS ' BEGIN OPEN $1 FOR SELECT * FROM promos prom1 JOIN promo_objects ON (prom1.promo_id = promo_objects.promotion_id) WHERE prom1.active = true AND now() BETWEEN prom1.start_date AND prom1.end_date AND promo_objects.object_id = cursor_object_id UNION SELECT prom2.promo_id FROM promos prom2 JOIN promo_buy_objects ON (prom2.promo_id = promo_buy_objects.promo_id) LEFT JOIN promo_get_objects ON prom2.promo_id = promo_get_objects.promo_id WHERE (prom2.buy_quantity IS NOT NULL OR prom2.buy_quantity > 0) AND prom2.active = true AND now() BETWEEN prom2.start_date AND prom2.end_date AND promo_buy_objects.object_id = cursor_object_id; RETURN $1; END; ' LANGUAGE plpgsql; SO then in another function I call it and need to process it: ... --Get the promotions from the cursor SELECT get_all_product_promos('promo_cursor', this_object_id) updated := FALSE; IF FOUND THEN --Then loop through your results LOOP FETCH promo_cursor into this_promotion --Preform comparison logic -this is necessary as this logic is used in other contexts from other functions SELECT * INTO best_promo_results FROM get_best_product_promos(this_promotion, this_object_id, get_free_promotion, get_free_promotion_value, current_promotion_value, current_promotion); ... SO the idea here is to select from the cursor, loop using fetch (next is assumed correct?) and put the record fetched into this_promotion. Then send the record in this_promotion to another function. I can't figure out what to declare the type of this_promotion in get_best_product_promos. Here is what I have: CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION get_best_product_promos(this_promotion record, this_object_id integer, get_free_promotion integer, get_free_promotion_value numeric(10,2), current_promotion_value numeric(10,2), current_promotion integer) RETURNS... It tells me: ERROR: plpgsql functions cannot take type record OK first I tried: CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION get_best_product_promos(this_promotion get_all_product_promos, this_object_id integer, get_free_promotion integer, get_free_promotion_value numeric(10,2), current_promotion_value numeric(10,2), current_promotion integer) RETURNS... Because I saw some syntax in the Postgres docs showed a function being created w/ a input parameter that had a type 'tablename' this works, but it has to be a tablename not a function :( I know I am so close, I was told to use cursors to pass records around. So I studied up. Please help.

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  • PHP modifying and combining array

    - by Industrial
    Hi everyone, I have a bit of an array headache going on. The function does what I want, but since I am not yet to well acquainted with PHP:s array/looping functions, so thereby my question is if there's any part of this function that could be improved from a performance-wise perspective? I tried to be as complete as possible in my descriptions in each stage of the functions which shortly described prefixes all keys in an array, fill up eventual empty/non-valid keys with '' and removes the prefixes before returning the array: $var = myFunction ( array('key1', 'key2', 'key3', '111') ); function myFunction ($keys) { $prefix = 'prefix_'; $keyCount = count($keys); // Prefix each key and remove old keys for($i=0;$i<$keyCount; $i++){ $keys[] = $prefix.$keys[$i]; unset($keys[$i]); } // output: array('prefix_key1', 'prefix_key2', 'prefix_key3', '111) // Get all keys from memcached. Only returns valid keys $items = $this->memcache->get($keys); // output: array('prefix_key1' => 'value1', 'prefix_key2' => 'value2', 'prefix_key3'=>'value3) // note: key 111 was not found in memcache. // Fill upp eventual keys that are not valid/empty from memcache $return = $items + array_fill_keys($keys, ''); // output: array('prefix_key1' => 'value1', 'prefix_key2' => 'value2', 'prefix_key3'=>'value3, 'prefix_111' => '') // Remove the prefixes for each result before returning array to application foreach ($return as $k => $v) { $expl = explode($prefix, $k); $return[$expl[1]] = $v; unset($return[$k]); } // output: array('key1' => 'value1', 'key2' => 'value2', 'key3'=>'value3, '111' => '') return $return; } Thanks a lot!

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  • How much is too much memory allocation in NDK?

