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• Please help me optimize my Python code

  - by Haidon

  Beginner here! Forgive me in advance for raising what is probably an incredibly simple problem. I've been trying to put together a Python script that runs multiple find-and-replace actions and a few similar things on a specified plain-text file. It works, but from a programming perspective I doubt it works well. How would I best go about optimizing the actions made upon the 'outtext' variable? At the moment it's basically doing a very similar thing four times over... import binascii import re import struct import sys infile = sys.argv[1] charenc = sys.argv[2] outFile=infile+'.tex' findreplace = [ ('TERM1', 'TERM2'), ('TERM3', 'TERM4'), ('TERM5', 'TERM6'), ] inF = open(infile,'rb') s=unicode(inF.read(),charenc) inF.close() # THIS IS VERY MESSY. for couple in findreplace: outtext=s.replace(couple[0],couple[1]) s=outtext for couple in findreplace: outtext=re.compile('Title: (.*)', re.I).sub(r'\\title'+ r'{\1}', s) s=outtext for couple in findreplace: outtext=re.compile('Author: (.*)', re.I).sub(r'\\author'+ r'{\1}', s) s=outtext for couple in findreplace: outtext=re.compile('Date: (.*)', re.I).sub(r'\\date'+ r'{\1}', s) s=outtext # END MESSY SECTION. outF = open(outFile,'wb') outF.write(outtext.encode('utf-8')) outF.close()

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• Unknown reason for code executing the way it does in python

  - by Jasper

  Hi I am a beginner programmer, using python on Mac. I created a function as a part of a game which receives the player's input for the main character's name. The code is: import time def newGameStep2(): print ' ****************************************** ' print '\nStep2\t\t\t\tCharacter Name' print '\nChoose a name for your character. This cannot\n be changed during the game. Note that there\n are limitations upon the name.' print '\nLimitations:\n\tYou cannot use:\n\tCommander\n\tLieutenant\n\tMajor\n\t\tas these are reserved.\n All unusual capitalisations will be removed.\n There is a two-word-limit on names.' newStep2Choice = raw_input('>>>') newStep2Choice = newStep2Choice.lower() if 'commander' in newStep2Choice or 'lieutenant' in newStep2Choice or 'major' in newStep2Choice: print 'You cannot use the terms \'commander\', \'lieutenant\' or \'major\' in the name. They are reserved.\n' print time.sleep(2) newGameStep2() else: newStep2Choice = newStep2Choice.split(' ') newStep2Choice = [newStep2Choice[0].capitalize(), newStep2Choice[1].capitalize()] newStep2Choice = ' ' .join(newStep2Choice) return newStep2Choice myVar = newGameStep2() print myVar When I was testing, I inputted 'major a', and when it asked me to input another name, i inputted 'a b'. However, when it returned the output of the function, it returns 'major a'. I went through this with a debugger, yet I still can't seem to find where the problem occurred. Thanks for any help, Jasper

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• How to check volume is mounted or not using python with a dynamic volume name

  - by SR query

  import subprocess def volumeCheck(volume_name): """This function will check volume name is mounted or not. """ volume_name = raw_input('Enter volume name:') volumeCheck(volume_name) print 'volume_name=',volume_name p = subprocess.Popen(['df', '-h'], stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE) p1, err = p.communicate() pattern = p1 if pattern.find(volume_name): print 'volume found' else: print 'volume not found' While running i always got wrong result "volume found". root@sr-query:/# df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on rootfs 938M 473M 418M 54% / /dev/md0 938M 473M 418M 54% / none 250M 4.9M 245M 2% /dev /dev/md2 9.7M 1.2M 8.0M 13% /usr/config /dev/md7 961M 18M 895M 2% /downloads tmpfs 250M 7.9M 242M 4% /var/volatile tmpfs 250M 0 250M 0% /dev/shm tmpfs 250M 0 250M 0% /media/ram **/dev/mapper/vg9-lv9 1016M 65M 901M 7% /VolumeData/sp /dev/mapper/vg10-lv10 1016M 65M 901M 7% /VolumeData/cp** root@sr-query:/# root@sr-query:/# root@sr-query:/# python volume_check.py Enter volume name:raid_10volume volume_name= raid_10volume **volume found** root@sr-query:/# I enterd raid_10volume its not listed here please check the df -h command out put(only 2 volume there sp and cp) , then how it reached else part. what is wrong in my code? Thanks in advance. is there any other way to do this work ! ?

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• SFTP in Python? (platform independent)

  - by Mark Wilbur

  I'm working on a simple tool that transfers files to a hard-coded location with the password also hard-coded. I'm a python novice, but thanks to ftplib, it was easy: import ftplib info= ('someuser', 'password') #hard-coded def putfile(file, site, dir, user=(), verbose=True): """ upload a file by ftp to a site/directory login hard-coded, binary transfer """ if verbose: print 'Uploading', file local = open(file, 'rb') remote = ftplib.FTP(site) remote.login(*user) remote.cwd(dir) remote.storbinary('STOR ' + file, local, 1024) remote.quit() local.close() if verbose: print 'Upload done.' if __name__ == '__main__': site = 'somewhere.com' #hard-coded dir = './uploads/' #hard-coded import sys, getpass putfile(sys.argv[1], site, dir, user=info) The problem is that I can't find any library that supports sFTP. What's the normal way to do something like this securely? Edit: Thanks to the answers here, I've gotten it working with Paramiko and this was the syntax. import paramiko host = "THEHOST.com" #hard-coded port = 22 transport = paramiko.Transport((host, port)) password = "THEPASSWORD" #hard-coded username = "THEUSERNAME" #hard-coded transport.connect(username = username, password = password) sftp = paramiko.SFTPClient.from_transport(transport) import sys path = './THETARGETDIRECTORY/' + sys.argv[1] #hard-coded localpath = sys.argv[1] sftp.put(localpath, path) sftp.close() transport.close() print 'Upload done.' Thanks again!

