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  • From a language design perspective, if Javascript objects are simply associative arrays, then why ha

    - by Christopher Altman
    I was reading about objects in O'Reilly Javascript Pocket Reference and the book made the following statement. An object is a compound data type that contains any number of properties. Javascript objects are associative arrays: they associate arbitrary data values with arbitrary names. From a language design perspective, if objects are simply associative arrays, then why have objects? I appreciate the convenience of having objects in the language, but if convenience is the main purpose for adding a data type, then how do you decide what to add and what to not add in a language? A language can quickly become bloated and less valuable if it is weighed down by several overlapping methods and data types (Is this a true statement or am I missing something).

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  • How does a virtual machine work?

    - by Martin
    I've been looking into how programming languages work, and some of them have a so-called virtual machines. I understand that this is some form of emulation of the programming language within another programming language, and that it works like how a compiled language would be executed, with a stack. Did I get that right? With the proviso that I did, what bamboozles me is that many non-compiled languages allow variables with "liberal" type systems. In Python for example, I can write this: x = "Hello world!" x = 2**1000 Strings and big integers are completely unrelated and occupy different amounts of space in memory, so how can this code even be represented in a stack-based environment? What exactly happens here? Is x pointed to a new place on the stack and the old string data left unreferenced? Do these languages not use a stack? If not, how do they represent variables internally?

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  • Drupal: how to set theme language programmatically?

    - by takpar
    How can i change drupal default language programmatically somewhere in code (like template.php)? (i need to overwrite default language set by admin in some cases.) i'm using drupal 6. PS: please read my own answer for more detail. and if you may help solve that PS: later i saw a module that was what i wanted. make sure take a look at it: Administration Language Drupal Module

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  • Should a new language compiler target the JVM?

    - by Pindatjuh
    I'm developing a new language. My initial target was to compile to native x86 for the Windows platform, but now I am in doubt. I've seen some new languages target the JVM (most notable Scala and Clojure). Ofcourse it's not possible to port every language easily to the JVM; to do so, it may lead to small changes to the language and it's design. So that's the reason behind this doubt, and thus this question: Is targetting the JVM a good idea, when creating a compiler for a new language? Or should I stick with x86? I have experience in generating JVM bytecode. Are there any workarounds to JVM's GC? The language has deterministic implicit memory management. How to produce JIT-compatible bytecode, such that it will get the highest speedup? Is it similar to compiling for IA-32, such as the 4-1-1 muops pattern on Pentium? I can imagine some advantages (please correct me if I'm wrong): JVM bytecode is easier than x86. Like x86 communicates with Windows, JVM communicates with the Java Foundation Classes. To provide I/O, Threading, GUI, etc. Implementing "lightweight"-threads.I've seen a very clever implementation of this at http://www.malhar.net/sriram/kilim/. Most advantages of the Java Runtime (portability, etc.) The disadvantages, as I imagined, are: Less freedom? On x86 it'll be more easy to create low-level constructs, while JVM has a higher level (more abstract) processor. Most disadvantages of the Java Runtime (no native dynamic typing, etc.)

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  • Learning a new language coding 1 program

    - by Steve
    This is not really a programming question Question : Sometimes you have to learn a new language consider this situation for example : you have been programming in C# for some years and then one day you need to code in java. Now being a programmer you already know the programming concepts its just the syntax you need to get used to. Can you think some program to code which covers every(or most) aspect of a programming language? like say you make a desktop search program...it can cover file reading writing, threads maybe interacting with db like sqllite so you get familiar with those topics and the syntax of the new language Just want to know your thoughts about what is the fastest way to go about learning a new language skipping all the basic stuff

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  • Questions about explorer.exe

    - by nmuntz
    Hi, I was given by my company a laptop with Windows XP Professional in Spanish. I would like to translate it to English, since I really DISLIKE to use localized versions of programs. I have read about Windows MUI packs, however you MUST have Windows XP Pro in English in order to translate it to other language, you can't translate it TO English from other language. Since reinstalling the OS using a Win XP CD in english is not an option (don't have the license nor the CD, and don't have domain privileges to rejoin my computer to the domain), I was wondering what are the essential files that contain localized strings of text. I was doing some research, and apparently explorer.exe has many of the Windows Error Messages and other strings. Will replacing my original explorer.exe with one from Windows XP in English be enough (and work) for having a "basic" english version of windows? Im mainly interested in having error messages, start menu, and the control panel in english. Also, does it HAVE to be the same version as the Service Pack im running? Besides explorer.exe are there any other essential files that i should try to get and replace? Do you see any "dangers" in replacing this files with english version ones? Thanks in advance for your help.