    - by Maximus
    The NDK download page notes that, "Typical good candidates for the NDK are self-contained, CPU-intensive operations that don't allocate much memory, such as signal processing, physics simulation, and so on." I came from a C background and was excited to try to use the NDK to operate most of my OpenGL ES functions and any native functions related to physics, animation of vertices, etc... I'm finding that I'm relying quite a bit on Native code and wondering if I may be making some mistakes. I've had no trouble with testing at this point, but I'm curious if I may run into problems in the future. For example, I have game struct defined (somewhat like is seen in the San-Angeles example). I'm loading vertex information for objects dynamically (just what is needed for an active game area) so there's quite a bit of memory allocation happening for vertices, normals, texture coordinates, indices and texture graphic data... just to name the essentials. I'm quite careful about freeing what is allocated between game areas. Would I be safer setting some caps on array sizes or should I charge bravely forward as I'm going now?

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  • Finding What You Need in R: function arguments/parameters from outside the function's package

    - by doug
    Often in R, there are a dozen functions scattered across as many packages--all of which have the same purpose but of course differ in accuracy, performance, theoretical rigor, and so on. How do you gather all of these in one place before you start your task? So for instance: the generic plot function. Setting secondary ticks is much easier (IMHO) using a function outside of the base package, minor.tick(nx=n, ny=n, tick.ratio=n), found in Hmisc. Of course, that doesn't show up in plot's docstring. Likewise, the data-input arguments to 'plot' can be supplied by an object returned from the function 'hexbin', again, from a library outside of the base installation (where 'plot' resides). What would be great obviously is a programmatic way to gather these function arguments from the various libraries and put them in a single namespace. edit: (trying to re-state my example just above more clearly:) the arguments to plot supplied in the base package for, e.g., setting the axis tick frequency are xaxp/yaxp; however, one can also set a/t/f via a function outside of the base package, again, as in the minor.tick function from the Hmisc package--but you wouldn't know that just from looking at the plot method signature. Is there a meta function in R for this? So far, as i come across them, i've been manually gathering them in a TextMate 'snippet' (along with the attendant library imports). This isn't that difficult or time consuming, but i can only update my snippet as i find out about these additional arguments/parameters. Is there a canonical R way to do this, or at least an easier way? Just in case that wasn't clear, i am not talking about the case where multiple packages provide functions directed to the same statistic or view (e.g., 'boxplot' in the base package; 'boxplot.matrix' in gplots; and 'bplots' in Rlab). What i am talking is the case in which the function name is the same across two or more packages.

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  • Calling function after .load (Jquery)

    - by Matt
    Having a little difficulty getting a function to call after a .load: $(function(){ $('a.pageFetcher').click(function(){ $('#main').load($(this).attr('rel')); }); }); The page loads, but the functions don't fire: $(function(){ var $container = $('#container'); $container.imagesLoaded(function(){ $container.masonry({ itemSelector: '.box', }); }); $container.infinitescroll({ navSelector : '#page-nav', nextSelector : '#page-nav a', itemSelector : '.box', loading: { finishedMsg: 'Nothing else to load.', img: 'http://i.imgur.com/6RMhx.gif' } }, function( newElements ) { $.superbox.settings = { closeTxt: "Close this", loadTxt: "Loading your selection", nextTxt: "Next item", prevTxt: "Previous item" }; $.superbox(); var $newElems = $( newElements ).css({ opacity: 0 }); $newElems.imagesLoaded(function(){ $newElems.animate({ opacity: 1 }); $container.masonry( 'appended', $newElems, true ); }); } ); }); I've attempted to combine them so that the 2nd functions are called after .load (after doing some searching on this site and looking at given answers/examples) but nothing seems to work properly. Suggestions?

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  • Best way to implement plugin framework - are DLLs the only way (C/C++ project)?

    - by Microkernel
    Introduction: I am currently developing a document classifier software in C/C++ and I will be using Naive-Bayesian model for classification. But I wanted the users to use any algorithm that they want(or I want in the future), hence I went to separate the algorithm part in the architecture as a plugin that will be attached to the main app @ app start-up. Hence any user can write his own algorithm as a plugin and use it with my app. Problem Statement: The way I am intending to develop this is to have each of the algorithms that user wants to use to be made into a DLL file and put into a specific directory. And at the start, my app will search for all the DLLs in that directory and load them. My Questions: (1) What if a malicious code is made as a DLL (and that will have same functions mandated by plugin framework) and put into my plugins directory? In that case, my app will think that its a plugin and picks it and calls its functions, so the malicious code can easily bring down my entire app down (In the worst case could make my app as a malicious code launcher!!!). (2) Is using DLLs the only way available to implement plugin design pattern? (Not only for the fear of malicious plugin, but its a generic question out of curiosity :) ) (3) I think a lot of softwares are written with plugin model for extendability, if so, how do they defend against such attacks? (4) In general what do you think about my decision to use plugin model for extendability (do you think I should look at any other alternatives?) Thank you -MicroKernel :)

