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• Can't decide between Java or Python for college [on hold]

  - by Will Harrison

  I'm returning to college in about a month for Computer Science. My problem is, I have been programming on the web since I left (4 years ago), using PHP, ASP.NET, and JavaScript. I want to bone up on a more general purpose language that is cross platform before I begin. I would also like to be using a language that is common at my school and I know that they teach the students C++, Java, and Python. I would like to choose between Java or Python but I'm not sure which one. What do you think would be better based on job prospects in the next 2 years and community?

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• Executing Shell Commands - PHP or Python?

  - by chadpeppers

  I know basically two languages: Python and PHP. I am primarily a Drupal developer. I have a great idea in creating a command line program that will help some of the mundane tasks and bring my efficiency up quite a bit. The concept is that of a complete console program, almost like the days when I learned C++ using stdin/out. I want to use this came concept but for this program. I am going to be executing shell commands (mainly drush commands, if you are familiar with drush its drupals way of doing tasks like installing drupal, clearing cache, and other things). I am also wanting to do a database and save/execute through multiple objects and site profiles. My general question is this. Which language would be better suited to handle command line code? Drupal is written in PHP so I am leaned more towards that,but I know python seems to handle console programming a bit easier. Any help would be great!

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• R vs Python for data analysis

  - by The_Cthulhu_Kid

  I have been programming for about a year and I am really interested in data analysis and machine learning. I am taking part in a couple of online courses and am reading a couple of books. Everything I am doing uses either R or Python and I am looking for suggestions on whether or not I should concentrate on one language (and if so which) or carry on with both; do they complement each other? -- I should mention that I use C# in school but am familiar with Python through self-study.

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• Learning Python is good?

  - by user15220

  Recently I have seen some videos from MIT on computer programming topics. I found it's really worth watching. Especially the concepts of algorithms and fundamental stuffs. The programs were written and explained in Python. I never had looked into this language before as I learned and doing stuffs with C/C++ programming. But the cleanliness and better readability of syntax attracted me. Of course as a C++ programmer for long time it's the most readable language for me. Also I heard Python library contains solid algorithms and data-structures implementations. Can you share your experience in this language?

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• Learning to program in C (coming from Python)

  - by Honza Pokorny

  If this is the wrong place to ask this question, please let me know. I'm a Python programmer by occupation. I would love to learn C. Indeed, I have tried many times, but I always get discouraged. In Python, you write a few lines and the program does wonders. In C, I can't seem to be able to do anything useful. It seems to be very complicated to even connect to the Internet. Do you have any suggestions on what I can do to learn C? Are there are any good websites? Any cool projects? Thanks

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• problem using pydoc in python

  - by rohanag

  I'm using pydoc in python 2.7.3 to generate documentation for a file called PreProcessingAPI.py which contains a class called PreProcessingAPI In PreProcessingAPI.py, I have the following import in the beginning of the file: from __future__ import division from re import * from nltk.stem import porter The problem is, in the documentation generated by pydoc, nltk.stem.porter is shown as a Module. There is also a DATA heading with all sorts of variables I do not know about. Is there a way to avoid these variables and avoid showing nltk.stem.porter in the modules? I'm running the following command to generate documentation python pydoc.py -w PreProcessingAPI.py I've put the file pydoc.py in the directory containing my file. Here is the file generated: https://www.dropbox.com/s/4rb6ut99o25mwly/PreProcessingAPI.html

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• Python or HTML5/JS for game development on 2014 [on hold]

  - by AlexKvazos

  So I've decided to give game development a go. I have experience on php/html/css/sql/js(jquery) so learning a new language shouldn't be as hard. I was reading that python and javascript are both nice for simple 2d non-intensive games. I found that python has this library/engine called PyGame but I realized that it was last updated 4 years ago. People still use this? And for javascript, I found libraries like 'pixi.js', 'melon.js' and 'cocos2d'. My goal is to make 2D games that would require the same performance as terraria, realm of the mad god, castle crashers.. and all those types of games. Taking into consideration, that I do want an updated library, what language of this two would be best to choose and what library to grab for it? Thanks in advance, sorry if question is broad. Let me know and I can edit to add more.

