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  • Using traversal by pointer to check whether a string is repeated

    - by Bob John
    bool repeat_char(char *s, int n); //R: s is a C-string of at least n non-NUL characters and n > 0 //E: returns true if the first n characters are fully repeated throughout the string s, false // otherwise. I'm having trouble implementing this function using traversal by pointer. I was thinking that I could extract the first n characters from s, then use that in a comparison with s, but I'm not sure how I could do that. If I'm traversing through s one character at a time, how can I check that it matches a block of text, such as the first n characters of s? Thanks!

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  • Why am I getting a MySQL error?

    - by John Hoffman
    Here is my query. Its intention is allow access to properties of the animals that constitute a match of two animals. The match table contains columns for animal1ID and animal2ID to store which animals constitute the match. SELECT id, (SELECT * FROM animals WHERE animals.id=matches.animal1ID) AS animal1, (SELECT * FROM users WHERE animals.id=matches.animalID) AS animal2 FROM matches WHERE id=5 However, MySQl returns this error: Operand should contain 1 column(s). Why? Is there an alternative way to do this, perhaps with a JOIN statement?

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  • Convert list of dicts to string

    - by John
    I'm very new to Python, so forgive me if this is easier than it seems to me. I'm being presented with a list of dicts as follows: [{'directMember': 'true', 'memberType': 'User', 'memberId': '[email protected]'}, {'directMember': 'true', 'memberType': 'User', 'memberId': '[email protected]'}, {'directMember': 'true', 'memberType': 'User', 'memberId': '[email protected]'}] I would like to generate a simple string of memberIds, such as [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] but every method of converting a list to a string that I have tried fails because dicts are involved. Any advice?

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  • switch vs. if...else if...else

    - by John Hartsock
    Guys I have a couple of questions: Is there a preformance difference in Javascript between a switch statement and an if...else if....else? If so why? Is the behavior of switch and if...else if...else different across browsers? (FireFox, IE, Chrome, Opera, Safari) The reason for asking this question is it seems that I get better preformance on a switch statement with approx 100 cases in Firefox. But in IE it get better preformance with 100 if...else if...else.

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  • How to add MousePressEvent?

    - by John Son
    In qt: I create a class based on QToolButton to display icon and text. How can I add 'mousePressEvent' to the class? Thank you. bool IconLabel::event (QEvent* e ) { if ( e->type() == QEvent::Paint) { return QToolButton::event(e); } return true; } The class is: class IconLabel : public QToolButton { Q_OBJECT public: explicit IconLabel(QWidget *parent = 0); bool event (QEvent* e ); signals: public slots: };

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  • Setting a session using jquery without page reload

    - by John
    I have a problem, how can I set a session using jquery(AJAX) without page refresh.My problem is the session is not set unless I press on the refresh button so as to set the session.My php page is separate from my jquery code. This is a login function am trying to implement Any help will be greatly appreciated.

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  • Is there any event sent to window when new tab opens from parent tab on click a anchor tag with target _blank?

    - by Justin John
    I need to write callback function on clicking an anchor with target="_blank". <a rel="external" href="http://twitter.com/" target="_blank"> <img src="twitter.png"> </a> I think, following code block will do it. $("a[target='_blank']").click(function() { // action required }); Is there any other way where we can get an event with new tab opens? For example: The unload event is sent to the window element when the user navigates away from the page. If I think same perspective, Is there any event sent to window when a new tab opens.

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  • PHP DateTime accept multiple formats?

    - by John Smith
    I'm trying to construct a DateTime object with multiple accepted formats. According to the DateTime::createFromFormat docs, the first parameter (format) must be a string. I was wondering if there was a way to createFromFormats. In my case, I want the year for my format to be optional: DateTime::createFromFormat('Y-m-d', $date); DateTime::createFromFormat('m-d', $date); so that a user can input just 'm-d' and the year would be assumed 2013. If I wanted multiple accepted formats, would I have to call createFromFormat each time? Shortest thing for my scenario is: DateTime::createFromFormat('m-d', $date) ?: DateTime::createFromFormat('Y-m-d', $date);

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  • Nesting if else statements in PHP to validate a URL

    - by John
    I'm currently writing up a function in order to validate a URL by exploding it into different parts and matching those parts with strings I've defined. This is the function I'm using so far: function validTnet($tnet_url) { $tnet_2 = "defined2"; $tnet_3 = "defined3"; $tnet_5 = "defined5"; $tnet_7 = ""; if($exp_url[2] == $tnet_2) { #show true, proceed to next validation if($exp_url[3] == $tnet_3) { #true, and next if($exp_url[5] == $tnet_5) { #true, and last if($exp_url[7] == $tnet_7) { #true, valid } } } } else { echo "failed on tnet_2"; } } For some reason I'm unable to think of the way to code (or search for the proper term) of how to break out of the if statements that are nested. What I would like to do check each part of the URL, starting with $tnet_2, and if it fails one of the checks ($tnet_2, $tnet_3, $tnet_5 or $tnet_7), output that it fails, and break out of the if statement. Is there an easy way to accomplish this using some of the code I have already?

