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• Safely removing my linux dual boot

  - by de1337ed

  Currently, I dual boot with win7 and opensuse 12.1. Is it okay if I first restore the MBR for win7, and then format the linux drives? Or would it be better for me to first format the linux drives, and then restore the MBR? The reason I ask this is sometimes I get nasty errors when I try and boot into my win7 cd in the latter method. Is it possible to restore the MBR without having to boot into the win7 cd? Like, can I remove linux using the disk management utility in win7, and then fix the mbr while I'm still in win7, or do I have to boot into the win7 cd? If I can do this, how do I go about doing so? Thank you. EDIT::::: The spamming of f8 didn't work, it just made loud beeping noises, so I decided to simply boot into my windows disk and use the bootsect /nt60 SYS /mbr command. Note: I haven't formatted my linux partition yet. After I did that, I restarted my computer, and nothing happened. Basically, GRUB is still the MBR and I'm still able to access openSUSE. I think the reason why this is happening is because I think my GRUB is on a separate partion than the linux OS. Here is a picture of my diskmgmt in win7: . openSUSE did all the partioning stuff for me. All I know is that the 40gb that is there is where openSUSE is installed, but I have no clue what's on the 6.05gb and the 14.75gb partitions. Can anyone help me find which partition GRUB is on, and then remove it so I can restore the windows MBR? Thank you.

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• Can't mount FAT32 drive under Ubuntu Linux

  - by Josh

  I have a 320GB USB drive with a single large FAT32 partition. The volume mounts perfectly fine on my Mac OS X 10.5.8 machine and Disk Utility on the mac reports no issues with the volume. I can read/write all data on the drive. However when I connect the drive to my Ubuntu 9.10 Karmic system, the partition does not mount. dmesg|tail says: [ 2752.334822] scsi3 : SCSI emulation for USB Mass Storage devices [ 2752.335040] usb-storage: device found at 3 [ 2752.335044] usb-storage: waiting for device to settle before scanning [ 2757.330301] usb-storage: device scan complete [ 2757.331005] scsi 3:0:0:0: Direct-Access WD 3200AAK External 1.65 PQ: 0 ANSI: 0 [ 2757.331772] sd 3:0:0:0: Attached scsi generic sg2 type 0 [ 2757.355647] sd 3:0:0:0: [sdb] 625142448 512-byte logical blocks: (320 GB/298 GiB) [ 2757.360737] sd 3:0:0:0: [sdb] Write Protect is off [ 2757.360749] sd 3:0:0:0: [sdb] Mode Sense: 00 00 00 00 [ 2757.360755] sd 3:0:0:0: [sdb] Assuming drive cache: write through [ 2757.367618] sd 3:0:0:0: [sdb] Assuming drive cache: write through [ 2757.367631] sdb: sdb1 [ 2762.797622] sd 3:0:0:0: [sdb] Assuming drive cache: write through [ 2762.797636] sd 3:0:0:0: [sdb] Attached SCSI disk [ 2822.866228] FAT: bogus number of reserved sectors [ 2822.866237] VFS: Can't find a valid FAT filesystem on dev sdb1. When I run fsck.vfat -a /dev/sdb1 I get: root@cartman:~# fsck.vfat -a /dev/sdb1 dosfsck 3.0.3, 18 May 2009, FAT32, LFN Logical sector size is zero. Googling "vfat Logical sector size is zero" produced no consensus as to the solution. I would prefer not to have to completely reformat the disk if possible because it contains about 280GB of data I would rather not have to find a temporary home for. Any suggestions?

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• Recover LVM2 volume group after one HDD failed

  - by Bernd

  I had two HDDs, each one containing a LVM partition which formed a volume group. Then I had two LVs, one for my / directory and one for my /home/ directory. Yesterday where I had my / dir failed. I'm trying to recover at least my /home/ dir. What I've done so far: Boot a live system Extract LVM2 metadata from the working HDD using dd Copy metadata to /etc/lvm/backup/vg0 Now I'm trying to do this: pvcreate --restore /etc/lvm/backup/vg0 --uuid "[uuid of my working hdd]" /dev/sdb2 But I always get: Couldn't find device with uuid '[uuid of broken hdd]'. Couldn't find device with uuid '[uuid of working hdd]'. Device /dev/sdb2 not found (or ignored by filtering). I confirmed that /dev/sdb2 exists and I've commented out all filtering settings from /etc/lvm/lvm.conf so I don't know what might be causing pvcreate not to find the device. So: What might be the problem? Is it even possible to restore this partition? (As I'm writing this I'm starting to think it's impossible D:) Edit: Okay, looks like I've got it figured out. I was using a Ubuntu 8.10 CD (yeah, I know it's not supported anymore) and it seems that was the problem. When I started from a Ubuntu 10.04 CD everything worked 'fine', I could mount my LVM partitions partially without problems. (Will answer the question in 4 hours. But if anyone has still got some hints/tips, please share! :)

