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• How to resize / enlarge / grow a non-LVM ext4 partition

  - by Mischa

  I have already searched the forums, but couldnt find a good suitable answer: I have an Ubuntu Server 10.04 as KVM Host and a guest system, that also runs 10.04. The host system uses LVM and there are three logical volumes, which are provided to the guest as virtual block devices - one for /, one for /home and one for swap. The guest had been partitioned without LVM. I have already enlarged the logical volume in the host system - the guest successfully sees the bigger virtual disk. However, this virtual disk contains one "good old" partition, which still has the old small size. The output of fdisk -l is me@produktion:/$ LC_ALL=en_US sudo fdisk -l Disk /dev/vda: 32.2 GB, 32212254720 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 3916 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x000c8ce7 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/vda1 * 1 3917 31455232 83 Linux Disk /dev/vdb: 2147 MB, 2147483648 bytes 244 heads, 47 sectors/track, 365 cylinders Units = cylinders of 11468 * 512 = 5871616 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x000f2bf7 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/vdb1 1 366 2095104 82 Linux swap / Solaris Partition 1 has different physical/logical beginnings (non-Linux?): phys=(0, 32, 33) logical=(0, 43, 28) Partition 1 has different physical/logical endings: phys=(260, 243, 47) logical=(365, 136, 44) Disk /dev/vdc: 225.5 GB, 225485783040 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 27413 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00027f25 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/vdc1 1 9138 73398272 83 Linux The output of parted print all is Model: Virtio Block Device (virtblk) Disk /dev/vda: 32.2GB Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B Partition Table: msdos Number Start End Size Type File system Flags 1 1049kB 32.2GB 32.2GB primary ext4 boot Model: Virtio Block Device (virtblk) Disk /dev/vdb: 2147MB Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B Partition Table: msdos Number Start End Size Type File system Flags 1 1049kB 2146MB 2145MB primary linux-swap(v1) Model: Virtio Block Device (virtblk) Disk /dev/vdc: 225GB Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B Partition Table: msdos Number Start End Size Type File system Flags 1 1049kB 75.2GB 75.2GB primary ext4 What I want to achieve is to simply grow or resize the partition /dev/vdc1 so that it uses the whole space provided by the virtual block device /dev/vdc. The problem is, that when I try to do that with parted, it complains: (parted) select /dev/vdc Using /dev/vdc (parted) print Model: Virtio Block Device (virtblk) Disk /dev/vdc: 225GB Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B Partition Table: msdos Number Start End Size Type File system Flags 1 1049kB 75.2GB 75.2GB primary ext4 (parted) resize 1 WARNING: you are attempting to use parted to operate on (resize) a file system. parted's file system manipulation code is not as robust as what you'll find in dedicated, file-system-specific packages like e2fsprogs. We recommend you use parted only to manipulate partition tables, whenever possible. Support for performing most operations on most types of file systems will be removed in an upcoming release. Start? [1049kB]? End? [75.2GB]? 224GB Error: File system has an incompatible feature enabled. Compatible features are has_journal, dir_index, filetype, sparse_super and large_file. Use tune2fs or debugfs to remove features. So what can I do? This is a headless production system. What is a safe way to grow this partition? I CAN unmount it, though - so this is not the problem.

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• Fresh Ubuntu Install - Grub not loading

