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• Difficulty analyzing text from a file

  - by Nikko

  I'm running into a rather amusing error with my output on this lab and I was wondering if any of you might be able to hint at where my problem lies. The goal is find the high, low, average, sum of the record, and output original record. I started with a rather basic program to solve for one record and when I achieved this I expanded the program to work with the entire text file. Initially the program would correctly output: 346 130 982 90 656 117 595 High# Low# Sum# Average# When I expanded it to work for the entire record my output stopped working how I had wanted it to. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 High: 0 Low: 0 Sum: 0 Average: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 High: 0 Low: 0 Sum: 0 Average: 0 etc... I cant quite figure out why my ifstream just completely stopped bothering to input the values from file. I'll go take a walk and take another crack at it. If that doesn't work I'll be back here to check for any responses =) Thank you! #include <iostream> #include <fstream> #include <iomanip> #include <string> using namespace std; int main() { int num; int high = 0; int low = 1000; double average = 0; double sum = 0; int numcount = 0; int lines = 1; char endoline; ifstream inData; ofstream outData; inData.open("c:\\Users\\Nikko\\Desktop\\record5ain.txt"); outData.open("c:\\Users\\Nikko\\Desktop\\record5aout.txt"); if(!inData) //Reminds me to change path names when working on different computers. { cout << "Could not open file, program will exit" << endl; exit(1); } while(inData.get(endoline)) { if(endoline == '\n') lines++; } for(int A = 0; A < lines; A++) { for(int B = 0; B < 7; B++) { while(inData >> num) inData >> num; numcount++; sum += num; if(num < low) low = num; if(num > high) high = num; average = sum / numcount; outData << num << '\t'; } outData << "High: " << high << " " << "Low: " << low << " " << "Sum: " << sum << " " << "Average: " << average << endl; } inData.close(); outData.close(); return(0); }

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• Cloud Computing = Elasticity * Availability

  - by Herve Roggero

  What is cloud computing? Is hosting the same thing as cloud computing? Are you running a cloud if you already use virtual machines? What is the difference between Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) and a cloud provider? And the list goes on… these questions keep coming up and all try to fundamentally explain what “cloud” means relative to other concepts. At the risk of over simplification, answering these questions becomes simpler once you understand the primary foundations of cloud computing: Elasticity and Availability.   Elasticity The basic value proposition of cloud computing is to pay as you go, and to pay for what you use. This implies that an application can expand and contract on demand, across all its tiers (presentation layer, services, database, security…).  This also implies that application components can grow independently from each other. So if you need more storage for your database, you should be able to grow that tier without affecting, reconfiguring or changing the other tiers. Basically, cloud applications behave like a sponge; when you add water to a sponge, it grows in size; in the application world, the more customers you add, the more it grows. Pure IaaS providers will provide certain benefits, specifically in terms of operating costs, but an IaaS provider will not help you in making your applications elastic; neither will Virtual Machines. The smallest elasticity unit of an IaaS provider and a Virtual Machine environment is a server (physical or virtual). While adding servers in a datacenter helps in achieving scale, it is hardly enough. The application has yet to use this hardware.  If the process of adding computing resources is not transparent to the application, the application is not elastic.   As you can see from the above description, designing for the cloud is not about more servers; it is about designing an application for elasticity regardless of the underlying server farm.   Availability The fact of the matter is that making applications highly available is hard. It requires highly specialized tools and trained staff. On top of it, it's expensive. Many companies are required to run multiple data centers due to high availability requirements. In some organizations, some data centers are simply on standby, waiting to be used in a case of a failover. Other organizations are able to achieve a certain level of success with active/active data centers, in which all available data centers serve incoming user requests. While achieving high availability for services is relatively simple, establishing a highly available database farm is far more complex. In fact it is so complex that many companies establish yearly tests to validate failover procedures.   To a certain degree certain IaaS provides can assist with complex disaster recovery planning and setting up data centers that can achieve successful failover. However the burden is still on the corporation to manage and maintain such an environment, including regular hardware and software upgrades. Cloud computing on the other hand removes most of the disaster recovery requirements by hiding many of the underlying complexities.   Cloud Providers A cloud provider is an infrastructure provider offering additional tools to achieve application elasticity and availability that are not usually available on-premise. For example Microsoft Azure provides a simple configuration screen that makes it possible to run 1 or 100 web sites by clicking a button or two on a screen (simplifying provisioning), and soon SQL Azure will offer Data Federation to allow database sharding (which allows you to scale the database tier seamlessly and automatically). Other cloud providers offer certain features that are not available on-premise as well, such as the Amazon SC3 (Simple Storage Service) which gives you virtually unlimited storage capabilities for simple data stores, which is somewhat equivalent to the Microsoft Azure Table offering (offering a server-independent data storage model). Unlike IaaS providers, cloud providers give you the necessary tools to adopt elasticity as part of your application architecture.    Some cloud providers offer built-in high availability that get you out of the business of configuring clustered solutions, or running multiple data centers. Some cloud providers will give you more control (which puts some of that burden back on the customers' shoulder) and others will tend to make high availability totally transparent. For example, SQL Azure provides high availability automatically which would be very difficult to achieve (and very costly) on premise.   Keep in mind that each cloud provider has its strengths and weaknesses; some are better at achieving transparent scalability and server independence than others.    Not for Everyone Note however that it is up to you to leverage the elasticity capabilities of a cloud provider, as discussed previously; if you build a website that does not need to scale, for which elasticity is not important, then you can use a traditional host provider unless you also need high availability. Leveraging the technologies of cloud providers can be difficult and can become a journey for companies that build their solutions in a scale up fashion. Cloud computing promises to address cost containment and scalability of applications with built-in high availability. If your application does not need to scale or you do not need high availability, then cloud computing may not be for you. In fact, you may pay a premium to run your applications with cloud providers due to the underlying technologies built specifically for scalability and availability requirements. And as such, the cloud is not for everyone.   Consistent Customer Experience, Predictable Cost With all its complexities, buzz and foggy definition, cloud computing boils down to a simple objective: consistent customer experience at a predictable cost.  The objective of a cloud solution is to provide the same user experience to your last customer than the first, while keeping your operating costs directly proportional to the number of customers you have. Making your applications elastic and highly available across all its tiers, with as much automation as possible, achieves the first objective of a consistent customer experience. And the ability to expand and contract the infrastructure footprint of your application dynamically achieves the cost containment objectives.     Herve Roggero is a SQL Azure MVP and co-author of Pro SQL Azure (APress).  He is the co-founder of Blue Syntax Consulting (www.bluesyntax.net), a company focusing on cloud computing technologies helping customers understand and adopt cloud computing technologies. For more information contact herve at hroggero @ bluesyntax.net .