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• Messed up USB stick doesn't show in blkid

  - by Felix

  I was playing around with a USB stick (booting archlinux with qemu off of it and trying to perform an installation on the same stick at the same time -- brave, I know, but I was just messing around). Now, after failing to boot and install at the same time, it seems I have sort of messed up my stick. What I think happened is that I used cfdisk to wipe everything on it and create one big partition, but formatting it then failed, so now there's a big partition with no filesystem. Just to make it clear: I'm not worried for my stick, I know I can recover it at any point. What I find intriguing is that after plugging the stick into my computer (using Ubuntu), there's no (terminal) way to find out what block device (/dev/sdx) it has associated. The only way I could determine that was with GParted: But blkid shows the following: /dev/sda1: UUID="12F695CFF695B387" LABEL="System Reserved" TYPE="ntfs" /dev/sda2: UUID="A0BAA6EABAA6BC62" TYPE="ntfs" /dev/sdb1: UUID="546aec8b-9ad6-4571-b07a-adba63e25820" TYPE="ext4" /dev/sdb2: UUID="2a8b82d8-6c6e-4053-a446-bab970d93d7c" TYPE="swap" /dev/sdb3: UUID="7cbede7d-c930-4e59-9d1b-01f2d79bd092" TYPE="ext4" No trace of /dev/sdc. My question is: if I didn't have a graphical interface (to use GParted), how would I have known which block device is my stick?

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• How to stop RAID5 array while it is shown to be busy?

  - by RCola

  I have a raid5 array and need to stop it, but while trying to stop it getting error. # cat /proc/mdstat Personalities : [linear] [multipath] [raid0] [raid1] [raid6] [raid5] [raid4] [raid10] md0 : active raid5 sde1[3](F) sdc1[4](F) sdf1[2] sdd1[1] 2120320 blocks level 5, 32k chunk, algorithm 2 [3/2] [_UU] unused devices: <none> # mdadm --stop mdadm: metadata format 00.90 unknown, ignored. mdadm: metadata format 00.90 unknown, ignored. mdadm: No devices given. # mdadm --stop /dev/md0 mdadm: metadata format 00.90 unknown, ignored. mdadm: metadata format 00.90 unknown, ignored. mdadm: fail to stop array /dev/md0: Device or resource busy and # lsof | grep md0 md0_raid5 965 root cwd DIR 8,1 4096 2 / md0_raid5 965 root rtd DIR 8,1 4096 2 / md0_raid5 965 root txt unknown /proc/965/exe # cat /proc/mdstat Personalities : [linear] [multipath] [raid0] [raid1] [raid6] [raid5] [raid4] [raid10] md0 : active raid5 sde1[3](F) sdc1[4](F) sdf1[2] sdd1[1] 2120320 blocks level 5, 32k chunk, algorithm 2 [3/2] [_UU] # grep md0 /proc/mdstat md0 : active raid5 sde1[3](F) sdc1[4](F) sdf1[2] sdd1[1] # grep md0 /proc/partitions 9 0 2120320 md0 While booting, md1 is mounted ok but md0 failed for some unknown reason # dmesg | grep md[0-9] [ 4.399658] raid5: allocated 3179kB for md1 [ 4.400432] raid5: raid level 5 set md1 active with 3 out of 3 devices, algorithm 2 [ 4.400678] md1: detected capacity change from 0 to 2121793536 [ 4.403135] md1: unknown partition table [ 38.937932] Filesystem "md1": Disabling barriers, trial barrier write failed [ 38.941969] XFS mounting filesystem md1 [ 41.058808] Ending clean XFS mount for filesystem: md1 [ 46.325684] raid5: allocated 3179kB for md0 [ 46.327103] raid5: raid level 5 set md0 active with 2 out of 3 devices, algorithm 2 [ 46.330620] md0: detected capacity change from 0 to 2171207680 [ 46.335598] md0: unknown partition table [ 46.410195] md: recovery of RAID array md0 [ 117.970104] md: md0: recovery done. # cat /proc/mdstat Personalities : [linear] [multipath] [raid0] [raid1] [raid6] [raid5] [raid4] [raid10] md0 : active raid5 sde1[0] sdf1[2] sdd1[1] 2120320 blocks level 5, 32k chunk, algorithm 2 [3/3] [UUU] md1 : active raid5 sdc2[0] sdf2[2] sde2[3](S) sdd2[1] 2072064 blocks level 5, 128k chunk, algorithm 2 [3/3] [UUU]

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• undelete big files - mission impossible?

