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  • Is it the address bus size or the data bus size that determines "8-bit , 16-bit ,32-bit ,64-bit " systems?

    - by learner
    My simple understanding is as follows. Memory (RAM) is composed of bits, groups of 8 which form bytes, each of which can be addressed ,and hence byte addressable memory. Address Bus stores the location of a byte of memory. If an address bus is of size 32 bits, that means it can hold upto 232 numbers and it hence can refer upto 232 bytes of memory = 4GB of memory and any memory greater than that is useless. Data bus is used to send the value to be written to/read off the memory. If I have a data bus of size 32 bits, it means a maximum of 4 bytes can be written to/read off the memory at a time. I find no relation between this size and the maximum memory size possible. But I read here that: Even though most systems are byte-addressable, it makes sense for the processor to move as much data around as possible. This is done by the data bus, and the size of the data bus is where the names 8-bit system, 16-bit system, 32-bit system, 64-bit system, etc.. come from. When the data bus is 8 bits wide, it can transfer 8 bits in a single memory operation. When the data bus is 32 bits wide (as is most common at the time of writing), at most, 32 bits can be moved in a single memory operation. This says that the size of the data bus is what gives an OS the name, 8bit, 16bit and so on. What is wrong with my understanding?

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  • Why an empty MAIL FROM address can sent out email?

    - by garconcn
    We are using Smarter Mail system. Recently, we found that hacker had hacked some user accounts and sent out lots of spams. We have firewall to ratelimit the sender, but for the following email, the firewall couldn't do this because of the empty FROM address. Why an empty FROM address is consider OK? Actually, in our MTA(surgemail), we can see the sender in the email header. Any idea? Thanks. 11:17:06 [xx.xx.xx.xx][15459629] rsp: 220 mail30.server.com 11:17:06 [xx.xx.xx.xx][15459629] connected at 6/16/2010 11:17:06 AM 11:17:06 [xx.xx.xx.xx][15459629] cmd: EHLO ulix.geo.auth.gr 11:17:06 [xx.xx.xx.xx][15459629] rsp: 250-mail30.server.com Hello [xx.xx.xx.xx] 250-SIZE 31457280 250-AUTH LOGIN CRAM-MD5 250 OK 11:17:06 [xx.xx.xx.xx][15459629] cmd: AUTH LOGIN 11:17:06 [xx.xx.xx.xx][15459629] rsp: 334 VXNlcm5hbWU6 11:17:07 [xx.xx.xx.xx][15459629] rsp: 334 UGFzc3dvcmQ6 11:17:07 [xx.xx.xx.xx][15459629] rsp: 235 Authentication successful 11:17:07 [xx.xx.xx.xx][15459629] Authenticated as [email protected] 11:17:07 [xx.xx.xx.xx][15459629] cmd: MAIL FROM: 11:17:07 [xx.xx.xx.xx][15459629] rsp: 250 OK < Sender ok 11:17:07 [xx.xx.xx.xx][15459629] cmd: RCPT TO:[email protected] 11:17:07 [xx.xx.xx.xx][15459629] rsp: 250 OK Recipient ok 11:17:08 [xx.xx.xx.xx][15459629] cmd: DATA

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  • Why is SMB from a Windows 7 64-bit to OS X Server so slow when using DNS vs IP?

    - by chuboy
    When I connect my 64-bit Windows 7 to a OS X server using \servername, my transfer rates are around 400KB/s. However, when I do the same thing using \192.168.0.10 (which is the IP of the server), transfer rates jump to 30MB/s. All of this happens via a gigabit ethernet cable with my wireless disabled I heard Samba itself "doesn't use DNS", but if that's the case, how am I able to connect to the server in the first place?

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  • Why can't I connect to computers on my network using our external IP address?

