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• Allow members of a group to be unlocked by a specific account on AD

  - by JohnLBevan

  Background I'm creating a service to allow support staff to enable their firecall accounts out of hours (i.e. if there's an issue in the night and we can't get hold of someone with admin rights, another member of the support team can enable their personal firecall account on AD, which has previously been setup with admin rights). This service also logs a reason for the change, alerts key people, and a bunch of other bits to ensure that this change of access is audited / so we can ensure these temporary admin rights are used in the proper way. To do this I need the service account which my service runs under to have permissions to enable users on active directory. Ideally I'd like to lock this down so that the service account can only enable/disable users in a particular AD security group. Question How do you grant access to an account to enable/disable users who are members of a particular security group in AD? Backup Question If it's not possible to do this by security group, is there a suitable alternative? i.e. could it be done by OU, or would it be best to write a script to loop through all members of the security group and update the permissions on the objects (firecall accounts) themselves? Thanks in advance. Additional Tags (I don't yet have access to create new tags here, so listing below to help with keyword searches until it can be tagged & this bit editted/removed) DSACLS, DSACLS.EXE, FIRECALL, ACCOUNT, SECURITY-GROUP

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• Searching for just files

  - by M Schenkel

  I have a couple questions about searching for files on Windows 7. I find the XP method much easier than this new Windows 7 search. Note: I am only concerned about finding files matching a search term, not ALL files containing the search term. Is there a way to search just for files? When I use the search it seems to be searching "within" files and returning instances where the name of the file is used. Example: I have a whole web directory and want to find the javascript files. But if I enter "myjavascript.js" in the search, it also returns all the html files which reference the javascript file. This is both slow and difficult to actually find the reference to the file. Is there a way to search for an exact match? The search seems to implicitly use wildcards. For instance, say I have a bunch of files in a folder: file1.txt,file11.txt, file12.txt, file13.txt. If I enter "file1.txt" in the searcher it returns instances as if I were using a wild card file1*.txt I miss XP!!!!

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• Why does my ftp(e)s server fails like half of the time

  - by user1092608

  I have this discussion at work regarding our ftp server running via vsftpd. Initially, we have opted to serve ftpes instead of sftp because this seemed the most flexible and straightforward solution for our server to have secure file transmission. Afterwards, our ftp server seems to be a source of issues for our end users. Half of the time, users complain about not working ftp connections. I must say, i tested our FTP trough different infrastructures (=in the field, at random times at random places) and indeed, sometimes behind some configurations (=no idea how they are configured, because the 'field' testing), i recieve errors. Some of the are: Error: Failed to retrieve directory listing (filezilla) Furthermore, behind my basic home configuration, everything seems to be running fine. I (think I) did all the basic configuration checks (passive mode?, firewall for all ports?, ...) and can't seem to find the source. Being a bunch of techies at our small office, yet knowing nothing about infrastructure, some start suggesting that ftps protocol could be the source of issues. ("No, i only knew sftp so far" "Ftps is not widespread"). I, however, strongly doubt this hypothesis, since reading around on the www, asking questions on serverfault, everyone seems to deny this. So, as I would like to avoid reconfiguring, since this involves messing around in our SSH service, our virtual user setup and ftp service, i would need some advice on 1) what could be potentially the general cause? 2) do you have some general tips? 3) would you mind having a look at my configuration file? ----- General Settings ----- write_enable=YES dirmessage_enable=YES nopriv_user=ftpsecure ftpd_banner="Welcome to XXXX FTP!" hide_ids=YES hide_file=.* max_per_ip=10 max_clients=10 local_enable=YES local_umask=022 chroot_local_user=YES secure_chroot_dir=/usr/share/empty userlist_enable=NO userlist_deny=YES userlist_file=/etc/vsftp_deny_users guest_enable=YES guest_username=ftpvirtual virtual_use_local_privs=YES user_sub_token=$USER local_root=/srv/ftp/ftpvirtual/$USER anonymous_enable=NO syslog_enable=NO xferlog_enable=YES xferlog_file=/var/log/vsftpd_xfer.log connect_from_port_20=YES pam_service_name=vsftpd listen=YES listen_port=21 pasv_enable=YES pasv_min_port=30000 pasv_max_port=30030 pasv_address=foo ssl_enable=YES rsa_cert_file=/etc/vsftpd.pem rsa_private_key_file=/etc/vsftpd.pem force_local_data_ssl=YES force_local_logins_ssl=YES ssl_tlsv1=YES ssl_sslv2=YES ssl_sslv3=YES ssl_ciphers=HIGH anon_mkdir_write_enable=NO anon_root=/srv/ftp anon_upload_enable=NO idle_session_timeout=900 log_ftp_protocol=NO dsa_cert_file=/etc/vsftpd.pem Thanks