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• Learning Python from Beginner to Advanced level

  - by Christofer Bogaso

  I have some problems in my hand and would like to resolve them by myself (rather than hiring some professional, obviously due to cash problem!): build a really good website (planning to set-up my own start-up). build some good software (preferrably with exe installation files) on many mathematical and statistical techniques. To accomplish those tasks, is it worth to learn Python in advance level? I have advanced programming experiences with R and Matlab and VBA (and some sort of C), however not anything on Python. Be very grateful if experts put some guidance here. Thanks for your time.

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• [python] voice communication for python help!

  - by Eric

  Hello! I'm currently trying to write a voicechat program in python. All tips/trick is welcome to do this. So far I found pyAudio to be a wrapper of PortAudio. So I played around with that and got an input stream from my microphone to be played back to my speakers. Only RAW of course. But I can't send RAW-data over the netowrk (due the size duh), so I'm looking for a way to encode it. And I searched around the 'net and stumbled over this speex-wrapper for python. It seems to good to be true, and believe me, it was. You see in pyAudio you can set the size of the chunks you want to take from your input audiobuffer, and in that sample code on the link, it's set to 320. Then when it's encoded, its like ~40 bytes of data per chunk, which is fairly acceptable I guess. And now for the problem. I start a sample program which just takes the input stream, encodes the chunks, decodes them and play them (not sending over the network due testing). If I just let my computer idle and run this program it works great, but as soon as I do something, i.e start Firefox or something, the audio input buffer gets all clogged up! It just grows and then it all crashes and gives me an overflow error on the buffer.. OK, so why am I just taking 320 bytes of the stream? I could just take like 1024 bytes or something and that will easy the pressure on the buffer. BUT. If I give speex 1024 bytes of data to encode/decode, it either crashes and says that thats too big for its buffer. OR it encodes/decodes it, but the sound is very noisy and "choppy" as if it only encoded a tiny bit of that 1024 chunk and the rest is static noise. So the sound sounds like a helicopter, lol. I did some research and it seems that speex only can convert 320 bytes of data at time, and well, 640 for wide-band. But that's the standard? How can I fix this problem? How should I construct my program to work with speex? I could use a middle-buffer tho that takes all available data to read from the buffer, then chunk this up in 320 bits and encode/decode them. But this takes a bit longer time and seems like a very bad solution of the problem.. Because as far as I know, there's no other encoder for python that encodes the audio so it can be sent over the network in acceptable small packages, or? I've been googling for three days now. Also there is this pyMedia library, I don't know if its good to convert to mp3/ogg for this kind of software. Thank in in advance for reading this, hope anyone can help me! (:

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• Get signal names from numbers in Python

  - by Brian M. Hunt

  Is there a way to map a signal number (e.g. signal.SIGINT) to its respective name (i.e. "SIGINT")? I'd like to be able to print the name of a signal in the log when I receive it, however I cannot find a map from signal numbers to names in Python, i.e. import signal def signal_handler(signum, frame): logging.debug("Received signal (%s)" % sig_names[signum]) signal.signal(signal.SIGINT, signal_handler) For some dictionary sig_names, so when the process receives SIGINT it prints: Received signal (SIGINT) Thank you.