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• how do I remove rows/columns from this matrix using python

  - by banditKing

  My matrix looks like this. ['Hotel', ' "excellent"', ' "very good"', ' "average"', ' "poor"', ' "terrible"', ' "cheapest"', ' "rank"', ' "total reviews"'] ['westin', ' 390', ' 291', ' 70', ' 43', ' 19', ' 215', ' 27', ' 813'] ['ramada', ' 136', ' 67', ' 53', ' 30', ' 24', ' 149', ' 49', ' 310 '] ['sutton place', '489', ' 293', ' 106', ' 39', ' 20', ' 299', ' 24', ' 947'] ['loden', ' 681', ' 134', ' 17', ' 5', ' 0', ' 199', ' 4', ' 837'] ['hampton inn downtown', ' 241', ' 166', ' 26', ' 5', ' 1', ' 159', ' 21', ' 439'] ['shangri la', ' 332', ' 45', ' 20', ' 8', ' 2', ' 325', ' 8', ' 407'] ['residence inn marriott', ' 22', ' 15', ' 5', ' 0', ' 0', ' 179', ' 35', ' 42'] ['pan pacific', ' 475', ' 262', ' 86', ' 29', ' 16', ' 249', ' 15', ' 868'] ['sheraton wall center', ' 277', ' 346', ' 150', ' 80', ' 26', ' 249', ' 45', ' 879'] ['westin bayshore', ' 390', ' 291', ' 70', ' 43', ' 19', ' 199', ' 813'] I want to remove the top row and the 0th column from this and create a new matrix. How do I do this? Normally in java or so Id use the following code: for (int y; y< matrix[x].length; y++) for(int x; x < matrix[Y].length; x++) { if(x == 0 || y == 0) { continue } else { new_matrix[x][y] = matrix[x][y]; } } Is there a way such as this in python to iterate and selectively copy elements? Thanks EDIT Im also trying to convert each matrix element from a string to a float as I iterate over the matrix. This my updated modified code based on the answer below. A = [] f = open("csv_test.csv",'rt') try: reader = csv.reader(f) for row in reader: A.append(row) finally: f.close() new_list = [row[1:] for row in A[1:]] l = np.array(new_list) l.astype(np.float32) print l However Im getting an error --> l.astype(np.float32) print l ValueError: setting an array element with a sequence.

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• SCons and dependencies for python function generating source

  - by elmo

  I have an input file data, a python function parse and a template. What I am trying to do is use parse function to get dictionary out of data and use that to replace fields in template. Now to make this a bit more generic (I perform the same action in few places) I have defined a custom function to do so. Below is definition of custom builder and values is a dictionary with { 'name': (data_file, parse_function) } (you don't really need to read through this, I simply put it here for completeness). def TOOL_ADD_FILL_TEMPLATE(env): def FillTemplate(env, output, template, values): out = output[0] subs = {} for name, (node, process) in values.iteritems(): def Process(env, target, source): with open( env.GetBuildPath(target[0]), 'w') as out: out.write( process( source[0] ) ) builder = env.Builder( action = Process ) subs[name] = builder( env, env.GetBuildPath(output[0])+'_'+name+'_processed.cpp', node )[0] def Fill(env, target, source): values = dict( (name, n.get_contents()) for name, n in subs.iteritems() ) contents = template[0].get_contents().format( **values ) open( env.GetBuildPath(target[0]), 'w').write( contents ) builder = env.Builder( action = Fill ) builder( env, output[0], template + subs.values() ) return output env.Append(BUILDERS = {'FillTemplate': FillTemplate}) It works fine when it comes to checking if data or template changed. If it did it rebuilds the output. It even works if I edit process function directly. However if my process function looks like this: def process( node ): return subprocess(node) and I edit subprocess the change goes unnoticed. Is there any way to get correct builds without making process functions being always invoked?

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• OS-independent Inter-program communication between Python and C

  - by Gyppo

  I have very little idea what I'm doing here, I've never done anything like this before, but a friend and I are writing competing chess programs and they need to be able to communicate to each other. He'll be writing mainly in C, the bulk of mine will be in Python, and I can see a few options: Alternately write to a temp file, or successive temp files. As the communication won't be in any way bulky this could work, but seems like an ugly work-around to me, the programs will have to keep checking for change/new files, it just seems ugly. Find some way of manipulating pipes i.e. mine.py| ./his . This seems like a bit of a dead end. Use sockets. But I don't know what I'd be doing, so could someone give me a pointer to some reading material? I'm not sure if there are OS-independent, language independent methods. Would there have to be some kind of supervisor server program to administrate? Use some kind of HTML protocol, which seems like overkill. I don't mind the programs having to run on the same machine. What do people recommend, and where can I start reading?

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• Python, web log data mining for frequent patterns

  - by descent

  Hello! I need to develop a tool for web log data mining. Having many sequences of urls, requested in a particular user session (retrieved from web-application logs), I need to figure out the patterns of usage and groups (clusters) of users of the website. I am new to Data Mining, and now examining Google a lot. Found some useful info, i.e. querying Frequent Pattern Mining in Web Log Data seems to point to almost exactly similar studies. So my questions are: Are there any python-based tools that do what I need or at least smth similar? Can Orange toolkit be of any help? Can reading the book Programming Collective Intelligence be of any help? What to Google for, what to read, which relatively simple algorithms to use best? I am very limited in time (to around a week), so any help would be extremely precious. What I need is to point me into the right direction and the advice of how to accomplish the task in the shortest time. Thanks in advance!

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• Python client / server question

  - by AustinM

  I'm working on a bit of a project in python. I have a client and a server. The server listens for connections and once a connection is received it waits for input from the client. The idea is that the client can connect to the server and execute system commands such as ls and cat. This is my server code: import sys, os, socket host = '' port = 50105 s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) s.bind((host, port)) print("Server started on port: ", port) s.listen(5) print("Server listening\n") conn, addr = s.accept() print 'New connection from ', addr while (1): rc = conn.recv(5) pipe = os.popen(rc) rl = pipe.readlines() file = conn.makefile('w', 0) file.writelines(rl[:-1]) file.close() conn.close() And this is my client code: import sys, socket s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) host = 'localhost' port = input('Port: ') s.connect((host, port)) cmd = raw_input('$ ') s.send(cmd) file = s.makefile('r', 0) sys.stdout.writelines(file.readlines()) When I start the server I get the right output, saying the server is listening. But when I connect with my client and type a command the server exits with this error: Traceback (most recent call last): File "server.py", line 21, in <module> rc = conn.recv(2) File "/usr/lib/python2.6/socket.py", line 165, in _dummy raise error(EBADF, 'Bad file descriptor') socket.error: [Errno 9] Bad file descriptor On the client side, I get the output of ls but the server gets screwed up.

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• User input being limited to the alphabet in python

  - by Danger Cat

  I am SUPER new to programming and have my first assignment coming up in python. I am writing a hangman type game, where users are required to guess the word inputted from the other user. I have written most of the code, but the only problem I am having is when users have to input the word, making sure it is only limited to the alphabet. The code I have so far is : word = str.lower(raw_input("Type in your secret word! Shhhh... ")) answer = True while answer == True: for i in range(len(word)): if word[i] not in ("abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"): word = raw_input("Sorry, words only contain letters. Please enter a word ") break else: answer = False This works while I input a few tries, but eventually will either exit the loop or displays an error. Is there any easier way to use this? We've really only covered topics up to loops in class, and break and continue are also very new to me. Thank you! (Pardon if the code is sloppy, but as I said I am very new to this....)