  - by Ryan Sharp

  System Ubuntu 12.04 64-bit Windows 7 SP1 Samsung 64GB SSD - OS' Samsung 1TB HDD - Games, /Home, Swap WD 300'ishGB HDD - Backup Okay, so I'm very frustrated, so please excuse me if I miss anything out as my head is clouded by anger and impatience, etc. I'll try me best, though. First of all, I'll explain how I got to my predicament. I finally got my new SSD. I firstly installed Windows, which completed without a hitch. Afterwards, I tried to install Ubuntu, which failed several times due to problems irrelevant to this question, but I mention this to explain my frustrations, sorry. Anyway, I finally installed Ubuntu. However, I chose the 'bootloader' to be installed on the same partition as where I was installing the Ubuntu Root partition, as that was what I believed to be the best choice. It was of my thinking that it was supposed to go on the same partition and on the SSD, which is my OS drive, though with my problem, it apparently was wrong. So I tried to fix it by checking guides and following their directions, but seemed to have messed it up even more. Here is what I receive after I use the fdisk -l command: (I also added explanations for which I used each partition for) Disk /dev/sda: 64.0 GB, 64023257088 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 7783 cylinders, total 125045424 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x324971d1 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 2048 206847 102400 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda2 208896 48957439 24374272 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda3 48959486 125044735 38042625 5 Extended /dev/sda5 48959488 125044735 38042624 83 Linux sda1 --/ Windows Recovery sda2 --/ Windows 7 sda3/5 --/ Ubuntu root [ / ] Disk /dev/sdb: 1000.2 GB, 1000204886016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 121601 cylinders, total 1953525168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0xc0ee6a69 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 1024208894 1953523711 464657409 5 Extended /dev/sdb3 * 2048 1024206847 512102400 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sdb5 1024208896 1939851263 457821184 83 Linux /dev/sdb6 1939853312 1953523711 6835200 82 Linux swap / Solaris sdb3 --/ Partition for Steam games, etc. sdb5 --/ Ubuntu Home [ /home ] sdb6 --/ Ubuntu Swap Partition table entries are not in disk order Disk /dev/sdc: 320.1 GB, 320072933376 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 38913 cylinders, total 625142448 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x292eee23 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdc1 2048 625141759 312569856 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT sdc1 --/ Generic backup I also used a Boot Script that other users suggested, so that I can give more details on my partitions and also where Grub is located... ============================= Boot Info Summary: =============================== => Grub2 (v1.99) is installed in the MBR of /dev/sda and looks at sector 1 of the same hard drive for core.img. core.img is at this location and looks for (,msdos5)/boot/grub on this drive. => Grub2 (v1.99) is installed in the MBR of /dev/sdb and looks at sector 1 of the same hard drive for core.img. core.img is at this location and looks for (,msdos5)/boot/grub on this drive. => Windows is installed in the MBR of /dev/sdc. Now that is weird... Why would Grub2 be installed on both my SSD and HDD? Even weirder is why is Windows on the MBR of my backup hard drive? Nothing I did should have done that... Anyway, here is the entire Output from that script... PASTEBIN So, to summarize what I need: How can I fix my setup so grub loads on startup? How can I clean my partitions to remove unnecessary grubs? What did I do wrong so that I don't do something so daft again? Thank you so much for reading, and I hope you can help me. I've been trying to have a successful setup since Friday, and I'm almost at the point that I'm really tempted to throw my computer out the window due to my frustration.

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• Algorithm design, "randomising" timetable schedule in Python although open to other languages.

  - by S1syphus

  Before I start I should add I am a musician and not a native programmer, this was undertook to make my life easier. Here is the situation, at work I'm given a new csv file each which contains a list of sound files, their length, and the minimum total amount of time they must be played. I create a playlist of exactly 60 minutes, from this excel file. Each sample played the by the minimum number of instances, but spread out from each other; so there will never be a period where for where one sound is played twice in a row or in close proximity to itself. Secondly, if the minimum instances of each song has been used, and there is still time with in the 60 min, it needs to fill the remaining time using sounds till 60 minutes is reached, while adhering to above. The smallest duration possible is 15 seconds, and then multiples of 15 seconds. Here is what I came up with in python and the problems I'm having with it, and as one user said its buggy due to the random library used in it. So I'm guessing a total rethink is on the table, here is where I need your help. Whats is the best way to solve the issue, I have had a brief look at things like knapsack and bin packing algorithms, while both are relevant neither are appropriate and maybe a bit beyond me.

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• Rails validation error messages: Displaying only one per field

  - by Sergio Oliveira Jr.

  Rails has an annoying "feature" which displays ALL validation error messages associated with a given field. So for example if I have 3 validates_XXXXX_of :email, and I leave the field blank I get 3 messages in the error list. This is non-sense. It is better to display one messages at a time. If I have 10 validation messages for a field does it mean I will get 10 validation error messages if I leave it blank? Is there an easy way to correct this problem? It looks straightforward to have a condition like: If you found an error for :email, stop validating :email and skip to the other field. Ex: validates_presence_of :name validates_presence_of :email validates_presence_of :text validates_length_of :name, :in = 6..30 validates_length_of :email, :in = 4..40 validates_length_of :text, :in = 4..200 validates_format_of :email, :with = /^([^@\s]+)@((?:[-a-z0-9]+.)+[a-z]{2,})$/i <%= error_messages_for :comment % gives me: 7 errors prohibited this comment from being saved There were problems with the following fields: Name can't be blank Name is too short (minimum is 6 characters) Email can't be blank Email is too short (minimum is 4 characters) Email is invalid Text can't be blank Text is too short (minimum is 4 characters)

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• Python script, runs well, but not perfectly, debugging help.

