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• What do you mean by the expressiveness in programming lanuguage?

  - by prosseek

  I see a lot of the word 'expressiveness' when people want to stress one language is better than the other. But I don't see exactly what they mean by it. Is it the verboseness/succinctness? I mean, if one language can write down something shorter than the other, does that mean expressiveness? Please refer to my other question - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2411772/article-about-code-density-as-a-measure-of-programming-language-power Is it the power of the language? Paul Graham says that one language is more powerful than the other language in a sense that one language can do that the other language can't do (for example, LISP can do something with macro that the other language can't do). Is it just something that makes life easier? Regular expression can be one of the examples. Is it a different way of solving the same problem: something like SQL to solve the search problem? What do you think about the expressiveness of a programming lanuage? Can you show the expressiveness using some code? What's the relationship with the expressiveness and DSL? Do people come up with DSL to get the expressiveness?

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• How to determine if a programming language is verbose or terse?

  - by sunpech

  Programming languages can often be described as verbose or terse. From my understanding, a verbose language is easy to read and understand, while a terse language is concise and neat, but more difficult to read. Should there be other things to consider in the definitions? It seems much of the popular programming languages of today are verbose, and these terms two terms are only used to describe a language as being more or less, relative to than another language. How do we determine if a programming language is more verbose/terse over another? Example: Is C# more verbose than Java?

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• Best programming/scripting language for a non-programmer

  - by thatismatt

  What programming/scripting language would you recommend to a superuser who is a not a programmer?

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• What are the options for setting up a UNIX environment to learn C using Kernighan and Richie's The C Programming Language?

  - by ssbrewster

  I'm a novice programmer and have been experimenting with Javascript, jQuery and PHP but felt I wasn't getting a real depth of understanding of what I was doing. So, after reading Joel Spolsky's response to a question on this site (which I can't find now!), I took it back to basics and read Charles Petzold's 'Code' and am about to move onto Kernighan and Richie's The C Programming Language. I want to learn this in a UNIX environment but only have access to a Windows system. I have Ubuntu 12.04 running on a virtualised machine via VMWare Player, and done some coding in the terminal. Is using a Linux distro the only option for programming in a UNIX environment on Windows? And what are the next steps to start programming in C in UNIX and where do I get a compiler from?

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• What would you do if your client required you not to use object-oriented programming?

  - by gunbuster363

  Would you try to persuade your client that using object-oriented programming is much cleaner? Or would you try to follow what he required and give him crappy code? Now I am writing a program to simulate the activity of ants in a grid. The ant can move around, pick up things and drop things. The problem is while the action of the ants and the positions of each ant can be tracked by class attributes easily (and we can easily create many instances of such ants) my client said that since he has a background in functional programming he would like the simulation to be made using functional programming. What would you do?

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• Need tutorials/cheatsheets to learn web programming basics.

  - by zillion

  I need tutorials/cheatsheets to learn web programming basics. Thanks for your help!

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• generic programming- where did it originate?

  - by user997112

  Im trying to work out if generic programming was a functional programming feature which was then introduced into Java, C++ and C# or did the latter copy it from the functional programming languages like Haskell, Lisp, OCaml etc? Google is giving me lots on what generic programming is, but not where it originated. All I can see is that Ada implemented it early on. Would you class it as a functional programming technique?

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• Is programming for me? It seems too rigid and unforgiving.

  - by AM

  This question is a follow-up to: Should I continue to pursue programming based on my experience? I am currently majoring in CS in college and was thinking along similar lines as the above question. I'm fine at math and logic, but I haven't yet found programming to be enjoyable. Although I like the idea of being able to build software, too much of it seems to consist of figuring out tiny details or dealing with annoying bugs. So far I've only done small school projects and the like. Does programming become more enjoyable once you have more experience? How can someone know if a career in it is for them?

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• How to deal with the need to know multiple programming languages? When to stop learning new languages?

  - by Raphael

  I am a relatively young programmer. I am 23 and I have been programming professionally for about 5 years. As most programmers I started with C, learned some x86 assembly for fun and then I found C++ which turned out to be my greatest passion in the programming world. Programming with C and C++ forces you to learn platform specific APIs, libs and frameworks all of each requires constant study and experimentation. After some time I had to move on to Java and C# as the demand on my region is basically for these languages. With these languages I entered the world of web development and then I had to learn javascript. Developing for the .NET Framework was exciting at first but I constantly felt as I was getting tied up by Microsoft (and of course the .NET Framework was driving me away from Linux). For desktop development I could do pretty much everything I did with .NET using C++ with Qt but for web development I had to look for an alternative. Quickly I found Django and then I proceeded to learn Python so I could use Django. Nowadays I am learning iOS development with Objective-C. So far it was pretty much easy to learn all these languages (C++ trained me well) but I am worried that someday I won't be able to keep track of them all. Just to clarify. The only languages I learned cause I had to were C# and Java. All of the others I learned for fun, because I love programming and learning new things. Also I like to keep my skills sharp on desktop, web and mobile development. My question is: How do you keep track of multiple programming languages? (I mean, keep track of changes to these languages and keep your skills sharp) and: Is there such a thing as enough programming languages?

