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  • A really unique case of Load Balancing

    - by Shamshun
    I have an internet connection which has limited up/down bandwidth per IP address. What I want to do is to get multiple IP addresses on a "single" LAN interface, and use a load balancer to distribute traffic through them. I was successful at getting 100 ip addresses on a single interface. my problem is that Linux and Windows use the first ip address of an interface by default, so my bandwidth is not increased. I would appreciate if someone tells me what Load Balancing software has the ability to distribute load between multiple IPs on a single interface. I have tried to do so on both Win7 and Backtrack-LinuxR2

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  • Site down, SSH and FTP work fine

    - by Euskadi
    I cannot access my site through my web browser, using either the domain name or IP address (which also pings fine). My site was working last night when I went to bed, so I can't think what might have done it. I have tried restarting apache to no avail. update: I've noticed that http://[IP Address]/phpymyadmin works but [domain name]/phpmyadmin does not, and the same happens for webmin (https://[IP]:1000). Could this be a problem with BIND?

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  • LAN full of public ipv4 addresses - How to filter it?

    - by sparc86
    The answer to my question maybe is not that hard but anyways, I do not know what to do. So, I just got in a new job in a Univerisity and I found out that the network (the LAN) is full of public IP addresses. Seriously, the whole LAN (probably more than 150 hosts) has it' own internet IP address and I don't know how to manage it. I have a very good experience using iptables (Linux firewall) in a NAT'ed environment. But then how should I proceed in an environment where all my LAN is working with a bunch of public IP addresses? Should I just use the "forward" rules and ignore the NAT rules or is there any other issue in such environment which I should take care? Can I add a firewall between the router and the LAN in order to produce packet filtering for these public IP addresses in my LAN or will this just not work? Thanks!

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  • 2 servers, high availability and faster response

    - by user17886
    I recently bought a second webserver because I worry about hardware failure of my old server. Now that I have that second server I wish to do a little more then just have one server standby and replicate all day. As long as it's there I might as well get some advantage our of it ! I have a website powered by ubuntu 12.04, nginx, php-fpm, apc, mysql (5.5) and couchdb. Im currently testing configurations where i can achieve failover AND make good use of the extra harware for faster responses / distributed load. The setup I am testing nowinvolves heartbeat for ip failover and two identical servers. Of the two servers only one has a public ip adress. If one server crashes the other server takes over the public ip adress. On an incoming request nginx forwards the request tot php-fpm to either server a of server b (50/50 if both servers are alive). Once the request has been send to php-fpm both servers look at localhost for the mysql server. I use master-master mysql replication for this. The file system is synced with lsyncd. This works pretty well but Im reading it's discouraged by the (mysql) community. Another option I could think of is to use one server as a mysql master and one server as a web/php server. The servers would still sync their filesystem, would still run the same duplicate software (nginx,mysql) but master slave mysql replication could be used. As long as bother servers are alive I could just prefer nginx to listen to ip a and mysql to ip b. If one server is down, the other server could take over the task of the other server, simply by ip switching. But im completely new at this so I would greatly value your expert advice. Is either of the two setups any good ? If you have any thoughts on this please let me know ! PS, virtualisation, hosting on different locations or active/passive setups are not solutions im looking for. I find virtual server either too slow or too expensive. I already have a passive failover on another location. But in case of a crash I found the site was still unreachable for too long due to dns caching.

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  • How to set up vpn tunnel (ipsec) connection

    - by Alfwed
    I'm working with a client who wants to set up a vpn tunnel between their network and ours. They're in charge of the tunnel and to give us the access they are asking me my public IP and my LAN IP. This is what i've got when i do an ifconfig on the server i will use to connect to the vpn $ ifconfig eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr d4:ae:52:cd:xx:xx inet adr:62.210.xxx.xxx Bcast:62.210.xxx.xxx Masque:255.255.255.0 adr inet6: fe80::d6ae:52ff:xxxx:xx/64 Scope:Lien UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 Packets reçus:55255032 erreurs:0 :779628 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:5419527 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 lg file transmission:1000 Octets reçus:5598164393 (5.5 GB) Octets transmis:1034297288 (1.0 GB) Interruption:16 Mémoire:c0000000-c0012800 lo Link encap:Boucle locale inet adr:127.0.0.1 Masque:255.0.0.0 adr inet6: ::1/128 Scope:Hôte UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 Packets reçus:45923382 erreurs:0 :0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:45923382 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 lg file transmission:0 The inet adr:62.210.xxx.xxx is my public IP but it seems like i dont have any LAN IP. Can the connection work without LAN IP or should I create a private network somehow?

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  • Iptables and counters

    - by mehturt
    I'm trying to use iptables counters with munin to monitor traffic of hosts on my local subnet. For each host I set up a rule like this: iptables -I OUTPUT -d $ip This should count the packets going from firewall to $ip, correct? I found out that this does not seem to count all packets. I start tcpdump on my router (Linux) and I see packets to $ip that are not counted. For example I check number of packets for rule to my phone IP. I start tcpdump, refresh Gmail on my phoone, I see packets in tcpdump's output but iptables rule counters are not incremented. Then I open a web page on the same phone and the counters are incremented. What could be the reason?