  - by johnrembo

  Hi, I've accidentaly deleted outlook.pst (6.7GB) file, while there was only 400MB free space left on primary NTFS partition (winxp). I've tried several recovery tools to get this file back. "Ontrack Easy Recovery Pro" found 0 pst files (complete scan mode), while "Recover My Files" in sector scan mode found 5 pst's, but 4 of them of sizes from 3 to 28 KB, while the 5th one - 1Gb. I've managed to succesfuly recover 1Gb pst file, which was 1 year old copy (the one used after the latest windows reinstall). Now, I'm frustrated and confused Why 1 year old file was succesfuly recovered if there were only 400MB left on primary partition? Where's 6.7GB file gone? I did some reading (i.e. here), and it seems that there's almost no probability to retrieve the file I'm looking for, but wait - none of recovery tools i've used found zero-sized pst file, moreover - if due to fragmentation a file might be corrupted - we could use scanpst.exe to fix some errors and survive with 10 or 100 emails missing - whatever. Could you please recommend some more sophisticated recovery tools for this particular task? Appretiate your help - thanks in advance

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• How to manage mounted partitions (fstab + mount points) from puppet

  - by Cristian Ciupitu

  I want to manage the mounted partitions from puppet which includes both modifying /etc/fstab and creating the directories used as mount points. The mount resource type updates fstab just fine, but using file for creating the mount points is bit tricky. For example, by default the owner of the directory is root and if the root (/) of the mounted partition has another owner, puppet will try to change it and I don't want this. I know that I can set the owner of that directory, but why should I care what's on the mounted partition? All I want to do is mount it. Is there a way to make puppet not to care about the permissions of the directory used as the mount point? This is what I'm using right now: define extra_mount_point( $device, $location = "/mnt", $fstype = "xfs", $owner = "root", $group = "root", $mode = 0755, $seltype = "public_content_t" $options = "ro,relatime,nosuid,nodev,noexec", ) { file { "${location}/${name}": ensure => directory, owner => "${owner}", group => "${group}", mode => $mode, seltype => "${seltype}", } mount { "${location}/${name}": atboot => true, ensure => mounted, device => "${device}", fstype => "${fstype}", options => "${options}", dump => 0, pass => 2, require => File["${location}/${name}"], } } extra_mount_point { "sda3": device => "/dev/sda3", fstype => "xfs", owner => "ciupicri", group => "ciupicri", $options = "relatime,nosuid,nodev,noexec", } In case it matters, I'm using puppet-0.25.4-1.fc13.noarch.rpm and puppet-server-0.25.4-1.fc13.noarch.rpm.

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• Online resizing of kvm guest root filesystem?

  - by Bittrance

  I have a Linux guest that uses an LVM volume directly as root file system (that is, there is no partition table). libvirt config looks thus: <os> <type arch='x86_64' machine='rhel6.4.0'>hvm</type> <kernel>/boot/vmlinuz-X.Y.Z.el6.x86_64</kernel> <initrd>/boot/initramfs-X.Y.Z.el6.x86_64.img</initrd> <cmdline>console=ttyS0 root=/dev/vda</cmdline> <boot dev='hd'/> </os> <disk type='block' device='disk'> <driver name='qemu' type='raw' cache='none' io='native'/> <source dev='/dev/vg/guest'/> <target dev='vda' bus='virtio'/> <address type='pci' domain='0x0000' bus='0x00' slot='0x04' function='0x0'/> </disk> From inside the guest: $ mount /dev/vda on / type ext4 (rw) proc on /proc type proc (rw) sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw) devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620) tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw) none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw) Is it possible to resize the guest's root partition without rebooting the guest? Just doing lvextend on the host and resize2fs from the guest does not seem to be enough.

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• Ubuntu Device-mapper seems to be invincible!

  - by Andrew Bolster

  I'm working on a hopefully unrelated question question and I've got to a strange situation. First: I know very little about the very low level hardware kernal storage driver magix, so I'm hoping a) someone can help and b) someone can explain it to me better. I've been trying a dozen different configurations of my 2x500GB SATA drives over the past few hours involving switching between ACHI/IDE/RAID in my bios; After each attempt I've reset the bios option, booted into a live CD, deleting partitions and rewriting partition tables left on the drives. Now, however, I've been sitting with a /dev/mapper/nvidia_XXXXXXX1 that seems to be impossible to kill! its the only 'partition' that i see in the Ubuntu install (but I can see the others in parted) but it is only the size of one of the drives, and I know I did not set any RAID levels other than RAID0. Anyone have any ideas how I can kill this and get back to just two independent IDE drives? Or can anyone convince me of a reason to go the AHCI route? Many thanks in advance.