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• Customizing tmux status to represent current working directory and files

  - by user69397

  I've been playing with this for a couple of days, so I'm sure I'm missing something simple. Love tmux. Using it for development and have so many windows I need a better way of distinguishing them in the status bar and in the buffer list. Seeing a list of "bash" and "vim" isn't really helpful at all. And since they're all on the same host - don't care about the hostname right now. I'd like to show the current working directory, and the file being worked on. For example when I view the list of buffers I currently see: (0) 0: vim [100x44] (1 panes) "murph" (1) 1: vim [100x44] (1 panes) "murph" (2) 2: bash- [100x44] (1 panes) "murph" (3) 3: bash* [100x44] (1 panes) "murph" Here's what I'd like to see 0:vim main.py ~/devl/project1 1:vim index.html ~/devl/samples/staticfiles 2:bash ~/devl/sandbox 3:bash ~/.vimrc I'd like to see similar info in the status bar for each individual window. While I am able to get PWD to show up in the status bar of a window, it's only the working directory from where tmux was launched. This isn't any help as I change directories. I'm hoping this can be done without a bunch of scripts. Thanks all.

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• Windows 7 explorer crashing trying to read external hard disk

  - by Mario De Schaepmeester

  I have a 1TB Western Digital hard drive which is almost full and last time I tried to plug it into my laptop, I got a Windows dialog saying "this hard drive needs to be formatted". I did not panic because I have experienced things like this before and I know it's often solved by simply re-inserting the drive. Now however, whenever I plug it in and try to browse it in explorer by going to "computer", the explorer process crashes after a while. I simply close explorer since it takes ages trying to read the disk and nothing happens. After searching on the internet, the best thing to do would be a chkdsk. I tried it via properties in explorer (which also took a good 5 minutes to open up), locks up as well, after waiting a couple of minutes it says there's no access to the disk so a chkdsk is not possible... I want to make clear that I always use safe removal before pulling out the USB cable. Last time however, safe removal just would not work and when trying to shut down Windows, the logoff screen just would not disappear (I've waited at least 10 minutes or so) and I powered off the PC by force. This may be the cause of the problems but the disk was still recognised immediately after that. I really don't want to format this thing because it contains C: clones of 3 computers and a lot of other stuff that I don't want to re-copy. What would be the best course of action? Update I got chkdsk working via the command line. I used the /F and /R options. I already got a bunch of lines saying "file record segment X is unreadable" or whatever it is in English, my OS is Dutch. It looks bad... Will chdsk repair these errors?

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• Software for RAID Failure Alerts?

  - by QF_Developer

  I have two 256 GB Samsung 840 Pro SSD disks in a RAID 1 array. I would like to receive a notification if one of the disks in the array fails. Can anybody recommend an application I can install on the server to fire an email if such an event occurs? Here are some additional specs: Supermicro X9SCM-IIF motherboard utilising the hardware RAID controller. OS = Windows 2012 Standard Also is it possible to simulate a disk failure by pulling it out of the bay? SSDs appear to fail close together when in a mirrored config so I'd like to know ASAP if one goes down so I can swap them out with minimum delay. UPDATE 26th June 2013 ------------------------ None of the software that ships with the Supermicro X9SCM-* motherboards offer support for RAID monitoring. As has been pointed out here, these boards are built on an Intel chipset for RAID and so I installed Intel Rapid Storage Technology that supports automated email notifications on RAID failure http://www.intel.com/support/chipsets/imsm/sb/cs-020784.htm One small issue, the software only allows you to send email notifications without SMTP authentication. There's a bunch of different workarounds here: http://communities.intel.com/thread/30771

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• is there a way to run a command before puppet implements a change?