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• Expectations + Rewards = Innovation

  - by D'Arcy Lussier

  “Innovation” is a heavy word. We regard those that embrace it as “Innovators”. We describe organizations as being “Innovative”. We hold those associated with the word in high regard, even though its dictionary definition is very simple: Introducing something new. What our culture has done is wrapped Innovation in white robes and a gold crown. Innovation is rarely just introducing something new. Innovations and innovators are typically associated with other terms: groundbreaking, genius, industry-changing, creative, leading. Being a true innovator and creating innovations are a big deal, and something companies try to strive for…or at least say they strive for. There’s huge value in being recognized as an innovator in an industry, since the idea is that innovation equates to increased profitability. IBM ran an ad a few years back that showed what their view of innovation is: “The point of innovation is to make actual money.” If the money aspect makes you feel uneasy, consider it another way: the point of innovation is to <insert payoff here>. Companies that innovate will be more successful. Non-profits that innovate can better serve their target clients. Governments that innovate can better provide services to their citizens. True innovation is not easy to come by though. As with anything in business, how well an organization will innovate is reliant on the employees it retains, the expectations placed on those employees, and the rewards available to them. In a previous blog post I talked about one formula: Right Employees + Happy Employees = Productive Employees I want to introduce a new one, that builds upon the previous one: Expectations + Rewards = Innovation  The level of innovation your organization will realize is directly associated with the expectations you place on your staff and the rewards you make available to them. Expectations We may feel uncomfortable with the idea of placing expectations on our staff, mainly because expectation has somewhat of a negative or cold connotation to it: “I expect you to act this way or else!” The problem is in the or-else part…we focus on the negative aspects of failing to meet expectations instead of looking at the positive side. “I expect you to act this way because it will produce <insert benefit here>”. Expectations should not be set to punish but instead be set to ensure quality. At a recent conference I spoke with some Microsoft employees who told me that you have five years from starting with the company to reach a “Senior” level. If you don’t, then you’re let go. The expectation Microsoft placed on their staff is that they should be working towards improving themselves, taking more responsibility, and thus ensure that there is a constant level of quality in the workforce. Rewards Let me be clear: a paycheck is not a reward. A paycheck is simply the employer’s responsibility in the employee/employer relationship. A paycheck will never be the key motivator to drive innovation. Offering employees something over and above their required compensation can spur them to greater performance and achievement. Working in the food service industry, this tactic was used again and again: whoever has the highest sales over lunch will receive a free lunch/gift certificate/entry into a draw/etc. There was something to strive for, to try beyond the baseline of what our serving jobs were. It was through this that innovative sales techniques would be tried and honed, with key servers being top sellers time and time again. At a code camp I spoke at, I was amazed to see that all the employees from one company receive $100 Visa gift cards as a thank you for taking time to speak. Again, offering something over and above that can give that extra push for employees. Rewards work. But what about the fairness angle? In the restaurant example I gave, there were servers that would never win the competition. They just weren’t good enough at selling and never seemed to get better. So should those that did work at performing better and produce more sales for the restaurant not get rewarded because those who weren’t working at performing better might get upset? Of course not! Organizations succeed because of their top performers and those that strive to join their ranks. The Expectation/Reward Graph While the Expectations + Rewards = Innovation formula may seem like a simple mathematics formula, there’s much more going under the hood. In fact there are three different outcomes that could occur based on what you put in as values for Expectations and Rewards. Consider the graph below and the descriptions that follow: Disgruntled – High Expectation, Low Reward I worked at a company where the mantra was “Company First, Because We Pay You”. Even today I still hear stories of how this sentiment continues to be perpetuated: They provide you a paycheck and a means to live, therefore you should always put them as your top priority. Of course, this is a huge imbalance in the expectation/reward equation. Why would anyone willingly meet high expectations of availability, workload, deadlines, etc. when there is no reward other than a paycheck to show for it? Remember: paychecks are not rewards! Instead, you see employees be disgruntled which not only affects the level of production but also the level of quality within an organization. It also means that you see higher turnover. Complacent – Low Expectation, Low Reward Complacency is a systemic problem that typically exists throughout all levels of an organization. With no real expectations or rewards, nobody needs to excel. In fact, those that do try to innovate, improve, or introduce new things into the organization might be shunned or pushed out by the rest of the staff who are just doing things the same way they’ve always done it. The bigger issue for the organization with low/low values is that at best they’ll never grow beyond their current size (and may shrink actually), and at worst will cease to exist. Entitled – Low Expectation, High Reward It’s one thing to say you have the best people and reward them as such, but its another thing to actually have the best people and reward them as such. Organizations with Entitled employees are the former: their organization provides them with all types of comforts, benefits, and perks. But there’s no requirement before the rewards are dolled out, and there’s no short-list of who receives the rewards. Everyone in the company is treated the same and is given equal share of the spoils. Entitlement is actually almost identical with Complacency with one notable difference: just try to introduce higher expectations into an entitled organization! Entitled employees have been spoiled for so long that they can’t fathom having rewards taken from them, or having to achieve specific levels of performance before attaining them. Those running the organization also buy in to the Entitled sentiment, feeling that they must persist the same level of comforts to appease their staff…even though the quality of the employee pool may be suspect. Innovative – High Expectation, High Reward Finally we have the Innovative organization which places high expectations but also provides high rewards. This organization gets it: if you truly want the best employees you need to apply equal doses of pressure and praise. Realize that I’m not suggesting crazy overtime or un-realistic working conditions. I do not agree with the “Glengary-Glenross” method of encouragement. But as anyone who follows sports can tell you, the teams that win are the ones where the coaches push their players to be their best; to achieve new levels of performance that they didn’t know they could receive. And the result for the players is more money, fame, and opportunity. It’s in this environment that organizations can focus on innovation – true innovation that builds the business and allows everyone involved to truly benefit. In Closing Organizations love to use the word “Innovation” and its derivatives, but very few actually do innovate. For many, the term has just become another marketing buzzword to lump in with all the other business terms that get overused. But for those organizations that truly get the value of innovation, they will be the ones surging forward while other companies simply fade into the background. And they will be the organizations that expect more from their employees, and give them their just rewards.