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  • Submit form with our page refresh in Servlet

    - by John
    <script type="text/javascript"> $(document).ready(function() { $('.ibutton').click(function() { var ajaxdata=$("#country").val(); var value = "country="+ajaxdata; $.ajax({ url: "saveIt", type: "POST", data: value, cache: false, success: function(data){ alert("load success"); } });return false; }); }); </script> Friends, i followed every thing but its not working, upon submit, am unable to send the servlet request, saveIt is my url pattern,pls help me.

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  • The Disloyalty Card

    - by David Dorf
    Let's take a break from technology for a second; please indulge me. (That's for you Erick.) A few months back, James Hoffmann reported that Gwilym Davies, the 2009 World Barista Champion, had implemented a rather unique idea for his cafe: the disloyalty card. His card lists eight nearby cafes in London that the cardholder must visit and try a coffee. After sampling all eight and collecting the required stamps, Gwilym provides a free coffee from his shop. His idea sends customers to his competitors. What does this say about Gwilym? First, it tells me he's confident in his abilities to make a mean cup of java. Second, it tells me he's truly passionate about his his trade. But was this a sound business endeavor? Obviously the risk is that one of his loyal customers might just find a better product at a competitor and not return. But the goal isn't really to strengthen his customer base -- its to strengthen the market, which will in turn provide more customers over the long run. This idea seems great for frequently purchased products like restaurants, bars, bakeries, music, and of course, cafes. Its probably not a good idea for high priced merchandise or infrequently purchased items like shoes, electronics, and housewares. Nevertheless, its a great example of thinking in reverse. Try this: Instead of telling your staff how you want customers treated, list out the ways you don't want customers treated. Why should you limit people's imagination and freedom to engage customers? Instead, give them guidelines to avoid the bad behavior, and leave them open to be creative with the positive behavior. Instead of asking the question, "how can we get more people in our stores?" try asking the inverse: "why aren't people visiting our stores?" Innovation doesn't only come from asking "why?" Often it comes from asking "why not?"

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  • Free Windows Azure event next Monday in London (29th March)

    - by Eric Nelson
    I just heard that we still have spaces for this event happening next week (29th March 2010). Whilst the event is designed for start-ups, I’m sure nobody would notice if you snuck in :-) Just keep it to yourself ;-) Register using invitation code: 79F2AB. Hope to see you there. The agenda is looking pretty swish: 09:00 – 09:30 Registration 09:30 - 10:15 Keynote  ‘I’ve looked at clouds from both sides now....’– John Taysom, Active Seed Investor 10:15 - 10:45   The Microsoft Vision for Cloud Computing – Steve Clayton, Director Software + Services, EMEA 10:45 - 11:00   Break 11:00 - 12:30 “Windows Azure in Real World” – hear from startups that have built their business around the Azure platform, moderated by Alistair Beagley, Azure UK Developer and Platform Lead 12:30 - 13:15 Lunch and networking  13:15 - 14:15  Breakout Tracks, moderated by our Azure Experts 1. Windows Azure Technical Overview - David Gristwood, Application Architect, Microsoft 2. SQL Azure Technical Overview – Eric Nelson, Application Architect, Microsoft 3. Commercial insight into Windows Azure and what this means for BizSpark Start-ups - Simon Karn, Commercial Lead, UK Windows Azure Incubation Team, Microsoft 14:15 - 14:30 Session change over 14:30 - 15:30   Breakout Tracks, moderated by our Azure Experts 1. SQL Azure Technical Overview (repeat) - Eric Nelson, Application Architect, Microsoft 2. Deep dive into Windows Azure – Neil Kidd, Architect, Microsoft Technology Centre 3. Lessons Learnt - Windows Azure in the Real World interactive session – Two customers hosted by Matt Deacon, Enterprise Architect, Microsoft 15:30 - 16:00 Break & Session change over 16:00 - 17:00 Breakout Tracks, moderated by our Azure Experts 1. PHP / Ruby on Azure Simon Davies, Architect, UK Windows Azure Incubation Team, Microsoft 2. Commercial insight into Windows Azure and what this means for BizSpark Start-ups (repeat) - Simon Karn, Commercial Lead, UK Windows Azure Incubation Team, Microsoft 3. Lessons Learnt - Windows Azure in the Real World interactive session #2 Two customers hosted by Matt Deacon, Enterprise Architect, Microsoft 17:00 - 18:00 Pitches and Judging 18:15 Wrap-up and close 18:15 - 20:00 Drinks & Networking

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  • Podcast Show Notes: Fear and Loathing in SOA

    - by Bob Rhubart
    The latest program (#47) in the Arch2Arch podcast series is the first of three segments from another virtual mini-meet-up with architects from the OTN community, recorded on March 9, 2010. In keeping with the meet-up format, I sent an invitation to my list of past participants in Arch2Arch panel discussions. The following people showed up to take seats at the virtual table and drive the conversation: Hajo Normann is a SOA architect and consultant at EDS in Frankfurt Blog | LinkedIn | Oracle Mix | Oracle ACE Profile | Books  Jeff Davies is a Senior Product Manager at Oracle, and is the primary author of The Definitive Guide to SOA: Oracle Service Bus Homepage | Blog | LinkedIn | Oracle Mix Pat Shepherd is an enterprise architect with the Oracle Enterprise Solutions Group. Oracle Mix | LinkedIn | Blog This first segment focuses on a discussion of the persistent fear of SOA the panelists have observed among many developers and architects. Listen to Part 1 The discussion continues in next week’s segment with a look at the misinformation and misunderstanding behind the fear of SOA, and a discussion of possible solutions. So stay tuned: RSS   del.icio.us Tags: oracle,otn,arch2arch,podcast,soa,service-oriented architecture,enterprise architecture Technorati Tags: oracle,otn,arch2arch,podcast,soa,service-oriented architecture,enterprise architecture