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  • Concatenative language inrepreter in Java

    - by Vojislav Stojkovic
    I'm interested in finding a concatenative language interpreter in Java. Ideally, it should satisfy the following conditions: It has an interpreter, not (only) a bytecode compiler for JVM. The language itself has decent documentation, not only a few examples and a "I'll document the rest someday" notice. The project is not completely abandoned. In short, I'm looking for a reasonably "alive" concatenative language that can be embedded into Java easily.

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  • SEO Language information

    - by Kevin
    I was wondering if defining your language in HTML is better for search enigines. For example, I've got a French site, then i've got three options: 1.) have faith that google can say my site is french 2.) define language in the HTML tag <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" dir="ltr" lang="fr"> 3.) define language in a meta tag <meta http-equiv="content-language" content="FR-fr" /> Which option you believe is best? Or which combination of options?

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  • Google is displaying "Translate this page" based on a previously registered domain inbound links

    - by crnm
    I recently started a new project with a newly registered generic tld domain. As soon as Google started indexing the page, it displayed a "translate this page" in SERP's, which tries to translate the page to the language of a small Eastern European country from the language that the site actually uses. I tried everything to prevent this: language meta headers and attributes, localisation through Google Webmaster Tools...all to no avail - nothing helped. After a couple of weeks I spotted dozens of inbound links popping up in Google Webmaster Tools all coming from that small Eastern European country, from sub-pages that are not active anymore (either sending out 404's or 301's to the main page), and also had been written in that other language. So the domain had been registered before and as it looks, it did got a lot of possibly spam links in that language. I can't even ask the sites where those links should have been to remove them as they are not active anymore physically, just in Google Webmaster Tools and/or internal data masses... Now I'm at a loss about what to do? As my site is pretty new, it does not have many links pointing towards it in my targeted language. So those are probably not enough to convince Google of attaching the right language to it as Google ignores all other signals about the page language. I'm also unsure if I should use the "disavow" tool, or a reconsideration request...or what else to do about this miserable state. I never used these tools before so I don't have any experience with them. Somehow I have to convince Google about the right language of the page and also to not count/apply/whatever all those historical links from the previous owner. (The domain had been deleted without any traces in Google before I registered it) Has anyone here ever dealt with a similar "Translate this page" problem? (I've also looked at this thread: How can I prevent Google mistakenly offering to translate a page? but didn't find a solution there)

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  • Virtual Machine with Bridged Adapter to Centos not accepting ssh from host machine [migrated]

    - by javadba
    I have a bridged connection on VirtualBox from os/x 10.8.5 host to Centos 5.8 client. But I suspect this is more of a general issue than specific to the host and precise version of linux. Shown below are the networking info from the VirtualBox and from within the guest sshd is running on port 22: [root@oracle-linux ~]# ps -ef | grep sshd | grep -v grep root 3103 1 0 20:22 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/sshd root 14994 3103 0 21:23 ? 00:00:00 sshd: root@pts/1 Port 22 listening: [root@oracle-linux ~]# netstat -an | grep 22 | grep tcp | grep LIST tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:2207 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:2208 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 :::22 :::* LISTEN Here are ip addresses, still on the guest os: [root@oracle-linux ~]# ip addr 1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 16436 qdisc noqueue link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00 inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo inet6 ::1/128 scope host valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever 2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast qlen 1000 link/ether 08:00:27:b9:e5:79 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff inet 10.0.15.100/24 brd 10.0.15.255 scope global eth0 inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:feb9:e579/64 scope link valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever 3: eth1: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast qlen 1000 link/ether 08:00:27:b4:86:8a brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff inet 10.0.3.15/24 brd 10.0.3.255 scope global eth1 inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:feb4:868a/64 scope link valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever [root@oracle-linux ~]# I can ssh to the guest from the guest: root@oracle-linux ~]# ssh 10.0.3.15 The authenticity of host '10.0.3.15 (10.0.3.15)' can't be established. RSA key fingerprint is ef:08:19:72:95:4d:e5:28:af:f3:6f:54:07:84:ba:04. Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes Warning: Permanently added '10.0.3.15' (RSA) to the list of known hosts. [email protected]'s password: Last login: Mon Oct 21 21:24:12 2013 from 10.0.15.100 But can NOT ssh from the host to the guest: 18:27:04/shared:11 $ssh [email protected] ssh: connect to host 10.0.15.100 port 22: Operation timed out lost connection Here is bridged connection infO; BTW I looked into other answers, and one of them mentioned doing service iptables stop That did not help. Adapter 2 is a NAT, shown below In case NAT is causing any issues, i shut it down and restarted networking. [root@oracle-linux ~]# /etc/init.d/network restart Shutting down interface eth0: [ OK ] Shutting down interface eth1: Still No joy.. 18:27:04/shared:11 $ssh [email protected] ssh: connect to host 10.0.15.100 port 22: Operation timed out lost connection

