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  • Can I use a wildcard to denote subdirectories as opposed to just files in the Windows Command Prompt

    - by Dinosaurus
    I know I can use a wildcard to list the files in a single directory: dir *.java However, does anyone know if it is possible to denote a subdirectory with a wildcard as well? I would like to do something like dir classes/*/*.java Where, it will list all the java files in every subdirectory beneath the classes directory. So, if there is: classes/cs1100/ classes/cs1200/ classes/cs1500/ It will list all the java files within these. Note, I'm not using this specifically for the "Dir" command, but instead another command line tool that accepts a list of files. But, if it works for Dir, it shoudl work in my other program as well.

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  • What is a 'good number' of exceptions to implement for my library?

    - by Fuzz
    I've always wondered how many different exception classes I should implement and throw for various pieces of my software. My particular development is usually C++/C#/Java related, but I believe this is a question for all languages. I want to understand what is a good number of different exceptions to throw, and what the developer community expect of a good library. The trade-offs I see include: More exception classes can allow very fine grain levels of error handling for API users (prone to user configuration or data errors, or files not being found) More exception classes allows error specific information to be embedded in the exception, rather than just a string message or error code More exception classes can mean more code maintenance More exception classes can mean the API is less approachable to users The scenarios I wish to understand exception usage in include: During 'configuration' stage, which might include loading files or setting parameters During an 'operation' type phase where the library might be running tasks and doing some work, perhaps in another thread Other patterns of error reporting without using exceptions, or less exceptions (as a comparison) might include: Less exceptions, but embedding an error code that can be used as a lookup Returning error codes and flags directly from functions (sometimes not possible from threads) Implemented an event or callback system upon error (avoids stack unwinding) As developers, what do you prefer to see? If there are MANY exceptions, do you bother error handling them separately anyway? Do you have a preference for error handling types depending on the stage of operation?

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  • Java best practice Interface - subclasses and constants

    - by Taiko
    In the case where a couple of classes implements an interface, and those classes have a couple of constants in common (but no functions), were should I put this constant ? I've had this problem a couple of times. I have this interface : DataFromSensors that I use to hide the implementations of several sub classes like DataFromHeartRateMonitor DataFromGps etc... For some reason, those classes uses the same constants. And there's nowere else in the code were it is used. My question is, were should I put those constants ? Not in the interface, because it has nothing to do with my API Not in a static Constants class, because I'm trying to avoid those Not in a common abstract class, that would stand between the interface and the subclasses, because I have no functions in common, only a couple of constants (TIMEOUT_DURATION, UUID, those kind of things) I've read best practice for constants and interface to define constants but they don't really answer my question. Thanks !

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  • Why DbContext object shouldn't be referred in Service Layer?

    - by nazmoonnoor
    I've been looking for some implementations of Service Layer and Controller interaction in blogs and in some open source projects. All of them seem to refer DbContext object in repository classes but avoided to use in service classes. Service classes essentially using a IQueryable<T> references of DbSet<T>. I want to know why this practice is good and why DbContext shouldn't have a reference in Service Layer.

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  • I have data that sends in "bursts" of 100 records with a significant delay. How do I structure my classes for multithreading?

    - by makerofthings7
    My datasource sends information in 100 batches of 100 records with a delay of 1 to 3 seconds between batches. I would like to start processing data as soon as it's received, but I'm not sure how to best approach this. Some ideas I've been playing with include: yield Concurrent Dictionary ConcurrentDictionary with INotifyProperyChanged Events etc. As you can see I'm all over the place, and would appreciate some tested guidance on how to approach this

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  • Dependency injection: At what point am I allowed to create a new object?