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  • virtualbox, MAAS: help needed

    - by Roberto Attias
    Ok, I made some progress wrt the original question (still below). I found /etc/maas/dhcpd.conf contained option domain-name-servers 10.0.3.15, and changed it to 192.168.0.11. After restarting the daemon, I now see "node" getting the right DNS, unfortunately this doesn't fix the main problem, which I believe is the reference to 169.254.169.254. It does introduce a new question: while the remaining information from /etc/maas/dhcp.conf is present in the maas GUI, there is no field to enter the dns address. Why? Anyway, my original problem still stands... Any idea? Original question follows. In VirtualBox, I have: master VM: ubuntu 12.04.3 server eth0: Internal Network, IP= 192.168.0.11 eth1: NAT, IP= 10.0.3.15 eth2: Host-only, IP= 192.168.56.102 running MAAS region and cluster controlller, with DHCP and DNS enabled node VM: eth0: Internal Network node VM boots in PXEboot. DHCP succeeds, and the boot process starts, but during boot I see some issues. One of them is "disk drive not ready yet or not present" for / and /tmp. I've googled this issue, and some people say it happens when the fisical disk is a SSD, which is my case. Anywaythe system seems to recover from this eventually. Immediately after it starts printing a lot of messages of the form: 2013-10-01 16:52:37,142 - url_helper.py[WARNING]: Calling 'http://169.254.168.254/2009-04-04/meta-data/instance-id failed [x/y]: url error [[Errno 113] No route to host] That IP address is clearly bogous, not sure where it came from. Before that point, I had seen the following network configuration: address: 192.168.0.100 broadcast: 192.168.0.255 netmask: 255.255.255.0 gateway: 192.168.0.1 dns0 : 10.0.3.15 dns1 : 0.0.0.0 Not sure if related, but the dns doesn't seem right, as node doesn't have an interface to reach 10.0.3.15. If that's the problem, what should I change to have the DNS point to 192.168.0.11? Thanks, Roberto

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  • Trying to Host Server for External Access - Apache, VirtualBox & Portforwarding

    - by Tspoon
    Banging my head on the wall at this stage.... trying to host my Apache site on Ubuntu 12.10 with VirtualBox. Running Windows 8 host. Things I've done: Ensured Apache is listening on ports 80, 443 and 8080 (for thoroughness) tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:443 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 3355/httpd tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:8080 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 3355/httpd tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:80 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 3355/httpd tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 681/sshd VM is using bridged network connection Assigned a static IP to my Ubuntu VM, which can be accessed fine from within network. Forwarded TCP ports 80, 8080, 443 on the static IP of VM on my router Given my VM a static NAT Address Turned off Ubuntu firewall and router firewall Read on forums that my ISP (Eircom) allow port 80 to be used And I still can't access my site using the WAN/External IP (checked internally and using CanYouSeeMe.org). It says all the ports I mentioned are closed. I'm really at a loss of what to try next... Am I missing something silly here? Note: I haven't assigned a static IP address within the router, on within the VM. And DHCP server is enabled. Is that bad?

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  • Securing ClickOnce hosted with Amazon S3 Storage

    - by saifkhan
    Well, since my post on hosting ClickOnce with Amazon S3 Storage, I've received quite a few emails asking how to secure the deployment. At the time of this post I regret to say that there is no way to secure your ClickOnce deployment hosted with Amazon S3. The S3 storage is secured by ACL meaning that a username and password will have to be provided before access. The Amazon CloudFront, which sits on top of S3, allows you to apply security settings to your CloudFront distribution by Applying an encryption to the URL. Restricting by IP. The problem with the CloudFront is that the encryption of the URL is mandatory. ClickOnce does not provide a way to pass the "Amazon Public Key" to the CloudFront URL (you probably can if you start editing the XML and HTML files ClickOnce generate but that defeats the porpose of ClickOnce all together). What would be nice is if Amazon can allow users to restrict by IP addresses or IP Blocks. I'd sent them an email and received a response that this is something they are looking into...I won't hold my breadth though. Alternative I suggest you look at Rack Space Cloud hosting http://www.rackspacecloud.com they have very competitive pricing and recently started hosting Windows Virtual Servers. What you can do is rent a virtual server, setup IIS to host your ClickOnce applications. You can then use IIS security setting to restrict what IP/Blocks can access your ClickOnce payloads. Note: You don't really need Windows Server to host ClickOnce. Any web server can do. If you are familiar with Linux you can run that VM with rackspace for half the price of Windows. I hope you found this information helpful.

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  • confusion about installing/using git; how to undo

    - by dan
    I'm very new to ubuntu so I'm sure this is a dumb question. I wanted to install some source code that was on git. Don't really know what that means, I've never used git before, but I figured it was time to learn so I first installed git. Next I tried to clone the git directory of the software I want to install. I got a message saying "the authenticity of IP:IP:IP:IP can't be established". I went ahead and ended up with another message saying warning such and such will be added to known hosts. I went ahead and it said something about hanging up on the connection. After searching the internet for awhile I realized I didn't need git to install the software but now I have it installed and have added some host to some file or another. I'm concerned I've created some security issues I need to fix. I know this is stupid but can anyone help me undo what I've done, or better understand what I've done. Did adding a git project open up my system? Beyond that can anyone tell me how git works. Everything I've found assumes I know stuff that I don't yet. Thanks. Dan

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  • Google-Chrome 10 stable crash on every page

    - by Achu
    I installed google-chrome today, when i open any page including askubuntu i got this error message. i see my memory usage is normal(Memory 56% and swap 4.8%) also I reload and i go to another page same problem What is the problem? the last dmesg output [26612.341865] lo: Disabled Privacy Extensions [29651.852476] chrome[15472] general protection ip:1528e26 sp:7fff514a9dc0 error:0 in chrome[400000+3082000] [31447.190586] [UFW BLOCK] IN=eth1 OUT= MAC=00:1c:25:a1:e7:67:00:16:3e:28:5a:b7:08:00 SRC=172.23.100.6 DST=172.23.20.128 LEN=69 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=128 ID=15939 PROTO=UDP SPT=4243 DPT=161 LEN=49 [31451.250190] [UFW BLOCK] IN=eth1 OUT= MAC=00:1c:25:a1:e7:67:00:16:3e:28:5a:b7:08:00 SRC=172.23.100.6 DST=172.23.20.128 LEN=69 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=128 ID=16180 PROTO=UDP SPT=4243 DPT=161 LEN=49 [31454.260150] [UFW BLOCK] IN=eth1 OUT= MAC=00:1c:25:a1:e7:67:00:16:3e:28:5a:b7:08:00 SRC=172.23.100.6 DST=172.23.20.128 LEN=69 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=128 ID=16322 PROTO=UDP SPT=4243 DPT=161 LEN=49 [31458.648164] [UFW BLOCK] IN=eth1 OUT= MAC=00:1c:25:a1:e7:67:00:16:3e:28:5a:b7:08:00 SRC=172.23.100.6 DST=172.23.20.128 LEN=69 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=128 ID=16513 PROTO=UDP SPT=4243 DPT=161 LEN=49 [33124.300112] lo: Disabled Privacy Extensions [33601.021406] Skipping EDID probe due to cached edid [34594.043501] chrome[15746]: segfault at 0 ip 0000000000d5cdd0 sp 00007fff5149ec20 error 6 in chrome[400000+3082000] [34597.395334] chrome[18112] general protection ip:17c85bf sp:7fff514aa4f0 error:0 in chrome[400000+3082000] [34616.786643] chrome[18124]: segfault at 1007 ip 00000000017c849f sp 00007fff514aabd0 error 4 in chrome[400000+3082000] [37277.436207] lo: Disabled Privacy Extensions [38549.501390] e1000e: eth1 NIC Link is Down [38551.122253] e1000e: eth1 NIC Link is Up 100 Mbps Full Duplex, Flow Control: RX/TX [38551.122263] e1000e 0000:00:19.0: eth1: 10/100 speed: disabling TSO