  - by S1syphus

  What it does (sort of)... or is meant to, the script reads from a csv file that contains information on sound files and create a play list exactly 60 minutes long. An example csv, contains: their title, duration (in seconds), minium total time to be played (in minutes) An example is: Soundfoo,120,10 Soundbar,30,6 Sounddev,60,20 Soundrandom,15,8 The script works out the minimum instances of plays, take 'Soundfoo' for example, the length of each sample is 120 seconds and the minimum time to be played is 10 minutes, so basic maths 10*60/120 gives the number of instances the song is to be played, in this case 5. It is meant to take minimum number of instances and spread out equally from each other; so there will never be a period where for example Soundbar is played twice in a row. Then if the minium instances of each song has been used, and there is still time with in the 60 min, how is it possible to tell it to go back and fill the time by selecting each sound and including it till the 60 min is filled while remaining sparsely populated. Heres the issue(s)! The script fails to calculate the actual time require to play all the sounds in a file and the total time of the playlist, the thing is tho it doesn't get it wrong all the time maybe 3/5 times, even if I run it on the same csv file it will give me different answers. Here is the file I shall run the script on e for sake of ease to see the issue: Sound1,60,10 Sound2,60,10 Sound3,60,10 Sound4,60,10 Sound5,60,10 Sound6,60,10 I'll do it three times and post the results: 1 Required playtime in minutes: 60 Actual time in minutes to play all required ads: 62 Total playtime in minutes: 62.0 2 Required playtime in minutes: 60 Actual time in minutes to play all required ads: 71 Total playtime in minutes: 71.0 3 Required playtime in minutes: 60 Actual time in minutes to play all required ads: 60 Total playtime in minutes: 60.0 Relevant Code: pastebin.com/demkBXk6 And finally... in context: http://pastebin.com/demkBXk6 If you made it down to here, thanks for staying and reading, kudos.

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• Point covering problem

  - by Sean

  I recently had this problem on a test: given a set of points m (all on the x-axis) and a set n of lines with endpoints [l, r] (again on the x-axis), find the minimum subset of n such that all points are covered by a line. Prove that your solution always finds the minimum subset. The algorithm I wrote for it was something to the effect of: (say lines are stored as arrays with the left endpoint in position 0 and the right in position 1) algorithm coverPoints(set[] m, set[][] n): chosenLines = [] while m is not empty: minX = min(m) bestLine = n[0] for i=1 to length of n: if n[i][0] <= m and n[i][1] > bestLine[1] then bestLine = n[i] add bestLine to chosenLines for i=0 to length of m: if m <= bestLine[1] then delete m[i] from m return chosenLines I'm just not sure if this always finds the minimum solution. It's a simple greedy algorithm so my gut tells me it won't, but one of my friends who is much better than me at this says that for this problem a greedy algorithm like this always finds the minimal solution. For proving mine always finds the minimal solution I did a very hand wavy proof by contradiction where I made an assumption that probably isn't true at all. I forget exactly what I did. If this isn't a minimal solution, is there a way to do it in less than something like O(n!) time? Thanks

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• Comparing two select elements values

  - by user1135192

  I've been been trying to look for a piece of javascript code that compares the values selected by a user in a html form from two <select> tags. So if the user selects a minimum value that is greater than the maximum number an alert box in javascript should be displayed. For example, if the user selects 5 bedrooms from the the MINIMUM bedrooms dropdown list and then 3 bedrooms from the MAXIMUM bedrooms dropdown list, this should not allow the form to be processed when the submit button is clicked. But is fine when 3 is selected from the MINIMUM dropdown list and 5 from the MAXIMUM dropdown list. <form name="search" action="page3.php" method="GET"> <select name="minimumBeds"> <option value="1"> 1 </option> <option value="2"> 2 </option> <option value="3"> 3 </option> <option value="4"> 4 </option> <option value="5"> 5 </option> </select> <select name="maximumBeds"> <option value="1"> 1 </option> <option value="2"> 2 </option> <option value="3"> 3 </option> <option value="4"> 4 </option> <option value="5"> 5 </option> </select> </form>

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• Offset the tickmarks of a secondary axis

  - by Dan

  I would like to offset the tickmarks of a secondary axis in excel WITHOUT changing the minimum. Here is a very complicated VBA class that apparently solves the issue but I would like a solution that doesn't require me to construct my entire chart in VBA. Here is an example of what I mean (I removed the chart insides so it looks funny, but really only the axes matter for this question): I am happy with the primary axis on the left. The secondary axis is just the primary axis plus 7.96%, so the secondary axis HAS TO have 0.0796 as a minimum. But I would like my tickmarks to be at nice rounder numbers so I would like to offset the starting point of the secondary axis' tickmarks to only start at 8%. Does anyone know of a way to achieve this? Just to be clear about the VBA, I am happy to use a VBA solution but I don't have the time to actually construct the chart itself in VBA. Using VBA to get a handle on the chart and make the adjustment would be perfect.