    - by Gaz_Edge
    I am refactoring a PHP application, and I am trying to do has much dependency injection (DI) as possible. I feel like I've got a good grasp of how it works, and I can certainly see my classes becoming a lot leaner and more robust. I'm refactoring so that I can inject a dependency rather than create a new object within the class, but at some point I am going to have to create some objects, that is, use the dreaded new keyword. The problem I have now run into is at what point can I actually create new objects? It's looking like I'll end up at a top level class, creating loads of new objects as there is no where else to go. This feels wrong. I've read some blogs that use factory classes to create all the objects, and then you inject the factory into other classes. You can then call the factory methods, and the factory creates the new object for you. My concern with doing this is now my factory classes are going to be a new free-for-all! I guess this may be OK as they are factory classes, but are there some rules to stick to when using a factory pattern and DI, or am I going way off the mark here?

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  • A friend told me Python is garbage, I'm taking web design classes in the Spring and I have a textbook on C++. What should I do? [on hold]

    - by user107165
    I dont know if I should start digging into Python beforehand just to get acquanited with programming and "whet my appetite" or if I should work on the C++ book... Python definitely has more resources around town and I like the beginner friendly approach that seems to go along with every site that appeals to it. Or should I just wait for my assignments that start in 4 months? Any tips for an aspiring programmer?

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  • Dependency Injection: What point am I allowed to create a new object?

    - by Gaz_Edge
    I am refactoring a php application and I am trying to do has much dependency injection as possible. I feel like I've got a good grasp of how it works, and I can certainly see my classes becoming a lot leaner and more robust. Im refactoring so that I can inject a dependency rather than create a new object within the class, but at some point I am going to have to create some objects i.e. use the dreaded new keyword. The problem I have now run into is at what point can I actually create new objects? Its looking like I'll end up at a top level class, creating loads of new objects as there is no where else to go. This feels wrong. I've read some blogs that use factory classes to create all the objects, and then you inject the factory into other classes. You can then call the factory methods, and the factory creates the new object for you. My concern with doing this is now my factory classes are going to be a new free-for-all! I guess this may be ok as they are factory classes, but are there some rules to stick to when using factory pattern and DI, or am I going way off the mark here.

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  • Break a class in twain, or impose an interface for restricted access?

    - by bedwyr
    What's the best way of partitioning a class when its functionality needs to be externally accessed in different ways by different classes? Hopefully the following example will make the question clear :) I have a Java class which accesses a single location in a directory allowing external classes to perform read/write operations to it. Read operations return usage stats on the directory (e.g. available disk space, number of writes, etc.); write operations, obviously, allow external classes to write data to the disk. These methods always work on the same location, and receive their configuration (e.g. which directory to use, min disk space, etc.) from an external source (passed to the constructor). This class looks something like this: public class DiskHandler { public DiskHandler(String dir, int minSpace) { ... } public void writeToDisk(String contents, String filename) { int space = getAvailableSpace(); ... } public void getAvailableSpace() { ... } } There's quite a bit more going on, but this will do to suffice. This class needs to be accessed differently by two external classes. One class needs access to the read operations; the other needs access to both read and write operations. public class DiskWriter { DiskHandler diskHandler; public DiskWriter() { diskHandler = new DiskHandler(...); } public void doSomething() { diskHandler.writeToDisk(...); } } public class DiskReader { DiskHandler diskHandler; public DiskReader() { diskHandler = new DiskHandler(...); } public void doSomething() { int space = diskHandler.getAvailableSpace(...); } } At this point, both classes share the same class, but the class which should only read has access to the write methods. Solution 1 I could break this class into two. One class would handle read operations, and the other would handle writes: // NEW "UTILITY" CLASSES public class WriterUtil { private ReaderUtil diskReader; public WriterUtil(String dir, int minSpace) { ... diskReader = new ReaderUtil(dir, minSpace); } public void writeToDisk(String contents, String filename) { int = diskReader.getAvailableSpace(); ... } } public class ReaderUtil { public ReaderUtil(String dir, int minSpace) { ... } public void getAvailableSpace() { ... } } // MODIFIED EXTERNALLY-ACCESSING CLASSES public class DiskWriter { WriterUtil diskWriter; public DiskWriter() { diskWriter = new WriterUtil(...); } public void doSomething() { diskWriter.writeToDisk(...); } } public class DiskReader { ReaderUtil diskReader; public DiskReader() { diskReader = new ReaderUtil(...); } public void doSomething() { int space = diskReader.getAvailableSpace(...); } } This solution prevents classes from having access to methods they should not, but it also breaks encapsulation. The original DiskHandler class was completely self-contained and only needed config parameters via a single constructor. By breaking apart the functionality into read/write classes, they both are concerned with the directory and both need to be instantiated with their respective values. In essence, I don't really care to duplicate the concerns. Solution 2 I could implement an interface which only provisions read operations, and use this when a class only needs access to those methods. The interface might look something like this: public interface Readable { int getAvailableSpace(); } The Reader class would instantiate the object like this: Readable diskReader; public DiskReader() { diskReader = new DiskHandler(...); } This solution seems brittle, and prone to confusion in the future. It doesn't guarantee developers will use the correct interface in the future. Any changes to the implementation of the DiskHandler could also need to update the interface as well as the accessing classes. I like it better than the previous solution, but not by much. Frankly, neither of these solutions seems perfect, but I'm not sure if one should be preferred over the other. I really don't want to break the original class up, but I also don't know if the interface buys me much in the long run. Are there other solutions I'm missing?