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• Python: Implementing slicing in __getitem__

  - by nicotine

  I am trying to implement slice functionality for a class I am making that creates a vector representation. I have this code so far, which I believe will properly implement the slice but whenever I do a call like v[4] where v is a vector python returns an error about not having enough parameters. So I am trying to figure out how to define the getitem class to handle both plain indexes and slicing. def __getitem__(self, start, stop, step): indx = start if stop == None: end = start + 1 else: end = stop if step == None: stride = 1 else: stride = step return self.__data[indx:end:stride]

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• SyntaxError using gdata-python-client to access Google Book Search Data API

  - by isbadawi

  >>> import gdata.books.service >>> service = gdata.books.service.BookService() >>> results = service.search_by_keyword(isbn='0434003484') Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#4>", line 1, in <module> results = service.search_by_keyword(isbn='0434003484') ... snip ... File "C:\Python26\lib\site-packages\atom\__init__.py", line 127, in CreateClassFromXMLString tree = ElementTree.fromstring(xml_string) File "<string>", line 85, in XML SyntaxError: syntax error: line 1, column 0 This is a minimal example -- in particular, the book service unit tests included in the package also fail with the exact same error. I've looked at the wiki and open issue tickets on Google Code to no avail (and this seems to me more apt to be a silly error on my end rather than a problem with the library). I'm not sure how to interpret the error message. If it matters, I'm using python 2.6.5.

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• Python: Slicing a list into n nearly-equal-length partitions

  - by Drew

  I'm looking for a fast, clean, pythonic way to divide a list into exactly n nearly-equal partitions. partition([1,2,3,4,5],5)->[[1],[2],[3],[4],[5]] partition([1,2,3,4,5],2)->[[1,2],[3,4,5]] (or [[1,2,3],[4,5]]) partition([1,2,3,4,5],3)->[[1,2],[3,4],[5]] (there are other ways to slice this one too) There are several answers in here http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1335392/iteration-over-list-slices that run very close to what I want, except they are focused on the size of the list, and I care about the number of the lists (some of them also pad with None). These are trivially converted, obviously, but I'm looking for a best practice. Similarly, people have pointed out great solutions here http://stackoverflow.com/questions/312443/how-do-you-split-a-list-into-evenly-sized-chunks-in-python for a very similar problem, but I'm more interested in the number of partitions than the specific size, as long as it's within 1. Again, this is trivially convertible, but I'm looking for a best practice.

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• python: variable not getting defined after several conditionals

  - by Protean

  For some reason this program is saying that 'switch' is not defined. What is going on? #PYTHON 3.1.1 class mysrt: def __init__(self): self.DATA = open('ORDER.txt', 'r') self.collect = 0 cache1 = str(self.DATA.readlines()) cache2 = [] for i in range(len(cache1)): if cache1[i] == '*': if self.collect == 0: self.collect = 1 elif self.collect == 1: self.collect = 0 elif self.collect == 1: cache2.append(cache1[i]) self.ORDER = cache2 self.ARRAY = [] self.GLOBALi = 0 self.GLOBALmax = range(len(self.ORDER)) self.GLOBALc = [] self.GLOBALl = [] def sorter(self, array): CACHE_LIST_1 = [] CACHE_LIST_2 = [] i = 0 for ORDERi in range(len(self.ORDER)): for ARRAYi in range(len(array)): CACHE = array[ARRAYi] if CACHE[self.GLOBALi] == self.ORDER[ORDERi]: CACHE_LIST_1.append(CACHE) else: CACHE_LIST_2.append(CACHE) for i in range(len(CACHE_LIST_1)): if CACHE_LIST_1[0] == CACHE_LIST_1[i] or range(len(CACHE_LIST_1)) == 1: switch = 1 print ('1') else: switch = 0 print ('0') break if switch == 1: self.GLOBALl += CACHE_LIST_1 + self.GLOBALc self.GLOBALi = 0 self.GLOBALc = [] else: self.GLOBALi += 1 self.GLOBALc += CACHE_LIST_2 mysrt.sorter(CACHE) return (self.GLOBALl) #GLOBALi =0 # if range(len(self.GLOBALc)) =! range(len(self.ARRAY)) array = ['ape', 'cow','dog','bat'] ORDER_FILE = [] mysort = mysrt() print (mysort.sorter(array))

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• Visual Python - Visualize graphs relating to a movement

  - by Francisco P.