  - by Patrick

  I want to have puppet run a specific command before performing any type of change. I am aware of the prerun_command option in the main puppet.conf, but this is not what I'm looking for. I want the command to only run if something is about to change, not on every puppet run. Here's the scenario. Let's say I have a bunch of web servers behind a load balancer. I then want puppet to update the web site files. But in order to prevent issues where some files have been updated, but other files haven't, and the mixed versions causing problems, I want to take the server out of the load balancer pool. I could write a script which when run will tell the load balancer to remove the box from the pool. Then puppet can do the change, and use postrun_command to put the box back in the pool once complete. But I need a way to run that script to remove the server from the pool. The only solution I can think of is to keep 2 copies of the files on the box. One a staging copy, and when puppet updates that, use a notify action to trigger the removal script, and then copy from staging into the live location. But I was hoping for something a little more generic that would work on any change being performed (upgrading a package, restarting a service, creating a user, anything).

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• Revamping an old and unstable IT-solution for a customer?

  - by cmbrnt

  I've been given the cumbersome task to totally redo the IT-infrastructure for a customer's office. They are currently running Windows XP all over, with one computer acting as a file server with no control over which users have access to which files, and so on. To top it off, this file server also functions as a workstation, which means it gets rebooted every time the user notices some sluggish behavior or experiences problems with flash games. To say the least, this isn't working for them. Now - I've got a very slim budget, but I need to set up a new server, and I wish to run Windows Server 2008 on it. I also need the ability to access the network remotely via VPN. Would it be a good idea to install VMware ESXi 4.1 onto the new server, and then run Windows Server 2008 as well as a separate Debian install for openvpn on it? I don't like the Domain Controller for the future AD to also run a VPN-server, because of stability issues when something goes to hell with either of them. There will be no redundancy though. However, I'm not sure if there is something to gain by installing a VPN solution on the Windows Server itself, when it comes to accessing file shares on the network via VPN. I don't know how to enable users logging in via the VPN to access the remote files, since they will be accessing the network from their own home computers (which is indeed a really bad idea, but this is what I've got to work with). They won't be logged in to the windows Domain, but rather their home workgroups. I need to be able to grant access to files in certain directories based on the logged in AD-user, but every computer won't necessarily be configured to log into the domain. I'm not sure how to explain this in a good way, but I'd be happy to clarify if somethings not clear. Any help would be great, because I've got a feeling that I can't do this without introducing a bunch of costly new rules when it comes to their IT-solution. I'd rather leave that untouched and go on my merry way to the next assignment.

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• How does everyone set up AWS for PHP with a git workflow while worrying about distributing EC2?

  - by Parris

  Hello, I have been looking for something like heroku but for php, and after much frustration (and almost finding what I need, but not quite) we decided to just go with AWS without any other abstraction. We are using PHP 5.3 (and CakePHP 1.3), and are currently using git. Ubuntu seems like the easiest way to get both of those on there and we will most likely use that. We aren't really going worry about outgoing email. We are using smtp through gmail, but will most likely switch to some other service eventually. I had 3 questions: 1) I have been looking at Zend Server, and I am not quite sure how that is more beneficial than xampp. Perhaps it is not? 2) I suppose to make the application scale we would need multiple instances of some ec2 ami. Then just duplicate it and such. The question then becomes how do we make sure all EC2 instances are up to date? 3) I understand the concept of load balancing to some degree. I understand that in 1 region you select a bunch of servers and have it load balance across them. The question then becomes well how about world wide? How do I make it so that traffic is directed to the correct ec2 server? I have heard of route 53, and tried signing up for that, but nothing appears in my control panel. Also perhaps it is just a DNS thing with my domain registrar? AHHH... some tutorial would be helpful!