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  • Swift Mailer email sending problem

    - by air
    i have downloaded Swift Mailer from their website and try to send simple email with following code <?php require_once 'lib/swift_required.php'; $transport = Swift_SmtpTransport::newInstance('smtp.example.org', 25) ->setUsername('your username') ->setPassword('your password') ; $mailer = Swift_Mailer::newInstance($transport); //Create a message $message = Swift_Message::newInstance('Wonderful Subject') ->setFrom(array('[email protected]' => 'John Doe')) ->setTo(array('[email protected]', '[email protected]' => 'A name')) ->setBody('Here is the message itself') ; //Send the message $result = $mailer->send($message); ? once i run the page it gives error Warning: fsockopen() [function.fsockopen]: php_network_getaddresses: getaddrinfo failed: No such host is known. in E:\web_sites\swift_mail\lib\classes\Swift\Transport\StreamBuffer.php on line 233 Warning: fsockopen() [function.fsockopen]: unable to connect to smtp.fiveocean.net:25 (php_network_getaddresses: getaddrinfo failed: No such host is known. ) in E:\web_sites\swift_mail\lib\classes\Swift\Transport\StreamBuffer.php on line 233 Fatal error: Uncaught exception 'Swift_TransportException' with message 'Connection could not be established with host smtp.fiveocean.net [php_network_getaddresses: getaddrinfo failed: No such host is known. #0]' in E:\web_sites\swift_mail\lib\classes\Swift\Transport\StreamBuffer.php:235 Stack trace: #0 E:\web_sites\swift_mail\lib\classes\Swift\Transport\StreamBuffer.php(70): Swift_Transport_StreamBuffer->_establishSocketConnection() #1 E:\web_sites\swift_mail\lib\classes\Swift\Transport\AbstractSmtpTransport.php(101): Swift_Transport_StreamBuffer->initialize(Array) #2 E:\web_sites\swift_mail\lib\classes\Swift\Mailer.php(74): Swift_Transport_AbstractSmtpTransport->start() #3 E:\web_sites\swift_mail\test.php(33): Swift_Mailer->send(Object(Swift_Message)) #4 {main} thrown in E:\web_sites\swift_mail\lib\classes\Swift\Transport\StreamBuffer.php on line 235 if i remove the line $result = $mailer->send($message); then page execute and no error message display, as soon as i add above line to send email, i got error. my outgoing server, port and user id & passwords are correct in my file. Thanks

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  • load class not in classpath dynamically in web application - without using custom classloader