  Hello, everyone! I'm working with visual python on a project where I need to simulate a physical movement. I'd like to present, in a different window than the one the actual, 3D sim is running, two graphs, both related to the movement: How the velocity and angular velocity progress over time. How the movement and rotation progress over time. All these vars are refreshed once per cycle (inside a while(true)) How can I accomplish this? Thank you for your time!

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• Able to ping but cannot browse after several hours running of my python program

  - by Shane

  It's a GUI program I wrote in python checking website/server status running on my XP SP3, multi threads are used to check different site/server. After several hours running, the program starts to get urlopen error timed out all the time, and this always happens right after a POST request from a server(not a certain one, might be A or B or C), and it's also not the first POST request causing the problem, normally after several hours running and it happens to make a POST request at an unknown moment, all you get from then on is urlopen error timed out. I'm still able to ping but cannot browse any site, once the program closed everything's fine. It's definitely the program causing this problem, well I just don't know how to debug/check what the problem is, also don't know if it's from OS side or my program wasting too many resources/connections(are you still able to ping when too many connections used?), would anybody please help me out?

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• Piping SoX in Python - subprocess alternative?

  - by Cochise Ruhulessin

  I use SoX in an application. The application uses it to apply various operations on audiofiles, such as trimming. This works fine: from subprocess import Popen, PIPE kwargs = {'stdin': PIPE, 'stdout': PIPE, 'stderr': PIPE} pipe = Popen(['sox','-t','mp3','-', 'test.mp3','trim','0','15'], **kwargs) output, errors = pipe.communicate(input=open('test.mp3','rb').read()) if errors: raise RuntimeError(errors) This will cause problems on large files hower, since read() loads the complete file to memory; which is slow and may cause the pipes' buffer to overflow. A workaround exists: from subprocess import Popen, PIPE import tempfile import uuid import shutil import os kwargs = {'stdin': PIPE, 'stdout': PIPE, 'stderr': PIPE} tmp = os.path.join(tempfile.gettempdir(), uuid.uuid1().hex + '.mp3') pipe = Popen(['sox','test.mp3', tmp,'trim','0','15'], **kwargs) output, errors = pipe.communicate() if errors: raise RuntimeError(errors) shutil.copy2(tmp, 'test.mp3') os.remove(tmp) So the question stands as follows: Are there any alternatives to this approach, aside from writing a Python extension to the Sox C API?

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• How to set timeout with python-mechanize?

  - by Michal Cihar

  I'm using python-mechanize to scrape some web sites, which sometime simply don't respond to requests and these requests stay open too long, so I need to limit timeout for these requests. While using urlopen method, the timeout can be set using timeout parameter, but I have not found easy way for doing it with high level API such as submit or click methods. Ideally the timeout would be set just once for whole browser class and all calls would honor that. It would be probably possible to customize this by passing custom request_class to every click and submit call, but this would just pollute the code, so I'm looking for nicer solution for setting timeout for mechanize's browser class (and no, I don't want to change default socket timeout using socket.setdefaulttimeout).

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• Python: Access members of a set

  - by emu

  Say I have a set myset of custom objects that may be equal although their references are different (a == b and a is not b). Now if I add(a) to the set, Python correctly assumes that a in myset and b in myset even though there is only len(myset) == 1 object in the set. That is clear. But is it now possible to extract the value of a somehow out from the set, using b only? Suppose that the objects are mutable and I want to change them both, having forgotten the direct reference to a. Put differently, I am looking for the myset[b] operation, which would return exactly the member a of the set. It seems to me that the type set cannot do this (faster than iterating through all its members). If so, is there at least an effective work-around?

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• Removing items from a nested list Python

  - by johntfoster

  I'm trying to remove items from a nested list in Python. I have a nested list as follows: families = [[0, 1, 2],[0, 1, 2, 3],[0, 1, 2, 3, 4],[1, 2, 3, 4, 5],[2, 3, 4, 5, 6]] I want to remove the entries in each sublist that coorespond to the indexed position of the sublist in the master list. So, for example, I need to remove 0 from the first sublist, 1 from second sublist, etc. I am trying to use a list comrehension do do this. This is what I have tried: familiesNew = [ [ families[i][j] for j in families[i] if i !=j ] for i in range(len(families)) ] This works for range(len(families)) up to 3, however beyond that I get IndexError: list index out of range. I'm not sure why. Can somebody give me an idea of how to do this. Preferably a one-liner (list comprehension). Thanks.