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• How to get sound on macbook pro 4,1

  - by Thomas

  I have just installed Xubuntu 12.04.2. My soundcard is detected: thomas@thomas-pc:~$ sudo aplay -l **** List of PLAYBACK Hardware Devices **** Home directory /home/thomas not ours. card 0: Intel [HDA Intel], device 0: ALC889A Analog [ALC889A Analog] Subdevices: 1/1 Subdevice #0: subdevice #0 card 0: Intel [HDA Intel], device 1: ALC889A Digital [ALC889A Digital] Subdevices: 1/1 Subdevice #0: subdevice #0 Everything is put to max in alsamixer and nothing is muted (all the sliders are on OO. My speakers do not work, but when I plug in a headphone I hear it very soft. When I connect my stereo and put the sound VERY loud (3-blocks-of-complaining-neighbours loud) I hear it on a normal level but crackling. I added options snd-hda-intel model=mbp5 amixer set IEC958 off to at the end of /etc/modprobe.d/alsa-base.conf. When it's still not working I tried everything here: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/SoundTroubleshooting 1 >>> list-sinks 1 sink(s) available. * index: 0 name: <alsa_output.pci-0000_00_1b.0.analog-stereo> driver: <module-alsa-card.c> flags: HARDWARE HW_MUTE_CTRL HW_VOLUME_CTRL DECIBEL_VOLUME LATENCY DYNAMIC_LATENCY state: SUSPENDED suspend cause: IDLE priority: 9959 volume: 0: 100% 1: 100% 0: 0.00 dB 1: 0.00 dB balance 0.00 base volume: 100% 0.00 dB volume steps: 65537 muted: no current latency: 0.00 ms max request: 0 KiB max rewind: 0 KiB monitor source: 0 sample spec: s16le 2ch 44100Hz channel map: front-left,front-right Stereo used by: 0 linked by: 0 configured latency: 0.00 ms; range is 0.50 .. 371.52 ms card: 0 <alsa_card.pci-0000_00_1b.0> module: 4 properties: alsa.resolution_bits = "16" device.api = "alsa" device.class = "sound" alsa.class = "generic" alsa.subclass = "generic-mix" alsa.name = "ALC889A Analog" alsa.id = "ALC889A Analog" alsa.subdevice = "0" alsa.subdevice_name = "subdevice #0" alsa.device = "0" alsa.card = "0" alsa.card_name = "HDA Intel" alsa.long_card_name = "HDA Intel at 0x9b500000 irq 46" alsa.driver_name = "snd_hda_intel" device.bus_path = "pci-0000:00:1b.0" sysfs.path = "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1b.0/sound/card0" device.bus = "pci" device.vendor.id = "8086" device.vendor.name = "Intel Corporation" device.product.name = "82801H (ICH8 Family) HD Audio Controller" device.form_factor = "internal" device.string = "front:0" device.buffering.buffer_size = "65536" device.buffering.fragment_size = "32768" device.access_mode = "mmap+timer" device.profile.name = "analog-stereo" device.profile.description = "Analog Stereo" device.description = "Built-in Audio Analog Stereo" alsa.mixer_name = "Realtek ALC889A" alsa.components = "HDA:10ec0885,106b3a00,00100103" module-udev-detect.discovered = "1" device.icon_name = "audio-card-pci" ports: analog-output-speaker: Speakers (priority 10000, available: unknown) properties: analog-output-headphones: Headphones (priority 9000, available: no) properties: active port: <analog-output-speaker> 2 and 3: Doesn't seem an permission issue, the sound is very far away (See opening paragraph). 4 thomas@thomas-pc:~$ sudo aplay -l **** List of PLAYBACK Hardware Devices **** Home directory /home/thomas not ours. card 0: Intel [HDA Intel], device 0: ALC889A Analog [ALC889A Analog] Subdevices: 1/1 Subdevice #0: subdevice #0 card 0: Intel [HDA Intel], device 1: ALC889A Digital [ALC889A Digital] Subdevices: 1/1 Subdevice #0: subdevice #0 5 thomas@thomas-pc:~$ find /lib/modules/`uname -r` | grep snd /lib/modules/3.2.0-48-generic/kernel/sound/core/snd-hwdep.ko /lib/modules/3.2.0-48-generic/kernel/sound/core/snd-pcm.ko [.. huge lists continues ..] /lib/modules/3.2.0-48-generic/kernel/sound/pcmcia/pdaudiocf/snd-pdaudiocf.ko /lib/modules/3.2.0-48-generic/kernel/sound/pcmcia/vx/snd-vxpocket.ko thomas@thomas-pc:~$ 6 thomas@thomas-pc:~$ lspci -v | grep -A7 -i "audio" 00:1b.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation 82801H (ICH8 Family) HD Audio Controller (rev 03) Subsystem: Apple Inc. Device 00a4 Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 46 Memory at 9b500000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=16K] Capabilities: <access denied> Kernel driver in use: snd_hda_intel Kernel modules: snd-hda-intel 7 I guess it's supported. Linux mint and Xubuntu 13.04 had no trouble with sounds. Everything worked out of the box Thanks in advance Edit: alsa-info.sh output: WARNING: /etc/modprobe.d/alsa-base.conf line 45: ignoring bad line starting with 'amixer' ALSA Information Script v 0.4.62 -------------------------------- This script visits the following commands/files to collect diagnostic information about your ALSA installation and sound related hardware. dmesg lspci lsmod aplay amixer alsactl /proc/asound/ /sys/class/sound/ ~/.asoundrc (etc.) See './alsa-info.sh --help' for command line options. WARNING: /etc/modprobe.d/alsa-base.conf line 45: ignoring bad line starting with 'amixer' Automatically upload ALSA information to www.alsa-project.org? [y/N] : y Uploading information to www.alsa-project.org ... Done! Your ALSA information is located at http://www.alsa-project.org/db/?f=6cffc584284d4c0b266eb53249824ef83d6c4e3e Please inform the person helping you. thomas@thomas-pc:~$

