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• Trouble on setting SSL certificates for Virtual Hosts using Apache\Phusion Passenger in localhost

  - by user502052

  I am using Ruby on Rails 3 and I would like to make to work HTTPS connections on localhost. I am using: Apache v2 + Phusion Passenger Mac OS + Snow Leopard v10.6.6 My Ruby on Rails installation use the Typhoeus gem (it is possible to use the Ruby net\http library but the result doesn't change) to make HTTP requests over HTTPS. I created self-signed ca.key, pjtname.crt and pjtname.key as detailed on the Apple website. Notice: Following instruction from the Apple website, on running the openssl req -new -key server.key -out server.csr command (see the link) at this point Common Name (eg, YOUR name) []: (this is the important one) I entered *pjtname.com so that is valid for all sub_domain of that site. In my Apache httpd.conf I have two virtual hosts configured in this way: # Secure (SSL/TLS) connections #Include /private/etc/apache2/extra/httpd-ssl.conf # # Note: The following must must be present to support # starting without SSL on platforms with no /dev/random equivalent # but a statically compiled-in mod_ssl. # <IfModule ssl_module> SSLRandomSeed startup builtin SSLRandomSeed connect builtin </IfModule> Include /private/etc/apache2/other/*.conf # Passenger configuration LoadModule passenger_module /Users/<my_user_name>/.rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.2-p136/gems/passenger-3.0.2/ext/apache2/mod_passenger.so PassengerRoot /Users/<my_user_name>/.rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.2-p136/gems/passenger-3.0.2 PassengerRuby /Users/<my_user_name>/.rvm/wrappers/ruby-1.9.2-p136/ruby # Go ahead and accept connections for these vhosts # from non-SNI clients SSLStrictSNIVHostCheck off # Ensure that Apache listens on port 443 Listen 443 # Listen for virtual host requests on all IP addresses NameVirtualHost *:80 NameVirtualHost *:443 # # PJTNAME.COM and subdomains SETTING # <VirtualHost *:443> # Because this virtual host is defined first, it will # be used as the default if the hostname is not received # in the SSL handshake, e.g. if the browser doesn't support # SNI. ServerName pjtname.com:443 DocumentRoot "/Users/<my_user_name>/Sites/pjtname.com/pjtname.com/public" ServerAdmin you@example.com ErrorLog "/private/var/log/apache2/error_log" TransferLog "/private/var/log/apache2/access_log" RackEnv development <Directory "/Users/<my_user_name>/Sites/pjtname.com/pjtname.com/public"> Order allow,deny Allow from all </Directory> # SSL Configuration SSLEngine on # Self Signed certificates # Server Certificate SSLCertificateFile /private/etc/apache2/ssl/wildcard.certificate/pjtname.crt # Server Private Key SSLCertificateKeyFile /private/etc/apache2/ssl/wildcard.certificate/pjtname.key # Server Intermediate Bundle SSLCertificateChainFile /private/etc/apache2/ssl/wildcard.certificate/ca.crt </VirtualHost> # HTTP Setting <VirtualHost *:80> ServerName pjtname.com DocumentRoot "/Users/<my_user_name>/Sites/pjtname.com/pjtname.com/public" RackEnv development <Directory "/Users/<my_user_name>/Sites/pjtname.com/pjtname.com/public"> Order allow,deny Allow from all </Directory> </VirtualHost> <VirtualHost *:443> ServerName users.pjtname.com:443 DocumentRoot "/Users/<my_user_name>/Sites/pjtname.com/users.pjtname.com/public" ServerAdmin you@example.com ErrorLog "/private/var/log/apache2/error_log" TransferLog "/private/var/log/apache2/access_log" RackEnv development <Directory "/Users/<my_user_name>/Sites/pjtname.com/users.pjtname.com/public"> Order allow,deny Allow from all </Directory> # SSL Configuration SSLEngine on # Self Signed certificates # Server Certificate SSLCertificateFile /private/etc/apache2/ssl/wildcard.certificate/pjtname.crt # Server Private Key SSLCertificateKeyFile /private/etc/apache2/ssl/wildcard.certificate/pjtname.key # Server Intermediate Bundle SSLCertificateChainFile /private/etc/apache2/ssl/wildcard.certificate/ca.crt </VirtualHost> # HTTP Setting <VirtualHost *:80> ServerName users.pjtname.com DocumentRoot "/Users/<my_user_name>/Sites/pjtname.com/users.pjtname.com/public" RackEnv development <Directory "/Users/<my_user_name>/Sites/pjtname.com/users.pjtname.com/public"> Order allow,deny Allow from all </Directory> </VirtualHost> In the host file I have: ## # Host Database # # localhost is used to configure the loopback interface # when the system is booting. Do not change this entry. ## 127.0.0.1 localhost 255.255.255.255 broadcasthost ::1 localhost fe80::1%lo0 localhost # PJTNAME.COM SETTING 127.0.0.1 pjtname.com 127.0.0.1 users.pjtname.com All seems to work properly because I have already set everything (I think correctly): I generated a wildcard certificate for my domains and sub-domains (in this example: *.pjtname.com) I have set base-named virtualhosts in the http.conf file listening on port :433 and :80 My browser accept certificates also if it alerts me that those aren't safe (notice: I must accept certificates for each domain\sub-domain; that is, [only] at the first time I access a domain or sub-domain over HTTPS I must do the same procedure for acceptance) and I can have access to pages using HTTPS After all this work, when I make a request using Typhoeus (I can use also the Ruby Net::Http library and the result doesn't change) from the pjtname.com RoR application: # Typhoeus request Typhoeus::Request.get("https://users.pjtname.com/") I get something like a warning about the certificate: --- &id001 !ruby/object:Typhoeus::Response app_connect_time: 0.0 body: "" code: 0 connect_time: 0.000625 # Here is the warning curl_error_message: Peer certificate cannot be authenticated with known CA certificates curl_return_code: 60 effective_url: https://users.pjtname.com/ headers: "" http_version: mock: false name_lookup_time: 0.000513 pretransfer_time: 0.0 request: !ruby/object:Typhoeus::Request after_complete: auth_method: body: ... All this means that something is wrong. So, what I have to do to avoid the "Peer certificate cannot be authenticated with known CA certificates" warning and make the HTTPS request to work? Where is\are the error\errors (I think in the Apache configuration, but where?!)? P.S.: if you need some more info, let me know.