    - by Kivin
    My home network is serviced by an ADSL line. The modem is in bridged mode. The router performs the PPPoE. Three computers are connected to the router: two wired Windows 7 boxes and a Ubuntu Linux box over wifi. The computers are hosting various forms of services including FTP and HTTP. The router has port forwarding mapped from the relevant ports to the reserved IP addresses for the computers. If I attempt to connect to a server inside the network, such as ftp://67.xx.xxx.xxx from inside the network, the request times out. However if I connect using the internally mapped address, such as ftp://192.168.0.100, all is well. This is a nuisance for setting up software, especially on the laptop which needs to be able to phone home from anywhere, and I just don't have enough expertise with networking to know why this is occurring to even have a clue whether it can be solved or not. edit: It should be noted that the servers can be accessible outside the network - say, at the starbucks across the street - perfectly fine, using the ISP provided address and the appropriate port.

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  • What resources do you recommend for learning more about TCP/IP, networking, and related areas?

    - by mkelley33
    As a relatively-new Python programmer, I'm finding more and more that networking as it relates to the web and web development is becoming increasingly important to understand. When I was an active C# ASP.NET programmer making smaller websites with less responsibility this knowledge seemed less important, since there was often a "networking" guy performing any tasks beyond acquiring a domain name for a client. Which books, websites, presentations, articles, or other resources would you recommend so that I best understand what's happening between the time a user types a URL and receives the rendered HTML? Thanks!

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  • How to rate-limit in nginx, but including/excluding certain IP addresses?

    - by Jason Cohen
    I'm able to use limit_req to rate-limit all requests to my server. However I'd like to remove the rate restriction for certain IP addresses (i.e. whitelist) and use a different rate restriction for certain others (i.e. certain IPs I'd like as low as 1r/s). I tried using conditionals (e.g. if ( $remote_addr = "1.2.3.4" ) {}) but that seems to work only with rewrite rules, not for rate-limit rules.

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  • PowerDNS CNAME with multiple A records produces unexpected results

    - by bwight
    This problem from what i can tell is isolated to PowerDNS. The servers are running two packages pdns-static-3.0.1-1.i386.rpm and pdns-recursor-3.3-1.i386.rpm on the most recent version of Amazon Linux. The amazon ec2 loadbalancers are assigned a CNAME with multiple hosts. Below is an example of the actual behavior. Notice how the hosts are always in the same order. [root@localhost ~]# host cache.domain.com cache.domain.com is an alias for xxxxx.us-east-1.elb.amazonaws.com. xxxxx.us-east-1.elb.amazonaws.com has address aaa.aaa.aaa.aaa xxxxx.us-east-1.elb.amazonaws.com has address bbb.bbb.bbb.bbb [root@localhost ~]# host cache.domain.com cache.domain.com is an alias for xxxxx.us-east-1.elb.amazonaws.com. xxxxx.us-east-1.elb.amazonaws.com has address aaa.aaa.aaa.aaa xxxxx.us-east-1.elb.amazonaws.com has address bbb.bbb.bbb.bbb [root@localhost ~]# host cache.domain.com cache.domain.com is an alias for xxxxx.us-east-1.elb.amazonaws.com. xxxxx.us-east-1.elb.amazonaws.com has address aaa.aaa.aaa.aaa xxxxx.us-east-1.elb.amazonaws.com has address bbb.bbb.bbb.bbb Expected behavior is round robin for the hosts [root@localhost ~]# host cache.domain.com cache.domain.com is an alias for xxxxx.us-east-1.elb.amazonaws.com. xxxxx.us-east-1.elb.amazonaws.com has address aaa.aaa.aaa.aaa xxxxx.us-east-1.elb.amazonaws.com has address bbb.bbb.bbb.bbb [root@localhost ~]# host cache.domain.com cache.domain.com is an alias for xxxxx.us-east-1.elb.amazonaws.com. xxxxx.us-east-1.elb.amazonaws.com has address bbb.bbb.bbb.bbb xxxxx.us-east-1.elb.amazonaws.com has address aaa.aaa.aaa.aaa [root@localhost ~]# host cache.domain.com cache.domain.com is an alias for xxxxx.us-east-1.elb.amazonaws.com. xxxxx.us-east-1.elb.amazonaws.com has address aaa.aaa.aaa.aaa xxxxx.us-east-1.elb.amazonaws.com has address bbb.bbb.bbb.bbb The addresses eventually do swap but it seems to be on a 30 minute cache timer changing the TTL of the record doesn't appear to affect anything. It appears as though the resolver has a cache of the response. This adversely affects my application because all of the load is only being sent to one of the loadbalancers (Availability Zones) so if I have servers in two zones then only one zone is under load at a time. Do you know how I can fix this so that each time the host is resolved the order of the addresses is alternating.