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• Random Loss of precision in Python ReadLine()

  - by jackyouldon

  Hi all, We have a process which takes a very large csv (1.6GB) and breaks it down into pieces (in this case 3). This runs nightly and normally doesn't give us any problems. When it ran last night, however, the first of the output files had lost precision on the numeric fields in the data. The active ingredient in the script are the lines: while lineCounter <= chunk: oOutFile.write(oInFile.readline()) lineCounter = lineCounter + 1 and the normal output might be something like StringField1; StringField2; StringField3; StringField4; 1000000; StringField5; 0.000054454 etc. On this one occasion and in this one output file the numeric fields were all output with 6 zeros at the end i.e. StringField1; StringField2; StringField3; StringField4; 1000000.000000; StringField5; 0.000000 We are using Python v2.6 (and don't want to upgrade unless we really have to) but we can't afford to lose this data. Does anyone have any idea why this might have happened? If the readline is doing some kind of implicit conversion is there a way to do a binary read, because we really just want this data to pass through untouched? It is very wierd to us that this only affected one of the output files generated by the same script, and when it was rerun the output was as expected. thanks Jack

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• Python & Pygame: Updating all elements in a list under a loop during iteration

  - by Unit978

  i am working on a program in Python and using Pygame. this is what the basic code looks like: while 1: screen.blit(background, (0,0)) for event in pygame.event.get(): if event.type == QUIT: pygame.quit() sys.exit() if event.type == KEYDOWN and event.key == K_c: circle_create = True circle_list.append(Circle()) if event.type == MOUSEBUTTONDOWN and circle_create == True: if clicks == 0: circle_list[i].center() clicks += 1 if event.type == MOUSEMOTION and clicks == 1 and circle_create == True: circle_list[i].stretch() these if statements are under the while loop not the for loop since they dont require input from the user if circle_create == True: circle_list[i].draw_circle() if clicks == 2: clicks = 0 i += 1 circle_create = False pygame.display.update() what i want to do is have the object's function of draw_circle() to be constantly updated by the loop so that the drawn circle is shown for all objects in the list, but since the list is iterated it updates the new object added and the objects already appended are not updated. The program, works, it draws the circles upon user input but the update problem is the only issue i need to solve. Is there any possible way to have all elements in the list of objects being updated by the while loop? i have tried for many days and i have not been able to find a good solution. any ideas are appreciated. Thanks

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• Python threading question (Working with a method that blocks forever)

  - by Nix

  I am trying to wrap a thread around some receiving logic in python. Basically we have an app, that will have a thread in the background polling for messages, the problem I ran into is that piece that actually pulls the messages waits forever for a message. Making it impossible to terminate... I ended up wrapping the pull in another thread, but I wanted to make sure there wasn't a better way to do it. Original code: class Manager: def __init__(self): receiver = MessageReceiver() receiver.start() #do other stuff... class MessageReceiver(Thread): receiver = Receiver() def __init__(self): Thread.__init__(self) def run(self): #stop is a flag that i use to stop the thread... while(not stopped ): #can never stop because pull below blocks message = receiver.pull() print "Message" + message What I refectored to: class Manager: def __init__(self): receiver = MessageReceiver() receiver.start() class MessageReceiver(Thread): receiver = Receiver() def __init__(self): Thread.__init__(self) def run(self): pullThread = PullThread(self.receiver) pullThread.start() #stop is a flag that i use to stop the thread... while(not stopped and pullThread.last_message ==None): pass message = pullThread.last_message print "Message" + message class PullThread(Thread): last_message = None def __init__(self, receiver): Thread.__init(self, target=get_message, args=(receiver)) def get_message(self, receiver): self.last_message = None self.last_message = receiver.pull() return self.last_message I know the obvious locking issues exist, but is this the appropriate way to control a receive thread that waits forever for a message? One thing I did notice was this thing eats 100% cpu while waiting for a message... **If you need to see the stopping logic please let me know and I will post.

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• python extract from switch output

  - by household2

  I have some info back from a LAN switch as below Vlan 1 is administratively down, line protocol is down Vlan 2 is up, line protocol is up Helper address is 192.168.0.2 Vlan 3 is up, line protocol is up Helper address is not set Vlan 4 is up, line protocol is up Helper address is 192.168.0.2 Vlan 5 is down, line protocol is down Helper address is 192.168.0.2 Vlan 6 is down, line protocol is down Helper address is not set Helper address is not set And the output I'm trying for is Vlan 1,admin down,n/a Vlan 2,up/up, 192.168.0.2 Vlan 3, up/up, not set Vlan 4, up/up, 192.168.0.2 Vlan 5, down/down, 192.168.0.2 Vlan 6, down/down, not set So the helper isn't always there (line 1) sometimes it's set sometimes it isn't, sometimes there are two lines (last Vlan - I only need 1) and the Vlan can have states of admin down, up/up, up/down (not here) and down down. So using Python and pexpect I can get the above output, but I'm having difficulty parsing out the consecutive lines. I've tried enumerate and then use key+1 for the next line, but the fact that there can be 0,1 or 2 lines following the Vlan screws me. Any ideas please?

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• Python "callable" attribute (pseudo-property)

  - by mgilson

  In python, I can alter the state of an instance by directly assigning to attributes, or by making method calls which alter the state of the attributes: foo.thing = 'baz' or: foo.thing('baz') Is there a nice way to create a class which would accept both of the above forms which scales to large numbers of attributes that behave this way? (Shortly, I'll show an example of an implementation that I don't particularly like.) If you're thinking that this is a stupid API, let me know, but perhaps a more concrete example is in order. Say I have a Document class. Document could have an attribute title. However, title may want to have some state as well (font,fontsize,justification,...), but the average user might be happy enough just setting the title to a string and being done with it ... One way to accomplish this would be to: class Title(object): def __init__(self,text,font='times',size=12): self.text = text self.font = font self.size = size def __call__(self,*text,**kwargs): if(text): self.text = text[0] for k,v in kwargs.items(): setattr(self,k,v) def __str__(self): return '<title font={font}, size={size}>{text}</title>'.format(text=self.text,size=self.size,font=self.font) class Document(object): _special_attr = set(['title']) def __setattr__(self,k,v): if k in self._special_attr and hasattr(self,k): getattr(self,k)(v) else: object.__setattr__(self,k,v) def __init__(self,text="",title=""): self.title = Title(title) self.text = text def __str__(self): return str(self.title)+'<body>'+self.text+'</body>' Now I can use this as follows: doc = Document() doc.title = "Hello World" print (str(doc)) doc.title("Goodbye World",font="Helvetica") print (str(doc)) This implementation seems a little messy though (with __special_attr). Maybe that's because this is a messed up API. I'm not sure. Is there a better way to do this? Or did I leave the beaten path a little too far on this one? I realize I could use @property for this as well, but that wouldn't scale well at all if I had more than just one attribute which is to behave this way -- I'd need to write a getter and setter for each, yuck.