    - by swdeveloper
    I am developing a web application. The web application generates java classes on the fly. For example it generates class com.people.Customer.java In my code, I dynamically compile this to get com.people.Customer.class and store in some directory say repository/com/people/Customer.class which is not on the classpath of my application server.My application server(I am using WebSphere Application Server/Apache Tomcat etc) picks up the classes from the WEB-INF/classes directory. The Classloader would use this to load the classes. After compilation I need to load this class so that it becomes accessible to other classes using it after its creation. 4.When I use Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader().loadClass(com.people.Customer) obviously the Classloader is not able to load the class, since its not on the classpath(not in WEB-INF/classes). Due to similar reasons, getResource(..) or getResourceAsStream(..) also does not work. I need a way to : Read the class Customer.class maybe as a stream (or any other way would do) and then load it. Following are the constraints: I cannot add the repository folder to the WEB-INF/classes folder. I cannot create a new Custom ClassLoader. If I create a new ClassLoader and this loads the class, it will not be accessible to its parent ClassLoader. Is there any way of achieving this? If not this, in the worse case, is there a way of overriding the default class loader with a custom class loader for web applications the same classloader should be used to load applications throughout entire lifecycle of my web application. Appreciate any solution :)

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  • Need advice on OOP philosophy

    - by David Jenings
    I'm trying to get the wheels turning on a large project in C#. My previous experience is in Delphi, where by default every form was created at applicaton startup and form references where held in (gasp) global variables. So I'm trying to adapt my thinking to a 100% object oriented environment, and my head is spinning just a little. My app will have a large collection of classes Most of these classes will only really need one instance. So I was thinking: static classes. I'm not really sure why, but much of what I've read here says that if my class is going to hold a state, which I take to mean any property values at all, I should use a singleton structure instead. Okay. But there are people out there who for reasons that escape me, think that singletons are evil too. None of these classes is in danger of being used anywhere except in this program. So they could certainly work fine as regular objects (vs singletons or static classes) Then there's the issue of interaction between objects. I'm tempted to create a Global class full of public static properties referencing the single instances of many of these classes. I've also considered just making them properties (static or instance, not sure which) of the MainForm. Then I'd have each of my classes be aware of the MainForm as Owner. Then the various objects could refer to each other as Owner.Object1, Owner.Object2, etc. I fear I'm running out of electronic ink, or at least taxing the patience of anyone kind enough to have stuck with me this long. I hope I have clearly explained my state of utter confusion. I'm just looking for some advice on best practices in my situation. All input is welcome and appreciated. Thanks in advance, David Jennings

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  • Calling unmanaged dll from C#. Take 2

    - by Charles Gargent
    I have written a c# program that calls a c++ dll that echoes the commandline args to a file When the c++ is called using the rundll32 command it displays the commandline args no problem, however when it is called from within the c# it doesnt. I asked this question to try and solve my problem, but I have modified it my test environment and I think it is worth asking a new question. Here is the c++ dll #include "stdafx.h" #include "stdlib.h" #include <stdio.h> #include <iostream> #include <fstream> using namespace std; BOOL APIENTRY DllMain( HANDLE hModule, DWORD ul_reason_for_call, LPVOID lpReserved ) { return TRUE; } extern "C" __declspec(dllexport) int WINAPI CMAKEX( HWND hwnd, HINSTANCE hinst, LPCSTR lpszCommandLine, DWORD dwReserved) { ofstream SaveFile("output.txt"); SaveFile << lpszCommandLine; SaveFile.close(); return 0; } Here is the c# app using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Text; using System.Security.Cryptography; using System.Runtime.InteropServices; using System.Net; namespace nac { class Program { [DllImport("cmakca.dll", SetLastError = true, CharSet = CharSet.Unicode)] static extern bool CMAKEX(IntPtr hwnd, IntPtr hinst, string lpszCmdLine, int nCmdShow); static void Main(string[] args) { string cmdLine = @"/source_filename proxy-1.txt /backup_filename proxy.bak /DialRasEntry NULL /TunnelRasEntry DSLVPN /profile ""C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator\Application Data\Microsoft\Network\Connections\Cm\dslvpn.cmp"""; const int SW_SHOWNORMAL = 1; CMAKEX(IntPtr.Zero, IntPtr.Zero, cmdLine, SW_SHOWNORMAL).ToString(); } } } The output from the rundll32 command is rundll32 cmakex.dll,CMAKEX /source_filename proxy-1.txt /backup_filename proxy.bak /DialRasEntry NULL /TunnelRasEntry DSLVPN /profile ""C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator\Application Data\Microsoft\Network\Connections\Cm\dslvpn.cmp" /source_filename proxy-1.txt /backup_filename proxy.bak /DialRasEntry NULL /TunnelRasEntry DSLVPN /profile ""C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator\Application Data\Microsoft\Network\Connections\Cm\dslvpn.cmp" however the output when the c# app runs is /