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• Auto DOP and Concurrency

  - by jean-pierre.dijcks

  After spending some time in the cloud, I figured it is time to come down to earth and start discussing some of the new Auto DOP features some more. As Database Machines (the v2 machine runs Oracle Database 11.2) are effectively selling like hotcakes, it makes some sense to talk about the new parallel features in more detail. For basic understanding make sure you have read the initial post. The focus there is on Auto DOP and queuing, which is to some extend the focus here. But now I want to discuss the concurrency a little and explain some of the relevant parameters and their impact, specifically in a situation with concurrency on the system. The goal of Auto DOP The idea behind calculating the Automatic Degree of Parallelism is to find the highest possible DOP (ideal DOP) that still scales. In other words, if we were to increase the DOP even more  above a certain DOP we would see a tailing off of the performance curve and the resource cost / performance would become less optimal. Therefore the ideal DOP is the best resource/performance point for that statement. The goal of Queuing On a normal production system we should see statements running concurrently. On a Database Machine we typically see high concurrency rates, so we need to find a way to deal with both high DOP’s and high concurrency. Queuing is intended to make sure we Don’t throttle down a DOP because other statements are running on the system Stay within the physical limits of a system’s processing power Instead of making statements go at a lower DOP we queue them to make sure they will get all the resources they want to run efficiently without trashing the system. The theory – and hopefully – practice is that by giving a statement the optimal DOP the sum of all statements runs faster with queuing than without queuing. Increasing the Number of Potential Parallel Statements To determine how many statements we will consider running in parallel a single parameter should be looked at. That parameter is called PARALLEL_MIN_TIME_THRESHOLD. The default value is set to 10 seconds. So far there is nothing new here…, but do realize that anything serial (e.g. that stays under the threshold) goes straight into processing as is not considered in the rest of this post. Now, if you have a system where you have two groups of queries, serial short running and potentially parallel long running ones, you may want to worry only about the long running ones with this parallel statement threshold. As an example, lets assume the short running stuff runs on average between 1 and 15 seconds in serial (and the business is quite happy with that). The long running stuff is in the realm of 1 – 5 minutes. It might be a good choice to set the threshold to somewhere north of 30 seconds. That way the short running queries all run serial as they do today (if it ain’t broken, don’t fix it) and allows the long running ones to be evaluated for (higher degrees of) parallelism. This makes sense because the longer running ones are (at least in theory) more interesting to unleash a parallel processing model on and the benefits of running these in parallel are much more significant (again, that is mostly the case). Setting a Maximum DOP for a Statement Now that you know how to control how many of your statements are considered to run in parallel, lets talk about the specific degree of any given statement that will be evaluated. As the initial post describes this is controlled by PARALLEL_DEGREE_LIMIT. This parameter controls the degree on the entire cluster and by default it is CPU (meaning it equals Default DOP). For the sake of an example, let’s say our Default DOP is 32. Looking at our 5 minute queries from the previous paragraph, the limit to 32 means that none of the statements that are evaluated for Auto DOP ever runs at more than DOP of 32. Concurrently Running a High DOP A basic assumption about running high DOP statements at high concurrency is that you at some point in time (and this is true on any parallel processing platform!) will run into a resource limitation. And yes, you can then buy more hardware (e.g. expand the Database Machine in Oracle’s case), but that is not the point of this post… The goal is to find a balance between the highest possible DOP for each statement and the number of statements running concurrently, but with an emphasis on running each statement at that highest efficiency DOP. The PARALLEL_SERVER_TARGET parameter is the all important concurrency slider here. Setting this parameter to a higher number means more statements get to run at their maximum parallel degree before queuing kicks in.  PARALLEL_SERVER_TARGET is set per instance (so needs to be set to the same value on all 8 nodes in a full rack Database Machine). Just as a side note, this parameter is set in processes, not in DOP, which equates to 4* Default DOP (2 processes for a DOP, default value is 2 * Default DOP, hence a default of 4 * Default DOP). Let’s say we have PARALLEL_SERVER_TARGET set to 128. With our limit set to 32 (the default) we are able to run 4 statements concurrently at the highest DOP possible on this system before we start queuing. If these 4 statements are running, any next statement will be queued. To run a system at high concurrency the PARALLEL_SERVER_TARGET should be raised from its default to be much closer (start with 60% or so) to PARALLEL_MAX_SERVERS. By using both PARALLEL_SERVER_TARGET and PARALLEL_DEGREE_LIMIT you can control easily how many statements run concurrently at good DOPs without excessive queuing. Because each workload is a little different, it makes sense to plan ahead and look at these parameters and set these based on your requirements.