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• xml filtering with python

  - by saminny

  Hi, I have a following xml document: <node1> <node2 a1="x1"> ... </node2> <node2 a1="x2"> ... </node2> <node2 a1="x1"> ... </node2> </node1> I want to filter out node2 when a1 = x2. The user provides the xpath and attribute values that need to tested and filtered out. I looked at some solutions in python like BeautifulSoup but they are too complicated and dont preserve the case of text. I want to keep the document same as before with some stuff filtered out. Can you recommend a simple and succinct solution? This should not be too complicated from the looks of it. The actual xml document is not as simple as above but idea is the same.

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• Oauth for Google API example using Python / Django

  - by DrDee

  Hi, I am trying to get Oauth working with the Google API using Python. I have tried different oauth libraries such as oauth, oauth2 and djanog-oauth but I cannot get it to work (including the provided examples). For debugging Oauth I use Google's Oauth Playground and I have studied the API and the Oauth documentation With some libraries I am struggling with getting a right signature, with other libraries I am struggling with converting the request token to an authorized token. What would really help me if someone can show me a working example for the Google API using one of the above-mentioned libraries. EDIT: My initial question did not lead to any answers so I have added my code. There are two possible causes of this code not working: 1) Google does not authorize my request token, but not quite sure how to detect this 2) THe signature for the access token is invalid but then I would like to know which oauth parameters Google is expecting as I am able to generate a proper signature in the first phase. This is written using oauth2.py and for Django hence the HttpResponseRedirect. REQUEST_TOKEN_URL = 'https://www.google.com/accounts/OAuthGetRequestToken' AUTHORIZATION_URL = 'https://www.google.com/accounts/OAuthAuthorizeToken' ACCESS_TOKEN_URL = 'https://www.google.com/accounts/OAuthGetAccessToken' CALLBACK = 'http://localhost:8000/mappr/mappr/oauth/' #will become real server when deployed OAUTH_CONSUMER_KEY = 'anonymous' OAUTH_CONSUMER_SECRET = 'anonymous' signature_method = oauth.SignatureMethod_HMAC_SHA1() consumer = oauth.Consumer(key=OAUTH_CONSUMER_KEY, secret=OAUTH_CONSUMER_SECRET) client = oauth.Client(consumer) request_token = oauth.Token('','') #hackish way to be able to access the token in different functions, I know this is bad, but I just want it to get working in the first place :) def authorize(request): if request.GET == {}: tokens = OAuthGetRequestToken() return HttpResponseRedirect(AUTHORIZATION_URL + '?' + tokens) elif request.GET['oauth_verifier'] != '': oauth_token = request.GET['oauth_token'] oauth_verifier = request.GET['oauth_verifier'] OAuthAuthorizeToken(oauth_token) OAuthGetAccessToken(oauth_token, oauth_verifier) #I need to add a Django return object but I am still debugging other phases. def OAuthGetRequestToken(): print '*** OUTPUT OAuthGetRequestToken ***' params = { 'oauth_consumer_key': OAUTH_CONSUMER_KEY, 'oauth_nonce': oauth.generate_nonce(), 'oauth_signature_method': 'HMAC-SHA1', 'oauth_timestamp': int(time.time()), #The timestamp should be expressed in number of seconds after January 1, 1970 00:00:00 GMT. 'scope': 'https://www.google.com/analytics/feeds/', 'oauth_callback': CALLBACK, 'oauth_version': '1.0' } # Sign the request. req = oauth.Request(method="GET", url=REQUEST_TOKEN_URL, parameters=params) req.sign_request(signature_method, consumer, None) tokens =client.request(req.to_url())[1] params = ConvertURLParamstoDictionary(tokens) request_token.key = params['oauth_token'] request_token.secret = params['oauth_token_secret'] return tokens def OAuthAuthorizeToken(oauth_token): print '*** OUTPUT OAuthAuthorizeToken ***' params ={ 'oauth_token' :oauth_token, 'hd': 'default' } req = oauth.Request(method="GET", url=AUTHORIZATION_URL, parameters=params) req.sign_request(signature_method, consumer, request_token) response =client.request(req.to_url()) print response #for debugging purposes def OAuthGetAccessToken(oauth_token, oauth_verifier): print '*** OUTPUT OAuthGetAccessToken ***' params = { 'oauth_consumer_key': OAUTH_CONSUMER_KEY, 'oauth_token': oauth_token, 'oauth_verifier': oauth_verifier, 'oauth_token_secret': request_token.secret, 'oauth_signature_method': 'HMAC-SHA1', 'oauth_timestamp': int(time.time()), 'oauth_nonce': oauth.generate_nonce(), 'oauth_version': '1.0', } req = oauth.Request(method="GET", url=ACCESS_TOKEN_URL, parameters=params) req.sign_request(signature_method, consumer, request_token) response =client.request(req.to_url()) print response return req def ConvertURLParamstoDictionary(tokens): params = {} tokens = tokens.split('&') for token in tokens: token = token.split('=') params[token[0]] = token[1] return params

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• Python Memory leak - Solved, but still puzzled

  - by disappearedng

  Dear everyone, I have successfully debugged my own memory leak problems. However, I have noticed some very strange occurence. for fid, fv in freqDic.iteritems(): outf.write(fid+"\t") #ID for i, term in enumerate(domain): #Vector tfidf = self.tf(term, fv) * self.idf( term, docFreqDic) if i == len(domain) - 1: outf.write("%f\n" % tfidf) else: outf.write("%f\t" % tfidf) outf.flush() print "Memory increased by", int(self.memory_mon.usage()) - startMemory outf.close() def tf(self, term, freqVector): total = freqVector[TOTAL] if total == 0: return 0 if term not in freqVector: ## When you don't have these lines memory leaks occurs return 0 ## return float(freqVector[term]) / freqVector[TOTAL] def idf(self, term, docFrequencyPerTerm): if term not in docFrequencyPerTerm: return 0 return math.log( float(docFrequencyPerTerm[TOTAL])/docFrequencyPerTerm[term]) Basically let me describe my problem: 1) I am doing tfidf calculations 2) I traced that the source of memory leaks is coming from defaultdict. 3) I am using the memory_mon from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/276052/how-to-get-current-cpu-and-ram-usage-in-python 4) The reason for my memory leaks is as follows: a) in self.tf, if the lines: if term not in freqVector: return 0 are not added that will cause the memory leak. (I verified this myself using memory_mon and noticed a sharp increase in memory that kept on increasing) The solution to my problem was 1) since fv is a defaultdict, any reference to it that are not found in fv will create an entry. Over a very large domain, this will cause memory leaks. I decided to use dict instead of default dict and the memory problem did go away. My only puzzle is: since fv is created in "for fid, fv in freqDic.iteritems():" shouldn't fv be destroyed at the end of every for loop? I tried putting gc.collect() at the end of the for loop but gc was not able to collect everything (returns 0). Yes, the hypothesis is right, but the memory should stay fairly consistent with ever for loop if for loops do destroy all temp variables. This is what it looks like with that two line in self.tf: Memory increased by 12 Memory increased by 948 Memory increased by 28 Memory increased by 36 Memory increased by 36 Memory increased by 32 Memory increased by 28 Memory increased by 32 Memory increased by 32 Memory increased by 32 Memory increased by 40 Memory increased by 32 Memory increased by 32 Memory increased by 28 and without the the two line: Memory increased by 1652 Memory increased by 3576 Memory increased by 4220 Memory increased by 5760 Memory increased by 7296 Memory increased by 8840 Memory increased by 10456 Memory increased by 12824 Memory increased by 13460 Memory increased by 15000 Memory increased by 17448 Memory increased by 18084 Memory increased by 19628 Memory increased by 22080 Memory increased by 22708 Memory increased by 24248 Memory increased by 26704 Memory increased by 27332 Memory increased by 28864 Memory increased by 30404 Memory increased by 32856 Memory increased by 33552 Memory increased by 35024 Memory increased by 36564 Memory increased by 39016 Memory increased by 39924 Memory increased by 42104 Memory increased by 42724 Memory increased by 44268 Memory increased by 46720 Memory increased by 47352 Memory increased by 48952 Memory increased by 50428 Memory increased by 51964 Memory increased by 53508 Memory increased by 55960 Memory increased by 56584 Memory increased by 58404 Memory increased by 59668 Memory increased by 61208 Memory increased by 62744 Memory increased by 64400 I look forward to your answer