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  • How can I use nested Async (WCF) calls within foreach loops in Silverlight ?

    - by Peter St Angelo
    The following code contains a few nested async calls within some foreach loops. I know the silverlight/wcf calls are called asyncrously -but how can I ensure that my wcfPhotographers, wcfCategories and wcfCategories objects are ready before the foreach loop start? I'm sure I am going about this all the wrong way -and would appreciate an help you could give. private void PopulateControl() { List<CustomPhotographer> PhotographerList = new List<CustomPhotographer>(); proxy.GetPhotographerNamesCompleted += proxy_GetPhotographerNamesCompleted; proxy.GetPhotographerNamesAsync(); //for each photographer foreach (var eachPhotographer in wcfPhotographers) { CustomPhotographer thisPhotographer = new CustomPhotographer(); thisPhotographer.PhotographerName = eachPhotographer.ContactName; thisPhotographer.PhotographerId = eachPhotographer.PhotographerID; thisPhotographer.Categories = new List<CustomCategory>(); proxy.GetCategoryNamesFilteredByPhotographerCompleted += proxy_GetCategoryNamesFilteredByPhotographerCompleted; proxy.GetCategoryNamesFilteredByPhotographerAsync(thisPhotographer.PhotographerId); // for each category foreach (var eachCatergory in wcfCategories) { CustomCategory thisCategory = new CustomCategory(); thisCategory.CategoryName = eachCatergory.CategoryName; thisCategory.CategoryId = eachCatergory.CategoryID; thisCategory.SubCategories = new List<CustomSubCategory>(); proxy.GetSubCategoryNamesFilteredByCategoryCompleted += proxy_GetSubCategoryNamesFilteredByCategoryCompleted; proxy.GetSubCategoryNamesFilteredByCategoryAsync(thisPhotographer.PhotographerId,thisCategory.CategoryId); // for each subcategory foreach(var eachSubCatergory in wcfSubCategories) { CustomSubCategory thisSubCatergory = new CustomSubCategory(); thisSubCatergory.SubCategoryName = eachSubCatergory.SubCategoryName; thisSubCatergory.SubCategoryId = eachSubCatergory.SubCategoryID; } thisPhotographer.Categories.Add(thisCategory); } PhotographerList.Add(thisPhotographer); } PhotographerNames.ItemsSource = PhotographerList; } void proxy_GetPhotographerNamesCompleted(object sender, GetPhotographerNamesCompletedEventArgs e) { wcfPhotographers = e.Result.ToList(); } void proxy_GetCategoryNamesFilteredByPhotographerCompleted(object sender, GetCategoryNamesFilteredByPhotographerCompletedEventArgs e) { wcfCategories = e.Result.ToList(); } void proxy_GetSubCategoryNamesFilteredByCategoryCompleted(object sender, GetSubCategoryNamesFilteredByCategoryCompletedEventArgs e) { wcfSubCategories = e.Result.ToList(); }

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  • VB.net httpwebrequest For loop hangs every 10 or so iterations