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• Constructing a tree using Python

  - by stealthspy

  I am trying to implement a unranked boolean retrieval. For this, I need to construct a tree and perform a DFS to retrieve documents. I have the leaf nodes but I am having difficulty to construct the tree. Eg: query = OR ( AND (maria sharapova) tennis) Result: OR | | AND tennis | | maria sharapova I traverse the tree using DFS and calculate the boolean equivalent of certain document ids to identify the required document from the corpus. Can someone help me with the design of this using python? I have parsed the query and retrieved the leaf nodes for now.

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• How to setup Python with Lighttpd and FastCGI (like PHP)

  - by johndir

  Running Lighttpd on Linux, I would like to be able to execute Python scripts just the way I execute PHP scripts. The goal is to be able to execute arbitrary script files stored in the WWW directory, e.g. http://www.example.com/*.py. I would not like to spawn a new Python instance (interpreter) for every request (like done in regular CGI, if I'm not mistaken), which is why I'm using FastCGI. Following Lighttpd's documentation, the following is the FastCGI part of my config file. The problem is that it always runs the /usr/local/bin/python-fcgi script for every *.py file, regardless of the content of that file: http://www.example.com/script.py [output=>] "python-fcgi: test" (regardless of the content of script.py) I'm not interested in using any framework, but simply executing individual [web] scripts. How can I make it act like PHP, executing any script in the WWW directory by requesting it's path? /etc/lighttpd/conf.d/fastcgi.conf: server.modules += ( "mod_fastcgi" ) index-file.names += ( "index.php" ) fastcgi.server = ( ".php" => ( "localhost" => ( "bin-path" => "/usr/bin/php-cgi", "socket" => "/var/run/lighttpd/php-fastcgi.sock", "max-procs" => 4, # default value "bin-environment" => ( "PHP_FCGI_CHILDREN" => "1", # default value ), "broken-scriptfilename" => "enable" ) ), ".py" => ( "python-fcgi" => ( "socket" => "/var/run/lighttpd/fastcgi.python.socket", "bin-path" => "/usr/local/bin/python-fcgi", "check-local" => "disable", "max-procs" => 1, ) ) ) /usr/local/bin/python-fcgi: #!/usr/bin/python2 def myapp(environ, start_response): start_response('200 OK', [('Content-Type', 'text/plain')]) return ['python-fcgi: test\n'] if __name__ == '__main__': from flup.server.fcgi import WSGIServer WSGIServer(myapp).run()

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• Python - multithreading / multiprocessing, very strange problem.

  - by orokusaki

  import uuid import time import multiprocessing def sleep_then_write(content): time.sleep(5) print(content) if __name__ == '__main__': for i in range(15): p = multiprocessing.Process(target=sleep_then_write, args=('Hello World',)) p.start() print('Ah, what a hard day of threading...') This script output the following: Ah, what a hard day of threading... Ah, what a hard day of threading... Ah, what a hard day of threading... Ah, what a hard day of threading... Ah, what a hard day of threading... Ah, what a hard day of threading... Ah, what a hard day of threading... Ah, what a hard day of threading... Ah, what a hard day of threading... AAh, what a hard day of threading.. h, what a hard day of threading... Ah, what a hard day of threading... Ah, what a hard day of threading... Ah, what a hard day of threading... Ah, what a hard day of threading... Ah, what a hard day of threading... Hello World Hello World Hello World Hello World Hello World Hello World Hello World Hello World Hello World Hello World Hello World Hello World Hello World Hello World Hello World Firstly, why the heck did it print the bottom statement sixteen times (one for each process) instead of just the one time? Second, notice the AAh, and h, about half way down; that was the real output. This makes me wary of using threads ever, now. (Windows XP, Python 2.6.4, Core 2 Duo)