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• CentOS - mdadm raid1 drive won't mount to default location

  - by danny

  I'm running CentOS 5.5, the system, boot, swap, etc. is all on /dev/sda and I have two identical single-partition drives /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdc1 that are configured in RAID1 (using mdadm). It was working fine (configured to mount to /mnt/data in the fstab file) and I recently let yum install a couple of automatic updates without paying attention to what they were, and now it doesn't work. Raid is working fine (dmesg shows it gets loaded correctly). mdstat shows: # cat /proc/mdstat Personalities : [raid1] md0 : active raid1 sdc1[1] sdb1[0] XXXX blocks [2/2] [UU] unused devices: <none> Additionally, I can mount it anywhere other than its default directory (i.e. the following works, and I can read data off the drives). # mount /dev/md0 /mnt/data2 EXT3-fs warning: mounting fs with errors, running e2fsck is recommended But when I run the following I get: # mount -a mount: /dev/sdb1 already mounted or /mnt/data busy It says nothing is mounted when I try to umount /dev/sdb1 or umount /mnt/data, so I assume it's the second of those errors. However, lsof | grep mnt shows nothing. The weird thing is that I can save files in /mnt/data. So something is obviously mounted there, but when I try to umount it I get the error that nothing is mounted. /etc/mtab doesn't mention any of the partitions or files I am trying to work with, and fstab just has that one line I mentioned above that is supposed to mount my raid partition. Again, it was all working fine until I On Google I've found a few things about dmraid interfering with mdadm after an update, but I yum remove'd dmraid and rebooted and it didn't help. I'm really confused and need to get this working to get on with my work!

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• HP Pavillion DV6500 recovery disk failure

  - by Scott W

  I recently attempted to re-install Windows Vista on an HP Pavillion DV6500 using the factory recovery DVD's, but encountered a strange problem. When the recovery disk attempted to reformat the hard disk, it failed at 22%. The error message provided was not very informative, just the error code "0x400110020000 1005". A google search turned up some people with a similar problem who asserted that HP has been know to ship corrupted recovery DVDs. The recovery disk did manage to reformat the the recovery partition before failing though, so recovering from the partition is no longer an option. It would be possible to reinstall from an off-the-shelf retail copy of Vista and then pull the drivers from HP's website, but I don't have access to a copy of Vista, and it would really be outrageous to have to purchase a new OS when I have a perfectly valid license already. Thought about biting the bullet and upgrading to Windows 7, but my understanding is that without Vista installed I'd be unable to use the upgrade version, and be forced to purchase the more expensive non-upgrade retail copy (!). Can anyone suggest a possible solution to this Catch-22? I've run out of ideas.

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• `:Zone.Identifier` files keep on appearing in Windows XP virtual machine

  - by Jonathan Reno

  I have a Windows XP Home Edition guest and a Linux Mint 13 host. I use VirtualBox and the ~/Public directory is shared with the guest. It sometimes happens that I use IE on the guest system to download files (until I get a better Windows browser). All of the downloaded files go the the L:\ drive (the ~/Public directory). When they are finished downloading, Windows Explorer adds a :Zone.Identifier file for each file I download. When I extract a downloaded ZIP archive on the guest (on drive L:\), Windows creates a :Zone.Identifier file for every file in the extracted directory. This even occurs if I use the host to move a file to the ~/Public directory. The shared ~/Public directory is on an ext4 partition and the colon character is supposed to be illegal in file names in Windows, but not on the ext4 partition. Is there any way to stop Windows from putting all this rubbish on my filesystem? (I might have to create a shell script to clean up after Windows' act.) Here is what I see in Windows Explorer: By the way, if I were running a Mac OS X host (where colons are illegal file name characters) this would be even more horrendous.