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• SSL with nginx on subdomain not working

  - by peppergrower

  I'm using nginx to serve three sites: example1.com (which redirects to www.example1.com), example2.com (which redirects to www.example2.com), and a subdomain of example2.com, call it sub.example2.com. This all works fine without SSL. I recently got SSL certs (from StartSSL), one for www.example1.com, one for www.example2.com, and one for sub.example2.com. I got them set up and everything seems to work (I'm using SNI to make all this work on a single IP address), except for sub.example2.com. I can still access it fine over non-SSL, but on SSL I just get a timeout. If I go directly to my server's IP address, I get served the SSL certificate for sub.example2.com, so I know nginx is loading the certificate properly...but somehow it doesn't seem to be listening for sub.example2.com on port 443, even though I told it to. I'm running nginx 1.4.2 on Debian 6 (squeeze); here's my config for sub.example2.com (the other domains have similar configs): server { server_name sub.example2.com; listen 80; listen 443 ssl; ssl_certificate /etc/nginx/ssl/sub.example2.com/server-unified.crt; ssl_certificate_key /etc/nginx/ssl/sub.example2.com/server.key; root /srv/www/sub.example2.com; } Does anything look amiss? What am I missing? I don't know if it matters, but StartSSL lists the base domain as a subject alternative name (SAN); not sure if that would somehow pose problems, if both subdomains list the same SAN.

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• Easy line break removal from text fields and/or selections

  - by AmV

  I'm looking for a tool that allows me to easily re-wrap text (i.e. remove line breaks, but not paragraph breaks from a text selection or the current text field that is being edited), and that works at least with text fields in my browser (Chrome) and on Windows. Bonus points for anything that works outside the browser, and that works in-place (i.e. that doesn't require copy-pasting the text through a separate window or using something like http://www.textfixer.com/tools/remove-line-breaks.php) Browser extensions, GreaseMonkey scripts or applications that also work on Linux and/or Mac (or even better, that are multi-platform) are all welcomed. Here is an example of how the tool should behave. If I have the following in a text field: This is a test for SuperUser.com. This is a test for SuperUser.com. This is a test for SuperUser.com. This is a test for SuperUser.com This is a test for SuperUser.com. This is a test for SuperUser.com. This is a test for SuperUser.com. This is a test for SuperUser.com I'd like to have an easy tool that allows me to, for example, select the text, and with a keyboard shortcut convert it to: This is a test for SuperUser.com. This is a test for SuperUser.com. This a test for SuperUser.com. This is a test for SuperUser.com This is a test for SuperUser.com. This is a test for SuperUser.com. This a test for SuperUser.com. This is a test for SuperUser.com Thanks in advance!

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• Easy text re-wrapping

  - by AmV

  I'm looking for a tool that allows me to easily re-wrap text (i.e. remove line breaks, but not paragraph breaks from a text selection or a text field), and that works in my browser (Chrome) and on Windows. Bonus points for anything that works outside the browser, and that works in-place (i.e. that doesn't require copy-pasting the text through a separate window or using something like http://www.textfixer.com/tools/remove-line-breaks.php) Browser extensions, GreaseMonkey scripts or applications that also work on Linux and/or Mac (or even better, that are multi-platform) are all welcomed. Here is an example of how the tool should behave. If I have the following in a text field: This is a test for SuperUser.com. This is a test for SuperUser.com. This is a test for SuperUser.com. This is a test for SuperUser.com This is a test for SuperUser.com. This is a test for SuperUser.com. This is a test for SuperUser.com. This is a test for SuperUser.com I'd like to be able to, for example, select the text, and, with a keyboard shortcut, convert it to: This is a test for SuperUser.com. This is a test for SuperUser.com. This a test for SuperUser.com. This is a test for SuperUser.com This is a test for SuperUser.com. This is a test for SuperUser.com. This a test for SuperUser.com. This is a test for SuperUser.com Thanks in advance!

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• Returning a 404 page when a folder is accessed from one domain, but allowing access from other domains and IP addresses

  - by okw

  Situation: I want to return a 404 page ("404.php") when a folder ("hidden") is accessed from the example.com domain. I want the same folder to be accessible from a subdomain ("hidden.example.com") or from a different domain ("hidden.com") which are both configured in a single VirtualHost entry. The server has multiple IP addresses that it listens on. Each IP address serves identical content from the example.com domain (sharing a VirtualHost entry.) I want the folder to be accessible from the IP address. The server is configured to use SSL/TLS/HTTPS. HTTPS is optional on example.com, but HTTPS is enforced in the .htaccess file for the hidden folder using a rewrite rule shown below. /www/hidden/.htaccess RewriteCond %{HTTPS} !=on RewriteRule .* https://%{SERVER_NAME}%{REQUEST_URI} [R,L] I know that {SERVER_ADDR} gives the server's IP address, but does it return the one that the client is requesting from? I'm also starting to think that something in the VirtualHosts file would be more appropriate. Any thoughts on this? What should be allowed: http://87.65.43.21/hidden/ https://87.65.43.21/hidden/ http://12.34.56.78/hidden/ https://12.34.56.78/hidden/ http://hidden.example.com/ https://hidden.example.com/ http://hidden.com/ https://hidden.com/ http://www.hidden.com/ https://www.hidden.com/ What should be 404-ed with 404.php http://example.com/hidden/ https://example.com/hidden/ http://www.example.com/hidden/ https://www.example.com/hidden/ http://example.com/hidden/hiddenfile.php https://example.com/hidden/hiddenfile.php etc. Thanks.

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• What are the disadvantages of domain email forwarding?