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• Linux: How do I use Munin in cPanel to monitor MySQL?

  - by Continuation

  I have a cPanel server running CentOS 5.5. I want to use Munin to monitor MySQL. I went to: Main >> cPanel >> Manage Plugins and selected "Install and keep updated" for Munin and clicked "Save". I got the usual bunch of status updates about the install. At the end I got: Going to read '/home/.cpan/sources/modules/02packages.details.txt.gz' Database was generated on Wed, 02 Mar 2011 18:28:33 GMT ..........................................................................DONE Going to read '/home/.cpan/sources/modules/03modlist.data.gz' Out of memory! Callback called exit. Done Done Done Process Complete As you can see I got an "Out of memory!" message. But after that it said "Process Complete". Was Munin installed? When I went back to "Manage Plugins" it Munin has a check that against "Install and keep updated". So is everything alright? And how do I use Munin now? How do i configure it to monitor MySQL? Where can I see the results? Thanks.

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• Setting up a global MySQL Cluster in the cloud

  - by GregB

  I'm giving the question an overhaul to more specifically identify where I need help. I use two tools to manage a bunch of cloud server: Puppet and Rundeck. Both of these can be configured to use a mysql backend. I'd like to setup an instance of each application in both the U.S., and the U.K., treating the U.K. servers as hot stand-bys in case of failure in the U.S. I want to use a MySql cluster so that the data is automatically replicated from the U.S. to the U.K. Because these are hot standbys, high performance is not a goal. Redundancy and data integrity are most important. My question revolves around the setup of the mysql cluster. I want to run three servers, each one running a data node, a sql node, and a management node. Is this a valid configuration for mysql server? If so, could someone point me in the right direction for creating such a setup? I've downloaded the offical tarball, and the official debian, and the documentation for them contradicts many of the online tutorials. I'm installing on Ubuntu 10.04.

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• retain last used path to location for saving files in Windows 7

  - by Mark Miller

  I am using Microsoft Office 2010 and Windows 7 on a Dell PC. I am opening a bunch of MSWord files one at a time, copying data tables therein, pasting the data into Excel and saving the Excel files as comma delimited text files. I am creating a separate Excel file for each MSWord file. The path to the folder containing the saved comma-delimited files is quite long, something like this: c:\users\me\aa\bb\cc\dd\ee\ Every time I open Excel and save a new comma-delimited file I have to re-navigate the entire path (c:\users\me\aa\bb\cc\dd\ee). In the past Windows seemed to remember the last used path, saving a lot of tedious key-strokes. In fact, I think Windows did this for me as recently as last week, albeit on a different computer. Can I apply a setting in Windows somewhere asking it to offer the last used path as a default when saving files so I do not have to re-navigate the entire directory structure to save each new comma-delimited file? If I can, how so? Where is the option for specifying that setting? Thank you for any help.

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• apache/httpd responds slower under EL6.1 than EL5.6 (centos)

  - by daniel

  I've read through other threads on performance differences between RHEL6 and RHEL5, but none seem a tight match to mine. My issue manifests itself in slightly slower average response time (20ms) per request. I have about 10/10 servers of the same hardware spec with Cent6.1 and Cent5.6. The issue is consistent across the group. I am running Ruby on Rails with Passenger. Apache config is identical (checked out from the same SVN repo) Ruby and Passenger are identical builds. Application is identical and being served traffic round robin. mod_worker An interesting clue from server-status: The Cent6.1 servers have a steady 20-40 threads in the "Reading Request" state while the Cent5.6 servers have around 1. I'm graphing this so I can see it trend over time. I also have a bunch of much newer machines that are significantly faster and are running Cent6.1. They dust all the older machines in response time, but I can see they also have a steady 20-40 threads in the "Reading Request" state. This makes me believe I can get their response time down, if I can figure out what is holding up these requests. My gut is telling me that I need to tune some network setting in sysctl, but I haven't figured it out yet. Help is appreciated.

