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• Can you dynamically resize a java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor while it still has tasks waitin

  - by Edward Shtern

  I'm working with a java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor to process a number of items in parallel. Although the threading itself works fine, at times we've run into other resource constraints due to actions happening in the threads, which made us want to dial down the number of Threads in the pool. I'd like to know if there's a way to dial down the number of the threads while the threads area actually working. I know that you can call setMaximumPoolSize() and/or setCorePoolSize(), but these only resize the pool once threads become idle, but they don't become idle until there are no tasks waiting in the queue.

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• Creating futures using Apple's GCD

  - by jer

  I'm working on a library which implements the actor model on top of Grand Central Dispatch (specifically the C level API libdispatch). Basically a brief overview of my system is as such: Communication happens between actors using messages Multicast communication only (one actor to many actors) Senders and receivers are decoupled from one another using a blackboard where messages are pushed to. Messages are sent in the default queue asynchronously using dispatch_group_async() once a message gets pushed onto the blackboard. I'm trying to implement futures in the language right now, so I've created a new type which holds some information: A group of its own The value being 'returned' However, I have a problem since dispatch_block_t is of type void (^)(void) so it doesn't return anything. So my idea of in my future_new() function of setting up another group which can be used to execute a block returning a result, which I can store in my "value" member in my future_t structure, isn't going to work. The rest of the futures implementation is very clear, except it all depends on being able to get the value into the future back from the actor, acting on the message. When using the library, it would greatly reduce its usefulness if I had to ask users (and myself) to be aware when futures were going to be used by other parts of the system—It just isn't practical. I'm wondering if anyone can think of a way around this?

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• Java - Multithreading

  - by Mandar

  What is the difference between synchronized methods and synchronized statements ? If possible , please use an example to make it more clear. Thanks.

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• Can shared memory be read and validated without mutexes?

  - by Bribles

  On Linux I'm using shmget and shmat to setup a shared memory segment that one process will write to and one or more processes will read from. The data that is being shared is a few megabytes in size and when updated is completely rewritten; it's never partially updated. I have my shared memory segment laid out as follows: ------------------------- | t0 | actual data | t1 | ------------------------- where t0 and t1 are copies of the time when the writer began its update (with enough precision such that successive updates are guaranteed to have differing times). The writer first writes to t1, then copies in the data, then writes to t0. The reader on the other hand reads t0, then the data, then t1. If the reader gets the same value for t0 and t1 then it considers the data consistent and valid, if not, it tries again. Does this procedure ensure that if the reader thinks the data is valid then it actually is? Do I need to worry about out-of-order execution (OOE)? If so, would the reader using memcpy to get the entire shared memory segment overcome the OOE issues on the reader side? (This assumes that memcpy performs it's copy linearly and ascending through the address space. Is that assumption valid?)

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• For single-producer, single-consumer should I use a BlockingCollection or a ConcurrentQueue?

  - by Jonathan Allen

  For single-producer, single-consumer should I use a BlockingCollection or a ConcurrentQueue? Concerns: * My goal is to pull up to 100 items at a time and send them as a batch to the next step. * If I use a ConcurrentQueue, I have to manually cause it to go asleep when there is no work to be done. Otherwise I waste CPU cycles on spinning. * If I use a BlockingQueue and I only have 99 work items, it could indefinitely block until there the 100th item arrives. http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.collections.concurrent.aspx

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• Correct way to generate order numbers in SQL Server

  - by Anton Gogolev

  This question certainly applies to a much broader scope, but here it is. I have a basic ecommerce app, where users can, naturally enough, place orders. Said orders need to have a unique number, which I'm trying to generate right now. Each order is Vendor-specific. Basically, I have an OrderNumberInfo (VendorID, OrderNumber) table. Now whenever a customer places an order I need to increment OrderNumber for a particuar Vendor and return that value. Naturally, I don't want other processes to interfere with me, so I need to exclusively lock this row somehow: begin tranaction declare @n int select @n = OrderNumber from OrderNumberInfo where VendorID = @vendorID update OrderNumberInfo set OrderNumber = @n + 1 where OrderNumber = @n and VendorID = @vendorID commit transaction Now, I've read about select ... with (updlock rowlock), pessimistic locking, etc., but just cannot fit all this in a coherent picture: How do these hints play with SQL Server 2008s' snapshot isolation? Do they perform row-level, page-level or even table-level locks? How does this tolerate multiple users trying to generate numbers for a single Vendor? What isolation levels are appropriate here? And generally - what is the way to do such things?