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  • Help with IPTables - Masquerading + Forwarding, 1-to-1?

    - by Artiom Chilaru
    I've got a clean Ubuntu Server 10.10 with OpenSSH, OpenVPN and vsFTPd installed. The server is running as a VM on the Hyper-V server (hypervisor), has two network interfaces mapped to physical adapters (eth0 and eth1), and a virtual interface with a direct connection to the hypervisor (eth2). The VPN will create a tun0 interface when a client connects. What I want is the remote user, connecting over VPN to be able to connect to the hypervisor (all ports, ping etc). The initial idea was to make the VPN create a tap0 interface, and bridge eth2 to tap0, but this didn't work, unfortunately, as it seems that the adapters don't want to go into promiscuous mode (partially confirmed by MS) At the same time, both the hypervisor and the remove client over VPN can successfully ping/connect to the ubuntu server with no problems. So my plan right now is to try doing some 1-1 masquerading, if possible. Basically, I want every request sent from the VPN client to the ubuntu server to be redurected to the hypervisor instead (with IP translation ofc), and every request from the hypervisor to the ubuntu machine sent to the VPN client (IP translated too). Only 1 client will be connected at a time to the VPN, so I can force limit it to a single IP at all times, if necessary. Is this the right way to go, and if true, how can this be achieved? It's almost like a special case of port-forwarding, except every single port on tun0 is forwarded to a machine in eth2, and every port on the eth2 side forwards to an ip on tun0 I guess it could be done with iptables, but I'm rather new in linux, so I can't do it myself... help? :(

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  • How do I get Google to crawl my content when it's only displayed when you fill in a form?

    - by Sarang Patil
    I have a webpage. It has a form and the "results" section is blank. When the user searches for items, and a list that pops up, he/she chooses one option from list and then the corresponding results are displayed in results section. I once decided to log every ip,url of person with time that visits my page. One ip was 66.249.73.26, and on doing google search I came to know it is ip of google bot. link for whatmyipaddress google bot Now when I searched for the links that this ip visited, it was like this: search?id=100 search?id=110 ... search?id=200 ... then afterwards it incremented in steps of 1, like 400,401.. But people search for strings and not numbers. And because googlebot searches for numbers like this, I think the corresponding content is never displayed and so my page content is never indexed, even though it has rich content. So I want to ask you is that in order to show google bot all the content that the webpage has, should I list all the results in index page and ask users to enter string to filter results?

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  • Exempt programs from using active VPN connection

    - by Oxwivi
    When I connect to a VPN, all my network traffic is automatically routed through it. Is there a way to add exemptions to that? I don't know if adding exceptions has anything to do with the VPN protocol, but the VPN I'm using is of the OpenVPN protocol. Speaking of OpenVPN, why is it not installed by default on Ubuntu installs unlike PPTP? I could not get the list of IRCHighWay's servers, and this is the result I get trying to connect on XChat with running the bash script running: * Looking up irc.irchighway.net * Connecting to irc.irchighway.net (65.23.153.98) port 6667... * Connected. Now logging in... * You have been K-Lined. * *** You are not welcome on this network. * *** K-Lined for Open proxies are not allowed. (2011/02/26 01.21) * *** Your IP is 173.0.14.9 * *** For assistance, please email [email protected] and include everything shown here. * Closing Link: 0.0.0.0 (Open proxies are not allowed. (2011/02/26 01.21)) * Disconnected (Remote host closed socket). The IP 173.0.14.9 is the one due to my VPN. I had forgotten to check ip route list before running the script, and this is the one after running it: ~$ ip route list 99.192.193.241 dev ppp0 proto kernel scope link src 173.0.14.9 173.0.14.2 via 192.168.1.1 dev eth1 proto static 173.0.14.2 via 192.168.1.1 dev eth1 src 192.168.1.3 192.168.1.0/24 dev eth1 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.1.3 metric 2 169.254.0.0/16 dev eth1 scope link metric 1000 default dev ppp0 proto static Oh and running the script returned this output: ~$ sudo bash irc_route.sh Usage: inet_route [-vF] del {-host|-net} Target[/prefix] [gw Gw] [metric M] [[dev] If] inet_route [-vF] add {-host|-net} Target[/prefix] [gw Gw] [metric M] [netmask N] [mss Mss] [window W] [irtt I] [mod] [dyn] [reinstate] [[dev] If] inet_route [-vF] add {-host|-net} Target[/prefix] [metric M] reject inet_route [-FC] flush NOT supported I ran the script after connecting to the VPN.