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• Why hasn't functional programming taken over yet?

  - by pankrax

  I've read some texts about declarative/functional programming (languages), tried out Haskell as well as written one myself. From what I've seen, functional programming has several advantages over the classical imperative style: Stateless programs; No side effects Concurrency; Plays extremely nice with the rising multi-core technology Programs are usually shorter and in some cases easier to read Productivity goes up (example: Erlang) Imperative programming is a very old paradigm (as far as I know) and possibly not suitable for the 21st century Why are companies using or programs written in functional languages still so "rare"? Why, when looking at the advantages of functional programming, are we still using imperative programming languages? Maybe it was too early for it in 1990, but today?

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• Exclude css & image resources in web.xml Security Constraint

  - by Tiggles

  I am using JSF2.1 and Glassfish 3.1.2. I specify a security constraint to block everything: <security-constraint> <web-resource-collection> <web-resource-name>Secured Content</web-resource-name> <!-- Block all --> <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern> </web-resource-collection> <!-- only users with at least one of these roles are allowed to access the secured content --> <auth-constraint> <role-name>ADMINISTRATOR</role-name> </auth-constraint> </security-constraint> and have another to allow access a subset of pages and the resources: <security-constraint> <web-resource-collection> <web-resource-name>Open Content</web-resource-name> <!-- Allow subscribe --> <url-pattern>/subscribe/*</url-pattern> <url-pattern>/javax.faces.resource/*</url-pattern> </web-resource-collection> <!-- No Auth Contraint! --> </security-constraint> This works fine. However, is the following <url-pattern>/javax.faces.resource/*</url-pattern> the correct way to allow all resources? I only did this by looking at the url that Facelets injects into the xhtml. Is there security holes with this approach? Thanks.

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• XForms relation of 'constraint' and 'required' properties

  - by Danny

  As a reference, the most similar question already asked is: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/8667849/making-xforms-enforce-the-constraint-and-type-model-item-properties-only-when-fi The difference is that I cannot use the relevant properties since I do want the field to be visible and accessible. I'm attempting to make a XForms form that has the following properties: It displays a text field named 'information'. (for the example) This field must not be required, since it may not be necessary to enter data. (Or this data will be entered at a later time.) However, if data is entered in this field, it must adhere to the specified constraint. I cannot mark the field as not relevant since this would hide the field and some data may need to be entered in it. The trouble now is that even though the field has no data in it, the constraint is still enforced (i.e. even though it is not marked as 'required'). I have taken a look at the XForms 1.1 specification, however it does not seem to describe how the properties 'required' and 'constraint' should interact. The only option I see, is to add a part to the constraint such that an empty value is allowed. e.g.: . = '' or <actual-constraint However, I don't like this. It feels like a workaround to add this to every such field. Is there any other way to express that non-required fields should not need to match the constraint for that field? (Am I missing something?)

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• Is there a programming language that performs currying when named parameters are omitted?

  - by Adam Gent

  Many functional programming languages have support for curried parameters. To support currying functions the parameters to the function are essentially a tuple where the last parameter can be omitted making a new function requiring a smaller tuple. I'm thinking of designing a language that always uses records (aka named parameters) for function parameters. Thus simple math functions in my make believe language would be: add { left : num, right : num } = ... minus { left : num, right : num } = .. You can pass in any record to those functions so long as they have those two named parameters (they can have more just "left" and "right"). If they have only one of the named parameter it creates a new function: minus5 :: { left : num } -> num minus5 = minus { right : 5 } I borrow some of haskell's notation for above. Has any one seen a language that does this?

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• What languages are the kids of today actually programming in? Does anyone have real data?

  - by Gaz Davidson

  Back in the 80s colleges were teaching Pascal because it is easy to learn, while myself and many others like me were learning BASIC because it was not only easy to learn but accessible and also fashionable (for an extremely liberal definition of fashion) It has just occurred to me that empirical data on the actual programming languages kids are choosing to use should be a good indicator of which language would be the ideal first choice for educators. Please note that this question is not "what do you think is a good programming language for kids?"