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• ArrayBlockingQueue - How to "interrupt" a thread that is wating on .take() method

  - by bernhard

  I use an ArrayBlockingQueue in my code. Clients will wait untill an element becomes available: myBlockingQueue.take(); How can I "shutdown" my service in case no elements are present in the queue and the take() ist wating indefenitely for an element to become available? This method throws an InterruptedException. My question is, how can I "evoke" an Interrupted Exception so that take() will quit? (I also tought about notify(), but it seems I doesnt help here..) I know I could insert an special "EOF/QUIT" marker Element but is this really the only solution? UPDATE (regarding the comment, that points to another question with two solutions: one mentioned above using a "Poisoning Pill Object" and the second one is Thread.interrupt(): The myBlockingQueue.take() is used NOT in a Thread (extending Thread) but rather implements Runnable. It seems a Runnable does not provide the .interrupt() method? How could I interrupt the Runnable? Million Thanks Bernhard

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• Why do condition variables sometimes erroneously wake up?

  - by aspo

  I've known for eons that the way you use a condition variable is lock while not task_done wait on condition variable unlock Because sometimes condition variables will spontaneously wake. But I've never understood why that's the case. In the past I've read it's expensive to make a condition variable that doesn't have that behavior, but nothing more than that. So... why do you need to worry about falsely being woken up when waiting on a condition variable?

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• Loading an XML configuration file BEFORE the flex application loads

  - by Shahar

  Hi, We are using an XML file as an external configuration file for several parameters in our application (including default values for UI components and properties values of some service layer objects). The idea is to be able to load the XML configuration file before the flex application initializes any of its components. This is crucial because XML loading is processed a-synchronously in flex, which can potentially cause race-conditions in the application. For example: the configuration file holds the endpoint URL of a web service used to obtain data from the server. The URL resides in the XML because we want to allow our users to alter the endpoint URL according to their environment. Now because the endpoint URL is retrieved only after the XML has been completely loaded, some of the application's components might be invoking operations on this web service before it is initialized with the correct endpoint. The trivial solution would have been to suspend the initialization of the application until the complete event is dispatched by the loader. But it appears that this solution is far from being trivial. I haven't found a single solution that allows me to load the XML before any other object in the application. Can anyone advice or comment on this matter? Regards, Shahar

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• Core Data: Deleting causes 'NSObjectInaccessibleException' from NSOperation with a reference to a deleted object

  - by Bryan Irace

  My application has NSOperation subclasses that fetch and operate on managed objects. My application also periodically purges rows from the database, which can result in the following race condition: An background operation fetches a bunch of objects (from a thread-specific context). It will iterate over these objects and do something with their properties. A bunch of rows are deleted in the main managed object context. The background operation accesses a property on an object that was deleted from the main context. This results in an 'NSObjectInaccessibleException', reason: 'CoreData could not fulfill a fault' Ideally, the objects that are fetched by the NSOperation can be operated on even if one is deleted in the main context. The best way I can think to achieve this is either to: Call [request setReturnsObjectsAsFaults:NO] to ensure that Core Data won't try to fulfill a fault for an object that no longer exists in the main context. The problem here is I may need to access the object's relationships, which (to my understanding) will still be faulted. Iterate through the managed objects up front and copy the properties I will need into separate non-managed objects. The problem here is that (I think) I will need to synchronize/lock this part, in case an object is deleted in the main context before I can finish copying. Am I missing something obvious? It doesn't seem like what I'm trying to accomplish is too out of the ordinary. Thanks for your help.

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• A .Net4 Gem: The ConcurrentDictionary - Tips & Tricks

  - by SDReyes

  Hi guys, I started to use the new ConcurrentDictionary from .Net4 yesterday to implement a simple caching for a threading project. But I'm wondering what I have to take care of/be careful about when using it? What have been your experiences using it?

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• How to write a spinlock without using CAS

  - by Martin

  Following on from a discussion which got going in the comments of this question. How would one go about writing a Spinlock without CAS operations? As the other question states: The memory ordering model is such that writes will be atomic (if two concurrent threads write a memory location at the same time, the result will be one or the other). The platform will not support atomic compare-and-set operations.

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• How to force programs out of swap file when a resources-intensive batch finishes?

  - by sharptooth

  We use employees' desktops for CPU-intensive simulation during the night. Desktops run Windows - usually Windows XP. Employees don't log off, they just lock the desktops, switch off their monitors and go. Every employee has a configuration file which he can edit to specify when he is most likely out of office. When that time comes a background program grabs data for simulation from the server, spawns worker processes, watches them, gets results and sends them to the server. When the time specified by the employee elapses simulation stops so that normal desktop usage is not interfered. The problem is that simuation consumes a lot of memory, so when the worker processes run they force other programs into the swap file. So when the employee comes all the programs he left are luggish and slow until he opens them one by one so that they are unswapped. Is there a way the program can force other programs out of swap file when it stops simulation so that they again run smoothly?

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• How to maintain a pool of names ?