    - by user574632
    Hello, I am trying to loop through an array and perform an httpwebrequest in each iteration. The code seems to work, however it pauses for a while (eg alot longer than the set timeout. Tried setting that to 100 to check and it still pauses) after every 10 or so iterations, then carries on working. Here is what i have so far: For i As Integer = 0 To numberOfProxies - 1 Try 'create request to a proxyJudge php page using proxy Dim request As HttpWebRequest = HttpWebRequest.Create("http://www.pr0.net/deny/azenv.php") request.Proxy = New Net.WebProxy(proxies(i)) 'select the current proxie from the proxies array request.Timeout = 10000 'set timeout Dim response As HttpWebResponse = request.GetResponse() Dim sr As StreamReader = New StreamReader(response.GetResponseStream()) Dim pageSourceCode As String = sr.ReadToEnd() 'check the downloaded source for certain phrases, each identifies a type of proxy 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR identifies a transparent proxy If pageSourceCode.Contains("HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR") Then 'delegate method for cross thread safe UpdateListbox(ListBox3, proxies(i)) ElseIf pageSourceCode.Contains("HTTP_VIA") Then UpdateListbox(ListBox2, proxies(i)) Else UpdateListbox(ListBox1, proxies(i)) End If Catch ex As Exception 'MessageBox.Show(ex.ToString) used in testing UpdateListbox(ListBox4, proxies(i)) End Try completedProxyCheck += 1 lblTotalProxiesChecked.CustomInvoke(Sub(l) l.Text = completedProxyCheck) Next I have searched all over this site and via google, and most responses to this type of question say the response must be closed. I have tried a using block, eg: Using response As HttpWebResponse = request.GetResponse() Using sr As StreamReader = New StreamReader(response.GetResponseStream()) Dim pageSourceCode As String = sr.ReadToEnd() 'check the downloaded source for certain phrases, each identifies a type of proxy 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR identifies a transparent proxy If pageSourceCode.Contains("HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR") Then 'delegate method for cross thread safe UpdateListbox(ListBox3, proxies(i)) ElseIf pageSourceCode.Contains("HTTP_VIA") Then UpdateListbox(ListBox2, proxies(i)) Else UpdateListbox(ListBox1, proxies(i)) End If End Using End Using And it makes no difference (though i may have implemented it wrong) As you can tell im very new to VB or any OOP so its probably a simple problem but i cant work it out. Any suggestions or just tips on how to diagnose these types of problems would be really appreciated.

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  • Class unloading in java

    - by java_geek
    When a classloader is garbage collected, are the classes loaded by it unloaded? When the JVM is running is verbose mode, all the loaded classes are o/p. Similarly will the JVM log when it unloads a class? I wrote a custom class loader to test this, but could not see any verbose log for unloading of the classes. CustomClassLoader loader = new CustomClassLoader(new URL[]{}, CustomClassLoader.class.getClassLoader()); loader.addURL("D:\workspace\ClassLoaderTest\implementation.jar"); Class c = null; try { c = Class.forName("Horse",false,loader); if (c != null) { try { Animal animal = (Animal)c.newInstance(); animal.eat(); } catch(Exception ex) { ex.printStackTrace(); } } } catch(Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } loader = null; byte[] b = new byte[58*1024*1024]; System.gc(); ClassLoadingMXBean clBean = ManagementFactory.getClassLoadingMXBean(); System.out.println("Number of classes currently loaded " + clBean.getLoadedClassCount()); System.out.println("Number of classes loaded totally " + clBean.getTotalLoadedClassCount()); System.out.println("Number of classes unloaded " + clBean.getUnloadedClassCount()); Even the ClassLoadingMXBean gives number of unloaded classes as 0. How can i know that a class is unloaded when the class loader is GCed?

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  • How to "wrap" implementation in C#