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  • Virtual Machine with Bridged Adapter to Centos not accepting ssh from host machine

    - by javadba
    I have a bridged connection on VirtualBox from os/x 10.8.5 host to Centos 5.8 client. But I suspect this is more of a general issue than specific to the host and precise version of linux. Shown below are the networking info from the VirtualBox and from within the guest sshd is running on port 22: [root@oracle-linux ~]# ps -ef | grep sshd | grep -v grep root 3103 1 0 20:22 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/sshd root 14994 3103 0 21:23 ? 00:00:00 sshd: root@pts/1 Port 22 listening: [root@oracle-linux ~]# netstat -an | grep 22 | grep tcp | grep LIST tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:2207 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:2208 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 :::22 :::* LISTEN Here are ip addresses, still on the guest os: [root@oracle-linux ~]# ip addr 1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 16436 qdisc noqueue link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00 inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo inet6 ::1/128 scope host valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever 2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast qlen 1000 link/ether 08:00:27:b9:e5:79 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff inet 10.0.15.100/24 brd 10.0.15.255 scope global eth0 inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:feb9:e579/64 scope link valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever 3: eth1: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast qlen 1000 link/ether 08:00:27:b4:86:8a brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff inet 10.0.3.15/24 brd 10.0.3.255 scope global eth1 inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:feb4:868a/64 scope link valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever [root@oracle-linux ~]# I can ssh to the guest from the guest: root@oracle-linux ~]# ssh 10.0.3.15 The authenticity of host '10.0.3.15 (10.0.3.15)' can't be established. RSA key fingerprint is ef:08:19:72:95:4d:e5:28:af:f3:6f:54:07:84:ba:04. Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes Warning: Permanently added '10.0.3.15' (RSA) to the list of known hosts. [email protected]'s password: Last login: Mon Oct 21 21:24:12 2013 from 10.0.15.100 But can NOT ssh from the host to the guest: 18:27:04/shared:11 $ssh [email protected] ssh: connect to host 10.0.15.100 port 22: Operation timed out lost connection Here is bridged connection infO; BTW I looked into other answers, and one of them mentioned doing service iptables stop That did not help. Adapter 2 is a NAT, shown below In case NAT is causing any issues, i shut it down and restarted networking. [root@oracle-linux ~]# /etc/init.d/network restart Shutting down interface eth0: [ OK ] Shutting down interface eth1: Still No joy.. 18:27:04/shared:11 $ssh [email protected] ssh: connect to host 10.0.15.100 port 22: Operation timed out lost connection

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  • Is it possible to connect machine to esxi Virtual Machine directly

    - by Mirage
    I have one server and i want to install VMs on that. Now i want to use one of VM as my main OS and i want that when i turn on second computer then that VM OS opens up. One way is to use remote desktop connection but for that i need to install OS on Second computer. Is there any way to directly link Second computer to VM on Server so that i don't have to install OS

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  • Picking Core Language For Large Scale Web Platform