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  • Organising UI code in .NET forms

    - by sb3700
    Hi I'm someone who has taught myself programming, and haven't had any formal training in .NET programming. A while back, I started C# in order to develop a GUI program to control sensors, and the project has blossomed. I was just wondering how best to organise the code, particularly UI code, in my forms. My forms currently are a mess, or at least seem a mess to me. I have a constructor which initialises all the parameters and creates events. I have a giant State property, which updates the Enabled state of all my form control as users progress through the application (ie: disconnected, connected, setup, scanning) controlled by a States enum. I have 3-10 private variables accessed through properties, some of which have side-effects in changing the values of form elements. I have a lot of "UpdateXXX" functions to handle UI elements that depend on other UI elements - ie: if a sensor is changed, then change the baud rate drop down list. They are separated into regions I have a lot of events calling these Update functions I have a background worker which does all the scanning and analysis. My problem is this seems like a mess, particularly the State property, and is getting unmaintainable. Also, my application logic code and UI code are in the same file and to some degree, intermingled which seems wrong and means I need to do a lot of scrolling to find what I need. How do you structure your .net forms? Thanks

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  • Any utility to test expand C/C++ #define macros?

    - by Randy
    It seems I often spend way too much time trying to get a #define macro to do exactly what i want. I'll post my current delemia below and any help is appreciated. But really the bigger question is whether there is any utility someone could reccomend, to quickly display what a macro is actually doing? It seems like even the slow trial and error process would go much faster if I could see what is wrong. Currently, I'm dynamically loading a long list of functions from a DLL I made. The way I've set things up, the function pointers have the same nanes as the exported functions, and the typedef(s) used to prototyp them have the same names, but with a prepended underscor. So I want to use a define to simplfy assignments of a long long list of function pointers. For example, In the code statement below, 'hexdump' is the name of a typdef'd function point, and is also the name of the function, while _hexdump is the name of the typedef. If GetProcAddress() fails, a failure counter in incremented. if (!(hexdump = (_hexdump)GetProcAddress(h, "hexdump"))) --iFail; So lets say I'd like to rplace each line like the above with a macro, like this... GETADDR_FOR(hexdump ) Well this is the best I've come up with so far. It doesn't work (my // comment is just to prevent text formatting in the message)... // #define GETADDR_FOR(a) if (!(a = (#_#a)GetProcAddress(h, "/""#a"/""))) --iFail; And again, while I'd APPRECIATE an insight into what silly mistake I've made, it would make my day to have a utility that would show me the error of my ways, by simply plugging in my macro

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  • What is the difference between these two linq implementations?

    - by Mahesh Velaga
    I was going through Jon Skeet's Reimplemnting Linq to Objects series. In the implementation of where article, I found the following snippets, but I don't get what is the advantage that we are gettting by splitting the original method into two. Original Method: // Naive validation - broken! public static IEnumerable<TSource> Where<TSource>( this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate) { if (source == null) { throw new ArgumentNullException("source"); } if (predicate == null) { throw new ArgumentNullException("predicate"); } foreach (TSource item in source) { if (predicate(item)) { yield return item; } } } Refactored Method: public static IEnumerable<TSource> Where<TSource>( this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate) { if (source == null) { throw new ArgumentNullException("source"); } if (predicate == null) { throw new ArgumentNullException("predicate"); } return WhereImpl(source, predicate); } private static IEnumerable<TSource> WhereImpl<TSource>( this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate) { foreach (TSource item in source) { if (predicate(item)) { yield return item; } } } Jon says - Its for eager validation and then defferring for the rest of the part. But, I don't get it. Could some one please explain it in a little more detail, whats the difference between these 2 functions and why will the validations be performed in one and not in the other eagerly? Conclusion/Solution: I got confused due to my lack of understanding on which functions are determined to be iterator-generators. I assumed that, it is based on signature of a method like IEnumerable<T>. But, based on the answers, now I get it, a method is an iterator-generator if it uses yield statements.