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  • What liability concerns do advertising vendors raise, and how can I address them?

    - by Beofett
    One of the websites I administer wants to provide free advertising in the form of direct links to vendors at an event they are running. Up until now, there has been no advertising whatsoever on the site (or any of our other sites). The site is for a for-profit business. The idea of implicit endorsement of any vendors we advertise has been raised, which brought up the question of what we need to do, if anything, to protect ourselves from any potential problems such endorsement might create. I know that many sites have clauses in their Terms of Service that state that (in a nutshell) they are not responsible for any problems or grievances between the visitors to the site and any vendor advertised or linked. Are there other steps that a website typically takes when considering advertising, such as getting the advertiser to provide some sort of certification that their ad will not violate any trademarks or copyrighted material?

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  • My facebook blocking ACL has stopped working

    - by Josh
    This probably very simple. This was setup before I arrived, and has been working to block facebook. I recently eliminated some static port forwarding on this 2691 (as in, I don't think anything else has changed), and now facebook is once again accessible. Why is this list not doing what it seems like it should be doing (and was doing)? Would an extended outbound ACL be more appropriate (I think that would have been my thought if I had been tasked with creating this in the first place)? Something different? I've included below what I believe are the relevant parts of the config. interface FastEthernet0/0 ip address my.pub.ip.add my.ip.add.msk ip access-group 1 in ip nat outside ip virtual-reassembly duplex auto speed auto access-list 1 deny 69.171.224.0 0.0.31.255 access-list 1 deny 74.119.76.0 0.0.3.255 access-list 1 deny 204.15.20.0 0.0.3.255 access-list 1 deny 66.220.144.0 0.0.15.255 access-list 1 deny 69.63.176.0 0.0.15.255 access-list 1 permit any ip nat inside source list 105 interface FastEthernet0/0 overload access-list 105 deny ip 192.168.0.0 0.0.0.255 192.168.8.0 0.0.0.255 access-list 105 permit ip 192.168.0.0 0.0.0.255 any access-list 105 permit ip 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 any EDIT ACL is once again blocking Facebook. Here is the new definition for those interested... access-list 1 deny 66.220.144.0 0.0.7.255 access-list 1 deny 66.220.152.0 0.0.7.255 access-list 1 deny 69.63.176.0 0.0.7.255 access-list 1 deny 69.63.176.0 0.0.0.255 access-list 1 deny 69.63.184.0 0.0.7.255 access-list 1 deny 69.171.224.0 0.0.15.255 access-list 1 deny 69.171.239.0 0.0.0.255 access-list 1 deny 69.171.240.0 0.0.15.255 access-list 1 deny 69.171.255.0 0.0.0.255 access-list 1 deny 74.119.76.0 0.0.3.255 access-list 1 deny 173.252.64.0 0.0.31.255 access-list 1 deny 173.252.70.0 0.0.0.255 access-list 1 deny 173.252.96.0 0.0.31.255 access-list 1 deny 204.15.20.0 0.0.3.255 access-list 1 permit any

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  • Multi-site email relay based on email address (in AD?)

    - by MarkRobinson
    We have a multi site setup currently based around Exchange 2003, but we are getting a lot of traffic over the vpn as only one server has an internet facing IP. Is there such a product that could sit on a hosted rack somewhere that would look at an incoming email and from information in AD determine which mail server to relay the message to?