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  • Podcast Show Notes: Red Room Interview &ndash; Part 3: Ninja BPM

    - by Bob Rhubart
    The third and final segment of my conversation with Red Room bloggers Sean Boiling, Richard Ward, and Mervin Chaing is now available. Listen to Part 1 Listen to Part 2 Listen to Part 3 As you’ll hear, this segment gets its title from another example of Mervin’s tactic for tweaking terminology to make it easier to sell stakeholders on certain SOA concepts. These are some very bright, very knowledgeable guys, so I encourage you to connect with them via the links below to pick their brains on any SOA or related issues that might have you reaching for the aspirin bottle. Sean Boiling - Sales Consulting Manager for Oracle Fusion Middleware LinkedIn | Twitter | Blog Richard Ward - SOA Channel Development Manager at Oracle LinkedIn | Blog Mervin Chiang - Consulting Principal at Leonardo Consulting LinkedIn | Twitter | Blog Once again, you’ll find the complete list of Red Room SOA Best Practice Posts in here. Up Next Next week’s program features another panel discussion recorded during a virtual min meet-up. The panel includes Oracle ACE Directors Mike van Alst (IT-Eye) and Jordan Braunstein (TUSC) along with The Definitive Guide to SOA: Oracle Service Bus author Jeff Davies. Stay tuned: RSS   Technorati Tags: oracle technology network,oracle,archbeat,podcast. arch2arch,soa,bpm del.icio.us Tags: oracle technology network,oracle,archbeat,podcast. arch2arch,soa,bpm

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  • .NET Demon 1.0 Released

    - by theo.spears
    Today we're officially releasing version 1.0 of .NET Demon, the Visual Studio Extension Alex Davies and I have been working on for the last 6 months. There have been beta versions available for a while, but we have now released the first "official" version and made it available to purchase. If you haven't yet tried the tool, it's all about reducing the time between when you write a line of code and when you are able to try it out so you don't have to wait: Continuous compilation We use spare CPU cycles on your machine to compile your code in the background when you make changes, so assemblies are up to date whenever you want to run them. Some clever logic means we only recompile code which may have been affected by your changes. Continuous save .NET Demon can perform background saving, so you don't lose any work in case of crashes or power failures, and are less likely to forget to commit changed files. Continuous testing (Experimental) The testing tool in .NET Demon watches which code you change in your solution, and automatically reruns tests which are impacted, so you learn about any breaking changes as quickly as possible. It also gives you inline test coverage information inside Visual Studio. Continuous testing is still experimental - it will work fine in many cases, but we know it's not yet perfect. Releasing version 1.0 doesn't mean we're pausing development or pushing out improvements. We will still be regularly providing new versions with improved functionality and fixes for any bugs people come across. Visit the .NET Demon product page to download

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  • Podcast Show Notes: Conversations in the Cloud

    - by Bob Rhubart
    The centerpiece of every OTN Architect Day event is a panel discussion the gathers all of the session speakers togehter to respond to questions from the audience. I generally try to record these discussions, usually by stiking my iPad on top of one of the PA speakers, with mixed results. Fortunately, the A/V tech at the venue for the Los Angeles event, held on October 25, 2012, had the necessary gear to get a good-quality recording of the panel discussion. So starting this week the OTN ArchBeat Podcast will feature a short series of highlights from those discussions. Listen to Part 1: Dude, What's My Role? Members of the Architect Day panel respond to an audience question about what happens to traditional IT roles in a cloud environment. Listen to Part 2: Migrating Mission-Critical Applications to the Cloud (Nov 21) The panel offers advice and examples in response to an audience question about dealing with mission-critical applications. Listen to Part 3: All Clouds Are Not Equal (Nov 28) The panel responds to a challenging question about cloud strategy with a discussion of enterprise-grade cloud services. Listen to Part 4: Cloud Security and Auditing (Dec 5) The last segment in the series is short discussion in response to an audience question about auditing and security in the cloud. The Panelists (Listed alphabetically) Ashok Aletty, Senior Director of Product Management, Oracle Cloud Application Foundation Dr. James Baty, Vice President, Oracle Global Enterprise Architecture Program Dave Chappelle, Enterprise Architect, Oracle Global Enterprise Architecture Program Jeff Davies, Senior Principal Product Manager, Oracle Corporation Anbu Krishnaswamy, Enterprise Architect, Oracle Global Enterprise Architecture Program Dhanraj Pondicherry, Sales Consulting Manager, Oracle Exadata Perren Walker, Senior Principal Product Manager, Oracle Enterprise Manager Coming Soon Upcoming programs will focus on DevOps and Continuous Integration, and on Oracle's Java Cloud and Developer Cloud services. Stay tuned: RSS

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  • ArchBeat Link-o-Rama for December 7, 2012