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• Transfer iptables rules to another server (almost) real time

  - by MrShunz

  I'm running 2 cPanel servers with ConfigServer Security & Firewall plugin. One of the functions of the plugin is to block via iptables (temporarily and/or permanently) IPs which fail various authentications (POP3/IMAP, SMTP, FTP, webmail, mod_security and such). Now, i'd like to push those IP blocks to the border router to drop packets as soon as possible (and doing so protecting the other machines on the network). Keep in mind that after N failed logins IP is blocked for 5 minutes, then re-allowed. If multiple bans occours in an hour IP is blocked permanently and should be unlocked "by hand". So I need a near realtime solution. What I'm looking for is a better way than firing some cronjobs both on cPanels and border router to: dump the rules to file transfer the file to border router (via scp/sftp) load the rules from the file in the border router I'm aware that I will need some scripts to parse and modify the rules as cPanels have one ethernet interface and some aliases while border router has two ehternet interfaces and some loopbacks. All machines involved use Linux. EDIT as per @pjmorse comment. The plugin consists of a bunch of perl and config files. The part I'm intrested in is a process which scans logfiles (lfd) and installs iptables rules (and sends an alert email). Fact is, it upgrades quite often (one or two times a week) and itself is 7000 lines of perl so I'm not comfortable on tampering with it.

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• Can't get 1440x900 resolution with GRUB2 although vbeinfo says it's available

  - by TomSW

  I'm trying to use GRUB2 in graphical mode with 1440x900 resolution, but the result is always garbled nonsense: the highest resolution I can get is 1280x800. Word is from googling that long as vbeinfo lists a resolution, GRUB2 can use it. This doesn't seem to be true: vbeinfo says that 1440x900 is available but it doesn't work. Testing it from the GRUB2 command line: set gxfmode=1440x900 terminal_output gfxterm # -> garbled nonsense # back to trusty 640x480 terminal_output console The graphics card is an Intel GM965. Once linux boots the framebuffer switches to 1440x900. Added after epheminent's reply and various experiments vbeinfo lists two sets of modes. The first set runs from 0x160 to 0x16b, with resolutions 768x480, 960x600, 1280x800 and 1440x900 Then - after a bunch of text-only modes - the second set, containing resolutions 1024x768, 800x600, and 640x480 The first set of modes aren't altered by 915resolution. They all work except 1440x900. The resolution of modes in the second set can be altered using the 915resolution module / command available in GRUB2 = 1.99. # in /boot/grub/grub.cfg insmod 915resolution # 30, 32, 34 all work for me: all that varies is which modes are altered 915resolution 30 1440 900 # setting an impossible resolution changes the mode to "text-only" # in my case 1280x1024 is not supported 915resolution 30 1280 1024 Clearly, 1440x900 should just work: adding it with 915resolution is just a workaround.

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• Recovering a broken NTFS filesystem?

  - by OverTheRainbow

  A much-needed Windows Update broke a Vista laptop that was running fine until then: After booting up, Windows displays "Please wait..." but it never goes anywhere. I waited for a couple of hours, there is a bit of disk activity, but it didn't work out in the end. I booted with the Vista DVD, chose "Repair your computer" which said that there was nothing wrong :-/ Next, I booted it up with a Linux USB keydrive, and ran Gparted 0.8.1 (which includes ntfsresize v2011.4.12AR.4 libntfs-3g) which displays a bunch of warnings for the NTFS partition where the Vista system is located such as: ntfs_mst_post_read_fixup: magic: 0x00000000 size: 1024 usa_ofs: 0 usa_count: 65535: Invalid argument Record 16 has no FILE magic (0x0) Next, I ran ntfsfix /dev/sda2, which said: Mounting volume... OK Processing of $MFT and $MFTMirr completed successfully. NTFS volume version is 3.1. NTFS partition /dev/sda2 was processed successfully. Next, I rebooted Vista, which did a CHKDSK, before rebooting. But I'm still getting nowhere with "Please wait..." Before I copy the user's data to another host and reinstall Vista from a DVD, does someone know what I could try? Thank you. Edit: In case someone else has the same issue... After the BIOS, hit F8 and choose "Repair your computer", followed by "Toshiba HDD Recovery". In addition to a 1,5GB partition labelled "WinRE", the hard disk contains a second partition labeled "Data" from which the application will fetch a system image and reinstall it in the "Vista" partition. Make sure you copy your data out of the system partition before doing this.