  - by naivedeveloper

  I have a domain, example.com. My domain registrar gives me two options concerning email. Set up forwarding email addresses (e.g., box@example.com forwarded to bobexample@gmail.com. Set up Google Apps for email management Thus far, I have gone with option 1. I have a generic GMail email, exampleapp@gmail.com, and I subsequently set up various email addresses on my registrar to forward to this gmail address: bob@example.com -> exampleapp@gmail.com john@example.com -> exampleapp@gmail.com support@example.com -> exampleapp@gmail.com Through the GMail account, I have the option to alias these addresses when sending email. For example, from exampleapp@gmail.com, I can "send email as" bob@example.com. That way from the vantage point of the receiver of the email, the email came from bob@example.com as opposed to exampleapp@gmail.com. My question is: Are there any disadvantages of this approach? Are these emails more susceptible to being picked up by spam filters vs using the Google Apps approach? Is there any hidden indication that the email is being aliased? When viewing the email headers, it shows the email was sent from bob@example.com and not exampleapp@gmail.com or "forwarded from exampleapp@gmai.com" or anything like that. Am I naive in assuming that my cheap approach to email is masked by aliasing my outgoing emails? I have chosen approach number 1 simply because of the ease of setup. With that said, are there any advantages of going with approach 2 (the Google Apps approach)? Thanks for suggestions and advice.

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• CNAME rule being ignored

  - by Ben

  On a server with Plesk installed I have added a CNAME rule pointing from one of the sites subdomains to an external website. I have checked the named configuration for that domain name and it shows the CNAME however the sub domain just points to the default server page and ignores the CNAME rule. Named has been restarted and I've also run the rvmng reconfigure-vhost command. I edited another server to test this, on cPanel, and it works fine. The conf file for the domain: ; *** Ts file is automatically generated by Plesk *** $TTL 86400 @ IN SOA ns.example.com. cf.example1.com. ( 1292946742 ; Serial 10800 ; Refresh 3600 ; Retry 604800 ; Expire 10800 ) ; Minimum example.com. IN NS ns.example.com. ns.example.com. IN A xx.xxx.xxx.xx example.com. IN A xx.xxx.xxx.xx webmail.example.com. IN A xx.xxx.xxx.xx mail.example.com. IN A xx.xxx.xxx.xx beta.example.com. IN A xx.xxx.xxx.xx ftp.example.com. IN CNAME example.com. www.example.com. IN CNAME example.com. login.example.com. IN CNAME socialize.gigya.com. example.com. IN MX 10 webmail.example.com. You can see the CNAME rule in the file but it just gets ignored? Thanks in advance for any help.

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• Looking for equivalent of ProxyPassReverseMatch in Apache to fix missing trailing forward slash issue

  - by Alex Man

  I have two web servers, www.example.com and www.userdir.com. I'm trying to make www.example.com as the front end proxy server to serve requests like in the format of http://www.example.com/~username such as http://www.example.com/~john/ so that it sends an internal request of http://www.userdir.com/~john/ to www.userdir.com. I can achieve this in Apache with ProxyPass /~john http://www.userdir.com/~john ProxyPassReverse /~john http://www.userdir.com/~john The ProxyPassReverse is necessary as without it a request like http://www.example.com/~john without the trailing forward slash will be redirected as http://www.userdir.com/~john/ and I want my users to stay in the example.com space. Now, my problem is that I have a lot of users and I cannot list all those user names in httpd.conf. So, I use ProxyPassMatch ^(/~.*)$ http://www.userdir.com$1 but there is no such thing as ProxyPassReverseMatch in Apache. Without it, whenever the trailing forward slash is missing in the URL, one will be directed to www.userdir.com, and that's not what I want. I also tried the following to add the trailing forward slash RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} ^/~[^./]*$ RewriteRule ^/(.*)$ http://www.userdir.com/$1/ [P] but then it will render a page with broken image and CSS because they are linked to http://www.example.com/images/image.gif while it should be http://www.example.com/~john/images/image.gif. I have been googling for a long time and still can't figure out a good solution for this. Would really appreciate it if any one can shed some light on this issue. Thank you!

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• Exim4 Smart Host Relay

  - by ColinM

  I am running Exim 4.71. I want to: Route all email from A.com through mail.A.com Route all email from [B-E].com through mail.B.com Send all other email directly. Here is the configuration I have that doesn't work like I hoped: domainlist a_domains = a.com domainlist b_domains = b.com : c.com : d.com : e.com begin routers smart_route_a: driver = manualroute domains = +a_domains transport = remote_smtp route_list = +a_domains mail.a.com no_more smart_route_b: driver = manualroute domains = +b_domains transport = remote_smtp route_list = +b_domains mail.mollenhour.com no_more dnslookup: driver = dnslookup domains = ! +local_domains transport = remote_smtp ignore_target_hosts = 0.0.0.0 : 127.0.0.0/8 no_more When I send an email e.g. with PHP's mail() or Zend_Mail_Transport_Smtp setting both From: and Return-Path: as user@a.com, the smart_route_a router is not used, the dnslookup is used instead. Disabling dnslookup results in no mail being sent. From the logs it appears that email sent to someone@a.com uses smart_route_a, but the same email sent from user@a.com to user@gmail.com is sent using dnslookup. How do I make email from user@a.com be relayed via mail.a.com?