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• How much customization can you do with djangoforms.ModelForm?

  - by Randell

  I've just started playing with The Django Form Validation Framework on Google App Engine (from google.appengine.ext.db import djangoforms) and I got stuck googling how to customize forms using it. I was wondering whether the following are possible using the package: Add help texts beside/below input/select fields and textareas (e.g. "This field is required", "Example: qwerty123") Add/modify attributes for the input/select fields and textareas (e.g. adding the following attributes: class, id, name, maxlength, minlength, etc.) Add custom validations like checking whether a particular field should be unique or checking a value against a regular expression Modify the error messages Add another column to the table generated by the form Also note that djangoforms.ModelForm is different from django.forms.Form.

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• how to make a function recursive

  - by tom smith

  i have this huge function and i am wondering how to make it recursive. i have the base case which should never come true, so it should always go to else and keep calling itself with the variable t increases. any help would be great thanks def draw(x, y, t, planets): if 'Satellites' in planets["Moon"]: print ("fillcircle", x, y, planets["Moon"]['Radius']*scale) else: while True: print("refresh") print("colour 0 0 0") print("clear") print("colour 255 255 255") print("fillcircle",x,y,planets['Sun']['Radius']*scale) print("text ", "\"Sun\"",x+planets['Sun']['Radius']*scale,y) if "Mercury" in planets: r_Mercury=planets['Mercury']['Orbital Radius']*scale; print("circle",x,y,r_Mercury) r_Xmer=x+math.sin(t*2*math.pi/planets['Mercury']['Period'])*r_Mercury r_Ymer=y+math.cos(t*2*math.pi/planets['Mercury']['Period'])*r_Mercury print("fillcircle",r_Xmer,r_Ymer,3) print("text ", "\"Mercury\"",r_Xmer+planets['Mercury']['Radius']*scale,r_Ymer) if "Venus" in planets: r_Venus=planets['Venus']['Orbital Radius']*scale; print("circle",x,y,r_Venus) r_Xven=x+math.sin(t*2*math.pi/planets['Venus']['Period'])*r_Venus r_Yven=y+math.cos(t*2*math.pi/planets['Venus']['Period'])*r_Venus print("fillcircle",r_Xven,r_Yven,3) print("text ", "\"Venus\"",r_Xven+planets['Venus']['Radius']*scale,r_Yven) if "Earth" in planets: r_Earth=planets['Earth']['Orbital Radius']*scale; print("circle",x,y,r_Earth) r_Xe=x+math.sin(t*2*math.pi/planets['Earth']['Period'])*r_Earth r_Ye=y+math.cos(t*2*math.pi/planets['Earth']['Period'])*r_Earth print("fillcircle",r_Xe,r_Ye,3) print("text ", "\"Earth\"",r_Xe+planets['Earth']['Radius']*scale,r_Ye) if "Moon" in planets: r_Moon=planets['Moon']['Orbital Radius']*scale; print("circle",r_Xe,r_Ye,r_Moon) r_Xm=r_Xe+math.sin(t*2*math.pi/planets['Moon']['Period'])*r_Moon r_Ym=r_Ye+math.cos(t*2*math.pi/planets['Moon']['Period'])*r_Moon print("fillcircle",r_Xm,r_Ym,3) print("text ", "\"Moon\"",r_Xm+planets['Moon']['Radius']*scale,r_Ym) if "Mars" in planets: r_Mars=planets['Mars']['Orbital Radius']*scale; print("circle",x,y,r_Mars) r_Xmar=x+math.sin(t*2*math.pi/planets['Mars']['Period'])*r_Mars r_Ymar=y+math.cos(t*2*math.pi/planets['Mars']['Period'])*r_Mars print("fillcircle",r_Xmar,r_Ymar,3) print("text ", "\"Mars\"",r_Xmar+planets['Mars']['Radius']*scale,r_Ymar) if "Phobos" in planets: r_Phobos=planets['Phobos']['Orbital Radius']*scale; print("circle",r_Xmar,r_Ymar,r_Phobos) r_Xpho=r_Xmar+math.sin(t*2*math.pi/planets['Phobos']['Period'])*r_Phobos r_Ypho=r_Ymar+math.cos(t*2*math.pi/planets['Phobos']['Period'])*r_Phobos print("fillcircle",r_Xpho,r_Ypho,3) print("text ", "\"Phobos\"",r_Xpho+planets['Phobos']['Radius']*scale,r_Ypho) if "Deimos" in planets: r_Deimos=planets['Deimos']['Orbital Radius']*scale; print("circle",r_Xmar,r_Ymar,r_Deimos) r_Xdei=r_Xmar+math.sin(t*2*math.pi/planets['Deimos']['Period'])*r_Deimos r_Ydei=r_Ymar+math.cos(t*2*math.pi/planets['Deimos']['Period'])*r_Deimos print("fillcircle",r_Xdei,r_Ydei,3) print("text ", "\"Deimos\"",r_Xpho+planets['Deimos']['Radius']*scale,r_Ydei) if "Ceres" in planets: r_Ceres=planets['Ceres']['Orbital Radius']*scale; print("circle",x,y,r_Ceres) r_Xcer=x+math.sin(t*2*math.pi/planets['Ceres']['Period'])*r_Ceres r_Ycer=y+math.cos(t*2*math.pi/planets['Ceres']['Period'])*r_Ceres print("fillcircle",r_Xcer,r_Ycer,3) print("text ", "\"Ceres\"",r_Xcer+planets['Ceres']['Radius']*scale,r_Ycer) if "Jupiter" in planets: r_Jupiter=planets['Jupiter']['Orbital Radius']*scale; print("circle",x,y,r_Jupiter) r_Xjup=x+math.sin(t*2*math.pi/planets['Jupiter']['Period'])*r_Jupiter r_Yjup=y+math.cos(t*2*math.pi/planets['Jupiter']['Period'])*r_Jupiter print("fillcircle",r_Xjup,r_Yjup,3) print("text ", "\"Jupiter\"",r_Xjup+planets['Jupiter']['Radius']*scale,r_Yjup) if "Io" in planets: r_Io=planets['Io']['Orbital Radius']*scale; print("circle",r_Xjup,r_Yjup,r_Io) r_Xio=r_Xjup+math.sin(t*2*math.pi/planets['Io']['Period'])*r_Io r_Yio=r_Yjup+math.cos(t*2*math.pi/planets['Io']['Period'])*r_Io print("fillcircle",r_Xio,r_Yio,3) print("text ", "\"Io\"",r_Xio+planets['Io']['Radius']*scale,r_Yio) if "Europa" in planets: r_Europa=planets['Europa']['Orbital Radius']*scale; print("circle",r_Xjup,r_Yjup,r_Europa) r_Xeur=r_Xjup+math.sin(t*2*math.pi/planets['Europa']['Period'])*r_Europa r_Yeur=r_Yjup+math.cos(t*2*math.pi/planets['Europa']['Period'])*r_Europa print("fillcircle",r_Xeur,r_Yeur,3) print("text ", "\"Europa\"",r_Xeur+planets['Europa']['Radius']*scale,r_Yeur) if "Ganymede" in planets: r_Ganymede=planets['Ganymede']['Orbital Radius']*scale; print("circle",r_Xjup,r_Yjup,r_Ganymede) r_Xgan=r_Xjup+math.sin(t*2*math.pi/planets['Ganymede']['Period'])*r_Ganymede r_Ygan=r_Yjup+math.cos(t*2*math.pi/planets['Ganymede']['Period'])*r_Ganymede print("fillcircle",r_Xgan,r_Ygan,3) print("text ", "\"Ganymede\"",r_Xgan+planets['Ganymede']['Radius']*scale,r_Ygan) if "Callisto" in planets: r_Callisto=planets['Callisto']['Orbital Radius']*scale; print("circle",r_Xjup,r_Yjup,r_Callisto) r_Xcal=r_Xjup+math.sin(t*2*math.pi/planets['Callisto']['Period'])*r_Callisto r_Ycal=r_Yjup+math.cos(t*2*math.pi/planets['Callisto']['Period'])*r_Callisto print("fillcircle",r_Xcal,r_Ycal,3) print("text ", "\"Callisto\"",r_Xcal+planets['Callisto']['Radius']*scale,r_Ycal) if "Saturn" in planets: r_Saturn=planets['Saturn']['Orbital Radius']*scale; print("circle",x,y,r_Saturn) r_Xsat=x+math.sin(t*2*math.pi/planets['Saturn']['Period'])*r_Saturn r_Ysat=y+math.cos(t*2*math.pi/planets['Saturn']['Period'])*r_Saturn print("fillcircle",r_Xsat,r_Ysat,3) print("text ", "\"Saturn\"",r_Xsat+planets['Saturn']['Radius']*scale,r_Ysat) if "Mimas" in planets: r_Mimas=planets['Mimas']['Orbital Radius']*scale; print("circle",r_Xsat,r_Ysat,r_Mimas) r_Xmim=r_Xsat+math.sin(t*2*math.pi/planets['Mimas']['Period'])*r_Mimas r_Ymim=r_Ysat+math.cos(t*2*math.pi/planets['Mimas']['Period'])*r_Mimas print("fillcircle",r_Xmim,r_Ymim,3) print("text ", "\"Mimas\"",r_Xmim+planets['Mimas']['Radius']*scale,r_Ymim) if "Enceladus" in planets: r_Enceladus=planets['Enceladus']['Orbital Radius']*scale; print("circle",r_Xsat,r_Ysat,r_Enceladus) r_Xenc=r_Xsat+math.sin(t*2*math.pi/planets['Enceladus']['Period'])*r_Enceladus r_Yenc=r_Ysat+math.cos(t*2*math.pi/planets['Enceladus']['Period'])*r_Enceladus print("fillcircle",r_Xenc,r_Yenc,3) print("text ", "\"Enceladus\"",r_Xenc+planets['Enceladus']['Radius']*scale,r_Yenc) if "Tethys" in planets: r_Tethys=planets['Tethys']['Orbital Radius']*scale; print("circle",r_Xsat,r_Ysat,r_Tethys) r_Xtet=r_Xsat+math.sin(t*2*math.pi/planets['Tethys']['Period'])*r_Tethys r_Ytet=r_Ysat+math.cos(t*2*math.pi/planets['Tethys']['Period'])*r_Tethys print("fillcircle",r_Xtet,r_Ytet,3) print("text ", "\"Tethys\"",r_Xtet+planets['Tethys']['Radius']*scale,r_Ytet) if "Dione" in planets: r_Dione=planets['Dione']['Orbital Radius']*scale; print("circle",r_Xsat,r_Ysat,r_Dione) r_Xdio=r_Xsat+math.sin(t*2*math.pi/planets['Dione']['Period'])*r_Dione r_Ydio=r_Ysat+math.cos(t*2*math.pi/planets['Dione']['Period'])*r_Dione print("fillcircle",r_Xdio,r_Ydio,3) print("text ", "\"Dione\"",r_Xdio+planets['Dione']['Radius']*scale,r_Ydio) if "Rhea" in planets: r_Rhea=planets['Rhea']['Orbital Radius']*scale; print("circle",r_Xsat,r_Ysat,r_Rhea) r_Xrhe=r_Xsat+math.sin(t*2*math.pi/planets['Rhea']['Period'])*r_Rhea r_Yrhe=r_Ysat+math.cos(t*2*math.pi/planets['Rhea']['Period'])*r_Rhea print("fillcircle",r_Xrhe,r_Yrhe,3) print("text ", "\"Rhea\"",r_Xrhe+planets['Rhea']['Radius']*scale,r_Yrhe) if "Titan" in planets: r_Titan=planets['Titan']['Orbital Radius']*scale; print("circle",r_Xsat,r_Ysat,r_Titan) r_Xtit=r_Xsat+math.sin(t*2*math.pi/planets['Titan']['Period'])*r_Titan r_Ytit=r_Ysat+math.cos(t*2*math.pi/planets['Titan']['Period'])*r_Titan print("fillcircle",r_Xtit,r_Ytit,3) print("text ", "\"Titan\"",r_Xtit+planets['Titan']['Radius']*scale,r_Ytit) if "Iapetus" in planets: r_Iapetus=planets['Iapetus']['Orbital Radius']*scale; print("circle",r_Xsat,r_Ysat,r_Iapetus) r_Xiap=r_Xsat+math.sin(t*2*math.pi/planets['Iapetus']['Period'])*r_Iapetus r_Yiap=r_Ysat+math.cos(t*2*math.pi/planets['Iapetus']['Period'])*r_Iapetus print("fillcircle",r_Xiap,r_Yiap,3) print("text ", "\"Iapetus\"",r_Xiap+planets['Iapetus']['Radius']*scale,r_Yiap) if "Uranus" in planets: r_Uranus=planets['Uranus']['Orbital Radius']*scale; print("circle",x,y,r_Uranus) r_Xura=x+math.sin(t*2*math.pi/planets['Uranus']['Period'])*r_Uranus r_Yura=y+math.cos(t*2*math.pi/planets['Uranus']['Period'])*r_Uranus print("fillcircle",r_Xura,r_Yura,3) print("text ", "\"Uranus\"",r_Xura+planets['Uranus']['Radius']*scale,r_Yura) if "Puck" in planets: r_Puck=planets['Puck']['Orbital Radius']*scale; print("circle",r_Xura,r_Yura,r_Puck) r_Xpuc=r_Xura+math.sin(t*2*math.pi/planets['Puck']['Period'])*r_Puck r_Ypuc=r_Yura+math.cos(t*2*math.pi/planets['Puck']['Period'])*r_Puck print("fillcircle",r_Xpuc,r_Ypuc,3) print("text ", "\"Puck\"",r_Xpuc+planets['Puck']['Radius']*scale,r_Ypuc) if "Miranda" in planets: r_Miranda=planets['Miranda']['Orbital Radius']*scale; print("circle",r_Xura,r_Yura,r_Miranda) r_Xmira=r_Xura+math.sin(t*2*math.pi/planets['Miranda']['Period'])*r_Miranda r_Ymira=r_Yura+math.cos(t*2*math.pi/planets['Miranda']['Period'])*r_Miranda print("fillcircle",r_Xmira,r_Ymira,3) print("text ", "\"Miranda\"",r_Xmira+planets['Miranda']['Radius']*scale,r_Ymira) if "Ariel" in planets: r_Ariel=planets['Ariel']['Orbital Radius']*scale; print("circle",r_Xura,r_Yura,r_Ariel) r_Xari=r_Xura+math.sin(t*2*math.pi/planets['Ariel']['Period'])*r_Ariel r_Yari=r_Yura+math.cos(t*2*math.pi/planets['Ariel']['Period'])*r_Ariel print("fillcircle",r_Xari,r_Yari,3) print("text ", "\"Ariel\"",r_Xari+planets['Ariel']['Radius']*scale,r_Yari) if "Umbriel" in planets: r_Umbriel=planets['Umbriel']['Orbital Radius']*scale; print("circle",r_Xura,r_Yura,r_Umbriel) r_Xumb=r_Xura+math.sin(t*2*math.pi/planets['Umbriel']['Period'])*r_Umbriel r_Yumb=r_Yura+math.cos(t*2*math.pi/planets['Umbriel']['Period'])*r_Umbriel print("fillcircle",r_Xumb,r_Yumb,3) print("text ", "\"Umbriel\"",r_Xumb+planets['Umbriel']['Radius']*scale,r_Yumb) if "Titania" in planets: r_Titania=planets['Titania']['Orbital Radius']*scale; print("circle",r_Xura,r_Yura,r_Titania) r_Xtita=r_Xura+math.sin(t*2*math.pi/planets['Titania']['Period'])*r_Titania r_Ytita=r_Yura+math.cos(t*2*math.pi/planets['Titania']['Period'])*r_Titania print("fillcircle",r_Xtita,r_Ytita,3) print("text ", "\"Titania\"",r_Xtita+planets['Titania']['Radius']*scale,r_Ytita) if "Oberon" in planets: r_Oberon=planets['Oberon']['Orbital Radius']*scale; print("circle",r_Xura,r_Yura,r_Oberon) r_Xober=r_Xura+math.sin(t*2*math.pi/planets['Oberon']['Period'])*r_Oberon r_Yober=r_Yura+math.cos(t*2*math.pi/planets['Oberon']['Period'])*r_Oberon print("fillcircle",r_Xober,r_Yober,3) print("text ", "\"Oberon\"",r_Xober+planets['Oberon']['Radius']*scale,r_Yober) if "Neptune" in planets: r_Neptune=planets['Neptune']['Orbital Radius']*scale; print("circle",x,y,r_Neptune) r_Xnep=x+math.sin(t*2*math.pi/planets['Neptune']['Period'])*r_Neptune r_Ynep=y+math.cos(t*2*math.pi/planets['Neptune']['Period'])*r_Neptune print("fillcircle",r_Xnep,r_Ynep,3) print("text ", "\"Neptune\"",r_Xnep+planets['Neptune']['Radius']*scale,r_Ynep) if "Titan" in planets: r_Titan=planets['Titan']['Orbital Radius']*scale; print("circle",r_Xnep,r_Ynep,r_Titan) r_Xtita=r_Xnep+math.sin(t*2*math.pi/planets['Titan']['Period'])*r_Titan r_Ytita=r_Ynep+math.cos(t*2*math.pi/planets['Titan']['Period'])*r_Titan print("fillcircle",r_Xtita,r_Ytita,3) print("text ", "\"Titan\"",r_Xtita+planets['Titan']['Radius']*scale,r_Ytita) t += 0.003 print(draw(x, y, t, planets))