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  • Site migration and SEO impact

    - by John Smith
    I'd greatly appreciate a response on the following question relating to site migration and SEO impact. Here's some background on how my domain name and site is currently configured: My domain name provider has the following settings: host name @ is an A NAME record and points to IP address x.x.x.x host name www is an A NAME record and points to IP address x.x.x.x sub-domain host name new.example.com is an A NAME record and points to IP address x.x.x.x My hosting provider has the following settings: host record @ is an A NAME record and points to IP address x.x.x.x, folder home/public_html/old host record www is a C NAME record and points to example.com sub-domain host record new.example.com points to home/public_html/new I want to: point the domain (example.com AND www.example.com) to the content hosted under folder home/public_html/new, which is currently the content directory for new.example.com retire the content hosted under folder home/public_html/old retire the sub-domain host record new.example.com I believe the easiest method of doing this, is: removing the sub-domain host record new.example.com; and changing the following line in the .htaccess file in home/public_html from # Change 'subdirectory' to be the directory you will use for your main domain. RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} !^/old/ to # Change 'subdirectory' to be the directory you will use for your main domain. RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} !^/new/ But I don't understand how this will impact my SERP - ideally, I'd like it to remain the same. Research on this topic resulted in the following Google page, which was no help, and this related StackExchange question, which suggests that this should not affect my SERP (at least, not permanently). But I wanted to make certain with a more specific example, and hopefully contribute to the community at the same time. I'd appreciate any feedback on this. Is there a better/recommended method to migrate sites this way? Is there an SEO impact?

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  • Mapping XFCE4/xRDP sessions to users

    - by garrilla
    I have Ubuntu 13.10 with Xubuntu Desktop - XFCE4. I'm trying to use XDRP to allow MS Windows users to login to the machine with their own user. I've been a lot around the houses with this! I've find two half-way solutions, but can't get them to work as I'd like... 1) in /etc/xrdp/xrdp.ini I set the port to -1 [xrdp1] name=sesman-Xvnc lib=libvnc.so username=ask password=ask ip=127.0.0.1 port=-1 each time any user logs on they get a new session - they can never go back to their original session 2) in /etc/xrdp/xrdp.ini I set the port to 5912 (e.g) [xrdp1] name=sesman-Xvnc lib=libvnc.so username=ask password=ask ip=127.0.0.1 port=5912 each time any user logs on they always log on to the same session irrespective of their logon details ??) I found a mid-way solution, to create a lot of sessions by adding adding additional options in the xrdp.ini e.g. [xrdp8] name=Bob's Logon lib=libvnc.so username=ask password=ask ip=127.0.0.1 port=5913 [xrdp9] name=Jill's Logon lib=libvnc.so username=ask password=ask ip=127.0.0.1 port=5914 and so on, but he problem with this is that Jill can still log into Bob's remote session ??? Is it possible to to do what I'm trying to do? Maybe I have to use different tools?

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  • Subdomain still times out after set up a month ago

    - by user8137
    I'm a newbie on this and this has probably been asked already but the subjects online were close but too vague in there answers so I've probably really messed this up. I would really appreciate specific step by step instructions. This is what I'd like to do: use the subdomain www.high-res.domain.com to be accessed by external customers with specific permissions to access the site (like ftp). We use Network Solutions to house domain.com. We recently added a new ip address to point to www.high-res.domain.com. I gave the ip address to the company that hosts our website. I pinged www.high-res.domain.com and it points to the correct ip address but still times out. It’s been a few weeks now and when you ping it, it still times out. C:ping XXX.XXX.X.XXX Pinging XXX.XXX.X.XXX with 32 bytes of data: Request timed out. Request timed out. Request timed out. Request timed out. Ping statistics for XXX.XXX.X.XXX: Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 0, Lost = 4 (100% loss). Tracert times out as well. I even went to DNS tools and a few other sites for checking this and it shows the same thing. I recently went into the DNSmgmt on our server (wink2k3sp1) and created an A record under the DomainDnsZones which translated to a Cname when you look at it. Under the Domain it has two entries one to the subdomain and the other to the website host each with separate ip addresses. Is this correct? The website people are too busy on another project to research it further and my friends haven't gotten back to me. Please help. Thanks KK

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  • Solaris 10 branded zone VM Templates for Solaris 11 on OTN