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  • Length-1 arrays can be converted to python scalars error? python

    - by Randy
    from numpy import * from pylab import * from math import * def LogisticMap(a,x): return 4.*a*x*(1.-x) def CosineMap(a,x): return a*cos(x/(2.*pi)) def TentMap(a,x): if x>= 0 or x<0.5: return 2.*a*x if x>=0.5 or x<=1.: return 2.*a*(1.-x) a = 0.98 N = 40 xaxis = arange(0.0,N,1.0) Func = CosineMap subplot(211) title(str(Func.func_name) + ' at a=%g and its second iterate' %a) ylabel('X(n+1)') # set y-axis label plot(xaxis,Func(a,xaxis), 'g', antialiased=True) subplot(212) ylabel('X(n+1)') # set y-axis label xlabel('X(n)') # set x-axis label plot(xaxis,Func(a,Func(a,xaxis)), 'bo', antialiased=True) My program is supposed to take any of the three defined functions and plot it. They all take in a value x from the array xaxis from 0 to N and then return the value. I want it to plot a graph of xaxis vs f(xaxis) with f being any of the three above functions. The logisticmap function works fine, but for CosineMap i get the error "only length-1 arrays can be converted to python scalars" and for TentMap i get error "The truth value of an array with more than one element is ambiguous, use a.any() or a.all()". My tent map function is suppose to return 2*a*x if 0<=x<0.5 and it's suppose to return 2*a*(1-x) if 0.5<=0<=1.

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  • Creating Modules for VB Program (Similar to firefox add on)

    - by Assimilater
    Hi all. I have a contact manager program that I'd like to design for multiple network marketing companies. My desired structure would include a core program which covers basic contact management functions. After that one could purchase a module for their specific network marketing company. This module would contain a variety of controls that the original program would need to be able to manipulate. Here is an example of what it would have to have: A group box containing buttons that link to a genealogy view, and the option to import one's donwnline from the back office provided by a company. A panel which is displayed on the contact page allowing the user to input business information or which will be filled by importing a downline from the back office: ie business ID, qualification level, sponsor information etc. a panel displayed when one searches for contacts on the contact list page which allows the user to sort based on information such as when they joined, what their business id is and so forth. a panel which is displayed in a personal business overview page which presents to an individual how many people in their downline are at each qualification level and develop a mailing list for individuals of a certain qualification level. I have the code developed to perform all these functions, I just wanted to give you an example of what needed to be done. I'm thinking that what I'm trying to create is a library that one can download and the program will recognize, but I'm not really sure where to go. What I'm really trying to do is figure out what kind of file I can make that will contain all this code and the GUI information that the program will recognize. Any ideas? With thanks, John

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  • Specifying SOAP Headers for a Zend_Soap Service

    - by Stephen
    I have a generally straight forward web service that I've written (converting code to ZF from a Java implementation of the same service and trying to maintain the same wsdl structure as much as possible). The service loads a PHP class, rather than individual functions. The PHP class contains three different functions within it. Everything seems to be working just fine, except that I can't seem to figure out how to specify that a given function parameter should be passed as a SOAP header. I've not seen any mention of SOAP headers in the Server context, only how to pass header parameters with a client to a server. In addition to the standard parameters for the function that would be sent in the SOAP body and detailed in the docblock, I would like to specify two parameters (a username and password) that would be sent in a SOAP header. I have to assume this is possible, but haven't been able to find anything online, nor have I had any responses to a similar post on Zend's forum. Is there something that can be added in the docblock area to specify a parameter as a header (maybe in a similar fashion to using WebParam?)? Any suggestions/examples on how to get this accomplished would be greatly appreciated!

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  • ctypes DLL with optional dependencies

    - by pisswillis
    Disclaimer: I'm new to windows programming so some of my assumptions may be wrong. Please correct me if so. I am developing a python wrapper for a C API using ctypes. The API ships with both 64 and 32 DLLs/LIBs. I can succesfully load the DLL using ctypes.WinDLL('TheLibName') and call functions etc etc. However some functions were not doing what they should. Upon further investigation it appears that the 32bit DLL is being used, which is what is causing the unexpected behaviour. I have tried using ctypes.WinDLL('TheLibName64') but the module is not found. I have tried registering the DLL with regsrv32, but it reports there is no entry point (it also reports no entry point when I try and register TheLibName, which is found by WinDLL(). The DLL came with a sample project in Visual Studio (I have 0 experience with VS so again please correct me here) which builds both 32 and 64 bit versions of the sample project. In the .vcsproj file the configurations for the 64 bit version include: AdditionalDependencies="TheLibName64.lib" in the VCLinkerTool section. In windows/system32 there are both TheLibName.dll/.lib, and TheLibName64.dll/.lib. So it seems to me that my problem is now to make the python ctypes DLL loader load these optional dependencies when the DLL is loaded. However I can't find any information on this (perhaps because, as a doze noob, I do not know the correct terminology) in the ctypes documentation. Is there a way to do this in ctypes? Am I going about this in completely the wrong way? Any help or general information about optional DLL dependencies and how they are loaded in windows would be much appreciated. Thanks