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• Active Directory Child Domain Replication Problems

  - by MikeR

  Hi, I've recently inherited an Active Directory (all DCs Windows 2003) which has been configured with several child domains that are used as test environments for out CRM software. Two of these child domains have been used for testing using dates in the future (2015), throwing them well outside of the Kerberos tolerance for time, and they're flooding my event logs with replication errors such as the following: Description: The attempt to establish a replication link for the following writable directory partition failed. Directory partition: CN=Schema,CN=Configuration,DC=ad,DC=xxxxxxx,DC=com Source domain controller: CN=NTDS Settings,CN=TESTDC001,CN=Servers,CN=SiteName,CN=Sites,CN=Configuration,DC=ad,DC=xxxxxxx,DC=com Source domain controller address: 38e95b2a-35af-4174-84ba-9ab039528cce._msdcs.ad.xxxxxxx.com Intersite transport (if any): This domain controller will be unable to replicate with the source domain controller until this problem is corrected. User Action Verify if the source domain controller is accessible or network connectivity is available. Additional Data Error value: 5 Access is denied. I'd also like to upgrade to Windows 2008 at some point, but wouldn't want to attempt any schema updates while I'm not 100% confident on the replication. I'm guessing my only real solution will be to get rid of these child domains. The child domains are operating as stand alone domains, the DC is up and running and authenticating test users fine. I'm guessing the best solution to this would be to delete the domains (although I'd be happily told otherwise). The clock forwarding appears to have been happening for several years, so I'm assuming I can't just put the clock right (I'm guessing scope for this would be 180days, the same as the tombstone lifetime) With the replication errors would I be able to dcpromo the child domains DC, select it as the last domain controller in the domain and the child domain would be deleted? Or would I be better off treating the domain as an orphaned domain and use Microsoft's instructions to clear up as such. Any advice would be much appreciated.

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• High disk I/O - jbd2/sda2-8 process

  - by Evan Hamlet

  I have run a file server on a CentOS 5.8 final server. My only concern at the moment is what appears to be intermittent but continuous high disk I/O activity causing a general slowdown because of jbd2/sda2-8 process. jbd2/sda2-8 is making use of /dev/sda2, which is the 2nd partition of the first harddrive (IE: root partition). More info: using "iotop" the culprit appears to be "jbd2/sda1-8" making writes every second, which appears to be a kernel process associated with journaling on the ext4 filesystem, if my googling around is correct. I see "jbd2/sda2-8" appearing here every now and then, but certainly not every 3 seconds.. when idle, it appears about 1 or 2 times per minute. When I'm using the system, it appears more frequently. ATOP results: http://grabilla.com/02b14-8022db2e-4eb9-4f10-8e10-d65c49ad7530.png IOTOP results: http://grabilla.com/02b14-cf74b25d-4063-4447-9210-7d1b9b70e25b.png HTOP results: grabilla. com/02b14-ad8cad0e-89b0-46d3-849d-4fd515c1e690.png jbd2/sda2-8 is the processes I see with iotop making writes on disk even though it's not in use at all. Does someone has any idea how could I solve the high disk usage caused jbd2/sda2-8 process?

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• CDROM does not appear on desktop, MACOS 10.5.7

  - by Cheeso

  When I pop a CDROM into the drive of my Macbook Pro, It spins up, I hear it, but no icon appears on the desktop. (I think it's 10.5.7; actually not sure how to verify this on Mac, but I think I saw a 10.5.7 flash by somewhere). In the finder preferences, I have "Show these items on the Desktop" set to show HDs, External Disks, and CDs, DVDs, and ipods. All three of those are checked. I do see the internal HD on the desktop. In Disk utility I can see the CD/DVD hardware. It says "MATSHITA DVD-R UJ-857E...". From Disk Utility I can eject the drive. But in Finder, there is never a CD/DVD listed under "Devices". When I insert a disk, nothing happens, I cannot see it. I also cannot boot from bootable CDROMs by holding C down . Suggestions? I am not very experienced with Mac; I have used Windows for years. EDIT Two updates: I saw this article on support.apple.com, and modified the hostconfig appropriately. It did not have the AUTODISKMOUNT entry, so I added one, rebooted. Same behavior. It does not see the CDROM in Finder, does not mount it on desktop. I put an old manufactured CDROM into the drive, and voila! it showed up on the desktop. The CD that does not appear is a GNome Partition Editor Live CD, which I guess is based on debian. That CD boots in other (non-Mac) PCs. I want to use this to adjust the Bootcamp partition. Suggestions?

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• No discs found when trying to install Windows 8 with UEFI

  - by Sahas Katta

  I have a Vizio Notebook (CN15-A5). It came pre-installed with Windows 8 x64 and is taking advantage of UEFI out of the box. The BIOS (APTOS AMI) is in Secure Boot mode with the OS selected as "Windows 8". I removed the stock HDD that came with the machine and put my own SSD into it. I created a Windows 8 Pro x64 installation disc on a 4GB USB flash drive formated as FAT32 since its apparently required for UEFI. When I boot from the USB Win8 installation disc, I get suck when I reach the "Custom: Install Windows only" section. Normally you would see a list of available discs and their partitions, however my entire list is blank. If I head back to the BIOS and disable Secure Boot and set the OS to "Other OS" and attempt again, I am able to see the list of available discs in the system and can install a copy of Windows 8. Unfortunately, doing it in this method results in an installation with a traditional 350 MB partition + OS partition instead of 4 partitions which is normal for a UEFI setup. Has anyone run into this problem? I've tried loading defaults in the BIOS and attempting to install via every combination with no luck. Any help would be appreciated.