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• Box2D Static-Dynamic body joint eliminates collisions

  - by andrewz

  I have a static body A, and a dynamic body B, and a dynamic body C. A is filtered to not collide with anything, B and C collide with each other. I wish to create a joint between B and A. When I create a joint (ex. revolute), B no longer collides with C - C passes through it as if it does not exist. What am I doing wrong? How can adding a joint prevent a body from colliding with another body it used to? EDIT: I want to join B with A, and have B collide with C, but not A collide with C. In realistic terms, I'm trying to create a revolute joint between a wheel (B) and a wall (A), and have a box (C) hit the wheel and the wheel would then rotate. EDIT: I create a the simplest revolute joint I can with these parameters (C++): b2RevoluteJointDef def; def.Initialize(A, B, B -> GetWorldCenter()); world -> CreateJoint(&def);

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• What changed with timidity, alsa and jack in 11.10?

  - by Dave

  I (just) upgraded from 11.4 to 11.10 and noticed some differences in the behavior of timidity. I used to (11.4) exectute >timidity midifile.midi without running jackd, and thus using alsa (or pulseaudio?) to produce sound from midi files. Now having upgraded, this does not work -- currently this command just freezes if jack is not running. If jack is running, it does work but there is an initial audio glitch (noise burst at the start of playback, analogous to the sound of a plug being inserted) that I'd rather not have to deal with. All the indications that I have is that in 11.10 timidity will only work (albeit glitchy) with jack on, whereas in 11.4 it did not require this. Is there any way to restore timidity's non-jack operation in 11.10? Is there a way to get rid of the audio glitch in with jack operation? Overall, what underlying changes in these programs and the audio infrastructure are behind this?

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• a question on common lisp

  - by kostas

  Hello people, I'm getting crazy with a small problem here, I keep getting an error and I cant seem to figure out why, the code is supposed to change the range of a list, so if we give it a list with values (1 2 3 4) and we want to change the range in 11 to fourteen the result would be (11 12 13 14) the problem is that the last function called scale-list will give back an error saying: Debugger entered--Lisp error: (wrong-type-argument number-or-marker-p nil) anybody has a clue why? I use aquamacs as an editor thanks in advance ;;finds minimum in a list (defun minimum(list) (car (sort list #'<))) ;;finds maximum in a list (defun maximum(list) (car (sort list #'>))) ;;calculates the range of a list (defun range(list) (- (maximum list) (minimum list))) ;;this codes scales a value from a list (defun scale-value(list low high n) (+ (/ (* (- (nth (- n 1) list) (minimum list)) (- high low)) (range list)) low)) ;and this code is supposed to scale the whole list (defun scale-list(list low high n) (unless (= n 0) (cons (scale-value list low high n) (scale-list list low high (- n 1))))) (scale-list '(0.1 0.3 0.5 0.9) 20 30 4)

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• How do I know if my system is capable of playing 24bit/96kHz sound?

  - by Igor Zinov'yev

  Let me state for the record that I'm a total noob when it comes to Hi-Fi sound systems, but I am rather picky about the sound quality. Normally I listen to CD recordings ripped to FLAC in 16/44, but I have several albums that are also ripped from vinyls to FLAC in 24/96. But it seems that I can't tell the difference between 16-bit and 24-bit versions (except for some vinyl noises, of course). That can be due to several reasons: my equipment (onboard audio, monitor headphones) isn't good enough to make any difference, my system is not playing audio in 24-bit 96 kHz, I am physically unable to hear the difference. So here is my question, how do I tell if my system can play 24-bit sound with 96 or 192 kHz resolution? And if it can, how do I tell that it plays it instead of downsampling to 16-bit / 44 kHz? Also, what hardware (audio cards, amplifiers, etc.) would you recommend to play such recordings on Ubuntu?

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• When to write an explicit return statement in Groovy?