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• The requested operation has failed! (cannot find answer)

  - by Geoff

  I know this problem is plastered all over the web but I've been searching and trying for hours with no luck. Can someone please give me some help? I originally installed Apache 2.0.64 along with PHP 5.2.17, I went through all of the steps in this tutorial with no luck, I found that the culprit was the LoadModule line. After looking on the internet I found a whole bunch of stuff but a lot of it was referring to PHP 5 and Apache 2.2. Since there seemed to be more info on apache 2.2 I removed apache 2.0.64 and installed 2.2. I added the code to LoadModule in the conf file but I got the same problem. I then followed the steps in this tutorial because it was slightly different with some things I hadn't tried yet but still I get the same problem. If I comment out LoadModule... it works fine but otherwise I get "The requested operation has failed!". This is what I ended up keeping since it works only having to comment one line. LoadModule php5_module "c:/php/php5apache2_2.dll" <IfModule mod_php5.c> AddType application/x-httpd-php .php PHPIniDir "c:/php" DirectoryIndex index.php </IfModule> EDIT: How can I stop getting this error message? UPDATE: Also, please note that I took note of the message in the PHP site that stated if PHP 5.2 was to be run with Apache to use the VC6 and not VC9. I had VC9 so I replaced it with VC6, the file is labeled php-5.2.17-nts-Win32-VC6-x86.zip

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• Removing all traces of GNU java and openjdk and replacing with Sun JDK

  - by user61766

  I have installed latest Sun JDk. But when I do: java -version I still got OpenJDK version. So I completely removed OpenJDK. But now when I do: java -version I get even older GNU java 1.5 something libgcj. So I completely removed that too but it was asking to remove bunch of dependent apps like OpenOffice.org Writer etc. Even though I need the writer, I let it go because I do not want ever to see the face of any GNU java on my linux. So everything related to GNU java is removed. Luckily I am able to start Eclipse and it works fine and start normally (apparently using the installed Sun JDK which is what I want). But now when I run java -version I get bash: /usr/bin/java: No such file or directory Now what I need to do so that when I open any terminal window and enter java -version I should get Sun JDK version? Sun JDK is installed in /usr/java/jdk1.6.021. I also have symlinks: /usr/java/latest and /usr/java/defaults pointing to sun jdk.

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• How to get a list of Dovecot IMAP users

  - by Colt McCormack

  How do you get a list of users for a dovecot email server that connect via IMAP (as opposed to POP)? Our server is setup to authenticate via LDAP/PAM. Is there an easy way to get a list of the users who are accessing their mail via IMAP, rather than POP? I am about to migrate our server to Google Apps and want to migrate all of the mail for my IMAP users only (couple hundred out of several hundred total users). POP mail will be migrated separately from the client end obviously. I would much rather migrate only the IMAP users rather than the whole domain which would include migrating a bunch of POP mail left in the server that has already been read/sorted/deleted in the client's email program. Migrating all of that extra useless leftover POP mail could waste weeks of migration time. I suppose parsing some logs to see who has connected on an IMAP port (995 or 993) would give me a list would work if someone could help me do that. I know I have the raw dovecot logs, but am hoping for a cleaner solution.