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  • Creating PHP strings using other variables...works manually, can't figure out how automatically

    - by Matt
    Hello, I'm trying to get a variable to be formed automatically using data pulled from a mysql database. I know the data is being pulled from the database in some form resembling its original form, but that data does not act the same as data that is manually typed and assigned to a string. For example, if a cell in a mysql table says... I said "goodbye" before I left. She also said "goodbye." ...and I manually copy/paste it and add the necessary escapes... $string1 = " I said \"goodbye\" before I left. She also said \"goodbye.\" "; ...that does not equal... $string1 = $mysqlResultArray['specificCellWithQuoteShownAbove'] Interestingly, if I echo both versions of $string1 and view the output, they appear to be exactly the same. But they do not function the same when put through various functions I've created. The functions only work if I do the manual copy/paste method--which is not what I want, obviously. I'm not sure if it has to do with the line breaks or the escapes--or some combination of the two. But while both strings are superficially the same, they are apparently functionally different and I don't know why. So how can I create $string1 without manually copy/pasting the contents from the mysql entry and instead querying for the data and assigning it to $string1 in such a way that it's exactly functionally equivalent as the manual copy/pasted string?

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  • PHP's fopen is terminally failing

    - by Skittles
    Okay, I have GOT to be missing something totally rudimentary here. I have an extremely simple use of PHP's fopen function, but for some reason, it will not open the file no matter what I do. The odd part about this is that I use fopen in another function in the same script and it's working perfectly. I'm using the fclose in both functions. So, I know it's not a matter of a rogue file handle. I have confirmed the file's path and the existence of the target file also. I'm running the script at the command-line as root, so I know it's not apache that's the cause. And since I am running the script as root, I am fairly confident that permissions are not the issue. So, what on earth am I missing here? function get_file_list() { $file = '/home/site/tmp/return_files_list.txt'; $fp = fopen($file, 'r') or die("Could not open file: /home/site/tmp/return_files_list.txt for reading.\n"); $files_list = array(); while($line = fgets($fp)) { $files_list[] = $line; } fclose($fp); return $files_list; } function num_records_in_file($filename) { $fp = fopen( $filename, 'r' ); # or die("Could not open file: $filename\n"); $counter = 0; if ($fp) { while (!feof( $fp )) { $line = fgets( $fp ); $arr = explode( '|', $line ); if (( ( $arr[0] != 'HDR' && $arr[0] != 'TRL' ) && $arr[0] != '' )) { ++$counter; continue; } } } fclose( $fp ); return $counter; } As requested, here's both functions. The second function is passed an absolute path to the file. That is what I used to confirm that the file is there and that the path is correct.

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  • Analyzing an IronPython Scope

    - by Vercinegetorix
    I'm trying to write C# code with an embedded IronPython script. Then want to analyze the contents of the script, i.e. list all variables, functions, class and their members/methods. There's an easy way to start, assuming I've got a scope defined and code executed in it already: dynamic variables=pyScope.GetVariables(); foreach (string v in variables) { dynamic dynamicV=pyScope.GetVariable(); /*seems to return everything. variables, functions, classes, instances of classes*/ } But how do I figure out what the type of a variable is? For the following python 'objects', dynamicV.GetType() will return different values: x=5 --system.Int32 y="asdf" --system.String def func():... --IronPython.Runtime.PythonFunction z=class() -- IronPython.Runtime.Types.OldInstance, how can I identify what the actual python class is? class NewClass -- throws an error, GetType() is unavailable. This is almost what I'm looking for. I could capture the exception thrown when unavailable and assume it's a class declaration, but that seems unclean. Is there a better approach? To discover the members/methods of a class it looks like I can use: ObjectOperations op = pyEngine.Operations; object instance = op.Call("className"); foreach (string j in op.GetMemberNames("className")) { object member=op.GetMember(instance, j); Console.WriteLine(member.GetType()); /*once again, GetType() provides some info about the type of the member, but returns null sometimes*/ } Also, how do I get the parameters to a method? Thanks!

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