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• Why aren't web frameworks simple, elegant and fun like programming languages? [on hold]

  - by Ryan

  When I think of pretty much any programming language - like C, C++, PHP, SQL, JavaScript, Python, ActionScript, Haskell, Lua, Lisp, Java, etc - I'm like awesome I would love to develop a computer application using any of those languages. But when I think of web frameworks(I do mostly PHP) - like Cake, CI, Symfony, Laravel, Zend, Drupal, Joomla, Wordpress, Rails, Django, etc - I'm like god no. Why aren't there web frameworks that provide me with simple, fun and powerful constructs like a programming language?

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• Are closures with side-effects considered "functional style"?

  - by Giorgio

  Many modern programming languages support some concept of closure, i.e. of a piece of code (a block or a function) that Can be treated as a value, and therefore stored in a variable, passed around to different parts of the code, be defined in one part of a program and invoked in a totally different part of the same program. Can capture variables from the context in which it is defined, and access them when it is later invoked (possibly in a totally different context). Here is an example of a closure written in Scala: def filterList(xs: List[Int], lowerBound: Int): List[Int] = xs.filter(x => x >= lowerBound) The function literal x => x >= lowerBound contains the free variable lowerBound, which is closed (bound) by the argument of the function filterList that has the same name. The closure is passed to the library method filter, which can invoke it repeatedly as a normal function. I have been reading a lot of questions and answers on this site and, as far as I understand, the term closure is often automatically associated with functional programming and functional programming style. The definition of function programming on wikipedia reads: In computer science, functional programming is a programming paradigm that treats computation as the evaluation of mathematical functions and avoids state and mutable data. It emphasizes the application of functions, in contrast to the imperative programming style, which emphasizes changes in state. and further on [...] in functional code, the output value of a function depends only on the arguments that are input to the function [...]. Eliminating side effects can make it much easier to understand and predict the behavior of a program, which is one of the key motivations for the development of functional programming. On the other hand, many closure constructs provided by programming languages allow a closure to capture non-local variables and change them when the closure is invoked, thus producing a side effect on the environment in which they were defined. In this case, closures implement the first idea of functional programming (functions are first-class entities that can be moved around like other values) but neglect the second idea (avoiding side-effects). Is this use of closures with side effects considered functional style or are closures considered a more general construct that can be used both for a functional and a non-functional programming style? Is there any literature on this topic? IMPORTANT NOTE I am not questioning the usefulness of side-effects or of having closures with side effects. Also, I am not interested in a discussion about the advantages / disadvantages of closures with or without side effects. I am only interested to know if using such closures is still considered functional style by the proponent of functional programming or if, on the contrary, their use is discouraged when using a functional style.

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• Why do most programming languages only support returning a single value from a function?

  - by M4N

  Is there a reason or an explanation why functions in most(?) programming languages are designed to support any number of input parameters but only one return value? In most languages, it is possible to "work around" that limitation, e.g. by using out-parameters, returning pointers or by defining/returning structs/classes. But it seems strange, that programming languages were not designed to support multiple return values in a more "natural" way.

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• Will there be any more books in the Game Programming Gems series?

  - by Laurent Couvidou

  It's been more than three years now that the last Game Programming Gems book was published. The official website isn't updated anymore, and this page of Mark DeLoura's website seems to imply that the series is over. Was there ever an official statement about this? Was number 8 the last book? The Game Programming Gems were one of the most (if not the most) important resource for me and probably thousands of developers around the globe, did the Internet kill them?

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• SQL - How can I apply a "semi-unique" constraint?

  - by Erin Drummond

  Hi, I have a (simplified) table consisting of three columns: id INT PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, foreignID INT NOT NULL, name VARCHAR NOT NULL Basically, I would like to add a constraint (at the database level rather than at the application level) where it only possible for one unique 'name' to exist per foreignID. For example, given the data (id, foreignid, name): 1,1,Name1 2,1,Name2 3,1,Name3 4,2,Name1 5,2,Name2 I want the constraint to fail if the user tries to insert another 'Name3' under foreignId 1, but succeed if the user tries to insert 'Name3' under foreignId 2. For this reason I cannot simply make the whole column UNIQUE. I am having difficulty coming up with a SQL expression to achieve this, can anybody help me? Thanks

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• UNIQUE CONSTRAINT on a column from foreign table in SQL Server 2008

  - by bodziec

  I have two tables: create table [dbo].[Main] ( [ID] [int] identity(1,1) primary key not null, [Sign] [char](1) not null ) create table [dbo].[Names] ( [ID_Main][int] primary key not null, [Name][nvarchar](128) not null, constraint [FK_Main_Users] foreign key ([ID_Main]) references [dbo].[Main]([ID]), constraint [CK_Name] unique ([Name], [Sign]) ) The problem is with the second constraint CK_Name Is there a way to make a constraint target column from a foreign table?