    - by Bob Rhubart
    From XaaS to Java EE – Which damn cloud is right for me in 2012? | Markus Eisele Oracle ACE Director Markus Eisele wrestles with a timely technical issue and shares his observations on several of the alternatives. WebLogic Servier Domain Browser App (Android) My colleague Jeff Davies, a frequent speaker at OTN Architect Day events and a genuinely nice guy, emailed me last night with this message: "I just came across this app on Google Play. It allows WebLogic administrators to browse WLS 12c domain information. I installed it on my phone and tried it out. Works very fast." I'm an iPhone guy, but I'm perfectly comfortable taking Jeff at his word.The app is called WLS Domain Browser. Follow the link for more info from the Google Play site. Exalogic 2.0.1 Tea Break Snippets - Creating a ModifyJeOS VirtualBox | The Old Toxophilist "One of the main advantages of this is that Templates can be created away from the Exalogic Environment," explains The Old Toxophilist. BTW: I had to look it up: a toxophilist is one who collects bows and arrows. Thought for the Day "All models are wrong; some models are useful." — George Box Source: SoftwareQuotes.com

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  • Toorcon 15 (2013)

    - by danx
    The Toorcon gang (senior staff): h1kari (founder), nfiltr8, and Geo Introduction to Toorcon 15 (2013) A Tale of One Software Bypass of MS Windows 8 Secure Boot Breaching SSL, One Byte at a Time Running at 99%: Surviving an Application DoS Security Response in the Age of Mass Customized Attacks x86 Rewriting: Defeating RoP and other Shinanighans Clowntown Express: interesting bugs and running a bug bounty program Active Fingerprinting of Encrypted VPNs Making Attacks Go Backwards Mask Your Checksums—The Gorry Details Adventures with weird machines thirty years after "Reflections on Trusting Trust" Introduction to Toorcon 15 (2013) Toorcon 15 is the 15th annual security conference held in San Diego. I've attended about a third of them and blogged about previous conferences I attended here starting in 2003. As always, I've only summarized the talks I attended and interested me enough to write about them. Be aware that I may have misrepresented the speaker's remarks and that they are not my remarks or opinion, or those of my employer, so don't quote me or them. Those seeking further details may contact the speakers directly or use The Google. For some talks, I have a URL for further information. A Tale of One Software Bypass of MS Windows 8 Secure Boot Andrew Furtak and Oleksandr Bazhaniuk Yuri Bulygin, Oleksandr ("Alex") Bazhaniuk, and (not present) Andrew Furtak Yuri and Alex talked about UEFI and Bootkits and bypassing MS Windows 8 Secure Boot, with vendor recommendations. They previously gave this talk at the BlackHat 2013 conference. MS Windows 8 Secure Boot Overview UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface) is interface between hardware and OS. UEFI is processor and architecture independent. Malware can replace bootloader (bootx64.efi, bootmgfw.efi). Once replaced can modify kernel. Trivial to replace bootloader. Today many legacy bootkits—UEFI replaces them most of them. MS Windows 8 Secure Boot verifies everything you load, either through signatures or hashes. UEFI firmware relies on secure update (with signed update). You would think Secure Boot would rely on ROM (such as used for phones0, but you can't do that for PCs—PCs use writable memory with signatures DXE core verifies the UEFI boat loader(s) OS Loader (winload.efi, winresume.efi) verifies the OS kernel A chain of trust is established with a root key (Platform Key, PK), which is a cert belonging to the platform vendor. Key Exchange Keys (KEKs) verify an "authorized" database (db), and "forbidden" database (dbx). X.509 certs with SHA-1/SHA-256 hashes. Keys are stored in non-volatile (NV) flash-based NVRAM. Boot Services (BS) allow adding/deleting keys (can't be accessed once OS starts—which uses Run-Time (RT)). Root cert uses RSA-2048 public keys and PKCS#7 format signatures. SecureBoot — enable disable image signature checks SetupMode — update keys, self-signed keys, and secure boot variables CustomMode — allows updating keys Secure Boot policy settings are: always execute, never execute, allow execute on security violation, defer execute on security violation, deny execute on security violation, query user on security violation Attacking MS Windows 8 Secure Boot Secure Boot does NOT protect from physical access. Can disable from console. Each BIOS vendor implements Secure Boot differently. There are several platform and BIOS vendors. It becomes a "zoo" of implementations—which can be taken advantage of. Secure Boot is secure only when all vendors implement it correctly. Allow only UEFI firmware signed updates protect UEFI firmware from direct modification in flash memory protect FW update components program SPI controller securely protect secure boot policy settings in nvram protect runtime api disable compatibility support module which allows unsigned legacy Can corrupt the Platform Key (PK) EFI root certificate variable in SPI flash. If PK is not found, FW enters setup mode wich secure boot turned off. Can also exploit TPM in a similar manner. One is not supposed to be able to directly modify the PK in SPI flash from the OS though. But they found a bug that they can exploit from User Mode (undisclosed) and demoed the exploit. It loaded and ran their own bootkit. The exploit requires a reboot. Multiple vendors are vulnerable. They will disclose this exploit to vendors in the future. Recommendations: allow only signed updates protect UEFI fw in ROM protect EFI variable store in ROM Breaching SSL, One Byte at a Time Yoel Gluck and Angelo Prado Angelo Prado and Yoel Gluck, Salesforce.com CRIME is software that performs a "compression oracle attack." This is possible because the SSL protocol doesn't hide length, and because SSL compresses the header. CRIME requests with every possible character and measures the ciphertext length. Look for the plaintext which compresses the most and looks for the cookie one byte-at-a-time. SSL Compression uses LZ77 to reduce redundancy. Huffman coding replaces common byte sequences with shorter codes. US CERT thinks the SSL compression problem is fixed, but it isn't. They convinced CERT that it wasn't fixed and they issued a CVE. BREACH, breachattrack.com BREACH exploits the SSL response body (Accept-Encoding response, Content-Encoding). It takes advantage of the fact that the response is not compressed. BREACH uses gzip and needs fairly "stable" pages that are static for ~30 seconds. It needs attacker-supplied content (say from a web form or added to a URL parameter). BREACH listens to a session's requests and responses, then inserts extra requests and responses. Eventually, BREACH guesses a session's secret key. Can use compression to guess contents one byte at-a-time. For example, "Supersecret SupersecreX" (a wrong guess) compresses 10 bytes, and "Supersecret Supersecret" (a correct guess) compresses 11 bytes, so it can find each character by guessing every character. To start the guess, BREACH needs at least three known initial characters in the response sequence. Compression length then "leaks" information. Some roadblocks include no winners (all guesses wrong) or too many winners (multiple possibilities that compress the same). The solutions include: lookahead (guess 2 or 3 characters at-a-time instead of 1 character). Expensive rollback to last known conflict check compression ratio can brute-force first 3 "bootstrap" characters, if needed (expensive) block ciphers hide exact plain text length. Solution is to align response in advance to block size Mitigations length: use variable padding secrets: dynamic CSRF tokens per request secret: change over time separate secret to input-less servlets Future work eiter understand DEFLATE/GZIP HTTPS extensions Running at 99%: Surviving an Application DoS Ryan Huber Ryan Huber, Risk I/O Ryan first discussed