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• Will these instructions work when turning of journaling on a n ext4 SSD?

  - by snowlord

  I have an Acer Aspire One with an SSD for storage. I recently installed Ubuntu on it and chose ext4 for my filesystem. Then I read that journaling on an SSD isn't the best idea, so I will try to disable journaling and I have found these intstructions (from http://fenidik.blogspot.com/2010/03/ext4-disable-journal.html): # Create ext4 fs on /dev/sda10 disk mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda10 # Enable writeback mode. This mode will typically provide the best ext4 performance. tune2fs -o journal_data_writeback /dev/sda10 # Delete has_journal option tune2fs -O ^has_journal /dev/sda10 # Required fsck e2fsck -f /dev/sda10 # Check fs options dumpe2fs /dev/sda10 |more For more performance add fstab opions: data=writeback,noatime,nodiratime i.e: /dev/sda10 /opt ext4 defaults,data=writeback,noatime,nodiratime 0 0 I will use them on my boot partition. Are there any particularly bad parts here, or are there any missing steps? Will my boot partition be fit for being on an SSD after this? Or should I consider switching to ext2, or even reinstall it all and choose ext2 at partitioning time (I'd rather not though, since I've configured quite some stuff already)?

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• Why can't I boot in to Windows Recovery Environment to fix my HDD or salvage my data?

  - by Kevin

  I've been trying to get in to WindowsRE to salvage the files on my Sony Vaio laptop after it failed to load Vista (it finally, consistently displays "Error loading operating system" after months of such intermittent failures, usually rectified via restarts or utilizing Startup Repair or CHKDSK from WindowsRE) . The problem is, after successfully accessing it once after this failure (and many times before over the course of the laptop's life), I can no longer get it to load. During the last successful access (right after the failure), I ran startup repair, which itself failed and notified me that the boot sector was corrupt. I attempted to head in to Sony's proprietary recovery tools menu, which is accessible from WindowsRE when it is loaded from the recovery partition or recovery disk, however it hung. I have since been unable to access the recovery environment after restarting, using any of these methods: Access via the recovery partition (pressing F10 on boot) Access via recovery DVD (created using the same computer when it was healthy) Access via a Windows Vista installation DVD All three methods produce the same results: The computer acknowledges the boot attempt The computer successfully gets passed the "Windows is loading files" screen The computer successfully gets passed the Windows loading screen The computer then stalls at a black screen, while showing HDD activity (via indicator light). After a few minutes, the HDD activity ceases, and after a few more minutes, the over sized cursor that is utilized in WindowsRE appears on the black screen. The actual recovery environment, however, never appears, even after leaving the computer in such a state overnight. What is fustrating is that other bootable utilities, such as SeaTools for DOS and MemTest, boot up and run fine. In running perfectly normally, MemTest was able to produce a plethora of errors utilizing my RAM. I'm inclined to believe the RAM's faultiness may causing the WindowsRE booting to fail. Would this be a valid assumption? If I'm not mistaken, booting from external media utilizes the RAM, so such a reason is plausible, assuming my knowledge of bootloading is correct. Other than that, I can't figure out any reason why all the bootable utilities except WindowsRE run fine. Does anyone know what the problem is, or could be? Any solutions?

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• How do I boot [embedded] linux from sd card?