    - by ryanzec
    Now I have work with PHP and ASP.NET quite a bit and also played around few other language for web development. I am now at a point where need to start building a backend platform that will have the ability to support a large set of applications and I am trying to figure out which language I want to choose as my core language. When I say core language I mean the language that the majority of the backend code is going to be in. This is not to say that other languages won't be used because my guess is that they will but I want a large majority of the code (90%-98%) to be in 1 language. While I see to benefit of using the language that is best for the job, having 15% in php, 15% in ASP.NET, 5% in perl, 10% in python, 15% in ruby, etc… seems like a very bad idea to me (not to mention integrating everything seamlessly would probably add a bit of overhead). If you were going to be building a large scale web platform that need to support multiple applications from scratch, what would you choose as your core language and why?

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  • Applications for the Church Programming Language

    - by Chris S
    Has anyone worked with the programming language Church? Can anyone recommend practical applications? I just discovered it, and while it sounds like it addresses some long-standing problems in AI and machine-learning, I'm sceptical. I had never heard of it, and was surprised to find it's actually been around for a few years, having been announced in the paper Church: a language for generative models.

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  • High volume SVM (machine learning) system

    - by flyingcrab
    I working on a possible machine learning project that would be expected to do high speed computations for machine learning using SVM (support vector machines) and possibly some ANN. I'm resonably comfortable working on matlab with these, but primarly in small datasets, just for experimentation. I'm wondering if this matlab based approach will scale? or should i be looking into something else? C++ / gpu based computing? java wrapping of the matlab code and pushing it onto app engine? Incidentally, there seems to be a lot fo literature on GPUs, but not much on how useful they are on machine learning applications using matlab, & the cheapest CUDA enlabled GPU money can buy? is it even worth the trouble?

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  • SharePoint State Machine Workflow walkthrough

    - by d-frag
    I haven't seen an actual SharePoint state machine workflow example on here, but figured this post, How to create a SharePoint State Machine Workflow, is as thorough as it gets. Its a 6-part series. It has a step-by-step approach so even a 9 year old could just follow along and do it. It shows exactly how to use InfoPath to create the initiation form and task form, how to create the state machine workflow (with both C# and VB code), and also how to add workflow history logging and task notification emails. It does not go into modification forms, but does everything else, pretty much. Hope someone finds this useful.

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  • Choosing a scripting language for game and implementing it