    - by jsavit
    Early this year I wrote the article Ours Goes To 11 which describes the ability to import Solaris 10 systems into a "Solaris 10 branded zone" under Oracle Solaris 11. I did this using Solaris 11 Express, and the capability remains in Solaris 11 with only slight changes. This important tool lets you painlessly inhaling a Solaris Container from Solaris 10 or entire Solaris 10 systems ("the global zone") into virtualized environments on a Solaris 11 OS. Just recently, Oracle provided Oracle VM Templates for Oracle Solaris 10 Zones to let you create Solaris 10 branded zones for Solaris 11 even if you don't currently have access to install media or a running Solaris 10 system. To use this, just download the Oracle VM Template for Oracle Solaris Zone 10 from OTN at http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/server-storage/solaris11/downloads/virtual-machines-1355605.html. This page contains images of Oracle Solaris 10 8/11 (the recent update to Solaris 10) in SPARC and x86 formats suitable for creating branded zones. The same page also has a VirtualBox image you can download for a complete Solaris 10 install in a guest virtual machine you can run on any host OS that supports VirtualBox. Both sets of downloads provide a quick - and extremely easy - way to set up a virtual Solaris 10 environment. In the case of the Oracle VM Templates, they illustrate several advanced features of Solaris 11. To start, just go to the above link, download the template for the hardware platform (SPARC or x86) you want, and download the README file also linked from that page. Install prerequisites The README file tells you to install the prerequisite Solaris 11 package that implements the Solaris 10 brand. Then you can install instances of zones with that brand. # pkg install pkg:/system/zones/brand/brand-solaris10 Packages to install: 1 Create boot environment: No Create backup boot environment: Yes DOWNLOAD PKGS FILES XFER (MB) Completed 1/1 44/44 0.4/0.4 PHASE ACTIONS Install Phase 74/74 PHASE ITEMS Package State Update Phase 1/1 Image State Update Phase 2/2 That took only a few minutes, and didn't require a reboot. Install the Solaris 10 zone Now it's time to run the downloaded template file. First make it executable via the chmod command, of course. I found that (unlike stated in the README) there was no need to rename the downloaded file to remove the .bin. When you run it you provide several parameters to describe the zone configuration: -a IP address - the IP address and optional netmask for the zone. This is the only mandatory parameter. -z zonename - the name of the zone you would like to create. -i interface - the package will create an exclusive-IP zone using a virtual NIC (vnic) based on this physical interface. In my case, I have a NIC called rge0. -p PATH - specifies the path in which you want the zoneroot to be placed. In my case, I have a ZFS dataset mounted at /zones, and this will create a zoneroot at /zones/s10u10. Kicking it off, you will see a copyright message, and then messages showing progress building the zone, which only takes a few minutes. # ./solaris-10u10-x86.bin -p /zones -a 192.168.1.100 -i rge0 -z s10u10 ... ... Checking disk-space for extraction Ok Extracting in /export/home/CDimages/s10zone/bootimage.ihaqvh ... 100% [===============================] Checking data integrity Ok Checking platform compatibility The host and the image do not have the same Solaris release: host Solaris release: 5.11 image Solaris release: 5.10 Will create a Solaris 10 branded zone. Warning: could not find a defaultrouter Zone won't have any defaultrouter configured IMAGE: ./solaris-10u10-x86.bin ZONE: s10u10 ZONEPATH: /zones/s10u10 INTERFACE: rge0 VNIC: vnicZBI13379 MAC ADDR: 2:8:20:5c:1a:cc IP ADDR: 192.168.1.100 NETMASK: 255.255.255.0 DEFROUTER: NONE TIMEZONE: US/Arizona Checking disk-space for installation Ok Installing in /zones/s10u10 ... 100% [===============================] Using a static exclusive-IP Attaching s10u10 Booting s10u10 Waiting for boot to complete booting... booting... booting... Zone s10u10 booted The zone's root password has been set using the root password of the local host. You can change the zone's root password to further harden the security of the zone: being root, log into the zone from the local host with the command 'zlogin s10u10'. Once logged in, change the root password with the command 'passwd'. The nifty part in my opinion (besides being so easy), is that the zone was created as an exclusive-IP zone on a virtual NIC. This network configuration lets you enforce traffic isolation from other zones, enforce network Quality of Service, and even let the zone set its own characteristics like IP address and packet size. Independence of the zone's network characteristics from the global zone is one of the enhancements in Solaris 10 that make it easier to consolidate zones while preserving their autonomy, yet provide control in a consolidated environment. Let's see what the virtual network environment looks like by issuing commands from the Solaris 11 global zone. First I'll use Old School ifconfig, and then I'll use the new ipadm and dladm commands. # ifconfig -a4 lo0: flags=2001000849<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING,MULTICAST,IPv4,VIRTUAL> mtu 8232 index 1 inet 127.0.0.1 netmask ff000000 rge0: flags=1004943<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,PROMISC,MULTICAST,DHCP,IPv4> mtu 1500 index 2 inet 192.168.1.3 netmask ffffff00 broadcast 192.168.1.255 ether 0:14:d1:18:ac:bc vboxnet0: flags=201000843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST,IPv4,CoS> mtu 1500 index 3 inet 192.168.56.1 netmask ffffff00 broadcast 192.168.56.255 ether 8:0:27:f8:62:1c # dladm show-phys LINK MEDIA STATE SPEED DUPLEX DEVICE yge0 Ethernet unknown 0 unknown yge0 yge1 Ethernet unknown 0 unknown yge1 rge0 Ethernet up 1000 full rge0 vboxnet0 Ethernet up 1000 full vboxnet0 # dladm show-link LINK CLASS MTU STATE OVER yge0 phys 1500 unknown -- yge1 phys 1500 unknown -- rge0 phys 1500 up -- vboxnet0 phys 1500 up -- vnicZBI13379 vnic 1500 up rge0 s10u10/vnicZBI13379 vnic 1500 up rge0 s10u10/net0 vnic 1500 up rge0 # dladm show-vnic LINK OVER SPEED MACADDRESS MACADDRTYPE VID vnicZBI13379 rge0 1000 2:8:20:5c:1a:cc random 0 s10u10/vnicZBI13379 rge0 1000 2:8:20:5c:1a:cc random 0 s10u10/net0 rge0 1000 2:8:20:9d:d0:79 random 0 # ipadm show-addr ADDROBJ TYPE STATE ADDR lo0/v4 static ok 127.0.0.1/8 rge0/_a dhcp ok 192.168.1.3/24 vboxnet0/_a static ok 192.168.56.1/24 lo0/v6 static ok ::1/128 Log into the zone The install step already booted the zone, so lets log into it. Notice how you have to be appropriately privileged to log into a zone. This is my home system so I'm being a bit cavalier, but in a production environment you can give granular control of who can login to which zones. Voila! a Solaris 10 environment under a Solaris 11 kernel. Notice the output from the uname -a and ifconfig commands, and output from a ping to a nearby host. $ zlogin s10u10 zlogin: You lack sufficient privilege to run this command (all privs required) savit@home:~$ sudo zlogin s10u10 Password: [Connected to zone 's10u10' pts/5] Oracle Corporation SunOS 5.10 Generic Patch January 2005 # uname -a SunOS s10u10 5.10 Generic_Virtual i86pc i386 i86pc # ifconfig -a4 lo0: flags=2001000849 mtu 8232 index 1 inet 127.0.0.1 netmask ff000000 vnicZBI13379: flags=1000843 mtu 1500 index 2 inet 192.168.1.100 netmask ffffff00 broadcast 192.168.1.255 ether 2:8:20:5c:1a:cc # bash bash-3.2# ifconfig -a lo0: flags=2001000849 mtu 8232 index 1 inet 127.0.0.1 netmask ff000000 vnicZBI13379: flags=1000843 mtu 1500 index 2 inet 192.168.1.100 netmask ffffff00 broadcast 192.168.1.255 ether 2:8:20:5c:1a:cc bash-3.2# ping 192.168.1.2 192.168.1.2 is alive For fun, I configured Apache (setting its configuration file in /etc/apache2) and brought it up. Easy - took just a few minutes. bash-3.2# svcs apache2 STATE STIME FMRI disabled 12:38:46 svc:/network/http:apache2 bash-3.2# svcadm enable apache2 Summary In just a few minutes, I built a functioning virtual Solaris 10 environment under by Solaris 11 system. It was... easy! While I can still do it the manual way (creating and using a system archive), this is a low-effort way to create a Solaris 10 zone on Solaris 11.