various ways to do a denial of service (DoS) attack against web services. One usual method is to find a slow web page and do several wgets. Or download large files. Apache is not well suited at handling a large number of connections, but one can put something in front of it Can use Apache alternatives, such as nginx How to identify malicious hosts short, sudden web requests user-agent is obvious (curl, python) same url requested repeatedly no web page referer (not normal) hidden links. hide a link and see if a bot gets it restricted access if not your geo IP (unless the website is global) missing common headers in request regular timing first seen IP at beginning of attack count requests per hosts (usually a very large number) Use of captcha can mitigate attacks, but you'll lose a lot of genuine users. Bouncer, goo.gl/c2vyEc and www.github.com/rawdigits/Bouncer Bouncer is software written by Ryan in netflow. Bouncer has a small, unobtrusive footprint and detects DoS attempts. It closes blacklisted sockets immediately (not nice about it, no proper close connection). Aggregator collects requests and controls your web proxies. Need NTP on the front end web servers for clean data for use by bouncer. Bouncer is also useful for a popularity storm ("Slashdotting") and scraper storms. Future features: gzip collection data, documentation, consumer library, multitask, logging destroyed connections. Takeaways: DoS mitigation is easier with a complete picture Bouncer designed to make it easier to detect and defend DoS—not a complete cure Security Response in the Age of Mass Customized Attacks Peleus Uhley and Karthik Raman Peleus Uhley and Karthik Raman, Adobe ASSET, blogs.adobe.com/asset/ Peleus and Karthik talked about response to mass-customized exploits. Attackers behave much like a business. "Mass customization" refers to concept discussed in the book Future Perfect by Stan Davis of Harvard Business School. Mass customization is differentiating a product for an individual customer, but at a mass production price. For example, the same individual with a debit card receives basically the same customized ATM experience around the world. Or designing your own PC from commodity parts. Exploit kits are another example of mass customization. The kits support multiple browsers and plugins, allows new modules. Exploit kits are cheap and customizable. Organized gangs use exploit kits. A group at Berkeley looked at 77,000 malicious websites (Grier et al., "Manufacturing Compromise: The Emergence of Exploit-as-a-Service", 2012). They found 10,000 distinct binaries among them, but derived from only a dozen or so exploit kits. Characteristics of Mass Malware: potent, resilient, relatively low cost Technical characteristics: multiple OS, multipe payloads, multiple scenarios, multiple languages, obfuscation Response time for 0-day exploits has gone down from ~40 days 5 years ago to about ~10 days now. So the drive with malware is towards mass customized exploits, to avoid detection There's plenty of evicence that exploit development has Project Manager bureaucracy. They infer from the malware edicts to: support all versions of reader support all versions of windows support all versions of flash support all browsers write large complex, difficult to main code (8750 lines of JavaScript for example Exploits have "loose coupling" of multipe versions of software (adobe), OS, and browser. This allows specific attacks against specific versions of multiple pieces of software. Also allows exploits of more obscure software/OS/browsers and obscure versions. Gave examples of exploits that exploited 2, 3, 6, or 14 separate bugs. However, these complete exploits are more likely to be buggy or fragile in themselves and easier to defeat. Future research includes normalizing malware and Javascript. Conclusion: The coming trend is that mass-malware with mass zero-day attacks will result in mass customization of attacks. x86 Rewriting: Defeating RoP and other Shinanighans Richard Wartell Richard Wartell The attack vector we are addressing here is: First some malware causes a buffer overflow. The malware has no program access, but input access and buffer overflow code onto stack Later the stack became non-executable. The workaround malware used was to write a bogus return address to the stack jumping to malware Later came ASLR (Address Space Layout Randomization) to randomize memory layout and make addresses non-deterministic. The workaround malware used was to jump t existing code segments in the program that can be used in bad ways "RoP" is Return-oriented Programming attacks. RoP attacks use your own code and write return address on stack to (existing) expoitable code found in program ("gadgets"). Pinkie Pie was paid $60K last year for a RoP attack. One solution is using anti-RoP compilers that compile source code with NO return instructions. ASLR does not randomize address space, just "gadgets". IPR/ILR ("Instruction Location Randomization") randomizes each instruction with a virtual machine. Richard's goal was to randomize a binary with no source code access. He created "STIR" (Self-Transofrming Instruction Relocation). STIR disassembles binary and operates on "basic blocks" of code. The STIR disassembler is conservative in what to disassemble. Each basic block is moved to a random location in memory. Next, STIR writes new code sections with copies of "basic blocks" of code in randomized locations. The old code is copied and rewritten with jumps to new code. the original code sections in the file is marked non-executible. STIR has better entropy than ASLR in location of code. Makes brute force attacks much harder. STIR runs on MS Windows (PEM) and Linux (ELF). It eliminated 99.96% or more "gadgets" (i.e., moved the address). Overhead usually 5-10% on MS Windows, about 1.5-4% on Linux (but some code actually runs faster!). The unique thing about STIR is it requires no source access and the modified binary fully works! Current work is to rewrite code to enforce security policies. For example, don't create a *.{exe,msi,bat} file. Or don't connect to the network after reading from the disk. Clowntown Express: interesting bugs and running a bug bounty program Collin Greene Collin Greene, Facebook Collin talked about Facebook's bug bounty program. Background at FB: FB has good security frameworks, such as security teams, external audits, and cc'ing on diffs. But there's lots of "deep, dark, forgotten" parts of legacy FB code. Collin gave several examples of bountied bugs. Some bounty submissions were on software purchased from a third-party (but bounty claimers don't know and don't care). We use security questions, as does everyone else, but they are basically insecure (often easily discoverable). Collin didn't expect many bugs from the bounty program, but they ended getting 20+ good bugs in first 24 hours and good submissions continue to come in. Bug bounties bring people in with different perspectives, and are paid only for success. Bug bounty is a better use of a fixed amount of time and money versus just code review or static code analysis. The Bounty program started July 2011 and paid out $1.5 million to date. 14% of the submissions have been high priority problems that needed to be fixed immediately. The best bugs come from a small % of submitters (as with everything else)—the top paid submitters are paid 6 figures a year. Spammers like to backstab competitors. The youngest sumitter was 13. Some submitters have been hired. Bug bounties also allows to see bugs that were missed by tools or reviews, allowing improvement in the process. Bug bounties might not work for traditional software companies where the product has release cycle or is not on Internet. Active Fingerprinting of Encrypted VPNs Anna Shubina Anna Shubina, Dartmouth Institute for Security, Technology, and Society (I missed the start of her talk because another track went overtime. But I have the DVD of the talk, so I'll expand later) IPsec leaves fingerprints. Using netcat, one can