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• Ping computername - result format

  - by kamleshrao

  Hi, I am trying PING command on my Windows 7 PC after many months. While doing this, I notice the following result: Ping using computer name: D:\>ping amdwin764 Pinging AMDWIN764 [fe80::ac53:546f:a730:8bd6%11] with 32 bytes of data: Reply from fe80::ac53:546f:a730:8bd6%11: time=1ms Reply from fe80::ac53:546f:a730:8bd6%11: time=1ms Reply from fe80::ac53:546f:a730:8bd6%11: time=1ms Reply from fe80::ac53:546f:a730:8bd6%11: time=1ms Ping statistics for fe80::ac53:546f:a730:8bd6%11: Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss), Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds: Minimum = 1ms, Maximum = 1ms, Average = 1ms Ping using IP address: D:\>ping 192.168.1.2 Pinging 192.168.1.2 with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 192.168.1.2: bytes=32 time=75ms TTL=128 Reply from 192.168.1.2: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=128 Reply from 192.168.1.2: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=128 Reply from 192.168.1.2: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=128 Ping statistics for 192.168.1.2: Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss), Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds: Minimum = 1ms, Maximum = 75ms, Average = 19ms Why am I not getting the Ping results with Numeric IP address in my first example? Thanks, Kamlesh

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• “Disk /dev/xvda1 doesn't contain a valid partition table”

  - by Simpanoz

  Iam newbie to EC2 and Ubuntu 11 (EC2 Free tier Ubuntu). I have made following commands. sudo mkfs -t ext4 /dev/xvdf6 sudo mkdir /db sudo vim /etc/fstab /dev/xvdf6 /db ext4 noatime,noexec,nodiratime 0 0 sudo mount /dev/xvdf6 /db fdisk -l I got following output. Can some one guide me what I am doing wrong and how it can be rectified. Disk /dev/xvda1: 8589 MB, 8589934592 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1044 cylinders, total 16777216 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Disk /dev/xvda1 doesn't contain a valid partition table Disk /dev/xvdf6: 6442 MB, 6442450944 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 783 cylinders, total 12582912 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Disk /dev/xvdf6 doesn't contain a valid partition table.

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• Will Dolphin emulator run (smoothly) on this machine?

  - by Mark

  Product Specs: Intel® NM10 Express chipset /w Intel® Atom® D525 (dual-core, 1.8 GHz) I think the most I can put in there for RAM is 4 GB. (They don't make 8 GB SODIMM do they?) The Dolphin site is pretty vague about requirements: Windows XP or higher, or Linux, or MacOSX Intel Fast CPU with SSE2. GPU with Pixel Shader 2.0 or greater. Some integrated graphics chips work but it depends on the model (and only with DirectX 9). I'm trying to make a light-weight quiet little machine for streaming video and playing eumulators, and I'm trying to figure out the minimum requirements I will need to do what I want. I know I'm not supposed to ask for product recommendations here, so if you could just advise the minimum requirements in terms of CPU, graphics card, and RAM, that'd be helpful.

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• The rights needed to change a AD LDAP password

  - by Luuky19

  What are the bare minimum rights you need to change an other persons LDAP password?. I'm working on a tool that allows a user to change his password. as the tool needs to be written in PHP the only problem is that you can't use a user account to change the password. to work around this we want to use an manger/admin account that can only change the passwords of all the other users. now the problem. we could not find the right rights to set so that the account was allowed to change the passwords. the only way it worked for us was if we made him domain-admin and that is something we don't want. So what are the minimum rights that some one needs to change a other person password with PHP? EDIT: Changed the title to fit the question better.

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• CentOS - Add additional hard drive raid arrays on Dell Perc 5/i card