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  • Windows Azure VMs - New "Stopped" VM Options Provide Cost-effective Flexibility for On-Demand Workloads

    - by KeithMayer
    Originally posted on: http://geekswithblogs.net/KeithMayer/archive/2013/06/22/windows-azure-vms---new-stopped-vm-options-provide-cost-effective.aspxDidn’t make it to TechEd this year? Don’t worry!  This month, we’ll be releasing a new article series that highlights the Best of TechEd announcements and technical information for IT Pros.  Today’s article focuses on a new, much-heralded enhancement to Windows Azure Infrastructure Services to make it more cost-effective for spinning VMs up and down on-demand on the Windows Azure cloud platform. NEW! VMs that are shutdown from the Windows Azure Management Portal will no longer continue to accumulate compute charges while stopped! Previous to this enhancement being available, the Azure platform maintained fabric resource reservations for VMs, even in a shutdown state, to ensure consistent resource availability when starting those VMs in the future.  And, this meant that VMs had to be exported and completely deprovisioned when not in use to avoid compute charges. In this article, I'll provide more details on the scenarios that this enhancement best fits, and I'll also review the new options and considerations that we now have for performing safe shutdowns of Windows Azure VMs. Which scenarios does the new enhancement best fit? Being able to easily shutdown VMs from the Windows Azure Management Portal without continued compute charges is a great enhancement for certain cloud use cases, such as: On-demand dev/test/lab environments - Freely start and stop lab VMs so that they are only accumulating compute charges when being actively used.  "Bursting" load-balanced web applications - Provision a number of load-balanced VMs, but keep the minimum number of VMs running to support "normal" loads. Easily start-up the remaining VMs only when needed to support peak loads. Disaster Recovery - Start-up "cold" VMs when needed to recover from disaster scenarios. BUT ... there is a consideration to keep in mind when using the Windows Azure Management Portal to shutdown VMs: although performing a VM shutdown via the Windows Azure Management Portal causes that VM to no longer accumulate compute charges, it also deallocates the VM from fabric resources to which it was previously assigned.  These fabric resources include compute resources such as virtual CPU cores and memory, as well as network resources, such as IP addresses.  This means that when the VM is later started after being shutdown from the portal, the VM could be assigned a different IP address or placed on a different compute node within the fabric. In some cases, you may want to shutdown VMs using the old approach, where fabric resource assignments are maintained while the VM is in a shutdown state.  Specifically, you may wish to do this when temporarily shutting down or restarting a "7x24" VM as part of a maintenance activity.  Good news - you can still revert back to the old VM shutdown behavior when necessary by using the alternate VM shutdown approaches listed below.  Let's walk through each approach for performing a VM Shutdown action on Windows Azure so that we can understand the benefits and considerations of each... How many ways can I shutdown a VM? In Windows Azure Infrastructure Services, there's three general ways that can be used to safely shutdown VMs: Shutdown VM via Windows Azure Management Portal Shutdown Guest Operating System inside the VM Stop VM via Windows PowerShell using Windows Azure PowerShell Module Although each of these options performs a safe shutdown of the guest operation system and the VM itself, each option handles the VM shutdown end state differently. Shutdown VM via Windows Azure Management Portal When clicking the Shutdown button at the bottom of the Virtual Machines page in the Windows Azure Management Portal, the VM is safely shutdown and "deallocated" from fabric resources.  Shutdown button on Virtual Machines page in Windows Azure Management Portal  When the shutdown process completes, the VM will be shown on the Virtual Machines page with a "Stopped ( Deallocated )" status as shown in the figure below. Virtual Machine in a "Stopped (Deallocated)" Status "Deallocated" means that the VM configuration is no longer being actively associated with fabric resources, such as virtual CPUs, memory and networks. In this state, the VM will not continue to allocate compute charges, but since fabric resources are deallocated, the VM could receive a different internal IP address ( called "Dynamic IPs" or "DIPs" in Windows Azure ) the next time it is started.  TIP: If you are leveraging this shutdown option and consistency of DIPs is important to applications running inside your VMs, you should consider using virtual networks with your VMs.  Virtual networks permit you to assign a specific IP Address Space for use with VMs that are assigned to that virtual network.  As long as you start VMs in the same order in which they were originally provisioned, each VM should be reassigned the same DIP that it was previously using. What about consistency of External IP Addresses? Great question! External IP addresses ( called "Virtual IPs" or "VIPs" in Windows Azure ) are associated with the cloud service in which one or more Windows Azure VMs are running.  As long as at least 1 VM inside a cloud service remains in a "Running" state, the VIP assigned to a cloud service will be preserved.  If all VMs inside a cloud service are in a "Stopped ( Deallocated )" status, then the cloud service may receive a different VIP when VMs are next restarted. TIP: If consistency of VIPs is important for the cloud services in which you are running VMs, consider keeping one VM inside each cloud service in the alternate VM shutdown state listed below to preserve the VIP associated with the cloud service. Shutdown Guest Operating System inside the VM When performing a Guest OS shutdown or restart ( ie., a shutdown or restart operation initiated from the Guest OS running inside the VM ), the VM configuration will not be deallocated from fabric resources. In the figure below, the VM has been shutdown from within the Guest OS and is shown with a "Stopped" VM status rather than the "Stopped ( Deallocated )" VM status that was shown in the previous figure. Note that it may require a few minutes for the Windows Azure Management Portal to reflect that the VM is in a "Stopped" state in this scenario, because we are performing an OS shutdown inside the VM rather than through an Azure management endpoint. Virtual Machine in a "Stopped" Status VMs shown in a "Stopped" status will continue to accumulate compute charges, because fabric resources are still being reserved for these VMs.  However, this also means that DIPs and VIPs are preserved for VMs in this state, so you don't have to worry about VMs and cloud services getting different IP addresses when they are started in the future. Stop VM via Windows PowerShell In the latest version of the Windows Azure PowerShell Module, a new -StayProvisioned parameter has been added to the Stop-AzureVM cmdlet. This new parameter provides the flexibility to choose the VM configuration end result when stopping VMs using PowerShell: When running the Stop-AzureVM cmdlet without the -StayProvisioned parameter specified, the VM will be safely stopped and deallocated; that is, the VM will be left in a "Stopped ( Deallocated )" status just like the end result when a VM Shutdown operation is performed via the Windows Azure Management Portal.  When running the Stop-AzureVM cmdlet with the -StayProvisioned parameter specified, the VM will be safely stopped but fabric resource reservations will be preserved; that is the VM will be left in a "Stopped" status just like the end result when performing a Guest OS shutdown operation. So, with PowerShell, you can choose how Windows Azure should handle VM configuration and fabric resource reservations when stopping VMs on a case-by-case basis. TIP: It's important to note that the -StayProvisioned parameter is only available in the latest version of the Windows Azure PowerShell Module.  So, if you've previously downloaded this module, be sure to download and install the latest version to get this new functionality. Want to Learn More about Windows Azure Infrastructure Services? To learn more about Windows Azure Infrastructure Services, be sure to check-out these additional FREE resources: Become our next "Early Expert"! Complete the Early Experts "Cloud Quest" and build a multi-VM lab network in the cloud for FREE!  Build some cool scenarios! Check out our list of over 20+ Step-by-Step Lab Guides based on key scenarios that IT Pros are implementing on Windows Azure Infrastructure Services TODAY!  Looking forward to seeing you in the Cloud! - Keith Build Your Lab! Download Windows Server 2012 Don’t Have a Lab? Build Your Lab in the Cloud with Windows Azure Virtual Machines Want to Get Certified? Join our Windows Server 2012 "Early Experts" Study Group