  - by Brandon Yates

  I am hacking together a quick embedded linux system on a DM816x evm board. Previously I have been using TFTP and NFS to load my kernel and root filesystem to the board. I am now trying to switch over to loading everything from an SD card. I have my card partitioned such that uBoot and my kernel image are in one partition, and my rootFS in another partition. At power-on, Uboot starts correctly and successfully launches the kernel. However, the kernel is unable to mount the root file system. It appears that it doesn't recognize any SD (mmc) cards. It gives this error message. VFS: Cannot open root device "mmcblk0p2" or unknown-block(2,0) Please append a correct "root=" boot option; here are the available partitions: 1f00 256 mtdblock0 (driver?) 1f01 8 mtdblock1 (driver?) 1f02 2560 mtdblock2 (driver?) 1f03 1272 mtdblock3 (driver?) 1f04 2432 mtdblock4 (driver?) 1f05 128 mtdblock5 (driver?) 1f06 4352 mtdblock6 (driver?) 1f07 204928 mtdblock7 (driver?) 1f08 50304 mtdblock8 (driver?) Kernel panic - not syncing: VFS: Unable to mount root fs on unknown-block(2,0) I feel like I'm missing something fundamental here. Why does it not recognize the root device I am trying to load from? Here is my uBoot boot script that is running: setenv bootargs console=ttyO2,115200n8 root=/dev/mmcblk0p2 rw mem=124M earlyprink vram=50M ti816xfb.vram=0:16M,1:16M,2:6M ip=off noinitrd;mmc init;fatload mmc 1 0x80009000 uImage;bootm 0x80009000

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• During Vista Repair - No operating system is listed.

  - by Jack Marchetti

  After a Windows update, my brother's Gateway computer loads to the "Step 3 of 3: 0%" and reboots. Safe Mode does not work. I placed a Vista DVD in the drive, and re-booted. (Note, this is my Vista DVD, not the Recovery/System disc that would come with a computer. Gateway does not give you CD's anymore. I believe they store recovery on a partition, but that partition has been wiped out). I chose "Repair Your Computer" I get a dialog box, but no operating system is listed. I'm then prompted to "Load Drivers". What drivers am I supposed to be loading here and where from? I placed a CD in the drive to "load drivers" but I don't see my DVD drive listed. All I saw where X:/Sources along with several Removable Media slots that were empty. On another screen I tried Startup Repair, which didn't do anything. I attempted to use System Restore - but it doesn't detect the hard drive. I'm guessing that I'm missing some sort of SATA driver and that is why the hard disk is not being found. Any ideas on this?

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• How to set up GRUB2 chainloader to other Grub (Fedora, Debian) on GPT

  - by basic6

  I'm trying to set up a dedicated GRUB2 which (chain-)loads another GRUB on a disk with GPT partition table. Relevant partitions: /dev/sda1 BIOS_BOOT /dev/sda2 BOOT (ext2) /dev/sda3 FEDORA (ext4) /dev/sda6 DEBIAN (ext4) I installed Fedora first, using /dev/sda2 as boot partition. Then I installed Debian. The Debian installer recognized the Fedora installation and added it as boot entry, then installed its GRUB into the MBR. While this works for the moment, it's pretty messy, because every Debian update may change the boot config, removing the Fedora entry (tried it) and the other way around. That's why I want both systems to have their own boot loader and one main boot loader (that could reside on /dev/sda2), which loads one of them. This is what I've tried: Moved everything from /dev/sda2 to /dev/sda3/boot Removed /boot mount point in Fedora (so /dev/sda2 isn't used anymore) From a live Linux, installed GRUB2 to the MBR (grub-install --boot-directory=sda2 /dev/sda) Wrote a menu.lst: title Fedora root (hd0,2) chainloader +1 (Again, for Debian) Converted that to a grub.cfg script (grub-menu2cfg or something like that) When booting, actually got a GRUB2 menu with "Fedora" (and "Debian") When selecting any one of those: error: invalid signature Issued "grub-install /dev/sda6" (and ...sda3) from all kinds of live Linux systems, all of which failed with another error message (in the case of the Debian installer, without explanation at all) Added --force to the chainloader line, now it says "loading", then reboots Found douzens of howtos, none of which seem to work for me Since I get the self-made GRUB2 menu on bootup, I've at least successfully installed the first stage of GRUB, right? When trying to chainload, some signature is checked and seems to be wrong - how do I fix it? The boot menus (Fedora with its different Kernel versions and Debian with Debian and Fedora as well) are now on the system partitions (/dev/sda3, /dev/sda6), is there anything else to do on these partitions, so they can be chainloaded? Any help is greatly appreciated.

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• How would I force Debian to use the physical sector size on a hard disk?

  - by Confused User

  I just purchased a few new 3TB WD drives. These have physical 4k sectors, but there is some sort of layer which is providing 512B logical sectors (see the partition table below). In order to attempt to get some more speed out of my hard drives, I would like to get rid of this logical layer and actually use the physical 4k sectors. However, I can't figure out how to do this (or even if it's possible) from the man pages of fdisk and parted, or from searching Google. Does anybody know how this could be done? As to why this is relevant, this page demonstrates that meerly aligning the sectors properly can already make up to a 25% speed difference for reads, and more than 2500% for writes in some cases! Getting rid of the logical sectors in favor of the physicals ones should improve speeds even more. Thanks! $ parted /dev/sdc GNU Parted 2.3 Using /dev/sdc Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands. (parted) print Model: ATA WDC WD30EZRX-00M (scsi) Disk /dev/sdc: 3001GB Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/4096B Partition Table: gpt Number Start End Size File system Name Flags 1 1049kB 3001GB 3001GB zfs 9 3001GB 3001GB 8389kB P.S. I don't care about the data on the drives, I was just playing with different file systems. Also, this is my first time posting here, so please let me know if my posts should be formatted differently, etc.