    - by igor
    Hello, I have these classes in C# (.NET Framework 3.5) described below: public class Base { public int State {get; set;} public virtual int Method1(){} public virtual string Method2(){} ... public virtual void Method10(){} } public class B: Base { // some implementation } public class Proxy: Base { private B _b; public class Proxy(B b) { _b = b; } public override int Method1() { if (State == Running) return _b.Method1(); else return base.Method1(); } public override string Method2() { if (State == Running) return _b.Method2(); else return base.Method2(); } public override void Method10() { if (State == Running) _b.Method10(); else base.Method10(); } } I want to get something this: public Base GetStateDependentImplementation() { if (State == Running) // may be some other rule return _b; else return base; // compile error } and my Proxy's implementation will be: public class Proxy: Base { ... public override int Method1() { return GetStateDependentImplementation().Method1(); } public override string Method2() { return GetStateDependentImplementation().Method2(); } ... } Of course, I can do this (aggregation of base implementation): public RepeaterOfBase: Base // no any overrides, just inheritance { } public class Proxy: Base { private B _b; private RepeaterOfBase _Base; public class Proxy(B b, RepeaterOfBase aBase) { _b = b; _base = aBase; } } ... public Base GetStateDependentImplementation() { if (State == Running) return _b; else return _Base; } ... But instance of Base class is very huge and I have to avoid to have other additional copy in memory. So I have to simplify my code have to "wrap" implementation have to avoid a code duplication have to avoid aggregation of any additional instance of Base class (duplication) Is it possible to reach these goals?

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  • C++ traits question

    - by duli
    I have a templated class template <typename Data> class C { ..... } In most situations, I depend on the compiler to let me substitute types for Data. I call methods foo(), goo() on objects of type Data, so what I substitute needs to provide that. I now need to substitute int and string for my Data type. I do not want to specialize because the class is already too big and would require specializing each method (with only small code change). My options (please tell me if there are more) 1) I can provide wrapper classes around int and string which implement the methods foo(), goo() etc 2) provide a traits class traits that calls foo() or goo() on objects of classes that provide foo(),goo() (these are my present substitutable classes) and specialize these classes for int and string. Questions 1) what are the relative merits of 1 vs 2? 2) My traits classes will have static methods. Can a traits class have non-static methods as well? I see most traits classes define constants in the STL. 3) Do I make the traits classes global or should I pass them in as a template parameter for class C?

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  • ActAs and OnBehalfOf support in WIF

    - by cibrax
    I discussed a time ago how WIF supported a new WS-Trust 1.4 element, “ActAs”, and how that element could be used for authentication delegation.  The thing is that there is another feature in WS-Trust 1.4 that also becomes handy for this kind of scenario, and I did not mention in that last post, “OnBehalfOf”. Shiung Yong wrote an excellent summary about the difference of these two new features in this forum thread. He basically commented the following, “An ActAs RST element indicates that the requestor wants a token that contains claims about two distinct entities: the requestor, and an external entity represented by the token in the ActAs element. An OnBehalfOf RST element indicates that the requestor wants a token that contains claims only about one entity: the external entity represented by the token in the OnBehalfOf element. In short, ActAs feature is typically used in scenarios that require composite delegation, where the final recipient of the issued token can inspect the entire delegation chain and see not just the client, but all intermediaries to perform access control, auditing and other related activities based on the whole identity delegation chain. The ActAs feature is commonly used in multi-tiered systems to authenticate and pass information about identities between the tiers without having to pass this information at the application/business logic layer. OnBehalfOf feature is used in scenarios where only the identity of the original client is important and is effectively the same as identity impersonation feature available in the Windows OS today. When the OnBehalfOf is used the final recipient of the issued token can only see claims about the original client, and the information about intermediaries is not preserved. One common pattern where OnBehalfOf feature is used is the proxy pattern where the client cannot access the STS directly but is instead communicating through a proxy gateway. The proxy gateway authenticates the caller and puts information about him into the OnBehalfOf element of the RST message that it then sends to the real STS for processing. The resulting token is going to contain only claims related to the client of the proxy, making the proxy completely transparent and not visible to the receiver of the issued token.” Going back to WIF, “ActAs” and “OnBehalfOf” are both supported as extensions methods in the WCF client channel. public static class ChannelFactoryOperations {   public static T CreateChannelActingAs<T>(this ChannelFactory<T> factory,     SecurityToken actAs);     public static T CreateChannelOnBehalfOf<T>(this ChannelFactory<T> factory,     SecurityToken onBehalfOf); } Both methods receive the security token with the identity of the original caller.

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