  - by Quanano

  We have a Dell Poweredge 2900 system with Dell Perc 5/i card and 4 SAS hard drives attached, with NTFS partitions on them. We installed CentOS on one raid array on this controller with a different controller and it is working fine. We are now trying to access the drives shown above and they are not being shown in /dev as sdb, etc. sda is the drive that we installed centos on and it has sda1, sda2, sda3, etc. The CDROM has been picked up as well. If I scan for scsi devices then the perc and adaptec controllers are both found. sg0 is the CDROM and sg2 is the centos installed, however I think sg1 is the other drive but I cannot see anyway to mount the partitions, as only the drive is listed in /dev. Thanks. EXTRA INFO fdisk -l: Disk /dev/sda: 72.7 GB, 72746008576 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 8844 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x11e3119f Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 1 64 512000 83 Linux Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda2 64 8845 70528000 8e Linux LVM Disk /dev/mapper/vg_lal2server-lv_root: 34.4 GB, 34431041536 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 4186 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Disk /dev/mapper/vg_lal2server-lv_root doesn't contain a valid partition table Disk /dev/mapper/vg_lal2server-lv_swap: 21.1 GB, 21139292160 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2570 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Disk /dev/mapper/vg_lal2server-lv_swap doesn't contain a valid partition table Disk /dev/mapper/vg_lal2server-lv_home: 16.6 GB, 16647192576 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2023 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Disk /dev/mapper/vg_lal2server-lv_home doesn't contain a valid partition table These are all from the install hdd not the additional hard drives modprobe a320raid FATAL: Module a320raid not found. lsscsi -v: [0:0:0:0] cd/dvd TSSTcorp CDRWDVD TS-H492C DE02 /dev/sr0 dir: /sys/bus/scsi/devices/0:0:0:0 [/sys/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.1/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0] [4:0:10:0] enclosu DP BACKPLANE 1.05 - dir: /sys/bus/scsi/devices/4:0:10:0 [/sys/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:05.0/0000:01:00.0/0000:02:0e.0/host4/target4:0:10/4:0:10:0] [4:2:0:0] disk DELL PERC 5/i 1.03 /dev/sda dir: /sys/bus/scsi/devices/4:2:0:0 [/sys/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:05.0/0000:01:00.0/0000:02:0e.0/host4/target4:2:0/4:2:0:0] . lsmod: Module Size Used by fuse 66285 0 des_generic 16604 0 ecb 2209 0 md4 3461 0 nls_utf8 1455 0 cifs 278370 0 autofs4 26888 4 ipt_REJECT 2383 0 ip6t_REJECT 4628 2 nf_conntrack_ipv6 8748 2 nf_defrag_ipv6 12182 1 nf_conntrack_ipv6 xt_state 1492 2 nf_conntrack 79453 2 nf_conntrack_ipv6,xt_state ip6table_filter 2889 1 ip6_tables 19458 1 ip6table_filter ipv6 322029 31 ip6t_REJECT,nf_conntrack_ipv6,nf_defrag_ipv6 bnx2 79618 0 ses 6859 0 enclosure 8395 1 ses dcdbas 9219 0 serio_raw 4818 0 sg 30124 0 iTCO_wdt 13662 0 iTCO_vendor_support 3088 1 iTCO_wdt i5000_edac 8867 0 edac_core 46773 3 i5000_edac i5k_amb 5105 0 shpchp 33482 0 ext4 364410 3 mbcache 8144 1 ext4 jbd2 88738 1 ext4 sd_mod 39488 3 crc_t10dif 1541 1 sd_mod sr_mod 16228 0 cdrom 39771 1 sr_mod megaraid_sas 77090 2 aic79xx 129492 0 scsi_transport_spi 26151 1 aic79xx pata_acpi 3701 0 ata_generic 3837 0 ata_piix 22846 0 radeon 1023359 1 ttm 70328 1 radeon drm_kms_helper 33236 1 radeon drm 230675 3 radeon,ttm,drm_kms_helper i2c_algo_bit 5762 1 radeon i2c_core 31276 4 radeon,drm_kms_helper,drm,i2c_algo_bit dm_mirror 14101 0 dm_region_hash 12170 1 dm_mirror dm_log 10122 2 dm_mirror,dm_region_hash dm_mod 81500 11 dm_mirror,dm_log blkid: /dev/sda1: UUID="bc4777d9-ae2c-4c58-96ea-cedb342b8338" TYPE="ext4" /dev/sda2: UUID="j2wRZr-Mlko-QWBR-BndC-V2uN-vdhO-iKCuYu" TYPE="LVM2_member" /dev/mapper/vg_lal2server-lv_root: UUID="9238208a-1daf-4c3c-aa9b-469f0387ebee" TYPE="ext4" /dev/mapper/vg_lal2server-lv_swap: UUID="dbefb39c-5871-4bc9-b767-1ef18f12bd3d" TYPE="swap" /dev/mapper/vg_lal2server-lv_home: UUID="ec698993-08b7-443e-84f0-9f9cb31c5da8" TYPE="ext4" dmesg shows: megaraid_sas: fw state:c0000000 megasas: fwstate:c0000000, dis_OCR=0 scsi2 : LSI SAS based MegaRAID driver scsi 2:0:0:0: Direct-Access SEAGATE ST3146855SS S527 PQ: 0 ANSI: 5 scsi 2:0:1:0: Direct-Access SEAGATE ST3146855SS S527 PQ: 0 ANSI: 5 scsi 2:0:2:0: Direct-Access SEAGATE ST3146855SS S527 PQ: 0 ANSI: 5 scsi 2:0:3:0: Direct-Access SEAGATE ST3146855SS S527 PQ: 0 ANSI: 5 scsi 2:0:4:0: Direct-Access HITACHI HUS154545VLS300 D590 PQ: 0 ANSI: 5 scsi 2:0:5:0: Direct-Access HITACHI HUS154545VLS300 D590 PQ: 0 ANSI: 5 scsi 2:0:8:0: Direct-Access FUJITSU MBA3073RC D305 PQ: 0 ANSI: 5 scsi 2:0:9:0: Direct-Access FUJITSU MBA3073RC D305 PQ: 0 ANSI: 5 i.e. the 3 RAID Arrays Seagate Hitatchi and Fujitsu hard drives respectively. FURTHER UPDATE I have installed the megaraid storage manager console and connected to the server. It appears that the two CentOS installation hard drives are OK. The other 6 drives, one raid array of 4 and one raid array of 2 disks. The other drives are listed as (Foreign) Unconfigured Good.

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• How can I judge the suitability of modern processors for systems with specific CPU requirements?