easily visually distinguish various crypto chaining modes just from packet timing on a chart (example, DES-CBC versus AES-CBC) One can tell a lot about VPNs just from ping roundtrips (such as what router is used) Delayed packets are not informative about a network, especially if far away from the network More needed to explore about how TCP works in real life with respect to timing Making Attacks Go Backwards Fuzzynop FuzzyNop, Mandiant This talk is not about threat attribution (finding who), product solutions, politics, or sales pitches. But who are making these malware threats? It's not a single person or group—they have diverse skill levels. There's a lot of fat-fingered fumblers out there. Always look for low-hanging fruit first: "hiding" malware in the temp, recycle, or root directories creation of unnamed scheduled tasks obvious names of files and syscalls ("ClearEventLog") uncleared event logs. Clearing event log in itself, and time of clearing, is a red flag and good first clue to look for on a suspect system Reverse engineering is hard. Disassembler use takes practice and skill. A popular tool is IDA Pro, but it takes multiple interactive iterations to get a clean disassembly. Key loggers are used a lot in targeted attacks. They are typically custom code or built in a backdoor. A big tip-off is that non-printable characters need to be printed out (such as "[Ctrl]" "[RightShift]") or time stamp printf strings. Look for these in files. Presence is not proof they are used. Absence is not proof they are not used. Java exploits. Can parse jar file with idxparser.py and decomile Java file. Java typially used to target tech companies. Backdoors are the main persistence mechanism (provided externally) for malware. Also malware typically needs command and control. Application of Artificial Intelligence in Ad-Hoc Static Code Analysis John Ashaman John Ashaman, Security Innovation Initially John tried to analyze open source files with open source static analysis tools, but these showed thousands of false positives. Also tried using grep, but tis fails to find anything even mildly complex. So next John decided to write his own tool. His approach was to first generate a call graph then analyze the graph. However, the problem is that making a call graph is really hard. For example, one problem is "evil" coding techniques, such as passing function pointer. First the tool generated an Abstract Syntax Tree (AST) with the nodes created from method declarations and edges created from method use. Then the tool generated a control flow graph with the goal to find a path through the AST (a maze) from source to sink. The algorithm is to look at adjacent nodes to see if any are "scary" (a vulnerability), using heuristics for search order. The tool, called "Scat" (Static Code Analysis Tool), currently looks for C# vulnerabilities and some simple PHP. Later, he plans to add more PHP, then JSP and Java. For more information see his posts in Security Innovation blog and NRefactory on GitHub. Mask Your Checksums—The Gorry Details Eric (XlogicX) Davisson Eric (XlogicX) Davisson Sometimes in emailing or posting TCP/IP packets to analyze problems, you may want to mask the IP address. But to do this correctly, you need to mask the checksum too, or you'll leak information about the IP. Problem reports found in stackoverflow.com, sans.org, and pastebin.org are usually not masked, but a few companies do care. If only the IP is masked, the IP may be guessed from checksum (that is, it leaks data). Other parts of packet may leak more data about the IP. TCP and IP checksums both refer to the same data, so can get more bits of information out of using both checksums than just using one checksum. Also, one can usually determine the OS from the TTL field and ports in a packet header. If we get hundreds of possible results (16x each masked nibble that is unknown), one can do other things to narrow the results, such as look at packet contents for domain or geo information. With hundreds of results, can import as CSV format into a spreadsheet. Can corelate with geo data and see where each possibility is located. Eric then demoed a real email report with a masked IP packet attached. Was able to find the exact IP address, given the geo and university of the sender. Point is if you're going to mask a packet, do it right. Eric wouldn't usually bother, but do it correctly if at all, to not create a false impression of security. Adventures with weird machines thirty years after "Reflections on Trusting Trust" Sergey Bratus Sergey Bratus, Dartmouth College (and Julian Bangert and Rebecca Shapiro, not present) "Reflections on Trusting Trust" refers to Ken Thompson's classic 1984 paper. "You can't trust code that you did not totally create yourself." There's invisible links in the chain-of-trust, such as "well-installed microcode bugs" or in the compiler, and other planted bugs. Thompson showed how a compiler can introduce and propagate bugs in unmodified source. But suppose if there's no bugs and you trust the author, can you trust the code? Hell No! There's too many factors—it's Babylonian in nature. Why not? Well, Input is not well-defined/recognized (code's assumptions about "checked" input will be violated (bug/vunerabiliy). For example, HTML is recursive, but Regex checking is not recursive. Input well-formed but so complex there's no telling what it does For example, ELF file parsing is complex and has multiple ways of parsing. Input is seen differently by different pieces of program or toolchain Any Input is a program input executes on input handlers (drives state changes & transitions) only a well-defined execution model can be trusted (regex/DFA, PDA, CFG) Input handler either is a "recognizer" for the inputs as a well-defined language (see langsec.org) or it's a "virtual machine" for inputs to drive into pwn-age ELF ABI (UNIX/Linux executible file format) case study. Problems can arise from these steps (without planting bugs): compiler linker loader ld.so/rtld relocator DWARF (debugger info) exceptions The problem is you can't really automatically analyze code (it's the "halting problem" and undecidable). Only solution is to freeze code and sign it. But you can't freeze everything! Can't freeze ASLR or loading—must have tables and metadata. Any sufficiently complex input data is the same as VM byte code Example, ELF relocation entries + dynamic symbols == a Turing Complete Machine (TM). @bxsays created a Turing machine in Linux from relocation data (not code) in an ELF file. For more information, see Rebecca "bx" Shapiro's presentation from last year's Toorcon, "Programming Weird Machines with ELF Metadata" @bxsays did same thing with Mach-O bytecode Or a DWARF exception handling data .eh_frame + glibc == Turning Machine X86 MMU (IDT, GDT, TSS): used address translation to create a Turning Machine. Page handler reads and writes (on page fault) memory. Uses a page table, which can be used as Turning Machine byte code. Example on Github using this TM that will fly a glider across the screen Next Sergey talked about "Parser Differentials". That having one input format, but two parsers, will create confusion and opportunity for exploitation. For example, CSRs are parsed during creation by cert requestor and again by another parser at the CA. Another example is ELF—several parsers in OS tool chain, which are all different. Can have two different Program Headers (PHDRs) because ld.so parses multiple PHDRs. The second PHDR can completely transform the executable. This is described in paper in the first issue of International Journal of PoC. Conclusions trusting computers not only about bugs! Bugs are part of a problem, but no by far all of it complex data formats means bugs no "chain of trust" in Babylon! (that is, with parser differentials) we need to squeeze complexity out of data until data stops being "code equivalent" Further information See and langsec.org. USENIX WOOT 2013 (Workshop on Offensive Technologies) for "weird machines" papers and videos.