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  • Site-to-site VPN using MD5 instead of SHA and getting regular disconnection

    - by Steven
    We are experiencing some strange behavior with a site-to-site IPsec VPN that goes down about every week for 30 minutes (Iam told 30 minutes exactly). I don't have access to the logs, so it's difficult to troubleshoot. What is also strange is that the two VPN devices are set to use SHA hash algorithm but apparently end up agreeing to use MD5. Does anybody have a clue? or is this just insufficient information? Edit: Here is an extract of the log of one of the two VPN devices, which is a Cisco 3000 series VPN concentrator. 27981 03/08/2010 10:02:16.290 SEV=4 IKE/41 RPT=16120 xxxxxxxx IKE Initiator: New Phase 1, Intf 2, IKE Peer xxxxxxxx local Proxy Address xxxxxxxx, remote Proxy Address xxxxxxxx, SA (L2L: 1A) 27983 03/08/2010 10:02:56.930 SEV=4 IKE/41 RPT=16121 xxxxxxxx IKE Initiator: New Phase 1, Intf 2, IKE Peer xxxxxxxx local Proxy Address xxxxxxxx, remote Proxy Address xxxxxxxx, SA (L2L: 1A) 27986 03/08/2010 10:03:35.370 SEV=4 IKE/41 RPT=16122 xxxxxxxx IKE Initiator: New Phase 1, Intf 2, IKE Peer xxxxxxxx local Proxy Address xxxxxxxx, remote Proxy Address xxxxxxxx, SA (L2L: 1A) [… same continues for another 15 minutes …] 28093 03/08/2010 10:19:46.710 SEV=4 IKE/41 RPT=16140 xxxxxxxx IKE Initiator: New Phase 1, Intf 2, IKE Peer xxxxxxxx local Proxy Address xxxxxxxx, remote Proxy Address xxxxxxxx, SA (L2L: 1A) 28096 03/08/2010 10:20:17.720 SEV=5 IKE/172 RPT=1291 xxxxxxxx Group [xxxxxxxx] Automatic NAT Detection Status: Remote end is NOT behind a NAT device This end IS behind a NAT device 28100 03/08/2010 10:20:17.820 SEV=3 IKE/134 RPT=79 xxxxxxxx Group [xxxxxxxx] Mismatch: Configured LAN-to-LAN proposal differs from negotiated proposal. Verify local and remote LAN-to-LAN connection lists. 28103 03/08/2010 10:20:17.820 SEV=4 IKE/119 RPT=1197 xxxxxxxx Group [xxxxxxxx] PHASE 1 COMPLETED 28104 03/08/2010 10:20:17.820 SEV=4 AUTH/22 RPT=1031 xxxxxxxx User [xxxxxxxx] Group [xxxxxxxx] connected, Session Type: IPSec/LAN- to-LAN 28106 03/08/2010 10:20:17.820 SEV=4 AUTH/84 RPT=39 LAN-to-LAN tunnel to headend device xxxxxxxx connected 28110 03/08/2010 10:20:17.920 SEV=5 IKE/25 RPT=1291 xxxxxxxx Group [xxxxxxxx] Received remote Proxy Host data in ID Payload: Address xxxxxxxx, Protocol 0, Port 0 28113 03/08/2010 10:20:17.920 SEV=5 IKE/24 RPT=88 xxxxxxxx Group [xxxxxxxx] Received local Proxy Host data in ID Payload: Address xxxxxxxx, Protocol 0, Port 0 28116 03/08/2010 10:20:17.920 SEV=5 IKE/66 RPT=1290 xxxxxxxx Group [xxxxxxxx] IKE Remote Peer configured for SA: L2L: 1A 28117 03/08/2010 10:20:17.930 SEV=5 IKE/25 RPT=1292 xxxxxxxx Group [xxxxxxxx] Received remote Proxy Host data in ID Payload: Address xxxxxxxx, Protocol 0, Port 0 28120 03/08/2010 10:20:17.930 SEV=5 IKE/24 RPT=89 xxxxxxxx Group [xxxxxxxx] Received local Proxy Host data in ID Payload: Address xxxxxxxx, Protocol 0, Port 0 28123 03/08/2010 10:20:17.930 SEV=5 IKE/66 RPT=1291 xxxxxxxx Group [xxxxxxxx] IKE Remote Peer configured for SA: L2L: 1A 28124 03/08/2010 10:20:18.070 SEV=4 IKE/173 RPT=17330 xxxxxxxx Group [xxxxxxxx] NAT-Traversal successfully negotiated! IPSec traffic will be encapsulated to pass through NAT devices. 28127 03/08/2010 10:20:18.070 SEV=4 IKE/49 RPT=17332 xxxxxxxx Group [xxxxxxxx] Security negotiation complete for LAN-to-LAN Group (xxxxxxxx) Responder, Inbound SPI = 0x56a4fe5c, Outbound SPI = 0xcdfc3892 28130 03/08/2010 10:20:18.070 SEV=4 IKE/120 RPT=17332 xxxxxxxx Group [xxxxxxxx] PHASE 2 COMPLETED (msgid=37b3b298) 28131 03/08/2010 10:20:18.750 SEV=4 IKE/41 RPT=16141 xxxxxxxx Group [xxxxxxxx] IKE Initiator: New Phase 2, Intf 2, IKE Peer xxxxxxxx local Proxy Address xxxxxxxx, remote Proxy Address xxxxxxxx, SA (L2L: 1A) 28135 03/08/2010 10:20:18.870 SEV=4 IKE/173 RPT=17331 xxxxxxxx Group [xxxxxxxx] NAT-Traversal successfully negotiated! IPSec traffic will be encapsulated to pass through NAT devices.