  - by Iszi

  Inspired by this question: How do I calculate clock speed in multi-core processors? The answers in the above question do a fair job of explaining why a lower-speed multi-core processor won't necessarily perform at the same level as a higher-speed single-core processor. Example: 4*2=8, but a quad-core 2 GHz processor isn't necessarily as fast as a single-core 8 GHz processor. However, I'm having a hard time putting the information in those answers to practical use in my mind. Particularly, I want to know how it should be used to judge whether a given CPU is appropriate for an application with specific requirements. Example scenarios: An application has a minimum CPU requirement of 2.4 GHz dual-core. Another application has a minimum CPU requirement of 1.8 GHz single-core. For either of the above scenarios: Would a higher-speed processor with fewer cores, or a lower-speed processor with more cores, be equally sufficient? If so, how can we determine the appropriate processor speeds required for a given number of cores?

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• Cannot install grub to RAID1 (md0)

  - by Andrew Answer

  I have a RAID1 array on my Ubuntu 12.04 LTS and my /sda HDD has been replaced several days ago. I use this commands to replace: # go to superuser sudo bash # see RAID state mdadm -Q -D /dev/md0 # State should be "clean, degraded" # remove broken disk from RAID mdadm /dev/md0 --fail /dev/sda1 mdadm /dev/md0 --remove /dev/sda1 # see partitions fdisk -l # shutdown computer shutdown now # physically replace old disk by new # start system again # see partitions fdisk -l # copy partitions from sdb to sda sfdisk -d /dev/sdb | sfdisk /dev/sda # recreate id for sda sfdisk --change-id /dev/sda 1 fd # add sda1 to RAID mdadm /dev/md0 --add /dev/sda1 # see RAID state mdadm -Q -D /dev/md0 # State should be "clean, degraded, recovering" # to see status you can use cat /proc/mdstat This is the my mdadm output after sync: /dev/md0: Version : 0.90 Creation Time : Wed Feb 17 16:18:25 2010 Raid Level : raid1 Array Size : 470455360 (448.66 GiB 481.75 GB) Used Dev Size : 470455360 (448.66 GiB 481.75 GB) Raid Devices : 2 Total Devices : 2 Preferred Minor : 0 Persistence : Superblock is persistent Update Time : Thu Nov 1 15:19:31 2012 State : clean Active Devices : 2 Working Devices : 2 Failed Devices : 0 Spare Devices : 0 UUID : 92e6ff4e:ed3ab4bf:fee5eb6c:d9b9cb11 Events : 0.11049560 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State 0 8 1 0 active sync /dev/sda1 1 8 17 1 active sync /dev/sdb1 After bebuilding completion "fdisk -l" says what I have not valid partition table /dev/md0. This is my fdisk -l output: Disk /dev/sda: 500.1 GB, 500107862016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 60801 cylinders, total 976773168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00057d19 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 63 940910984 470455461 fd Linux raid autodetect /dev/sda2 940910985 976768064 17928540 5 Extended /dev/sda5 940911048 976768064 17928508+ 82 Linux swap / Solaris Disk /dev/sdb: 500.1 GB, 500107862016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 60801 cylinders, total 976773168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x000667ca Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 * 63 940910984 470455461 fd Linux raid autodetect /dev/sdb2 940910985 976768064 17928540 5 Extended /dev/sdb5 940911048 976768064 17928508+ 82 Linux swap / Solaris Disk /dev/md0: 481.7 GB, 481746288640 bytes 2 heads, 4 sectors/track, 117613840 cylinders, total 940910720 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Disk /dev/md0 doesn't contain a valid partition table This is my grub install output: root@answe:~# grub-install /dev/sda /usr/sbin/grub-setup: warn: Attempting to install GRUB to a disk with multiple partition labels or both partition label and filesystem. This is not supported yet.. /usr/sbin/grub-setup: error: embedding is not possible, but this is required for cross-disk install. root@answe:~# grub-install /dev/sdb Installation finished. No error reported. So 1) "update-grub" find only /sda and /sdb Linux, not /md0 2) "dpkg-reconfigure grub-pc" says "GRUB failed to install the following devices /dev/md0" I cannot load my system except from /sdb1 and /sda1, but in DEGRADED mode... Anybody can resolve this issue? I have big headache with this.

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• Cheapest High Available Web Server [closed]

  - by xyz

  I would like to create a high-available setup (e.g. a small cluster) for a webserver, i.e. it will run Apache, PHP and MySQL. There will be between 2-8 small websites running with only very little traffic and workload. High availability is however very important. I don't want to be dependent on 1 datacenter, so there must be a minimum of 2 servers placed in different datacenters, and if one server goes down, the user must experience no or only a minimum of downtime - and no data loss. I have considered Amazon AWS using their Elastic Load Balancing, since it is possible to buy 2 EC2 instances in 2 availability zones and set up load balancing and RDS (Multi-AZ). However this seems rather expensive. Using the AWS price calculator http://calculator.s3.amazonaws.com/calc5.html it totals to 185$/month the first year (including the free tier). Are my calculations incorrect or is there a cheaper way to make this HA setup? Best regards