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• UNIQUE CONSTRAINT on a column from foreign table in MSSQL2008

  - by bodziec

  Hi, I have two tables: create table [dbo].[Main] ( [ID] [int] identity(1,1) primary key not null, [Sign] [char](1) not null ) create table [dbo].[Names] ( [ID_Main][int] primary key not null, [Name][nvarchar](128) not null, constraint [FK_Main_Users] foreign key ([ID_Main]) references [dbo].[Main]([ID]), constraint [CK_Name] unique ([Name], [Sign]) ) The problem is with the second constraint CK_Name Is there a way to make a constraint target column from a foreign table?

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• How to use constraint programming for optimizing shopping baskets?

  - by tangens

  I have a list of items I want to buy. The items are offered by different shops and different prices. The shops have individual delivery costs. I'm looking for an optimal shopping strategy (and a java library supporting it) to purchase all of the items with a minimal total price. Example: Item1 is offered at Shop1 for $100, at Shop2 for $111. Item2 is offered at Shop1 for $90, at Shop2 for $85. Delivery cost of Shop1: $10 if total order < $150; $0 otherwise Delivery cost of Shop2: $5 if total order < $50; $0 otherwise If I buy Item1 and Item2 at Shop1 the total cost is $100 + $90 +$0 = $190. If I buy Item1 and Item2 at Shop2 the total cost is $111 + $85 +$0 = $196. If I buy Item1 at Shop1 and Item2 at Shop2 the total cost is $100 + $10 + $85 + $0 = 195. I get the minimal price if I order Item1 and Item2 at Shop1: $190 What I tried so far I asked another question before that led me to the field of constraint programming. I had a look at cream and choco, but I did not figure out how to create a model to solve my problem. | shop1 | shop2 | shop3 | ... ----------------------------------------- item1 | p11 | p12 | p13 | item2 | p21 | p22 | p23 | . | | | | . | | | | ----------------------------------------- shipping | s1 | s2 | s3 | limit | l1 | l2 | l3 | ----------------------------------------- total | t1 | t2 | t3 | ----------------------------------------- My idea was to define these constraints: each price "p xy" is defined in the domain (0, c) where c is the price of the item in this shop only one price in a line should be non zero if one or more items are bought from one shop and the sum of the prices is lower than limit, then add shipping cost to the total cost shop total cost is the sum of the prices of all items in a shop total cost is the sum of all shop totals The objective is "total cost". I want to minimize this. In cream I wasn't able to express the "if then" constraint for conditional shipping costs. In choco these constraints exist, but even for 5 items and 10 shops the program was running for 10 minutes without finding a solution. Question How should I express my constraints to make this problem solvable for a constraint programming solver?

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• mysql error #1452 appearing when trying to add a constraint

  - by user1701484

  I am trying to alter a table so That I can add a foreign key constraint in mysql database: ALTER TABLE `Question` ADD CONSTRAINT `FK_question` FOREIGN KEY (`QuestionId`) REFERENCES `Image_Question` (`QuestionId`) ON DELETE CASCADE ; Problem is that it is giving me this error: 1452 - Cannot add or update a child row: a foreign key constraint fails (mobile_app. '#sql-4517_15241', CONSTRAINT FK_question FOREIGN KEY (QuestionId) REFERENCES Image_Question (QuestionId) ON DELETE CASCADE) What does this error actually mean and what are the possible solutions I might have to undertake in order to fix this?

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• Unable to drop constraint in sql server 2005 "Could not drop constraint. See previous errors"

  - by DannykPowell

  I'm trying to drop a constraint on a db table, something like: ALTER TABLE MyTable drop CONSTRAINT FK_MyTable_AnotherTable But the execution just runs and runs. If I stop it I see: Msg 3727, Level 16, State 0, Line 2 Could not drop constraint. See previous errors. Web search throws up various pages but note that the constraint is properly named and I am trying to remove it using the correct name

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• What to do when the programming activity becomes a problem?

  - by gablin

  I once saw a program (can't remember which) where it talked about people "experiencing flow" when they are doing something they are passionate about. When "in flow", they tend to lose track of time and surrounding, concentrating only on their activity at hand. This happens a lot for me when I program; most particularly when I face a problem. I refuse to give up until it's solved. This usually leads to hours just rushing by and I forget to eat lunch, dinner gets pushed into far into the evening, and when I finally look at the clock, it's way into the wee-hours of the night and I will only get a few hours of sleep before having to rise early in the morning. (This is not to say that I'm in flow only when facing a problem - but I find it particularly hard to stop programming and step back when there's something I can't solve immediately.) I love programming, but I hate it when it disrupts my normal routines (most importantly eating and sleeping patterns). And sitting still for so many hours, staring a screen, is not healthy. Please, any ideas on how I can get my rampant programming activity under control?

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