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• mod_rewrite redirect subdomain to folder

  - by kitensei

  I have a wordpress blog at the url http://www.orpheecole.com, I would like to setup 3 subdomains (cycle1, cycle2, cycle3) being redirected to their folders (1 subdomain = 1 wp blog, no multisite enabled) The file tree looks like this: /var/www/orpheecole.com/ /var/www/cycle1.orpheecole.com/ /var/www/cycle2.orpheecole.com/ /var/www/cycle3.orpheecole.com/ the following .htaccess try to redirect to /var/www/orpheecole.com/cycleX instead of its own directory, but id it's possible i'd rather redirect every subdomain to its own www folder. my sites-enabled file for main site is # blog orpheecole <VirtualHost *:80> ServerAdmin admin@orpheecole.com ServerName orpheecole.com ServerAlias *.orpheecole.com DocumentRoot /var/www/orpheecole.com/ <Directory /var/www/orpheecole.com/> Options -Indexes FollowSymLinks MultiViews Order allow,deny allow from all </Directory> ErrorLog /var/log/apache2/orpheecole.com-error_log TransferLog /var/log/apache2/orpheecole.com-access_log </VirtualHost> and the .htaccess located on /var/www/orpheecole.com/ looks like this <IfModule mod_rewrite.c> RewriteEngine on RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} !^www.* [NC] RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} ^([^\.]+)\.orpheecole\.com$ RewriteCond /var/www/orpheecole.com/%1 -d RewriteRule ^(.*) www\.orpheecole\.com/%1/$1 [L] # BEGIN WordPress RewriteBase / RewriteRule ^index\.php$ - [L] RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d RewriteRule . /index.php [L] # END WordPress </IfModule> I tried to remove wordpress directives but nothing change, and the rewrite mod is enabled and working.

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• Virtualhost one https site, the rest http

  - by RJP1

  I have a linode server with Apache2 running a handful of sites with virtualhosting. All sites work fine on port 80, but one site has a ssl certificate and also runs okay. My problem is as follows: The non-https sites, if visiting https://domain.com - show the contents of the only secure site... Is there a way of disabling the *:443 match for these non-secure sites? Thanks! EDIT (more information): Here's a typical config in sites-available for a normal insecure http site: <VirtualHost *:80> ServerName www.insecure.com ServerAlias insecure.com ... </VirtualHost> The secure https site is as follows: <VirtualHost *:80> ServerName www.secure.com Redirect permanent / https://secure.com/ </VirtualHost> <VirtualHost *:80> ServerName secure.com RedirectMatch permanent ^/(.*) https://secure.com/$1 </VirtualHost> <VirtualHost *:443> SSLEngine on SSLProtocol all SSLCertificateChainFile ... SSLCertificateFile ... SSLCertificateKeyFile ... SSLCACertificateFile ... ServerName secure.com ServerAlias secure.com ... </VirtualHost> So, visiting: http:/insecure.com - works http:/www.insecure.com - works http:/secure.com - redirects to https:/secure.com - works http:/www.secure.com - redirects to https:/secure.com - works https:/insecure.com - shows https:/secure.com - WRONG!

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• Tip/Trick: Fix Common SEO Problems Using the URL Rewrite Extension