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• Best window manager for Linux for Virtual Desktop / Multimon

  - by mattcodes

  Previous used Ubuntu Gnome with Compiz but for my basic spec intel macbook (4 years old) its a little too heavyweight. So for now Im back on my macbook with os x, but now considering going back to Linux. Im looking for a window manager that has the following properties: 1) Supports virtual desktop (need 4 minimum) 2) Works well with multi monitors - can move an app with shortcut from one monitor to the other (on same virtual desktop) 3) Can remember window position (i.e. open vim on 2 monitor) - however must coerce everything back to first window when 2nd screen is unplugged 4) Keyboard shortcut friendly 5) Not too hard to install 6) Works well with minimum hardware such as integrated graphics Please suggest and share your experiences

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• Simple local smtp server - minimal setup ubuntu

  - by malatio

  What is the absolute, bare minimum, no-hassle, hopefully idiot-proof way of setting up a local smtp server? If you're going to say postfix, what are these alledgedly bare minimum, idiot proof steps to setting it up? I'm sort of amazed at how difficult it seems to find this anywhere. I need: a locally hosted smtp server that sends mail to the internet. no tls or saslauth or whatever. only allows mail to come from localhost. no relays. It seems like there should be some software package somewhere where you install, set up an account and then you have a local smtp server. I'm not a sysadmin. People say postfix is dead simple but maybe I'm doing it wrong, all the setup docs I see are quite complicated, I actually don't have a spare hour to spend debugging a mailserver. I just want to send mail to the internet. Is it really that hard?

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• Lightweight window manager for Linux for Virtual Desktop / Multimon

  - by mattcodes

  Previous used Ubuntu Gnome with Compiz but for my basic spec intel macbook (4 years old) its a little too heavyweight. So for now Im back on my macbook with os x, but now considering going back to Linux. Im looking for a window manager that has the following properties: Supports virtual desktop (need 4 minimum) Works well with multi monitors - can move an app with shortcut from one monitor to the other (on same virtual desktop) Can remember window position (i.e. open vim on 2 monitor) - however must coerce everything back to first screen when 2nd screen is unplugged Keyboard shortcut friendly Not too hard to install Works well with minimum hardware such as integrated graphics Please suggest and share your experiences

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• Per-character-set font size in Firefox not working?

  - by Coderer

  Firefox has a setting (Preferences - Content - Fonts & Colors - Advanced) that is supposed to let you set font preferences for different character sets. I've tried setting larger minimum font sizes for some non-Western character sets (I'm still learning, and have to see extra detail to tell them apart!) and nothing seems to happen. For example, if there's Hangul on a page (like this one), it will show in the same size as the Latin characters around it, even if I set "minimum font size" to 24. Am I misunderstanding how that setting is supposed to work, or does it just not do anything? Is there any other way to blow up only non-Western characters while leaving the letters I know how to read intact?

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• VMWare hypervisor with only 1 network card?

  - by Rafiq Maniar

  VMWare hypervisor minimum requirements states that the minimum network requirements is: one NIC, plus one for Management interface (source: http://www.vmware.com/products/datacenter-virtualization/vsphere-hypervisor/requirements.html) It used to be possible to use 1 NIC only. Is anybody using the new versions of VMWare in this configuration? I ask because my colo provider will only provide me with 1 uplink (my server does have 2 NICs). I need to be able to run the VMs and also have remote management using only 1 NIC. Possible?

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• Why mysql 5.5 slower than 5.1 (linux,using mysqlslap)

  - by Zenofo

  my.cnf (5.5 and 5.1 is the same) : back_log=200 max_connections=512 max_connect_errors=999999 key_buffer=512M max_allowed_packet=8M table_cache=512 sort_buffer=8M read_buffer_size=8M thread_cache=8 thread_concurrency=4 myisam_sort_buffer_size=128M interactive_timeout=28800 wait_timeout=7200 mysql 5.5: ..mysql5.5/bin/mysqlslap -a --concurrency=10 --number-of-queries 5000 --iterations=5 -S /tmp/mysql_5.5.sock --engine=innodb Benchmark Running for engine innodb Average number of seconds to run all queries: 15.156 seconds Minimum number of seconds to run all queries: 15.031 seconds Maximum number of seconds to run all queries: 15.296 seconds Number of clients running queries: 10 Average number of queries per client: 500 mysql5.1: ..mysql5.5/bin/mysqlslap -a --concurrency=10 --number-of-queries 5000 --iterations=5 -S /tmp/mysql_5.1.sock --engine=innodb Benchmark Running for engine innodb Average number of seconds to run all queries: 13.252 seconds Minimum number of seconds to run all queries: 13.019 seconds Maximum number of seconds to run all queries: 13.480 seconds Number of clients running queries: 10 Average number of queries per client: 500 Why mysql 5.5 slower than 5.1 ? BTW:I'm tried mysql5.5/bin/mysqlslap and mysql5.1/bin/mysqlslap,result is the same

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• How do I mount a "DiskSecure Multiboot" partition?