  - by Roland Schneider

  At the moment I am working on a Groovy/Grails project (which I'm quite new in) and I wonder whether it is good practice to omit the return keyword in Groovy methods. As far as I know you have to explicitly insert the keyword i.e. for guard clauses, so should one use it also everywhere else? In my opinion the additional return keyword increases readability. Or is it something you just have to get used to? What is your experience with that topic? Some examples: def foo(boolean bar) { // Not consistent if (bar) { return positiveBar() } negativeBar() } def foo2() { // Special Grails example def entitiy = new Entity(foo: 'Foo', bar: 'Bar') entity.save flush: true // Looks strange to me this way entity }

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• pulseaudio and alsa on ubuntu 12.04 server

  - by Dan

  I am running ubuntu 12.04server, and trying to get pulseaudio working. I followed the instructions at How do I run PulseAudio in a headless server installation? At the moment, pacmd list-cards is reporting 0 cards, aplay will only playing sound when I run it as sudo, and running alsamixer as sudo also works, but running it as my user produces "cannot open mixer: No such file or directory" As far as I can tell, this means the the kernel module for my sound card is in fact loaded. I have already tried adding my user to the "audio" group, but this does not help. The permissions on the devices in /dev/snd are all crw-rw---T 1 root audio 116 I noticed on an ubuntu 12.04 desktop, that the file permissions are slightly different. On the desktop, they are crw-rw---T+ 1 root audio 116 My questions are 1) How do I get aplay to work without running it as sudo on the server 2) Is there anything special I need to do to make pulseaudio work at this point.

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• How To Make FileZilla Open All The Required Files With One Click

  - by Omar Tariq

  Is there any way of configuring FileZilla so that I can open all the files on a server that I use to edit with just one click. For example if the files are like this:- /home/abc/def/one.txt /home/abc/def/yet/another/directory/two.txt /home/abc/def/ghi/yet/another/directory/three.txt then it is very time-consuming to navigate through each directory and open the required files. These are only 3 files but what if we have around 10 to 20 files? Yes, copying the path of the directories is one thing. But something that is built-in so that I can just click a button like open all the required files of this connection and it opens all the files in the editor (as set in FileZilla preferences) then that would be great!

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• What's special about currying or partial application?

  - by Vigneshwaran

  I've been reading articles on Functional programming everyday and been trying to apply some practices as much as possible. But I don't understand what is unique in currying or partial application. Take this Groovy code as an example: def mul = { a, b -> a * b } def tripler1 = mul.curry(3) def tripler2 = { mul(3, it) } I do not understand what is the difference between tripler1 and tripler2. Aren't they both the same? The 'currying' is supported in pure or partial functional languages like Groovy, Scala, Haskell etc. But I can do the same thing (left-curry, right-curry, n-curry or partial application) by simply creating another named or anonymous function or closure that will forward the parameters to the original function (like tripler2) in most languages (even C.) Am I missing something here? There are places where I can use currying and partial application in my Grails application but I am hesitating to do so because I'm asking myself "How's that different?" Please enlighten me.

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• Firefox, Chrome, and Flash on Ubuntu

  - by Zimmer

  Ok I have recently run into some problems and was hoping you guys could help; 1) On Chrome sometimes when I play a video (even on Youtube) the audio won't work (yet other apps audio will work) but after pressing the play button (pausing and unpausing the video) it finally works but if I pause the video and click play it goes back to not working until I re-do that process. 2) When I go to play videos in firefox or go to grooveshark it says I don't have flash; but I do and when I go to install flash it says I have the LAST version for linux but flash works on Chrome fine (well except the audio problem above which annoys me to no end!)

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• Networkmanager in systray gone and sound not working after update 13.10

  - by rubo77

  After upgrading my Xubuntu 13.04 to 13.10 I have no sound. I still have sound if I start VLC with sudo mpg123 test.mp3 So it seemd there is a right problem EDIT after adding myself to the group audio with adduser myself audio I could play sounds again from the desktop with VLC But one problem remaining: The systray, usually looking like this: is not working anymore. No audio-settings and no network-manager in the taskbar in XFCE: there is just one small box with nothing in it. When I install stalonetray, There I see the status of wicd and all the other statuses, so the systray seems to be broken.

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• No sound while playing multi-media in Ubuntu 12.04 for XPS15

  - by ved2254

  I have an XPS15 laptop, core i5, 8GB ram. Whenever I login my laptop I here the startup bongo sound. But my sound system just doesn't play anything, may it be a short audio clip or a movie. Output of lshw -c multimedia is : WARNING: you should run this program as super-user. *-multimedia description: Audio device product: 6 Series/C200 Series Chipset Family High Definition Audio Controller vendor: Intel Corporation physical id: 1b bus info: pci@0000:00:1b.0 version: 05 width: 64 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: bus_master cap_list configuration: driver=snd_hda_intel latency=0 resources: irq:51 memory:f1c00000-f1c03fff WARNING: output may be incomplete or inaccurate, you should run this program as super-user. Headphones work just fine but there is no sound from the speakers. Is it a bug in multi-media players or ALSA?

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• Which of VLC's dependencies causes sound device detection?

  - by Raphael

  I am setting up a headless music server based on the minimal Ubuntu image. After having installed the packages openssh-server,pulseaudio, libmad0,flac,liboff0,libid3tag0,libvorbis0a,ffmpeg, mpd,mpc,mpdscribble, paman,paprefs,pavumeter neither my internal soundcard nor the external DAC where detected by pulseaudio, that is pactl list did only list the dummy devices. Several reboots did not change that. The hardware devices are detected properly: ~$ lsusb | grep Texas Bus 002 Device 002: ID 08bb:2706 Texas Instruments Japan ~$ lspci | grep Audio 00:1b.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation N10/ICH 7 Family High Definition Audio Controller (rev 02) Following a hunch, I installed vlc with all dependencies. After a reboot, both devices are detected! ~$ pactl list | grep "Sink: alsa_output" Monitor of Sink: alsa_output.pci-0000_00_1b.0.analog-stereo Monitor of Sink: alsa_output.usb-Burr-Brown_from_TI_USB_Audio_DAC-00-DAC.analog-stereo Now I would like to remove VLC again but keep the devices. The question is: which of the many dependencies of VLC enables proper device detection? And why on earth is it not a dependency of pulseaudio?