  - by Jacques René Mesrine

  I need to maintain a list of userids (proxy accounts) which will be dished out to multithreaded clients. Basically the clients will use the userids to perform actions; but for this question, it is not important what these actions are. When a client gets hold of a userid, it is not available to other clients until the action is completed. I'm trying to think of a concurrent data structure to maintain this pool of userids. Any ideas ? Would a ConcurrentQueue do the job ? Clients will dequeue a userid, and add back the userid when they are finished with it.

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• synchronized block vs synchronized method?

  - by Warrior

  Can any one tell me the advantage of synchronized method over synchronized block with an example?Thanks.

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• Actors in Scala.net

  - by weijiajun

  I have recently completed some study of erlang, and was intrigued by scala for its feature set and the ease of interpolating with java (and possibly .net) applications. I am finally studying actors and was wondering if there is an actor mechanism that currently works in .net. I have looked at the libararies that come down with sbaz and have found that there is a scala.Concurrent but no scala.actors.Actor. I tried to use the scala.Concurrent.Channel but was unable to use the ! to send messages. I was just wondering if this is something that is currently available and if so how do you go about setting it up.

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• Using shared_ptr to implement RCU (read-copy-update)?

  - by yongsun

  I'm very interested in the user-space RCU (read-copy-update), and trying to simulate one via tr1::shared_ptr, here is the code, while I'm really a newbie in concurrent programming, would some experts help me to review? The basic idea is, reader calls get_reading_copy() to gain the pointer of current protected data (let's say it's generation one, or G1). writer calls get_updating_copy() to gain a copy of the G1 (let's say it's G2), and only one writer is allowed to enter the critical section. After the updating is done, writer calls update() to do a swap, and make the m_data_ptr pointing to data G2. The ongoing readers and the writer now hold the shared_ptr of G1, and either a reader or a writer will eventually deallocate the G1 data. Any new readers would get the pointer to G2, and a new writer would get the copy of G2 (let's say G3). It's possible the G1 is not released yet, so multiple generations of data my co-exists. template <typename T> class rcu_protected { public: typedef T type; typedef std::tr1::shared_ptr<type> rcu_pointer; rcu_protected() : m_data_ptr (new type()) {} rcu_pointer get_reading_copy () { spin_until_eq (m_is_swapping, 0); return m_data_ptr; } rcu_pointer get_updating_copy () { spin_until_eq (m_is_swapping, 0); while (!CAS (m_is_writing, 0, 1)) {/* do sleep for back-off when exceeding maximum retry times */} rcu_pointer new_data_ptr(new type(*m_data_ptr)); // as spin_until_eq does not have memory barrier protection, // we need to place a read barrier to protect the loading of // new_data_ptr not to be re-ordered before its construction _ReadBarrier(); return new_data_ptr; } void update (rcu_pointer new_data_ptr) { while (!CAS (m_is_swapping, 0, 1)) {} m_data_ptr.swap (new_data_ptr); // as spin_until_eq does not have memory barrier protection, // we need to place a write barrier to protect the assignments of // m_is_writing/m_is_swapping be re-ordered bofore the swapping _WriteBarrier(); m_is_writing = 0; m_is_swapping = 0; } private: volatile long m_is_writing; volatile long m_is_swapping; rcu_pointer m_data_ptr; };

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• When does the call() method get called in a Java Executor using Callable objects?

  - by MalcomTucker

  This is some sample code from an example. What I need to know is when call() gets called on the callable? What triggers it? public class CallableExample { public static class WordLengthCallable implements Callable { private String word; public WordLengthCallable(String word) { this.word = word; } public Integer call() { return Integer.valueOf(word.length()); } } public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception { ExecutorService pool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(3); Set<Future<Integer>> set = new HashSet<Future<Integer>>(); for (String word: args) { Callable<Integer> callable = new WordLengthCallable(word); Future<Integer> future = pool.submit(callable); //**DOES THIS CALL call()?** set.add(future); } int sum = 0; for (Future<Integer> future : set) { sum += future.get();//**OR DOES THIS CALL call()?** } System.out.printf("The sum of lengths is %s%n", sum); System.exit(sum); } }

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• How OpenStack Swift handles concurrent restful API request?