  - by ????

  For a hard drive that has 4 or 5 partitions, I was able to mount one of them using Ubuntu LiveCD: sudo mount /dev/sda1 /mnt but is there a way to mount to the other partitions? (if using sudo fdisk -l, it only shows /dev/sda) GParted's snapshot is: Right now, the fdisk info is as follows: ubuntu@ubuntu:~$ sudo fdisk -l /dev/sda Disk /dev/sda: 320.1 GB, 320072933376 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 38913 cylinders, total 625142448 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x1aca8ea5 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 284993226 350602558 32804666+ 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT and then ubuntu@ubuntu:/mnt$ sudo fdisk -l /dev/sda1 Disk /dev/sda1: 33.6 GB, 33591978496 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 4083 cylinders, total 65609333 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x2052474d This doesn't look like a partition table Probably you selected the wrong device. Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1p1 ? 6579571 1924427647 958924038+ 70 DiskSecure Multi-Boot /dev/sda1p2 ? 1953251627 3771827541 909287957+ 43 Unknown /dev/sda1p3 ? 225735265 225735274 5 72 Unknown /dev/sda1p4 2642411520 2642463409 25945 0 Empty Partition table entries are not in disk order Per @lgarzo's request, parted info is: ubuntu@ubuntu:/mnt$ sudo parted /dev/sda print Model: ATA ST3320820AS (scsi) Disk /dev/sda: 320GB Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B Partition Table: msdos Number Start End Size Type File system Flags 1 146GB 180GB 33.6GB primary ntfs boot The command sudo mount /dev/sda1p2 /mnt won't work.

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• When runs a product out of support?

  That is a question I get regularly from customers. Microsoft has a great site where you can find that information. Unfortunately this site is not easy to find, and a lot of people are not aware of this site. A good reason to promote it a little. So if you ever get a question on this topic, go to http://support.microsoft.com/lifecycle/search/Default.aspx. At that site, you can find also the details of the policy Microsoft Support Lifecycle Policy The Microsoft Support Lifecycle policy took effect in October 2002, and applies to most products currently available through retail purchase or volume licensing and most future release products. Through the policy, Microsoft will offer a minimum of: 10 years of support (5 years Mainstream Support and 5 years Extended Support) at the supported service pack level for Business and Developer products 5 years Mainstream Support at the supported service pack level for Consumer/Hardware/Multimedia products 3 years of Mainstream Support for products that are annually released (for example, Money, Encarta, Picture It!, and Streets & Trips) Phases of the Support Lifecycle Mainstream Support Mainstream Support is the first phase of the product support lifecycle. At the supported service pack level, Mainstream Support includes: Incident support (no-charge incident support, paid incident support, support charged on an hourly basis, support for warranty claims) Security update support The ability to request non-security hotfixes Please note: Enrollment in a maintenance program may be required to receive these benefits for certain products Extended Support The Extended Support phase follows Mainstream Support for Business and Developer products. At the supported service pack level, Extended Support includes: Paid support Security update support at no additional cost Non-security related hotfix support requires a separate Extended Hotfix Support Agreement to be purchased (per-fix fees also apply) Please note: Microsoft will not accept requests for warranty support, design changes, or new features during the Extended Support phase Extended Support is not available for Consumer, Hardware, or Multimedia products Enrollment in a maintenance program may be required to receive these benefits for certain products Self-Help Online Support Self-Help Online Support is available throughout a product's lifecycle and for a minimum of 12 months after the product reaches the end of its support. Microsoft online Knowledge Base articles, FAQs, troubleshooting tools, and other resources, are provided to help customers resolve common issues. Please note: Enrollment in a maintenance program may be required to receive these benefits for certain products (source: http://support.microsoft.com/lifecycle/#tab1)

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• How many different servers are needed to keep a website running with no downtime? [closed]

  - by Mason Wheeler

  Machines go down. It's a fact of life. They may need to be rebooted for some reason, or they may have a hardware failure, or a power outage. So if I wanted to deploy a website with a server backed by a SQL database, putting the whole thing on one server wouldn't be good enough. It obviously needs at least two servers, so that if one goes down, the other can pick up the slack until the first comes back up. Of course, if I have the server software on two machines, either one of which could go down, I can't place the database on either of those two machines, because it could go down. So the database needs its own server. But that server can go down, so I need a backup database server and some sort of replication system to keep it in sync so the main can fail-over to it. So far, that's a bare minimum of 4 machines to keep one website running with a reasonable chance of no downtime. (Assuming no catastrophic events take place that take down both front-end servers at once or both DB servers at once, and no hacks, DDOS attacks, etc. Am I missing any other factors, or should I consider 4 servers to be the minimum for running a website with a goal of continuing operation without downtime even when a server goes down?

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