    - by Radius
    Hello, I am currently developing a 3D Action/RPG game in C++, and I would like some advice in choosing a scripting language to program the AI of the game. My team comes from a modding background, and in fact we are still finishing work on a mod of the game Gothic. In that game (which we also got our inspiration from) the language DAEDALUS (created by Piranha Bytes, the makers of the game) is used. Here is a full description of said language. The main thing to notice about this is that it uses instances moreso than classes. The game engine is closed, and so one can only guess about the internal implementation of this language, but the main thing I am looking for in a scripting language (which ideally would be quite similar but preferably also more powerful than DAEDALUS) is the fact that there are de facto 3 'separations' of classes - ie classes, instances and (instances of instances?). I think it will be easier to understand what I want if I provide an example. Take a regular NPC. First of all you have a class defined which (I understand) mirrors the (class or structure) inside the engine: CLASS C_NPC { VAR INT id ; // absolute ID des NPCs VAR STRING name [5] ; // Namen des NPC VAR STRING slot ; VAR INT npcType ; VAR INT flags ; VAR INT attribute [ATR_INDEX_MAX] ; VAR INT protection [PROT_INDEX_MAX]; VAR INT damage [DAM_INDEX_MAX] ; VAR INT damagetype ; VAR INT guild,level ; VAR FUNC mission [MAX_MISSIONS] ; var INT fight_tactic ; VAR INT weapon ; VAR INT voice ; VAR INT voicePitch ; VAR INT bodymass ; VAR FUNC daily_routine ; // Tagesablauf VAR FUNC start_aistate ; // Zustandsgesteuert // ********************** // Spawn // ********************** VAR STRING spawnPoint ; // Beim Tod, wo respawnen ? VAR INT spawnDelay ; // Mit Delay in (Echtzeit)-Sekunden // ********************** // SENSES // ********************** VAR INT senses ; // Sinne VAR INT senses_range ; // Reichweite der Sinne in cm // ********************** // Feel free to use // ********************** VAR INT aivar [50] ; VAR STRING wp ; // ********************** // Experience dependant // ********************** VAR INT exp ; // EXerience Points VAR INT exp_next ; // EXerience Points needed to advance to next level VAR INT lp ; // Learn Points }; Then, you can also define prototypes (which set some default values). But how you actually define an NPC is like this: instance BAU_900_Ricelord (Npc_Default) //Inherit from prototype Npc_Default { //-------- primary data -------- name = "Ryzowy Ksiaze"; npctype = NPCTYPE_GUARD; guild = GIL_BAU; level = 10; voice = 12; id = 900; //-------- abilities -------- attribute[ATR_STRENGTH] = 50; attribute[ATR_DEXTERITY] = 10; attribute[ATR_MANA_MAX] = 0; attribute[ATR_MANA] = 0; attribute[ATR_HITPOINTS_MAX]= 170; attribute[ATR_HITPOINTS] = 170; //-------- visuals -------- // animations Mdl_SetVisual (self,"HUMANS.MDS"); Mdl_ApplyOverlayMds (self,"Humans_Arrogance.mds"); Mdl_ApplyOverlayMds (self,"HUMANS_DZIDA.MDS"); // body mesh ,bdytex,skin,head mesh ,headtex,teethtex,ruestung Mdl_SetVisualBody (self,"Hum_Body_CookSmith",1,1,"Hum_Head_FatBald",91 , 0,-1); B_Scale (self); Mdl_SetModelFatness(self,2); fight_tactic = FAI_HUMAN_STRONG; //-------- Talente -------- Npc_SetTalentSkill (self,NPC_TALENT_1H,1); //-------- inventory -------- CreateInvItems (self, ItFoRice,10); CreateInvItem (self, ItFoWine); CreateInvItems(self, ItMiNugget,40); EquipItem (self, Heerscherstab); EquipItem (self, MOD_AMULETTDESREISLORDS); CreateInvItem (self, ItMi_Alchemy_Moleratlubric_01); //CreateInvItem (self,ItKey_RB_01); EquipItem (self, Ring_des_Lebens); //-------------Daily Routine------------- daily_routine = Rtn_start_900; }; FUNC VOID Rtn_start_900 () { TA_Boss (07,00,20,00,"NC_RICELORD"); TA_SitAround (20,00,24,00,"NC_RICELORD_SIT"); TA_Sleep (24,00,07,00,"NC_RICEBUNKER_10"); }; As you can see, the instance declaration is more like a constructor function, setting values and calling functions from within. This still wouldn't pose THAT much of a problem, if not for one more thing: multiple copies of this instance. For example, you can spawn multiple BAU_900_Ricelord's, and each of them keeps track of its own AI state, hitpoints etc. Now I think the instances are represented as ints (maybe even as the id of the NPC) inside the engine, as whenever (inside the script) you use the expression BAU_900_Ricelord it can be only assigned to an int variable, and most functions that operate on NPCs take that int value. However to directly modify its hitpoints etc you have to do something like var C_NPC npc = GetNPC(Bau_900_Ricelord); npc.attribute[ATR_HITPOINTS] = 10; ie get the actual C_NPC object that represents it. To finally recap - is it possible to get this kind of behaviour in any scripting languages you know of, or am I stuck with having to make my own? Or maybe there is an even better way of representing NPC's and their behaviours that way. The IDEAL language for scripting for me would be C#, as I simply adore that language, but somehow I doubt it is possible or indeed feasible to try and implement a similar kind of behaviour in C#. Many thanks

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  • Language Design: Are languages like Python and CoffeeScript really more comprehensible?