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• How to change a Linux user password from python

  - by Vaulor

  I'm having problems with changing a Linux user's password from python. I've tried so many things, but I couldn't manage to solve the issue, here is the sample of things I've already tried: sudo_password is the password for sudo, sudo_command is the command I want the system to run, user is get from a List and is the user who I want to change the password for, and newpass is the pass I want to assign to 'user' user = list.get(ANCHOR) sudo_command = 'passwd' f = open("passwordusu.tmp", "w") f.write("%s\n%s" % (newpass, newpass)) f.close() A=os.system('echo -e %s|sudo -S %s < %s %s' % (sudo_password, sudo_command,'passwordusu.tmp', user)) print A windowpass.destroy() 'A' is the return value for the execution of os.system, in this case 256. I tried also A=os.system('echo %s|sudo -S %s < %s %s' % (sudo_password, sudo_command,'passwordusu.tmp', user)) but it returns the same error code. I tried several other ways with 'passwd' command, but whithout succes. With 'chpasswd' command I 've tried this: user = list.get(ANCHOR) sudo_command = 'chpasswd' f = open("passwordusu.tmp", "w") f.write("%s:%s" % (user, newpass)) f.close() A=os.system('echo %s|sudo -S %s < %s %s' % (sudo_password, sudo_command,'passwordusu.tmp', user)) print A windowpass.destroy() also with: A=os.system('echo %s|sudo -S %s:%s|%s' % (sudo_password, user, newpass, sudo_command)) @;which returns 32512 A=os.system("echo %s | sudo -S %s < \"%s\"" % (sudo_password, sudo_command, "passwordusu.tmp")) @;which returns 256 I tried 'mkpasswd' and 'usermod' too like this: user = list.get(ANCHOR) sudo_command = 'mkpasswd -m sha-512' os.system("echo %s | sudo -S %s %s > passwd.tmp" % (sudo_password,sudo_command, newpass)) sudo_command="usermod -p" f = open('passwd.tmp', 'r') for line in f.readlines(): newpassencryp=line f.close() A=os.system("echo %s | sudo -S %s %s %s" % (sudo_password, sudo_command, newpassencryp, user)) @;which returns 32512 but, if you go to https://www.mkpasswd.net , hash the 'newpass' and substitute for 'newpassencryp', it returns 0 which theoretically means it has gone right, but so far it doesn't changes the password. I've searched on internet and stackoverflow for this issue or similar and tried what solutions exposed, but again,without success. I would really apreciate any help, and of course, if you need more info i'll be glad to supply it! Thanks in advance.

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• how to load files in python

  - by Alvaro

  I'm fairly new to python and would like some help on properly loading separate files. My codes purpose is to open a given file, search for customers of that file by the state or state abbreviation. However, i have a separate function to open a separate file where i have (name of state):(state abbreviation) Thanks. def file_state_search(fileid, state): z=0 indx = 0 while z<25: line=fileid.readline() data_list = ("Name:", "Address:", "City:", "State:", "Zipcode:") line_split = line.split(":") if state in line: while indx<5: print data_list[indx], line_split[indx] indx = indx + 1 elif state not in line: z = z + 1 def state_convert(fileid, state): line2=in_file2.readline() while state in line2: print line2 x=1 while x==1: print "Choose an option:" print print "Option '1': Search Record By State" print option = raw_input("Enter an option:") print if option == "1": state = raw_input("Enter A State:") in_file = open("AdrData.txt", 'r') line=in_file.readline() print in_file2 = open("States.txt", 'r') line2=in_file2.readline() converted_state = state_convert(in_file2, state) print converted_state state_find = file_state_search(in_file, state) print state_find x=raw_input("Enter '1' to continue, Enter '2' to stop: ") x=int(x) By the way, my first import statement works, for whatever reason my second one doesn't. Edit: My question is, what am i doing wrong in my state_convert function.

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