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• delta-dictionary/dictionary with revision awareness in python?

  - by shabbychef

  I am looking to create a dictionary with 'roll-back' capabilities in python. The dictionary would start with a revision number of 0, and the revision would be bumped up only by explicit method call. I do not need to delete keys, only add and update key,value pairs, and then roll back. I will never need to 'roll forward', that is, when rolling the dictionary back, all the newer revisions can be discarded, and I can start re-reving up again. thus I want behaviour like: >>> rr = rev_dictionary() >>> rr.rev 0 >>> rr["a"] = 17 >>> rr[('b',23)] = 'foo' >>> rr["a"] 17 >>> rr.rev 0 >>> rr.roll_rev() >>> rr.rev 1 >>> rr["a"] 17 >>> rr["a"] = 0 >>> rr["a"] 0 >>> rr[('b',23)] 'foo' >>> rr.roll_to(0) >>> rr.rev 0 >>> rr["a"] 17 >>> rr.roll_to(1) Exception ... Just to be clear, the state associated with a revision is the state of the dictionary just prior to the roll_rev() method call. thus if I can alter the value associated with a key several times 'within' a revision, and only have the last one remembered. I would like a fairly memory-efficient implementation of this: the memory usage should be proportional to the deltas. Thus simply having a list of copies of the dictionary will not scale for my problem. One should assume the keys are in the tens of thousands, and the revisions are in the hundreds of thousands. We can assume the values are immutable, but need not be numeric. For the case where the values are e.g. integers, there is a fairly straightforward implementation (have a list of dictionaries of the numerical delta from revision to revision). I am not sure how to turn this into the general form. Maybe bootstrap the integer version and add on an array of values? all help appreciated.