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  • Networking in VirtualBox

    - by Fat Bloke
    Networking in VirtualBox is extremely powerful, but can also be a bit daunting, so here's a quick overview of the different ways you can setup networking in VirtualBox, with a few pointers as to which configurations should be used and when. VirtualBox allows you to configure up to 8 virtual NICs (Network Interface Controllers) for each guest vm (although only 4 are exposed in the GUI) and for each of these NICs you can configure: Which virtualized NIC-type is exposed to the Guest. Examples include: Intel PRO/1000 MT Server (82545EM),  AMD PCNet FAST III (Am79C973, the default) or  a Paravirtualized network adapter (virtio-net). How the NIC operates with respect to your Host's physical networking. The main modes are: Network Address Translation (NAT) Bridged networking Internal networking Host-only networking NAT with Port-forwarding The choice of NIC-type comes down to whether the guest has drivers for that NIC.  VirtualBox, suggests a NIC based on the guest OS-type that you specify during creation of the vm, and you rarely need to modify this. But the choice of networking mode depends on how you want to use your vm (client or server) and whether you want other machines on your network to see it. So let's look at each mode in a bit more detail... Network Address Translation (NAT) This is the default mode for new vm's and works great in most situations when the Guest is a "client" type of vm. (i.e. most network connections are outbound). Here's how it works: When the guest OS boots,  it typically uses DHCP to get an IP address. VirtualBox will field this DHCP request and tell the guest OS its assigned IP address and the gateway address for routing outbound connections. In this mode, every vm is assigned the same IP address (10.0.2.15) because each vm thinks they are on their own isolated network. And when they send their traffic via the gateway (10.0.2.2) VirtualBox rewrites the packets to make them appear as though they originated from the Host, rather than the Guest (running inside the Host). This means that the Guest will work even as the Host moves from network to network (e.g. laptop moving between locations), and from wireless to wired connections too. However, how does another computer initiate a connection into a Guest?  e.g. connecting to a web server running in the Guest. This is not (normally) possible using NAT mode as there is no route into the Guest OS. So for vm's running servers we need a different networking mode.... Bridged Networking Bridged Networking is used when you want your vm to be a full network citizen, i.e. to be an equal to your host machine on the network. In this mode, a virtual NIC is "bridged" to a physical NIC on your host, like this: The effect of this is that each VM has access to the physical network in the same way as your host. It can access any service on the network such as external DHCP services, name lookup services, and routing information just as the host does. Logically, the network looks like this: The downside of this mode is that if you run many vm's you can quickly run out of IP addresses or your network administrator gets fed up with you asking for statically assigned IP addresses. Secondly, if your host has multiple physical NICs (e.g. Wireless and Wired) you must reconfigure the bridge when your host jumps networks.  Hmm, so what if you want to run servers in vm's but don't want to involve your network administrator? Maybe one of the next 2 modes is for you... Internal Networking When you configure one or more vm's to sit on an Internal network, VirtualBox ensures that all traffic on that network stays within the host and is only visible to vm's on that virtual network. Configuration looks like this: The internal network ( in this example "intnet" ) is a totally isolated network and so is very "quiet". This is good for testing when you need a separate, clean network, and you can create sophisticated internal networks with vm's that provide their own services to the internal network. (e.g. Active Directory, DHCP, etc). Note that not even the Host is a member of the internal network, but this mode allows vm's to function even when the Host is not connected to a network (e.g. on a plane). Note that in this mode, VirtualBox provides no "convenience" services such as DHCP, so your machines must be statically configured or one of the vm's needs to provide a DHCP/Name service. Multiple internal networks are possible and you can configure vm's to have multiple NICs to sit across internal and other network modes and thereby provide routes if needed. But all this sounds tricky. What if you want an Internal Network that the host participates on with VirtualBox providing IP addresses to the Guests? Ah, then for this, you might want to consider Host-only Networking... Host-only Networking Host-only Networking is like Internal Networking in that you indicate which network the Guest sits on, in this case, "vboxnet0": All vm's sitting on this "vboxnet0" network will see each other, and additionally, the host can see these vm's too. However, other external machines cannot see Guests on this network, hence the name "Host-only". Logically, the network looks like this: This looks very similar to Internal Networking but the host is now on "vboxnet0" and can provide DHCP services. To configure how a Host-only network behaves, look in the VirtualBox Manager...Preferences...Network dialog: Port-Forwarding with NAT Networking Now you may think that we've provided enough modes here to handle every eventuality but here's just one more... What if you cart around a mobile-demo or dev environment on, say, a laptop and you have one or more vm's that you need other machines to connect into? And you are continually hopping onto different (customer?) networks. In this scenario: NAT - won't work because external machines need to connect in. Bridged - possibly an option, but does your customer want you eating IP addresses and can your software cope with changing networks? Internal - we need the vm(s) to be visible on the network, so this is no good. Host-only - same problem as above, we want external machines to connect in to the vm's. Enter Port-forwarding to save the day! Configure your vm's to use NAT networking; Add Port Forwarding rules; External machines connect to "host":"port number" and connections are forwarded by VirtualBox to the guest:port number specified. For example, if your vm runs a web server on port 80, you could set up rules like this:  ...which reads: "any connections on port 8080 on the Host will be forwarded onto this vm's port 80".  This provides a mobile demo system which won't need re-configuring every time you open your laptop lid. Summary VirtualBox has a very powerful set of options allowing you to set up almost any configuration your heart desires. For more information, check out the VirtualBox User Manual on Virtual Networking. -FB 