  - by ScottGu

  Search engine optimization (SEO) is important for any publically facing web-site.  A large % of traffic to sites now comes directly from search engines, and improving your site’s search relevancy will lead to more users visiting your site from search engine queries.  This can directly or indirectly increase the money you make through your site. This blog post covers how you can use the free Microsoft URL Rewrite Extension to fix a bunch of common SEO problems that your site might have.  It takes less than 15 minutes (and no code changes) to apply 4 simple URL Rewrite rules to your site, and in doing so cause search engines to drive more visitors and traffic to your site.  The techniques below work equally well with both ASP.NET Web Forms and ASP.NET MVC based sites.  They also works with all versions of ASP.NET (and even work with non-ASP.NET content). [In addition to blogging, I am also now using Twitter for quick updates and to share links. Follow me at: twitter.com/scottgu] Measuring the SEO of your website with the Microsoft SEO Toolkit A few months ago I blogged about the free SEO Toolkit that we’ve shipped.  This useful tool enables you to automatically crawl/scan your site for SEO correctness, and it then flags any SEO issues it finds.  I highly recommend downloading and using the tool against any public site you work on.  It makes it easy to spot SEO issues you might have in your site, and pinpoint ways to optimize it further. Below is a simple example of a report I ran against one of my sites (www.scottgu.com) prior to applying the URL Rewrite rules I’ll cover later in this blog post:   Search Relevancy and URL Splitting Two of the important things that search engines evaluate when assessing your site’s “search relevancy” are: How many other sites link to your content.  Search engines assume that if a lot of people around the web are linking to your content, then it is likely useful and so weight it higher in relevancy. The uniqueness of the content it finds on your site.  If search engines find that the content is duplicated in multiple places around the Internet (or on multiple URLs on your site) then it is likely to drop the relevancy of the content. One of the things you want to be very careful to avoid when building public facing sites is to not allow different URLs to retrieve the same content within your site.  Doing so will hurt with both of the situations above.  In particular, allowing external sites to link to the same content with multiple URLs will cause your link-count and page-ranking to be split up across those different URLs (and so give you a smaller page rank than what it would otherwise be if it was just one URL).  Not allowing external sites to link to you in different ways sounds easy in theory – but you might wonder what exactly this means in practice and how you avoid it. 4 Really Common SEO Problems Your Sites Might Have Below are 4 really common scenarios that can cause your site to inadvertently expose multiple URLs for the same content.  When this happens external sites linking to yours will end up splitting their page links across multiple URLs - and as a result cause you to have a lower page ranking with search engines than you deserve. SEO Problem #1: Default Document IIS (and other web servers) supports the concept of a “default document”.  This allows you to avoid having to explicitly specify the page you want to serve at either the root of the web-site/application, or within a sub-directory.  This is convenient – but means that by default this content is available via two different publically exposed URLs (which is bad).  For example: http://scottgu.com/ http://scottgu.com/default.aspx SEO Problem #2: Different URL Casings Web developers often don’t realize URLs are case sensitive to search engines on the web.  This means that search engines will treat the following links as two completely different URLs: http://scottgu.com/Albums.aspx http://scottgu.com/albums.aspx SEO Problem #3: Trailing Slashes Consider the below two URLs – they might look the same at first, but they are subtly different. The trailing slash creates yet another situation that causes search engines to treat the URLs as different and so split search rankings: http://scottgu.com http://scottgu.com/ SEO Problem #4: Canonical Host Names Sometimes sites support scenarios where they support a web-site with both a leading “www” hostname prefix as well as just the hostname itself.  This causes search engines to treat the URLs as different and split search rankling: http://scottgu.com/albums.aspx/ http://www.scottgu.com/albums.aspx/ How to Easily Fix these SEO Problems in 10 minutes (or less) using IIS Rewrite If you haven’t been careful when coding your sites, chances are you are suffering from one (or more) of the above SEO problems.  Addressing these issues will improve your search engine relevancy ranking and drive more traffic to your site. The “good news” is that fixing the above 4 issues is really easy using the URL Rewrite Extension.  This is a completely free Microsoft extension available for IIS 7.x (on Windows Server 2008, Windows Server 2008 R2, Windows 7 and Windows Vista).  The great thing about using the IIS Rewrite extension is that it allows you to fix the above problems *without* having to change any code within your applications.  You can easily install the URL Rewrite Extension in under 3 minutes using the Microsoft Web Platform Installer (a free tool we ship that automates setting up web servers and development machines).  Just click the green “Install Now” button on the URL Rewrite Spotlight page to install it on your Windows Server 2008, Windows 7 or Windows Vista machine: Once installed you’ll find that a new “URL Rewrite” icon is available within the IIS 7 Admin Tool: Double-clicking the icon will open up the URL Rewrite admin panel – which will display the list of URL Rewrite rules configured for a particular application or site: Notice that our rewrite rule list above is currently empty (which is the default when you first install the extension).  We can click the “Add Rule…” link button in the top-right of the panel to add and enable new URL Rewriting logic for our site.  Scenario 1: Handling Default Document Scenarios One of the SEO problems I discussed earlier in this post was the scenario where the “default document” feature of IIS causes you to inadvertently expose two URLs for the same content on your site.  For example: http://scottgu.com/ http://scottgu.com/default.aspx We can fix this by adding a new IIS Rewrite rule that automatically redirects anyone who navigates to the second URL to instead go to the first one.  We will setup the HTTP redirect to be a “permanent redirect” – which will indicate to search engines that they should follow the redirect and use the new URL they are redirected to as the identifier of the content they retrieve.  Let’s look at how we can create such a rule.  We’ll begin by clicking the “Add Rule” link in the screenshot above.  This will cause the below dialog to display: We’ll select the “Blank Rule” template within the “Inbound rules” section to create a new custom URL Rewriting rule.  This will display an empty pane like below: Don’t worry – setting up the above rule is easy.  The following 4 steps explain how to do so: Step 1: Name the Rule Our first step will be to name the rule we are creating.  Naming it with a descriptive name will make it easier to find and understand later.  Let’s name this rule our “Default Document URL Rewrite” rule: Step 2: Setup the Regular Expression that Matches this Rule Our second step will be to specify a regular expression filter that will cause this rule to execute when an incoming URL matches the regex pattern.   Don’t worry if you aren’t good with regular expressions - I suck at them too. The trick is to know someone who is good at them or copy/paste them from a web-site.  Below we are going to specify the following regular expression as our pattern rule: (.*?)/?Default\.aspx$ This pattern will match any URL string that ends with Default.aspx. The "(.*?)" matches any preceding character zero or more times. The "/?" part says to match the slash symbol zero or one times. The "$" symbol at the end will ensure that the pattern will only match strings that end with Default.aspx.  