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• Read non-blocking from multiple fifos in parallel

  - by Ole Tange

  I sometimes sit with a bunch of output fifos from programs that run in parallel. I would like to merge these fifos. The naïve solution is: cat fifo* > output But this requires the first fifo to complete before reading the first byte from the second fifo, and this will block the parallel running programs. Another way is: (cat fifo1 & cat fifo2 & ... ) > output But this may mix the output thus getting half-lines in output. When reading from multiple fifos, there must be some rules for merging the files. Typically doing it on a line by line basis is enough for me, so I am looking for something that does: parallel_non_blocking_cat fifo* > output which will read from all fifos in parallel and merge the output on with a full line at a time. I can see it is not hard to write that program. All you need to do is: open all fifos do a blocking select on all of them read nonblocking from the fifo which has data into the buffer for that fifo if the buffer contains a full line (or record) then print out the line if all fifos are closed/eof: exit goto 2 So my question is not: can it be done? My question is: Is it done already and can I just install a tool that does this?

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• How much free memory should I have on my webserver?

  - by neanderslob

  I have a webserver that's currently hosting two Wordpress sites and some java-based collaboration software. The server has 2G of memory and is currently using about 1.8G of the available memory. Right now what's on here is pretty much a pilot project that's getting negligible traffic so I think it's pretty clear that I'll be needing more memory. I was wondering, if I was to release it, how I might anticipate my memory needs based on the traffic it gets. I've poked around on Google and what I've found has been a bit tenuous. Is there a good heuristic that one should use when calculating memory demands as a function of the base (no traffic) load on the server? For reference, the output of free -m can be seen below: total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 2048 1832 215 0 0 0 -/+ buffers/cache: 1832 215 Swap: 0 0 0 To me this looks like actual memory used and isn't an illusion due to caching or anything else. I figure the demands of my collaboration software will have to be experimentally tested so here's free -m without that software running: total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 2048 1109 938 0 0 0 -/+ buffers/cache: 1109 938 Swap: 0 0 0 My plan B to figure this out is to add a bunch of swap space to the server, give it some traffic and adjust according the the amount that swap gets used. I was just wondering if anyone had a good rule of thumb to estimate how much memory I should plan on in advance...or if what I'm thinking is nuts. Many thanks in advance (I'm really quite new to this).

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• Route all traffic of home network through VPN

  - by user436118

  I have a typical semi advanced home network scenario: A cable modem - eth A wireless router (netgear n600) eth and wlan A home server (Running ubuntu 12.04 LTS, connected over wlan) A bunch of wireless clients (wlan) Lying around I have anoher cheaper wlan router, and two different USB wlan NIC's that are known to work with Linux. ACTA struck. I want to route ALL of my WAN traffic through a remote server through a VPN. For sake of completition, lets say there is a remote server running debian sqeeze where a VPN server is to be installed. The network is then to behave so that if the VPN is not operative, it is separated from the outside world. I am familiar with general system/network practices, but lack the specific detailed knowledge to accomplish this. Please suggest the right approach, packages and configurations you'd use to reach said solution. I've also envisioned the following network configuration, please improve it if you see fit: ==LAN== Client ip:10.1.1.x nm:255.0.0.0 gw:10.1.1.1 reached via WLAN Wlan router 1: ip: 10.1.1.1 nm:255.0.0.0 gw: 10.10.10.1 reached via ETH Homeserver: <<< VPN is initiated here, and the other endpoint is somewhere on the internet. eth0: ip:10.10.10.1 nm: 0.0.0.0 gw:192.168.0.1 reached via WLAN Homeserver: wlan0: ip: 192.168.0.2 nm: 255.255.255.0 gw: 192.168.0.1 reached via WLAN ==WAN== Wlan router 2: ip: 192.168.0.1 nm: 0.0.0.0 gw: set via dhcp uplink connector: cable modem Cable Modem: Remote DHCP. Has on-board DHCP server for ethernet device that connects to it, and only works this way. All this WLAN fussery is because my home server is located in a part of the house where a cable link isnt possible unfortunately.

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• Parallel shell loops

  - by brubelsabs

  Hi, I want to process many files and since I've here a bunch of cores I want to do it in parallel: for i in *.myfiles; do do_something $i `derived_params $i` other_params; done I know of a Makefile solution but my commands needs the arguments out of the shell globbing list. What I found is: > function pwait() { > while [ $(jobs -p | wc -l) -ge $1 ]; do > sleep 1 > done > } > To use it, all one has to do is put & after the jobs and a pwait call, the parameter gives the number of parallel processes: > for i in *; do > do_something $i & > pwait 10 > done But this doesn't work very well, e.g. I tried it with e.g. a for loop converting many files but giving me error and left jobs undone. I can't belive that this isn't done yet since the discussion on zsh mailing list is so old by now. So do you know any better?