    - by kittensatplay
    The "Verbally Readable !== Quicker Comprehension" argument on http://ryanflorence.com/2011/case-against-coffeescript/ is really potent and interesting. I and I'm sure others would be very interested in evidence arguing against this. There's clear evidence for this and I believe it. People naturally think in images, not words, so we should be designing languages that aren't similar to human language like English, French, whatever. Being "readable" is quicker comprehension. Most articles on Wikipedia are not readable as they are long, boring, dry, sluggish and very very wordy. Because Wikipedia documents a ton of info, it is not especially helpful when compared to sites with more practical, useful and relevant info. Languages like Python and CoffeScript are "verbally readable" in that they are closer to English syntax. Having programmed firstly and mainly in Python, I'm not so sure this is really a good thing. The second interesting argument is that CoffeeScript is an intermediator, a step between two ends, which may increase the chance of bugs. While CoffeeScript has other practical benefits, this question specifically requests evidence showing support for the counter-case of language "readability"

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  • What language available on commodity web hosts would suit a C# developer? [closed]

    - by billpg
    Recognising its ubiquity on commodity web hosting services, I tried developing in PHP a few years ago. I really didn't like it, later deciding that life was too short for PHP. (In brief, having to put $ on variable names; mis-spelt variable names become new variables; converting non-numeric strings to integers without complaint; the need for an "and this time I mean it" comparison operator.) In my ideal world, commodity web hosts would all support C#/ASP.NET, my preferred web-development language and framework, but this is not my ideal world. Even Mono has barely made a dent on Linux based hosts. However, last time I moaned about PHP's ubiquity, someone followed up that this was no longer the case, and that many other languages are now commonly usable on web hosts too. What programming language; a. Would suit a developer who prefers C#. b. Is available to run on many web hosts.

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  • Function calls in virtual machine killing performance

    - by GenTiradentes
    I wrote a virtual machine in C, which has a call table populated by pointers to functions that provide the functionality of the VM's opcodes. When the virtual machine is run, it first interprets a program, creating an array of indexes corresponding to the appropriate function in the call table for the opcode provided. It then loops through the array, calling each function until it reaches the end. Each instruction is extremely small, typically one line. Perfect for inlining. The problem is that the compiler doesn't know when any of the virtual machine's instructions are going to be called, as it's decided at runtime, so it can't inline them. The overhead of function calls and argument passing is killing the performance of my VM. Any ideas on how to get around this?

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  • Does this language feature already exist?

    - by Pindatjuh
    I'm currently developing a new language for programming in a continuous environment (compare it to electrical engineering), and I've got some ideas on a certain language construction. Let me explain the feature by explanation and then by definition: x = a U b; Where x is a variable and a and b are other variables (or static values). This works like a union between a and b; no duplicates and no specific order. with(x) { // regular 'with' usage; using the global interpretation of "x" x = 5; // will replace the original definition of "x = a U b;" } with(x = a) { // this code block is executed when the "x" variable // has the "a" variable assigned. All references in // this code-block to "x" are references to "a". So saying: x = 5; // would only change the variable "a". If the variable "a" // later on changes, x still equals to 5, in this fashion: // 'x = a U b U 5;' // '[currentscope] = 5;' // thus, 'a = 5;' } with(x = b) { // same but with "b" } with(x != a) { // here the "x" variable refers to any variable // but "a"; thus saying x = 5; // is equal to the rewriting of // 'x = a U b U 5;' // 'b = 5;' (since it was the scope of this block) } with(x = (a U b)) { // guaranteed that "x" is 'a U b'; interacting with "x" // will interact with both "a" and "b". x = 5; // makes both "a" and "b" equal to 5; also the "x" variable // is updated to contain: // 'x = a U b U 5;' // '[currentscope] = 5;' // 'a U b = 5;' // and thus: 'a = 5; b = 5;'. } // etc. In the above, all code-blocks are executed, but the "scope" changes in each block how x is interpreted. In the first block, x is guaranteed to be a: thus interacting with x inside that block will interact on a. The second and the third code-block are only equal in this situation (because not a: then there only remains b). The last block guarantees that x is at least a or b. Further more; U is not the "bitwise or operator", but I've called it the "and/or"-operator. Its definition is: "U" = "and" U "or" (On my blog, http://cplang.wordpress.com/2009/12/19/binop-and-or/, there is more (mathematical) background information on this operator. It's loosely based on sets. Using different syntax, changed it in this question.) Update: more examples. print = "Hello world!" U "How are you?"; // this will print // both values, but the // order doesn't matter. // 'userkey' is a variable containing a key. with(userkey = "a") { print = userkey; // will only print "a". } with(userkey = ("shift" U "a")) { // pressed both "shift" and the "a" key. print = userkey; // will "print" shift and "a", even // if the user also pressed "ctrl": // the interpretation of "userkey" is changed, // such that it only contains the matched cases. } with((userkey = "shift") U (userkey = "a")) { // same as if-statement above this one, showing the distributivity. } x = 5 U 6 U 7; y = x + x; // will be: // y = (5 U 6 U 7) + (5 U 6 U 7) // = 10 U 11 U 12 U 13 U 14 somewantedkey = "ctrl" U "alt" U "space" with(userkey = somewantedkey) { // must match all elements of "somewantedkey" // (distributed the Boolean equals operated) // thus only executed when all the defined keys are pressed } with(somewantedkey = userkey) { // matches only one of the provided "somewantedkey" // thus when only "space" is pressed, this block is executed. } Update2: more examples and some more context. with(x = (a U b)) { // this } // can be written as with((x = a) U (x = b)) { // this: changing the variable like x = 5; // will be rewritten as: // a = 5 and b = 5 } Some background information: I'm building a language which is "time-independent", like Java is "platform-independant". Everything stated in the language is "as is", and is continuously actively executed. This means; the programmer does not know in which order (unless explicitly stated using constructions) elements are, nor when statements are executed. The language is completely separated from the "time"-concept, i.e. it's continuously executed: with(a < 5) { a++; } // this is a loop-structure; // how and when it's executed isn't known however. with(a) { // everytime the "a" variable changes, this code-block is executed. b = 4; with(b < 3) { // runs only three times. } with(b > 0) { b = b - 1; // runs four times } } Update 3: After pondering on the type of this language feature; it closely resemblances Netbeans Platform's Lookup, where each "with"-statement a synchronized agent is, working on it's specific "filter" of objects. Instead of type-based, this is variable-based (fundamentally quite the same; just a different way of identifiying objects). I greatly thank all of you for providing me with very insightful information and links/hints to great topics I can research. Thanks. I do not know if this construction already exists, so that's my question: does this language feature already exist?