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• File system concepts (df command)

  - by mkab

  I'm finding it difficult to understand some stuffs about the df command. Suppose I type df and I have the following output Filesystem 1k-blocks Used Avail Capacity Mounted on /dev/da0s1 some number some number number percentage /win /dev/da0s2 some number some number number percentage /win/home /dev/da0s3a some number some number number percentage / devfs some number some number number percentage /dev /dev/da0s3g some number some number number percentage /local /dev/da0s3h some number some number -number 102% /reste /dev/da0s3d some number some number number percentage /tmp /dev/da1s3f some number some number number percentage /usr /dev/da1s3e some number some number number percentage /var /dev/da1s1a some number some number number percentage /public Are the answers to the following questions correct? How many physical drives do I have? Ans: 2. da0s1 and da1s1 How many physical partitions on each disk? Ans: 8 for da0s1 and 1 for da1s1 How many BSD partition on each physical partition Ans: Impossible to determine. We have to use the -T to determine its type How is it possible for the file system /dev/da0s3h filled at 102%? And where is this overflowed data written?Ans: I have no idea for this one Thanks.

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• How do I create an MBR on a USB stick using DD command line tool

  - by Lana Miller

  Okay I'm trying to create a BOOTABLE Windows7 image on a USB key from a Mac running Lion. My image is .iso format. I tried: sudo dd if=/Users/myusername/Win7.iso of=/dev/disk1 bs=1m And this succeeded in writing the files, except in DISK UTILITY on the mac, it shows the partition type as GUID Partition Table and not 'Master Boor Record'. Booting the key on my Vista computer yields the error "No boot sector on USB Device' From what I can tell, bs=1m in the DD command should have left 1 Megabyte for the boot sector, but for some reason this area of the USB Key is not set up correctly so that it will boot How can I fix this, or correctly use dd to write a bootable cd image such that it is now a bootable usb drive? Note: in the instructions I read about, they recommended renaming my Win7.iso to Win7.dmg before using DD, which made absolutely no sense to me, so I didn't do it. I could try with that step now, but it takes 1.99 hours to write the image to the USB drive so there is a huge penalty to trial and error here. Thank you.

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• Cannot load from raid with grub

  - by Andrew Answer

  I have a RAID1 array on my Ubuntu 12.04 LTS and my /sda HDD has been replaced several days ago. I use this commands to replace: # go to superuser sudo bash # see RAID state mdadm -Q -D /dev/md0 # State should be "clean, degraded" # remove broken disk from RAID mdadm /dev/md0 --fail /dev/sda1 mdadm /dev/md0 --remove /dev/sda1 # see partitions fdisk -l # shutdown computer shutdown now # physically replace old disk by new # start system again # see partitions fdisk -l # copy partitions from sdb to sda sfdisk -d /dev/sdb | sfdisk /dev/sda # recreate id for sda sfdisk --change-id /dev/sda 1 fd # add sda1 to RAID mdadm /dev/md0 --add /dev/sda1 # see RAID state mdadm -Q -D /dev/md0 # State should be "clean, degraded, recovering" # to see status you can use cat /proc/mdstat After bebuilding completion "fdisk -l" says what I have not valid partition table /dev/md0. So 1) "update-grub" find only /sda and /sdb Linux, not /md0 2) "dpkg-reconfigure grub-pc" says "GRUB failed to install the following devices /dev/md0" I cannot load my system except from /sdb1 and /sda1, but in DEGRADED mode... This is my partial fdisk -l output: Disk /dev/sdb: 500.1 GB, 500107862016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 60801 cylinders, total 976773168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x000667ca Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 * 63 940910984 470455461 fd Linux raid autodetect /dev/sdb2 940910985 976768064 17928540 5 Extended /dev/sdb5 940911048 976768064 17928508+ 82 Linux swap / Solaris Disk /dev/md0: 481.7 GB, 481746288640 bytes 2 heads, 4 sectors/track, 117613840 cylinders, total 940910720 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Disk /dev/md0 doesn't contain a valid partition table Anybody can resolve this issue? I have big headache with this.

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