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• Putting and configuring grub on an external drive

  - by HisDudeness

  I want to put a bunch of minor emergency operating systems (such as GParted Live, DSL, Puppy Linux and so on) on a partitioned USB pen drive, with a dedicated grub boot loader on it, which I want to start when I select the drive in the BIOS to boot. The problem is: when writing grub boot options I must tell where kernel and initial ram files are located, but the USB drive can have different letters depending on when I did plug it in, if some others external drive were mounted. So, how can I write appropriate options which automatically refer to the drive grub is installed on without having to specify absolute paths, which might change (I mean, like (hd1,msdos1) ot /dev/sdb1)? And, while we are at it, can I have grub working on a device without an operating system on it to which it can refer? I mean, I want to address the command sudo grub-install /dev/sdb from the LMDE system I'm on right now, but I won't have LMDE on my pen drive. Is that a problem? And installing grub on another device, will I keep the grub I have right now on my HDD?

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• Hungry hungry BIOS: why do I have less than 4 GiB of memory?

  - by Rhymoid

  I thought I had 4 GiB of memory, but just to be sure, let's ask the BIOS about that: ?: sudo dmidecode --type 20 # dmidecode 2.12 SMBIOS 2.6 present. Handle 0x000B, DMI type 20, 19 bytes Memory Device Mapped Address Starting Address: 0x00000000000 Ending Address: 0x0007FFFFFFF Range Size: 2 GB Physical Device Handle: 0x000A Memory Array Mapped Address Handle: 0x000E Partition Row Position: Unknown Interleave Position: Unknown Interleaved Data Depth: Unknown Handle 0x000D, DMI type 20, 19 bytes Memory Device Mapped Address Starting Address: 0x00080000000 Ending Address: 0x000FFFFFFFF Range Size: 2 GB Physical Device Handle: 0x000C Memory Array Mapped Address Handle: 0x000E Partition Row Position: Unknown Interleave Position: Unknown Interleaved Data Depth: Unknown Alright, 4 GiB it is. But I can't use all of it: ?: cat /proc/meminfo | head -n 1 MemTotal: 3913452 kB Somehow, somewhere, I lost 274 MiB. Where did 6% of my memory go? Now I know the address ranges in DMI are incorrect, because the ACPI memory map reports usable ranges well beyond the ending address of the second memory module: ?: dmesg | grep -E "BIOS-e820: .* usable" [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000000000-0x000000000009e7ff] usable [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000100000-0x00000000dee7bfff] usable [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000100000000-0x0000000117ffffff] usable I get pretty much the same info from /proc/iomem (except for the 4 kiB hole 0x000-0xFFF), which also shows that the kernel only accounts for less than 8 MiB. I guess 0x00000000-0x7FFFFFFF is indeed mapped to the first memory module, and 0x80000000-0xDFFFFFFF to part of the second memory module (a bunch of ACPI NVS things live between 0xDEE7C000 and 0xDEF30FFF, and the remaining 16-something MiB of that range are just 'reserved'). I guess the highest 0x18000000 bytes of the second memory module are mapped above the 4 GiB mark. But even then, there are two problems: 128 MiB (0x08000000 bytes, living somewhere between 0xE0000000 and 0xFFFFFFFF) are still completely unaccounted for. To note, my graphics card is on PCI-Express and (allegedly) has 1 GiB dedicated memory, so that shouldn't be the culprit. Did the BIOS screw up in moving the memory, leaving it partially shadowed by MMIO? Even with this mediocre explanation, I only 'found' 128 MiB. But /proc/meminfo is reporting a much larger deficit; where's the other 146 MiB? How does Linux count MemTotal?

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