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  • How to Organize a Programming Language Club

    - by Ben Griswold
    I previously noted that we started a language club at work.  You know, I searched around but I couldn’t find a copy of the How to Organize a Programming Language Club Handbook. Maybe it’s sold out?  Yes, Stack Overflow has quite a bit of information on how to learn and teach new languages and there’s also a good number of online tutorials which provide language introductions but I was interested in group learning.  After   two months of meetings, I present to you the Unofficial How to Organize a Programming Language Club Handbook.  1. Gauge interest. Start by surveying prospects. “Excuse me, smart-developer-whom-I-work-with-and-I-think-might-be-interested-in-learning-a-new-coding-language-with-me. Are you interested in learning a new language with me?” If you’re lucky, you work with a bunch of really smart folks who aren’t shy about teaching/learning in a group setting and you’ll have a collective interest in no time.  Simply suggesting the idea is the only effort required.  If you don’t work in this type of environment, maybe you should consider a new place of employment.  2. Make it official. Send out a “Welcome to the Club” email: There’s been talk of folks itching to learn new languages – Python, Scala, F# and Haskell to name a few.  Rather than taking on new languages alone, let’s learn in the open.  That’s right.  Let’s start a languages club.  We’ll have everything a real club needs – secret handshake, goofy motto and a high-and-mighty sense that we’re better than everybody else. T-shirts?  Hell YES!  Anyway, I’ve thrown this idea around the office and no one has laughed at me yet so please consider this your very official invitation to be in THE club. [Insert your ideas about how the club might be run, solicit feedback and suggestions, ask what other folks would like to get out the club, comment about club hazing practices and talk up the T-shirts even more. Finally, call out the languages you are interested in learning and ask the group for their list.] 3.  Send out invitations to the first meeting.  Don’t skimp!  Hallmark greeting cards for everyone.  Personalized.  Hearts over the I’s and everything.  Oh, and be sure to include the list of suggested languages with vote count.  Here the list of languages we are interested in: Python 5 Ruby 4 Objective-C 3 F# 2 Haskell 2 Scala 2 Ada 1 Boo 1 C# 1 Clojure 1 Erlang 1 Go 1 Pi 1 Prolog 1 Qt 1 4.  At the first meeting, there must be cake.  Lots of cake. And you should tackle some very important questions: Which language should we start with?  You can immediately go with the top vote getter or you could do as we did and designate each person to provide a high-level review of each of the proposed languages over the next two weeks.  After all presentations are completed, vote on the language. Our high-level review consisted of answers to a series of questions. Decide how often and where the group will meet.  We, for example, meet for a brown bag lunch every Wednesday.  Decide how you’re going to learn.  We determined that the best way to learn is to just dive in and write code.  After choosing our first language (Python), we talked about building an application, or performing coding katas, but we ultimately choose to complete a series of Project Euler problems.  We kept it simple – each member works out the same two problems each week in preparation of a code review the following Wednesday. 5.  Code, Review, Learn.  Prior to the weekly meeting, everyone uploads their solutions to our internal wiki.  Each Project Euler problem has a dedicated page.  In the meeting, we use a really fancy HD projector to show off each member’s solution.  It is very important to use an HD projector.  Again, don’t skimp!  Each code author speaks to their solution, everyone else comments, applauds, points fingers and laughs, etc.  As much as I’ve learned from solving the problems on my own, I’ve learned at least twice as much at the group code review.  6.  Rinse. Lather. Repeat.  We’ve hosted the language club for 7 weeks now.  The first meeting just set the stage.  The next two meetings provided a review of the languages followed by a first language selection.  The remaining meetings focused on Python and Project Euler problems.  Today we took a vote as to whether or not we’re ready to switch to another language and/or another problem set.  Pretty much everyone wants to stay the course for a few more weeks at least.  Until then, we’ll continue to code the next two solutions, review and learn. Again, we’ve been having a good time with the programming language club.  I’m glad it got off the ground.  What do you think?  Would you be interested in a language club?  Any suggestions on what we might do better?