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• local variable 'sresult' referenced before assignment

  - by user288558

  I have had multiple problems trying to use PP. I am running python2.6 and pp 1.6.0 rc3. Using the following test code: import pp nodes=('mosura02','mosura03','mosura04','mosura05','mosura06', 'mosura09','mosura10','mosura11','mosura12') def pptester(): js=pp.Server(ppservers=nodes) tmp=[] for i in range(200): tmp.append(js.submit(ppworktest,(),(),('os',))) return tmp def ppworktest(): return os.system("uname -a") gives me the following result: In [10]: Exception in thread run_local: Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/lib64/python2.6/threading.py", line 525, in __bootstrap_inner self.run() File "/usr/lib64/python2.6/threading.py", line 477, in run self.__target(*self.__args, **self.__kwargs) File "/home/wkerzend/python_coala/lib/python2.6/site-packages/pp.py", line 751, in _run_local job.finalize(sresult) UnboundLocalError: local variable 'sresult' referenced before assignment Exception in thread run_local: Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/lib64/python2.6/threading.py", line 525, in __bootstrap_inner self.run() File "/usr/lib64/python2.6/threading.py", line 477, in run self.__target(*self.__args, **self.__kwargs) File "/home/wkerzend/python_coala/lib/python2.6/site-packages/pp.py", line 751, in _run_local job.finalize(sresult) UnboundLocalError: local variable 'sresult' referenced before assignment Exception in thread run_local: Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/lib64/python2.6/threading.py", line 525, in __bootstrap_inner self.run() File "/usr/lib64/python2.6/threading.py", line 477, in run self.__target(*self.__args, **self.__kwargs) File "/home/wkerzend/python_coala/lib/python2.6/site-packages/pp.py", line 751, in _run_local job.finalize(sresult) UnboundLocalError: local variable 'sresult' referenced before assignment Exception in thread run_local: Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/lib64/python2.6/threading.py", line 525, in __bootstrap_inner self.run() File "/usr/lib64/python2.6/threading.py", line 477, in run self.__target(*self.__args, **self.__kwargs) File "/home/wkerzend/python_coala/lib/python2.6/site-packages/pp.py", line 751, in _run_local job.finalize(sresult) UnboundLocalError: local variable 'sresult' referenced before assignment any help greatly appreciated

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• importing pywiiuse to test out

  - by Patrick Burton

  This is probably a simple problem. But I downloaded the pywiiuse library from here and I also downloaded the examples. However when I try to run one of the examples I end up with import issues. I'm not certain I have everything configured properly to run. One error I receive when trying to run example.py: Press 1&2 Traceback (most recent call last): File "example.py", line 73, in <module> wiimotes = wiiuse.init(nmotes) File "/home/thed0ctor/Descargas/wiiuse-0.12/wiiuse/__init__.py", line 309, in init dll = ctypes.cdll.LoadLibrary('libwiiuse.so') File "/usr/lib/python2.7/ctypes/__init__.py", line 431, in LoadLibrary return self._dlltype(name) File "/usr/lib/python2.7/ctypes/__init__.py", line 353, in __init__ self._handle = _dlopen(self._name, mode) OSError: libwiiuse.so: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory I'm really just starting out with this library and don't really see any documentation on how to configure pywiiuse so any help is much appreciated.

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• How to create a folder for each item in a directory?

  - by Adrian Andronic

  I'm having trouble making folders that I create go where I want them to go. For each file in a given folder, I want to create a new folder, then put that file in the new folder. My problem is that the new folders I create are being put in the parent directory, not the one I want. My example: def createFolder(): dir_name = 'C:\\Users\\Adrian\\Entertainment\\Coding\\Test Folder' files = os.listdir(dir_name) for i in files: os.mkdir(i) Let's say that my files in that directory are Hello.txt and Goodbye.txt. When I run the script, it makes new folders for these files, but puts them one level above, in 'C:\Users\Adrian\Entertainment\Coding. How do I make it so they are created in the same place as the files, AKA 'C:\Users\Adrian\Entertainment\Coding\Test Folder'?

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• Help finding longest non-repeating path through connected nodes - Python

  - by Jordan Magnuson

  I've been working on this for a couple of days now without success. Basically, I have a bunch of nodes arranged in a 2D matrix. Every node has four neighbors, except for the nodes on the sides and corners of the matrix, which have 3 and 2 neighbors, respectively. Imagine a bunch of square cards laid out side by side in a rectangular area--the project is actually simulating a sort of card/board game. Each node may or may not be connected to the nodes around it. Each node has a function (get_connections()), that returns the nodes immediately around it that it is connected to (so anywhere from 0 to 4 nodes are returned). Each node also has an "index" property, that contains it's position on the board matrix (eg '1, 4' - row 1, col 4). What I am trying to do is find the longest non-repeating path of connected nodes given a particular "start" node. I've uploaded a couple of images that should give a good idea of what I'm trying to do: In both images, the highlighted red cards are supposedly the longest path of connected cards containing the most upper-left card. However, you can see in both images that a couple of cards that should be in the path have been left out (Romania and Maldova in the first image, Greece and Turkey in the second) Here's the recursive function that I am using currently to find the longest path, given a starting node/card: def get_longest_trip(self, board, processed_connections = list(), processed_countries = list()): #Append this country to the processed countries list, #so we don't re-double over it processed_countries.append(self) possible_trips = dict() if self.get_connections(board): for i, card in enumerate(self.get_connections(board)): if card not in processed_countries: processed_connections.append((self, card)) possible_trips[i] = card.get_longest_trip(board, processed_connections, processed_countries) if possible_trips: longest_trip = [] for i, trip in possible_trips.iteritems(): trip_length = len(trip) if trip_length > len(longest_trip): longest_trip = trip longest_trip.append(self) return longest_trip else: print card_list = [] card_list.append(self) return card_list else: #If no connections from start_card, just return the start card #as the longest trip card_list = [] card_list.append(board.start_card) return card_list The problem here has to do with the processed_countries list: if you look at my first screenshot, you can see that what has happened is that when Ukraine came around, it looked at its two possible choices for longest path (Maldova-Romania, or Turkey, Bulgaria), saw that they were both equal, and chose one indiscriminantly. Now when Hungary comes around, it can't attempt to make a path through Romania (where the longest path would actually be), because Romania has been added to the processed_countries list by Ukraine. Any help on this is EXTREMELY appreciated. If you can find me a solution to this, recursive or not, I'd be happy to donate some $$ to you. I've uploaded my full source code (Python 2.6, Pygame 1.9 required) to: http://www.necessarygames.com/junk/planes_trains.zip The relevant code is in src/main.py, which is all set to run.

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