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  • associate dhcp requests with subdomains in dnsmasq

    - by Dezra
    I have dnsmasq running as a dns server with a number of linux boxes using static ips that run several virtual hosts on subdomains. I currently have the following address line in my dnsmasq.conf to map the subdomain of a boxes address to the boxes static ip: address=/.devbox1.mydomain.com/192.168.1.3 address=/.devbox2.mydomain.com/192.168.1.4 e.g. site1.devbox1.mydomain.com > maps to devbox1 static ip, site1 virtual host site2.devbox1.mydomain.com > maps to devbox1 static ip, site2 virtual host site3.devbox2.mydomain.com > maps to devbox2 static ip, site3 virtual host I was wondering if I can change the machines over to DHCP addresses (instead of static) and have dnsmasq use the dhcp ip instead of the static one? Can I modify the address line to refer to the DHCP address (obviously, I cant hardcode the address)? I know I could add mac address to ip allocation, but I want to avoid this if possible.

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  • Preventing Users From Copying Text From and Pasting It Into TextBoxes

    Many websites that support user accounts require users to enter an email address as part of the registration process. This email address is then used as the primary communication channel with the user. For instance, if the user forgets her password a new one can be generated and emailed to the address on file. But what if, when registering, a user enters an incorrect email address? Perhaps the user meant to enter [email protected], but accidentally transposed the first two letters, entering [email protected]. How can such typos be prevented? The only foolproof way to ensure that the user's entered email address is valid is to send them a validation email upon registering that includes a link that, when visited, activates their account. (This technique is discussed in detail in Examining ASP.NET's Membership, Roles, and Profile - Part 11.) The downside to using a validation email is that it adds one more step to the registration process, which will cause some people to bail out on the registration process. A simpler approach to lessening email entry errors is to have the user enter their email address twice, just like how most registration forms prompt users to enter their password twice. In fact, you may have seen registration pages that do just this. However, when I encounter such a registration page I usually avoid entering the email address twice, but instead enter it once and then copy and paste it from the first textbox into the second. This behavior circumvents the purpose of the two textboxes - any typo entered into the first textbox will be copied into the second. Using a bit of JavaScript it is possible to prevent most users from copying text from one textbox and pasting it into another, thereby requiring the user to type their email address into both textboxes. This article shows how to disable cut and paste between textboxes on a web page using the free jQuery library. Read on to learn more! Read More >

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  • How to get rid of spam that sends from clients own email address?

    - by MeltingDog
    I've Googled everywhere for a solution for this, but though the same issue appears to be happening to a lot of people, I havent found anything that helped. Several of my clients are receiving loads of spam emails with the senders email being their own. The emails subject line is: Environmental corporation searching for representatives worldwide. The emails are not being sent from any scripts in the sites and all the code appears clean. I have also updated the sites CMS. Would anyone know how to get round this issue? Any help is appreciated!

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  • Which Open Source Licenses can address concerns for an Open Source Game Engine?