Combining all these regex elements allows this rule to work not only for the root of your web site (e.g. http://scottgu.com/default.aspx) but also for any application or subdirectory within the site (e.g. http://scottgu.com/photos/default.aspx.  Because the “ignore case” checkbox is selected it will match both “Default.aspx” as well as “default.aspx” within the URL.   One nice feature built-into the rule editor is a “Test pattern” button that you can click to bring up a dialog that allows you to test out a few URLs with the rule you are configuring: Above I've added a “products/default.aspx” URL and clicked the “Test” button.  This will give me immediate feedback on whether the rule will execute for it.  Step 3: Setup a Permanent Redirect Action We’ll then setup an action to occur when our regular expression pattern matches the incoming URL: In the dialog above I’ve changed the “Action Type” drop down to be a “Redirect” action.  The “Redirect Type” will be a HTTP 301 Permanent redirect – which means search engines will follow it. I’ve also set the “Redirect URL” property to be: {R:1}/ This indicates that we want to redirect the web client requesting the original URL to a new URL that has the originally requested URL path - minus the "Default.aspx" in it.  For example, requests for http://scottgu.com/default.aspx will be redirected to http://scottgu.com/, and requests for http://scottgu.com/photos/default.aspx will be redirected to http://scottgu.com/photos/ The "{R:N}" regex construct, where N >= 0, is called a back-reference and N is the back-reference index. In the case of our pattern "(.*?)/?Default\.aspx$", if the input URL is "products/Default.aspx" then {R:0} will contain "products/Default.aspx" and {R:1} will contain "products".  We are going to use this {R:1}/ value to be the URL we redirect users to.  Step 4: Apply and Save the Rule Our final step is to click the “Apply” button in the top right hand of the IIS admin tool – which will cause the tool to persist the URL Rewrite rule into our application’s root web.config file (under a <system.webServer/rewrite> configuration section): <configuration>     <system.webServer>         <rewrite>             <rules>                 <rule name="Default Document" stopProcessing="true">                     <match url="(.*?)/?Default\.aspx$" />                     <action type="Redirect" url="{R:1}/" />                 </rule>             </rules>         </rewrite>     </system.webServer> </configuration> Because IIS 7.x and ASP.NET share the same web.config files, you can actually just copy/paste the above code into your web.config files using Visual Studio and skip the need to run the admin tool entirely.  This also makes adding/deploying URL Rewrite rules with your ASP.NET applications really easy. Step 5: Try the Rule Out Now that we’ve saved the rule, let’s try it out on our site.  Try the following two URLs on my site: http://scottgu.com/ http://scottgu.com/default.aspx Notice that the second URL automatically redirects to the first one.  Because it is a permanent redirect, search engines will follow the URL and should update the page ranking of http://scottgu.com to include links to http://scottgu.com/default.aspx as well. Scenario 2: Different URL Casing Another common SEO problem I discussed earlier in this post is that URLs are case sensitive to search engines on the web.  This means that search engines will treat the following links as two completely different URLs: http://scottgu.com/Albums.aspx http://scottgu.com/albums.aspx We can fix this by adding a new IIS Rewrite rule that automatically redirects anyone who navigates to the first URL to instead go to the second (all lower-case) one.  Like before, we will setup the HTTP redirect to be a “permanent redirect” – which will indicate to search engines that they should follow the redirect and use the new URL they are redirected to as the identifier of the content they retrieve. To create such a rule we’ll click the “Add Rule” link in the URL Rewrite admin tool again.  This will cause the “Add Rule” dialog to appear again: Unlike the previous scenario (where we created a “Blank Rule”), with this scenario we can take advantage of a built-in “Enforce lowercase URLs” rule template.  When we click the “ok” button we’ll see the following dialog which asks us if we want to create a rule that enforces the use of lowercase letters in URLs: When we click the “Yes” button we’ll get a pre-written rule that automatically performs a permanent redirect if an incoming URL has upper-case characters in it – and automatically send users to a lower-case version of the URL: We can click the “Apply” button to use this rule “as-is” and have it apply to all incoming URLs to our site.  Because my www.scottgu.com site uses ASP.NET Web Forms, I’m going to make one small change to the rule we generated above – which is to add a condition that will ensure that URLs to ASP.NET’s built-in “WebResource.axd” handler are excluded from our case-sensitivity URL Rewrite logic.  URLs to the WebResource.axd handler will only come from server-controls emitted from my pages – and will never be linked to from external sites.  While my site will continue to function fine if we redirect these URLs to automatically be lower-case – doing so isn’t necessary and will add an extra HTTP redirect to many of my pages.  The good news is that adding a condition that prevents my URL Rewriting rule from happening with certain URLs is easy.  We simply need to expand the “Conditions” section of the form above We can then click the “Add” button to add a condition clause.  This will bring up the “Add Condition” dialog: Above I’ve entered {URL} as the Condition input – and said that this rule should only execute if the URL does not match a regex pattern which contains the string “WebResource.axd”.  This will ensure that WebResource.axd URLs to my site will be allowed to execute just fine without having the URL be re-written to be all lower-case. Note: If you have static resources (like references to .jpg, .css, and .js files) within your site that currently use upper-case characters you’ll probably want to add additional condition filter clauses so that URLs to them also don’t get redirected to be lower-case (just add rules for patterns like .jpg, .gif, .js, etc).  Your site will continue to work fine if these URLs get redirected to be lower case (meaning the site won’t break) – but it will cause an extra HTTP redirect to happen on your site for URLs that don’t need to be redirected for SEO reasons.  So setting up a condition clause makes sense to add. When I click the “ok” button above and apply our lower-case rewriting rule the admin tool will save the following additional rule to our web.config file: <configuration>     <system.webServer>         <rewrite>             <rules>                 <rule name="Default Document" stopProcessing="true">                     <match url="(.*?)/?Default\.aspx$" />                     <action type="Redirect" url="{R:1}/" />                 </rule>                 <rule name="Lower Case URLs" stopProcessing="true">                     <match url="[A-Z]" ignoreCase="false" />                     <conditions logicalGrouping="MatchAll" trackAllCaptures="false">                         <add input="{URL}" pattern="WebResource.axd" negate="true" />                     </conditions>                     <action type="Redirect" url="{ToLower:{URL}}" />                 </rule>             </rules>         </rewrite>     </system.webServer> </configuration> Try the Rule Out Now that we’ve saved the rule, let’s try it out on our site.  Try the following two URLs on my site: http://scottgu.com/Albums.aspx http://scottgu.com/albums.aspx Notice that the first URL (which has a capital “A”) automatically does a redirect to a lower-case version of the URL.  Scenario 3: Trailing Slashes Another common SEO problem I discussed earlier in this post is the scenario of trailing slashes within URLs.  The trailing slash creates yet another situation that causes search engines to treat the URLs as different and so split search rankings: http://scottgu.com http://scottgu.com/ We can fix this by adding a new IIS Rewrite rule that automatically redirects anyone who navigates to the first URL (that does not have a trailing slash) to instead go to the second one that does.  Like before, we will setup the HTTP redirect to be a “permanent redirect” – which will indicate to search engines that they should follow the redirect and use the new URL they are redirected to as the identifier of the content they retrieve.  