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  • Silverlight Cream for April 01, 2010 -- #827

    - by Dave Campbell
    In this Issue: Max Paulousky, Hassan, Viktor Larsson, Fons Sonnemans, Jim McCurdy, Scott Marlowe, Mike Taulty, Brad Abrams, Jesse Liberty, Scott Barnes, Christopher Bennage, and John Papa and Ward Bell. Shoutouts: Tim Heuer posted a survey: What tools are the minimum to get started in Silverlight?... have you responded yet? Don't want to miss this discussion: Channel 9 Live at MIX10: Bill Buxton & Erik Meijer - Perspectives on Design Bookmark this... Jesse Liberty has moved his site: Silverlight Geek I stand with Tim Heuer on this: Congratulations to latest 2nd quarter Silverlight MVPs From SilverlightCream.com: Wizards. Prototype of sketching Wizard for WPF - 1 Max Paulousky is creating a SketchFlow WPF wizard in Expression Blend... looks like good Expression Blend and SketchFlow no matter what the target is Windows Phone 7 Navigation Hassan has another WP7 Video up, and this one is on Navigation and passing data from page to page. Silverlight 4 PathListBox Viktor Larsson is blogging about the PathListBox, and definitely had a good time doing so.. lots of fun examples. CountDown Clock in Silverlight 4 Fons Sonnemans has reworked his Sivlerlight 3 FlipClock to be this Silverlight 4 CountDown Clock utilizing the Viewbox control to make it scalable. Generic class for deep clone of Silverlight and CLR objects Jim McCurdy has a Silverlight 3 and 4-tested CloneObject class that he's using for creating a deep copy of an object and all it's properties... think drag/drop or undo/redo. Animating the Fill Color of a Silverlight Ellipse Scott Marlowe has a tutorial up that animates a pass/fail indicator with a smooth transition from a red to a green state... all with code. Silverlight 4, Blend 4, MVVM, Binding, DependencyObject Mike Taulty has a great tutorial up on Blend4 and binding... he's got a somewhat contrived example going, but it certainly looks good to me :) Silverlight 4 + RIA Services - Ready for Business: Authentication and Personalization Next up in Brad Abrams' series is Authentication and Personalization. RIA Services makes this easy to do... let Brad show you! An Annotated Line of Business Application Jesse Liberty is walking through the design and delivery of his HyperVideo project with this mini tutorial. Want to understand the thought process behind the LOB app, check this out. How to hack Expression Blend Seems like there was just some discussion about some of this today and here Scott Barnes posts this hack job for Expression Blend... pretty cool actually :) d:DesignInstance in Blend 4 Christopher Bennage has a follow-on post about using d:DesignInstance in Blend 4, and this is a very nice tutorial on the subject Silverlight TV 19: Hidden Gems from MIX10, UFC's Multi-Touch App John Papa and Ward Bell front and center for Silverlight TV number 19... and check out those threads! Stay in the 'Light! Twitter SilverlightNews | Twitter WynApse | WynApse.com | Tagged Posts | SilverlightCream Join me @ SilverlightCream | Phoenix Silverlight User Group Technorati Tags: Silverlight    Silverlight 3    Silverlight 4    Windows Phone MIX10