    - by Chris
    I am on a team that is looking to open source an engine we are building. It's intended as an engine for Online RPG style games. We're writing it to work on both desktops and android platforms. I've been over to the OSI http://opensource.org/licenses/category to check out the most common licenses. However, this will be my first time going into an open source project and I wanted to know if the community had some insight into which licenses might be best suited. Key licensing concerns: Removing or limiting our liability (most already seem to cover this, but stating for completeness). We want other developers to be able to take part or all of our project and use it in their own projects with proper accreditation to our project. Licensing should not hinder someone's ability to quickly use the engine. They should be able to download a release and start using it without needing to wait on licensing issues. Game content (gfx, sound, etc.) that is not part of the engine should be allowed to be licensed separately. If someone is using our engine, they can retain full copy right of their content, including engine generated data. Our primary goal is exposure, which is why we're going open source to start with. Both for the project and for the individuals developing it. Are there any licenses that can require accreditation visible to players? While I'd put our primary goal as exposure, for licensing the accreditation is less of a concern. From what I've read through (and have been able to understand) it doesn't seem like any of the licenses cover anything that is produced by the licensed software. Are there any that state this specifically, or does simply not mentioning it leave it open for other licensing? Are there any other concerns that we should consider? Has anyone had any issues using any of these licenses?

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  • what should a developer know/address to build commercial Android Apps ?

    - by giulio
    Android and mobile development is an exciting area of development. As it is a new discipline, what would be expected of an android developer to build commercially robust applications in terms of skills ? The problem that I and, i think, many other "noobs" into the technology would like to know are the areas of technical skills and the progression to the required advanced topics that goes beyond the the very basics provided by Google. There is a lot of information that's quite useful but its not organised into categories of discipline nor order.

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  • The Digital Video Recorder (DVR) is old news, the IP TV is the new generation.

    Its been more than 10 years since the first DVR came out in the US, the idea that you wont be wasting time by programming your video to record a show. Tivo was the first company to bring the idea of a hard disk to store your programs as well as the recurring shows recorded. Its being more than 10 years since that technology advance that improved the live of many families, yet after 10 years the technology hasnt improved much besides all cable and satellite companies provide their own device without...Did you know that DotNetSlackers also publishes .net articles written by top known .net Authors? We already have over 80 articles in several categories including Silverlight. Take a look: here.

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  • Keep getting SocketExceptions (6 replies)

    I am using the System.Net.Sockets.NetworkStream to read data from a network connection I keep getting exceptions #### Exception System.Net.Sockets.SocketException E FAIL (11) #### #### Microsoft.SPOT.Net.SocketNative::recv [IP: 0000] #### #### System.Net.Sockets.Socket::Receive [IP: 0018] #### #### System.Net.Sockets.NetworkStream::Read [IP: 005e] #### #### MFToolkit.Net.Web.HttpRequest::Read [IP:...

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  • How do I Forward root's email to an external email address?

    - by ErebusBat
    I have a small server (Ubuntu 10.04) at my house and I would like to forward root's email to my gmail hosted domain to get security notifications and what not. I ripped everything out and started from scratch and ran into some other issues. I now have sendmail working in the sense that I can mail [email protected] and get the mail. HOWEVER, adding an address to /root/.forward does not actually forward the message. I get the following in my logs: Dec 22 14:04:37 batcave sendmail[4695]: oBML4bAT004695: to=<root@batcave>, ctladdr=aburns (1000/1000), delay=00:00:00, xdelay=00:00:00, mailer=relay, pri=30075, relay=[127.0.0.1] [127.0.0.1], dsn=2.0.0, stat=Sent (oBML4bJ9004696 Message accepted for delivery) Dec 22 14:04:39 batcave sm-mta[4698]: STARTTLS=client, relay=[69.145.248.18], version=TLSv1/SSLv3, verify=FAIL, cipher=DES-CBC3-SHA, bits=168/168 Dec 22 14:04:40 batcave sm-mta[4698]: oBML4bJ9004696: to=<[email protected]>, ctladdr=<[email protected]> (1000/1000), delay=00:00:03, xdelay=00:00:03, mailer=relay, pri=120336, relay=[69.145.248.18] [69.145.248.18], dsn=2.0.0, stat=Sent (OK 01/D4-00853-216621D4) You can see where my local sendmail instance accepts it then hands it off to my ISP, but with the wrong address ([email protected]).

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