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  • Unable to checkout svn repositories

    - by lucaghera
    I have an ubuntu 12.04 machine were apache2 is set up with SSL certificates. In the same machine there is a SVN server. It all worked great till the update to 12.04. Now I'm able to access the svn via a web-browser and also by using an eclipse plugin (subversive), but I'm not able to access the svn via command line. When I try to check out a repo from a Mac Os X client it returns: svn: E120171: Unable to connect to a repository at URL 'https://IP/svn/repo_name' svn: E120171: Error running context: An error occurred during SSL communication If I try to check out a repo from an Ubuntu client it returns: svn: OPTIONS of 'https://IP/svn/repo_name': SSL handshake failed: SSL error: A TLS warning alert has been received. (https://IP)

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  • OpenVpn: Setting Up Openvpn in Ubuntu 10.04

    - by Deepak
    I am trying to setup OpenVpn Server on Ubuntu 10.04. I am not good in network concepts so its hard to understand the IP address that are given in the setup tutorial.. I could find many sites to setup openvpn server but i have few doubts in it. 1.I am mainly setting up the server to make it work for ANDROID.. So Plz give me a server setup link which will work for Android.. 2.I am setting up the server in my home and my system IP is 192.x.x.x . It will be useful if u share where i should give this IP address in the tutorial (which u share).. Plz help me as i am searching for this many days.. Regards, Deepak

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  • No Wi-Fi after system reboot

    - by ILya
    Something strange is happening... I've installed a Wi-Fi card into my Ubuntu Server 11.04 machine. To configure it I do the following: sudo vi /etc/network/interfaces add: iface wlan0 inet dhcp wpa-driver wext wpa-ssid "Sweet Home" wpa-ap-scan 1 wpa-proto WPA wpa-pairwise TKIP wpa-group TKIP wpa-key-mgmt WPA-PSK wpa-psk <A KEY> auto wlan0 then: $ sudo /etc/init.d/networking restart * Running /etc/init.d/networking restart is deprecated because it may not enable again some interfaces * Reconfiguring network interfaces... ssh stop/waiting ssh start/running, process 1522 ssh stop/waiting ssh start/running, process 1590 And my machine successfully gets an ip to my wireless adapter. But after reboot it doesn't get any ip in wireless network. To fix it I run /etc/init.d/networking restart again and all is fine again - it gets an ip. I understand that I simply should add it to my startup scripts to make it work properly, but maybe there is a better way to configure it?

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  • Mysql my.cnf as simbolic link in Ubuntu 12.04

    - by Juan Cruz
    I am not able to use symlink for my.cnf file (Ubuntu 12.04 server). I added the alias to /etc/apparmor.d/tunables/alias file (as I did for 10.04 and worked) but I get: May 30 16:00:01 ip-10-242-209-203 kernel: [176926.213403] type=1400 audit(1338393601.350:244): apparmor="DENIED" operation="open" parent=1 profile="/usr/sbin/mysqld" name="/opt/data/my.cnf" pid=18128 comm="mysqld" requested_mask="r" denied_mask="r" fsuid=0 ouid=0 May 30 16:00:01 ip-10-242-209-203 kernel: [176926.222016] init: mysql main process (18128) terminated with status 1 May 30 16:00:01 ip-10-242-209-203 kernel: [176926.222084] init: mysql respawning too fast, stopped As a workaround I added the following line /etc/mysql/my.cnf r, to the /etc/apparmor.d/local/usr.sbin.mysqld file. The default configuration is /etc/mysql/*.cnf r, Is this a bug? is an apparmor bug or a mysql bug? It seems that that configuration has changed since MySql 5.1 (https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/mysql-5.1/+bug/619172) but now worked for me. Thanks!

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  • Script to setup Ubuntu as a wireless access point on a bridge mode

    - by nixnotwin
    I use the following script to make my netbook a full-fledged wireless access point. It creates a bridge with eth0 and wlan0 and starts hostapd. #!/bin/bash service network-manager stop ifconfig eth0 0.0.0.0 #remove IP from eth0 ifconfig eth0 up #ensure the interface is up ifconfig wlan0 0.0.0.0 #remove IP from eth1 ifconfig wlan0 up #ensure the interface is up brctl addbr br0 #create br0 node hostapd -d /etc/hostapd/hostapd.conf > /var/log/hostapd.log & sleep 5 brctl addif br0 eth0 #add eth0 to bridge br0 brctl addif br0 wlan0 #add wlan0 to bridge br0 ifconfig br0 192.168.1.15 netmask 255.255.255.0 #ip for bridge ifconfig br0 up #bring up interface route add default gw 192.168.1.1 # gateway This script works efficiently. But if I want to revert back to use Network Manager, I cannot do it. The bridge simply cannot be deleted. How can I modify this script so that if I run bridge_script --stop, the bridge gets deleted, network manager starts and interfaces behave as if the machine had a fresh reboot.

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