  - by Chen Xie

  I installed a swift service and was trying to know the capability of handling concurrent request. So I created massive amount of threads in Java, and sent it via the RestFUL API Not surprisingly, when the number of requests climb up, the program started to throw out exceptions. Caused by: java.net.ConnectException: Connection timed out: connect at java.net.DualStackPlainSocketImpl.connect0(Native Method) at java.net.DualStackPlainSocketImpl.socketConnect(DualStackPlainSocketImpl.java:69) at java.net.AbstractPlainSocketImpl.doConnect(AbstractPlainSocketImpl.java:339) at java.net.AbstractPlainSocketImpl.connectToAddress(AbstractPlainSocketImpl.java:200) at java.net.AbstractPlainSocketImpl.connect(AbstractPlainSocketImpl.java:182) at java.net.PlainSocketImpl.connect(PlainSocketImpl.java:157) at java.net.SocksSocketImpl.connect(SocksSocketImpl.java:391) at java.net.Socket.connect(Socket.java:579) at java.net.Socket.connect(Socket.java:528) at sun.net.NetworkClient.doConnect(NetworkClient.java:180) at sun.net.www.http.HttpClient.openServer(HttpClient.java:378) at sun.net.www.http.HttpClient.openServer(HttpClient.java:473) at sun.net.www.http.HttpClient.(HttpClient.java:203) But can anyone tell me how that time outhappened? I am curious of how SWIFT handles those requests. Is that by queuing the requests and because there are too many requests in the queue and wait for too long time and it's just get kicked out from the queue? If this holds, does it mean that it's an asynchronized mechanism to handle requests? Thanks.

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• What is the JVM Scheduling algorithm ?

  - by IHawk

  Hello ! I am really curious about how does the JVM work with threads ! In my searches in internet, I found some material about RTSJ, but I don't know if it's the right directions for my answers. I also found this topic in sun's forums, http://forums.sun.com/thread.jspa?forumID=513&threadID=472453, but that's not satisfatory. Can someone give me some directions, material, articles or suggestion about the JVM scheduling algorithm ? I am also looking for information about the default configurations of Java threads in the scheduler, like 'how long does it take for every thread' in case of time-slicing. And this stuff. I would appreciate any help ! Thank you !

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• Django: How can I protect against concurrent modification of data base entries

  - by Ber

  If there a way to protect against concurrent modifications of the same data base entry by two or more users? It would be acceptable to show an error message to the user performing the second commit/save operation, but data should not be silently overwritten. I think locking the entry is not an option, as a user might use the "Back" button or simply close his browser, leaving the lock for ever.

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• iPhone: One Object, One Thread

  - by GingerBreadMane

  On the iPhone, I would like to do some operations on an image in a separate thread. Rather than dealing with semiphores, locking, etc., I'd like to use the 'One Object, One Thread' method of safely writing this concurrent operation. I'm not sure what is the correct way to copy my object into a new thread so that the object is not accessed in the main thread. Do I use the 'copy' method? If so, do I do this before the thread or inside the thread? ... -(void)someMethod{ UIImage *myImage; [NSThread detachNewThreadSelector:@selector(getRotatedImage:) toTarget:self withObject:myImage]; } -(void)getRotatedImage:(UIImage *)image{ ... ... UIImage *copiedImage = [image copy]; ... ... }

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• Understanding the workflow of the messages in a generic server implementation in Erlang

  - by Chiron

  The following code is from "Programming Erlang, 2nd Edition". It is an example of how to implement a generic server in Erlang. -module(server1). -export([start/2, rpc/2]). start(Name, Mod) -> register(Name, spawn(fun() -> loop(Name, Mod, Mod:init()) end)). rpc(Name, Request) -> Name ! {self(), Request}, receive {Name, Response} -> Response end. loop(Name, Mod, State) -> receive {From, Request} -> {Response, State1} = Mod:handle(Request, State), From ! {Name, Response}, loop(Name, Mod, State1) end. -module(name_server). -export([init/0, add/2, find/1, handle/2]). -import(server1, [rpc/2]). %% client routines add(Name, Place) -> rpc(name_server, {add, Name, Place}). find(Name) -> rpc(name_server, {find, Name}). %% callback routines init() -> dict:new(). handle({add, Name, Place}, Dict) -> {ok, dict:store(Name, Place, Dict)}; handle({find, Name}, Dict) -> {dict:find(Name, Dict), Dict}. server1:start(name_server, name_server). name_server:add(joe, "at home"). name_server:find(joe). I tried so hard to understand the workflow of the messages. Would you please help me to understand the workflow of this server implementation during the executing of the functions: server1:start, name_server:add and name_server:find?

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• AtomicInteger lazySet and set

  - by Yan Cheng CHEOK

  May I know what is the difference among lazySet and set method for AtomicInteger. javadoc doesn't talk much about lazySet : Eventually sets to the given value. It seems that AtomicInteger will not immediately be set to the desired value, but it will be scheduled to be set in some time. But, what is the practical use of this method? Any example?

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• CompletionService.take().isDone() always true?

  - by jfager

  Is it safe to assume that java.util.concurrent.CompletionService.take().isDone() will always return true? If so, why does take() return a Future, rather than the value directly? If not, what does "completed task" as used in the documentation mean?

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