To create such a rule we’ll click the “Add Rule” link in the URL Rewrite admin tool again.  This will cause the “Add Rule” dialog to appear again: The URL Rewrite admin tool has a built-in “Append or remove the trailing slash symbol” rule template.  When we select it and click the “ok” button we’ll see the following dialog which asks us if we want to create a rule that automatically redirects users to a URL with a trailing slash if one isn’t present: Like within our previous lower-casing rewrite rule we’ll add one additional condition clause that will exclude WebResource.axd URLs from being processed by this rule.  This will avoid an unnecessary redirect for happening for those URLs. When we click the “OK” button we’ll get a pre-written rule that automatically performs a permanent redirect if the URL doesn’t have a trailing slash – and if the URL is not processed by either a directory or a file.  This will save the following additional rule to our web.config file: <configuration>     <system.webServer>         <rewrite>             <rules>                 <rule name="Default Document" stopProcessing="true">                     <match url="(.*?)/?Default\.aspx$" />                     <action type="Redirect" url="{R:1}/" />                 </rule>                 <rule name="Lower Case URLs" stopProcessing="true">                     <match url="[A-Z]" ignoreCase="false" />                     <conditions logicalGrouping="MatchAll" trackAllCaptures="false">                         <add input="{URL}" pattern="WebResource.axd" negate="true" />                     </conditions>                     <action type="Redirect" url="{ToLower:{URL}}" />                 </rule>                 <rule name="Trailing Slash" stopProcessing="true">                     <match url="(.*[^/])$" />                     <conditions logicalGrouping="MatchAll" trackAllCaptures="false">                         <add input="{REQUEST_FILENAME}" matchType="IsDirectory" negate="true" />                         <add input="{REQUEST_FILENAME}" matchType="IsFile" negate="true" />                         <add input="{URL}" pattern="WebResource.axd" negate="true" />                     </conditions>                     <action type="Redirect" url="{R:1}/" />                 </rule>             </rules>         </rewrite>     </system.webServer> </configuration> Try the Rule Out Now that we’ve saved the rule, let’s try it out on our site.  Try the following two URLs on my site: http://scottgu.com http://scottgu.com/ Notice that the first URL (which has no trailing slash) automatically does a redirect to a URL with the trailing slash.  Because it is a permanent redirect, search engines will follow the URL and update the page ranking. Scenario 4: Canonical Host Names The final SEO problem I discussed earlier are scenarios where a site works with both a leading “www” hostname prefix as well as just the hostname itself.  This causes search engines to treat the URLs as different and split search rankling: http://www.scottgu.com/albums.aspx http://scottgu.com/albums.aspx We can fix this by adding a new IIS Rewrite rule that automatically redirects anyone who navigates to the first URL (that has a www prefix) to instead go to the second URL.  Like before, we will setup the HTTP redirect to be a “permanent redirect” – which will indicate to search engines that they should follow the redirect and use the new URL they are redirected to as the identifier of the content they retrieve.  To create such a rule we’ll click the “Add Rule” link in the URL Rewrite admin tool again.  This will cause the “Add Rule” dialog to appear again: The URL Rewrite admin tool has a built-in “Canonical domain name” rule template.  When we select it and click the “ok” button we’ll see the following dialog which asks us if we want to create a redirect rule that automatically redirects users to a primary host name URL: Above I’m entering the primary URL address I want to expose to the web: scottgu.com.  When we click the “OK” button we’ll get a pre-written rule that automatically performs a permanent redirect if the URL has another leading domain name prefix.  This will save the following additional rule to our web.config file: <configuration>     <system.webServer>         <rewrite>             <rules>                 <rule name="Cannonical Hostname">                     <match url="(.*)" />                     <conditions logicalGrouping="MatchAll" trackAllCaptures="false">                         <add input="{HTTP_HOST}" pattern="^scottgu\.com$" negate="true" />                     </conditions>                     <action type="Redirect" url="http://scottgu.com/{R:1}" />                 </rule>                 <rule name="Default Document" stopProcessing="true">                     <match url="(.*?)/?Default\.aspx$" />                     <action type="Redirect" url="{R:1}/" />                 </rule>                 <rule name="Lower Case URLs" stopProcessing="true">                     <match url="[A-Z]" ignoreCase="false" />                     <conditions logicalGrouping="MatchAll" trackAllCaptures="false">                         <add input="{URL}" pattern="WebResource.axd" negate="true" />                     </conditions>                     <action type="Redirect" url="{ToLower:{URL}}" />                 </rule>                 <rule name="Trailing Slash" stopProcessing="true">                     <match url="(.*[^/])$" />                     <conditions logicalGrouping="MatchAll" trackAllCaptures="false">                         <add input="{REQUEST_FILENAME}" matchType="IsDirectory" negate="true" />                         <add input="{REQUEST_FILENAME}" matchType="IsFile" negate="true" />                         <add input="{URL}" pattern="WebResource.axd" negate="true" />                     </conditions>                     <action type="Redirect" url="{R:1}/" />                 </rule>             </rules>         </rewrite>     </system.webServer> </configuration> Try the Rule Out Now that we’ve saved the rule, let’s try it out on our site.  Try the following two URLs on my site: http://www.scottgu.com/albums.aspx http://scottgu.com/albums.aspx Notice that the first URL (which has the “www” prefix) now automatically does a redirect to the second URL which does not have the www prefix.  Because it is a permanent redirect, search engines will follow the URL and update the page ranking. 4 Simple Rules for Improved SEO The above 4 rules are pretty easy to setup and should take less than 15 minutes to configure on existing sites you already have.  The beauty of using a solution like the URL Rewrite Extension is that you can take advantage of it without having to change code within your web-site – and without having to break any existing links already pointing at your site.  Users who follow existing links will be automatically redirected to the new URLs you wish to publish.  And search engines will start to give your site a higher search relevancy ranking – which will list your site higher in search results and drive more traffic to it. Customizing your URL Rewriting rules further is easy to-do either by editing the web.config file directly, or alternatively, just double click the URL Rewrite icon within the IIS 7.x admin tool and it will list all the active rules for your web-site or application: Clicking any of the rules above will open the rules editor back up and allow you to tweak/customize/save them further. Summary Measuring and improving SEO is something every developer building a public-facing web-site needs to think about and focus on.  If you haven’t already, download and use the SEO Toolkit to analyze the SEO of your sites today. New URL Routing features in ASP.NET MVC and ASP.NET Web Forms 4 make it much easier to build applications that have more control over the URLs that are published.  Tools like the URL Rewrite Extension that I’ve talked about in this blog post make it much easier to improve the URLs that are published from sites you already have built today – without requiring you to change a lot of code. The URL Rewrite Extension provides a bunch of additional great capabilities – far beyond just SEO - as well.  I’ll be covering these additional capabilities more in future blog posts. Hope this helps, Scott