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  • Silverlight Cream for March 20, 2010 -- #815

    - by Dave Campbell
    In this Issue: Andy Beaulieu(-2-, -3-), Alex Golesh, Damian Schenkelman, Adam Kinney(-2-), Jeremy Likness, Laurent Bugnion, and John Papa. Shoutouts: Adam Kinney has a good summary up of where to go for all the tools and toys: Install checklist for Silverlight 4 RC, Blend 4 Beta and Windows Phone Developer tools from MIX10 ... tons of links Laurent Bugnion had a few announcements at MIX10: MVVM Light V3 released at #MIX10, and he followed that with What’s new in MVVM Light V3 ... now for Windows Phone! Laurent Bugnion also has announced Sample code for my #mix10 talk online From SilverlightCream.com: Physics Games in Silverlight on Windows Phone 7 Andy Beaulieu has the Physics Helper working for WP7 already... read his post, check out all the links and get going on something fun... was great seeing you at MIX, too, Andy! Silverlight 4: GPU Accelerated PlaneProjection Andy Beaulieu has a comparison up of Plane Projection with and without the new GPU acceleration... be sure to read his notes section. Silverlight 4 PathListBox for Motion Path Animation Have you heard of the PathListBox? Well, showing is better than telling, so check out Andy Beaulieu's post on it Silverlight at Windows Phone 7 Alex Golesh has a quick overview on developing a Windows Phone 7 app in Silverlight using the new toys, and executiting it in the emulator Prism v2.1: Creating a Region Adapter for the Accordion control Damian Schenkelman shows how to use the Accordian control from the toolkit as a region in a Prism app. Expression Blend 4 Beta Feature Overview available for download Adam Kinney announced the presence of an Expression Blend whitepaper as well... you should go grab that too .toolbox – Free online Silverlight and Expression Blend training Want to improve your Silverlight chops or gain some Expression Blend chops? Check out .toolbox post that Adam Kinney posted Introducing the Visual State Aggregator Jeremy Likness describes the basic panel A/panel B problem, describes ways he and other folks have flipped between them, then describes his Visual State Aggregator ... and it's downloadable for you to give it a dance! Multithreading in Windows Phone 7 emulator: A bug Laurent Bugnion found a bug wit multi-threading on the Windows Phone emulator. He confirmed this with the team, and has a workaround you'll be needing... thanks Laurent. Silverlight Overview - Technical Whitepaper John Papa has reiterated the existence of this Silverlight 4 whitepaper ... it was updated this week, and we all should be aware of it. Stay in the 'Light! Twitter SilverlightNews | Twitter WynApse | WynApse.com | Tagged Posts | SilverlightCream Join me @ SilverlightCream | Phoenix Silverlight User Group Technorati Tags: Silverlight    Silverlight 3    Silverlight 4    Windows Phone MIX10

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