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• Cheap sound on speakers - Dell XPS L502X

  - by Rafael

  I have a new machine that comes with JBL 2.1 Speakers with Waves Maxx Audio 3. On Windows it sounds perfect, though in Ubuntu 12.04 I get cheap/sound with simple mp3 files. I have tried a few things on different blogs but no luck so far. Any ideas? aplay -l **** List of PLAYBACK Hardware Devices **** card 0: PCH [HDA Intel PCH], device 0: ALC665 Analog [ALC665 Analog] Subdevices: 1/1 Subdevice #0: subdevice #0 card 0: PCH [HDA Intel PCH], device 1: ALC665 Digital [ALC665 Digital] Subdevices: 1/1 Subdevice #0: subdevice #0 card 0: PCH [HDA Intel PCH], device 3: HDMI 0 [HDMI 0] Subdevices: 1/1 Subdevice #0: subdevice #0 card 1: N700 [Logitech Speaker Lapdesk N700], device 0: USB Audio [USB Audio] Subdevices: 1/1 Subdevice #0: subdevice #0

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• Data management in unexpected places

  - by Ashok_Ora

  Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE Data management in unexpected places When you think of network switches, routers, firewall appliances, etc., it may not be obvious that at the heart of these kinds of solutions is an engine that can manage huge amounts of data at very high throughput with low latencies and high availability. Consider a network router that is processing tens (or hundreds) of thousands of network packets per second. So what really happens inside a router? Packets are streaming in at the rate of tens of thousands per second. Each packet has multiple attributes, for example, a destination, associated SLAs etc. For each packet, the router has to determine the address of the next “hop” to the destination; it has to determine how to prioritize this packet. If it’s a high priority packet, then it has to be sent on its way before lower priority packets. As a consequence of prioritizing high priority packets, lower priority data packets may need to be temporarily stored (held back), but addressed fairly. If there are security or privacy requirements associated with the data packet, those have to be enforced. You probably need to keep track of statistics related to the packets processed (someone’s sure to ask). You have to do all this (and more) while preserving high availability i.e. if one of the processors in the router goes down, you have to have a way to continue processing without interruption (the customer won’t be happy with a “choppy” VoIP conversation, right?). And all this has to be achieved without ANY intervention from a human operator – the router is most likely to be in a remote location – it must JUST CONTINUE TO WORK CORRECTLY, even when bad things happen. How is this implemented? As soon as a packet arrives, it is interpreted by the receiving software. The software decodes the packet headers in order to determine the destination, kind of packet (e.g. voice vs. data), SLAs associated with the “owner” of the packet etc. It looks up the internal database of “rules” of how to process this packet and handles the packet accordingly. The software might choose to hold on to the packet safely for some period of time, if it’s a low priority packet. Ah – this sounds very much like a database problem. For each packet, you have to minimally · Look up the most efficient next “hop” towards the destination. The “most efficient” next hop can change, depending on latency, availability etc. · Look up the SLA and determine the priority of this packet (e.g. voice calls get priority over data ftp) · Look up security information associated with this data packet. It may be necessary to retrieve the context for this network packet since a network packet is a small “slice” of a session. The context for the “header” packet needs to be stored in the router, in order to make this work. · If the priority of the packet is low, then “store” the packet temporarily in the router until it is time to forward the packet to the next hop. · Update various statistics about the packet. In most cases, you have to do all this in the context of a single transaction. For example, you want to look up the forwarding address and perform the “send” in a single transaction so that the forwarding address doesn’t change while you’re sending the packet. So, how do you do all this? Berkeley DB is a proven, reliable, high performance, highly available embeddable database, designed for exactly these kinds of usage scenarios. Berkeley DB is a robust, reliable, proven solution that is currently being used in these scenarios. First and foremost, Berkeley DB (or BDB for short) is very very fast. It can process tens or hundreds of thousands of transactions per second. It can be used as a pure in-memory database, or as a disk-persistent database. BDB provides high availability – if one board in the router fails, the system can automatically failover to another board – no manual intervention required. BDB is self-administering – there’s no need for manual intervention in order to maintain a BDB application. No need to send a technician to a remote site in the middle of nowhere on a freezing winter day to perform maintenance operations. BDB is used in over 200 million deployments worldwide for the past two decades for mission-critical applications such as the one described here. You have a choice of spending valuable resources to implement similar functionality, or, you could simply embed BDB in your application and off you go! I know what I’d do – choose BDB, so I can focus on my business problem. What will you do? /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}

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• Can I get the Waves Maxx speaker effects to work in Ubuntu?