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  • Why would more CPU cores on virtual machine slow compile times?

    - by Sid
    [edit#2] If anyone from VMWare can hit me up with a copy of VMWare Fusion, I'd be more than happy to do the same as a VirtualBox vs VMWare comparison. Somehow I suspect the VMWare hypervisor will be better tuned for hyperthreading (see my answer too) I'm seeing something curious. As I increase the number of cores on my Windows 7 x64 virtual machine, the overall compile time increases instead of decreasing. Compiling is usually very well suited for parallel processing as in the middle part (post dependency mapping) you can simply call a compiler instance on each of your .c/.cpp/.cs/whatever file to build partial objects for the linker to take over. So I would have imagined that compiling would actually scale very well with # of cores. But what I'm seeing is: 8 cores: 1.89 sec 4 cores: 1.33 sec 2 cores: 1.24 sec 1 core: 1.15 sec Is this simply a design artifact due to a particular vendor's hypervisor implementation (type2:virtualbox in my case) or something more pervasive across more VMs to make hypervisor implementations more simpler? With so many factors, I seem to be able to make arguments both for and against this behavior - so if someone knows more about this than me, I'd be curious to read your answer. Thanks Sid [edit:addressing comments] @MartinBeckett: Cold compiles were discarded. @MonsterTruck: Couldn't find an opensource project to compile directly. Would be great but can't screwup my dev env right now. @Mr Lister, @philosodad: Have 8 hw threads, using VirtualBox, so should be 1:1 mapping without emulation @Thorbjorn: I have 6.5GB for the VM and a smallish VS2012 project - it's quite unlikely that I'm swapping in/out trashing the page file. @All: If someone can point to an open source VS2010/VS2012 project, that might be a better community reference than my (proprietary) VS2012 project. Orchard and DNN seem to need environment tweaking to compile in VS2012. I really would like to see if someone with VMWare Fusion also sees this (for VMWare vs VirtualBox compartmentalization) Test details: Hardware: Macbook Pro Retina CPU : Core i7 @ 2.3Ghz (quad core, hyper threaded = 8 cores in windows task manager) Memory : 16 GB Disk : 256GB SSD Host OS: Mac OS X 10.8 VM type: VirtualBox 4.1.18 (type 2 hypervisor) Guest OS: Windows 7 x64 SP1 Compiler: VS2012 compiling a solution with 3 C# Azure projects Compile times measure by VS2012 plugin called 'VSCommands' All tests run 5 times, first 2 runs discarded, last 3 averaged

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