  - by Rafael

  I have a new machine that comes with JBL 2.1 Speakers with Waves Maxx Audio 3. On Windows it sounds perfect, though in Ubuntu 12.04 I get cheap/sound with simple mp3 files. I have tried a few things on different blogs but no luck so far. Any ideas? aplay -l **** List of PLAYBACK Hardware Devices **** card 0: PCH [HDA Intel PCH], device 0: ALC665 Analog [ALC665 Analog] Subdevices: 1/1 Subdevice #0: subdevice #0 card 0: PCH [HDA Intel PCH], device 1: ALC665 Digital [ALC665 Digital] Subdevices: 1/1 Subdevice #0: subdevice #0 card 0: PCH [HDA Intel PCH], device 3: HDMI 0 [HDMI 0] Subdevices: 1/1 Subdevice #0: subdevice #0 card 1: N700 [Logitech Speaker Lapdesk N700], device 0: USB Audio [USB Audio] Subdevices: 1/1 Subdevice #0: subdevice #0

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• There's no Sound Mixer menu, missing menu option in Sound Recorder

  - by AlexN

  I am using: -Ubuntu 11.10 -Skype -PS3 Eye Toy camera to input video and sound This setup has been properly working in former Ubuntu releases. To use the mic already built in on the PS3 Eye Toy camera I open de Sound Recorder app (notice: not inside Skype, from inside Skype it is not possible to do this) that is included in Gnome and then I go to FileSound Mixer, from this menu I can choose Gnome to get the input audio from the PS3 Eye Toy, instead of from the Audio-In of the computer. Now in Ubuntu 11.10 this Sound Mixer menu inside Sound Recorder is missing, Gnome says something like this: gnome-volume-control is not installed in the proper directory Note: I have tried this on Unity, Unity 2D, Gnome Classic, Gnome Classic 2D and Gnome Shell. In all of them the problem is the same. What can I do? Basically what I want to do is to be able to tell the computer to get the audio in from the PS3 Camera. Thanks in advance.

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• Is there now any way to convert mp3 files to m4a or aac 192kbit?

  - by piedro

  Since about two years now I am trying to find a way to convert high quality mp3 files to m4a or aac files with a fixed bitrate 192k. Please don't suggest using another format - i thought this through as far as it goes. The problem here is: ffmpeg obvioulsy can't convert to a higher bitrate than 152k. Even when it says it does so the resulting files still have 152k instead of 192k. ffmpeg also has/had a bug not writing the bitrate into the audio file tags which means when testing you have to calculate the bitrate manually by dividing the filesize by the length of the audio in seconds (resulting in 152k - see above) choosing faac as converter gets me the same results other programs don't work reliably (see this thread Howto convert audio files to *.m4a? I know that this is not an original new problem but I am wondering if there is still no way to convert with ubuntu/kubuntu 12.04 after a lot time passed and I can't find some of the bug issues mentioned in the other thread anymore. So: Is there a solution after all?

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• Problem with sound in Kubuntu 12.10

  - by Mihkel

  I'm really enjoying Kubuntu 12.10 experience, but the problem starts with sound. It wasn't here before, but today sound sounds garbled and echoed and wrong. It happens in Audacity and VLC. It doesn't happen when I test the sound devices nor when I use Amarok to play the music files (but come on, who uses Amarok to listen to a random music file, it's much more natural to use VLC for that ;-) ) Kubuntu/Phonon recognizes 2 sound devices: 1) RV770 HDMI Audio [Radeon HD 4850/4870] Digital Stereo [HDMI] 2) Built-in Audio Analog Stereo I know it has to use the second option, and it probably does, but that's not the case. What I did find out was that I had to rescan for audio devices in Audacity (and probably select "sysdefault") for it to sound normal. Why does it happen? I've tried following some other questions, but well.

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• How to Install Linux on my PC

  - by Holic

  Hi i need some help to install the drivers from my pc, on Ubuntu 10.10 i just installed it, and i a newbie on Ubuntu, but i understand a bit of Windows...but i want to try ubuntu and then Maybe change to UBUNTU!!! My hardware: QuadCore Intel Core i7-870, 3266 MHz (24 x 136) Asus P7P55D-E (2 PCI, 3 PCI-E x1, 2 PCI-E x16, 4 DDR3 DIMM, Audio, Gigabit LAN, IEEE-1394) NVIDIA GeForce GTX 480 (1536 MB) nVIDIA HDMI @ nVIDIA GF100 - High Definition Audio Controller VIA VT1828S @ Intel Ibex Peak PCH - High Definition Audio Controller [B-3] DIMM1: G Skill F3-12800CL9-2GBRL 2 GB DDR3-1333 DDR3 SDRAM (8-8-8-22 @ 609 MHz) (7-7-7-20 @ 533 MHz) (6-6-6-17 @ 457 MHz) DIMM3: G Skill F3-12800CL9-2GBRL 2 GB DDR3-1333 DDR3 SDRAM (8-8-8-22 @ 609 MHz) (7-7-7-20 @ 533 MHz) (6-6-6-17 @ 457 MHz) my pc is not connected to the internet with a wire(RJ45) but with a wireless LAn Asus WL-167G-V3(wich i also whant to install if possible) Anything would've help me :) Cheers & Thank you!

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• 12.04 sound keeps auto-muting when idle

  - by fali

  I just installed 12.04 on an HP8510W. Everything works fine except for one weird behavior which I have noticed. When ever there is no audio playing, the audio mute indicator on the laptop is on. As soon as I start playing a you tube video the mute indicator turns off and I get sound. Here is my pulse audio output which says that the sink is suspended because it is idle: Welcome to PulseAudio! Use "help" for usage information. list-sinks 1 sink(s) available. index: 0 name: <alsa_output.pci-0000_00_1b.0.analog-stereo> driver: <module-alsa-card.c> flags: HARDWARE HW_MUTE_CTRL HW_VOLUME_CTRL DECIBEL_VOLUME LATENCY DYNAMIC_LATENCY state: SUSPENDED suspend cause: IDLE I tried running alsamixer, but I don't see the auto-mute option.

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