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• Problem when trying to update "Duplicate sources.list"

  - by Coca Akat

  I got this problem when trying to update using sudo apt-get update W: Duplicate sources.list entry http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ saucy-backports/multiverse amd64 Packages (/var/lib/apt/lists/archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_saucy-backports_multiverse_binary-amd64_Packages) W: Duplicate sources.list entry http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ saucy-backports/multiverse i386 Packages (/var/lib/apt/lists/archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_saucy-backports_multiverse_binary-i386_Packages) W: You may want to run apt-get update to correct these problems This is my souces.list : # deb cdrom:[Ubuntu 13.10 _Saucy Salamander_ - Release amd64 (20131016.1)]/ saucy main restricted # See http://help.ubuntu.com/community/UpgradeNotes for how to upgrade to # newer versions of the distribution. deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu saucy main restricted ## Major bug fix updates produced after the final release of the ## distribution. deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu saucy-updates main restricted ## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu ## team. Also, please note that software in universe WILL NOT receive any ## review or updates from the Ubuntu security team. deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu saucy universe deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu saucy-updates universe ## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu ## team, and may not be under a free licence. Please satisfy yourself as to ## your rights to use the software. Also, please note that software in ## multiverse WILL NOT receive any review or updates from the Ubuntu ## security team. deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu saucy multiverse deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu saucy-updates multiverse ## N.B. software from this repository may not have been tested as ## extensively as that contained in the main release, although it includes ## newer versions of some applications which may provide useful features. ## Also, please note that software in backports WILL NOT receive any review ## or updates from the Ubuntu security team. deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu saucy-backports main restricted universe multiverse deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu saucy-security main restricted deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu saucy-security universe deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu saucy-security multiverse ## Uncomment the following two lines to add software from Canonical's ## 'partner' repository. ## This software is not part of Ubuntu, but is offered by Canonical and the ## respective vendors as a service to Ubuntu users. ## This software is not part of Ubuntu, but is offered by third-party ## developers who want to ship their latest software. # deb http://extras.ubuntu.com/ubuntu saucy main # deb-src http://extras.ubuntu.com/ubuntu saucy main # deb http://archive.canonical.com/ saucy partner # deb-src http://archive.canonical.com/ saucy partner # See http://help.ubuntu.com/community/UpgradeNotes for how to upgrade to # newer versions of the distribution. ## Major bug fix updates produced after the final release of the ## distribution. ## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu ## team. Also, please note that software in universe WILL NOT receive any ## review or updates from the Ubuntu security team. ## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu ## team, and may not be under a free licence. Please satisfy yourself as to ## your rights to use the software. Also, please note that software in ## multiverse WILL NOT receive any review or updates from the Ubuntu ## security team. ## N.B. software from this repository may not have been tested as ## extensively as that contained in the main release, although it includes ## newer versions of some applications which may provide useful features. ## Also, please note that software in backports WILL NOT receive any review ## or updates from the Ubuntu security team. deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu saucy-backports multiverse ## Uncomment the following two lines to add software from Canonical's ## 'partner' repository. ## This software is not part of Ubuntu, but is offered by Canonical and the ## respective vendors as a service to Ubuntu users. ## This software is not part of Ubuntu, but is offered by third-party ## developers who want to ship their latest software.

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• Are spurious TCP connections on port 53 a problem?

  - by Darren Greaves

  I run a server which amongst other things uses tinydns for DNS and axfrdns for handling transfer requests from our secondary DNS (another system). I understand that tinydns uses port 53 on UDP and axfrdns uses port 53 on TCP. I've configured axfrdns to only allow connections from my agreed secondary host. I run logcheck to monitor my logs and every day I see spurious connections on port 53 (TCP) from seemingly random hosts. They usually turn out to be from ADSL connections. My question is; are these innocent requests or a security risk? I am happy to block repeat offenders using iptables but don't want to block innocent users of one of the websites I host. Thanks, Darren.

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• Postfix configuration - Uing virtual min but server is bouncing back my mail.

  - by brodiebrodie

  I have no experience in setting up postfix, and thought virtualmin minght do the legwork for me. Appears not. When I try to send mail to the domain (either abuse@xxxxxxxxxx.com domain@xxxxxxxxxxxx.com or [email protected]) I get the following message returned This is the mail system at host dedq239.localdomain. I'm sorry to have to inform you that your message could not be delivered to one or more recipients. It's attached below. For further assistance, please send mail to <postmaster> If you do so, please include this problem report. You can delete your own text from the attached returned message. The mail system <[email protected]> (expanded from <[email protected]>): User unknown in virtual alias table Final-Recipient: rfc822; admin@xxxxxxxxxxxx.com Original-Recipient: rfc822;abuse@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx.com Action: failed Status: 5.0.0 Diagnostic-Code: X-Postfix; User unknown in virtual alias table How can I diagnose the problem here? It seems that the mail gets to my server but the server fails to locally deliver the message to the correct user. (This is a guess, truthfully I have no idea what is happening). I have checked my virtual alias table and it seems to be set up correctly (I can post if this would be helpful). Can anyone give me a clue as to the next step? Thanks alias_database = hash:/etc/aliases alias_maps = hash:/etc/aliases broken_sasl_auth_clients = yes command_directory = /usr/sbin config_directory = /etc/postfix daemon_directory = /usr/libexec/postfix debug_peer_level = 2 html_directory = no local_recipient_maps = $virtual_mailbox_maps mailq_path = /usr/bin/mailq.postfix manpage_directory = /usr/share/man mydestination = $myhostname, localhost.$mydomain, localhost, $mydomain myorigin = $mydomain newaliases_path = /usr/bin/newaliases.postfix readme_directory = /usr/share/doc/postfix-2.3.3/README_FILES sample_directory = /usr/share/doc/postfix-2.3.3/samples sendmail_path = /usr/sbin/sendmail.postfix setgid_group = postdrop smtpd_recipient_restrictions = permit_mynetworks reject_unauth_destination smtpd_sasl_auth_enable = yes soft_bounce = no unknown_local_recipient_reject_code = 550 virtual_alias_maps = hash:/etc/postfix/virtual My mail log file (the last entry) Sep 30 15:13:47 dedq239 postfix/cleanup[7237]: 207C6B18158: message-id=<[email protected]> Sep 30 15:13:47 dedq239 postfix/qmgr[7177]: 207C6B18158: from=<[email protected]>, size=1805, nrcpt=1 (queue active) Sep 30 15:13:47 dedq239 postfix/error[7238]: 207C6B18158: to=<[email protected]>, orig_to=<[email protected]>, relay=none, delay=0.64, delays=0.61/0.01/0/0.02, dsn=5.0.0, status=bounced (User unknown in virtual alias table) Sep 30 15:13:47 dedq239 postfix/cleanup[7237]: 8DC13B18169: message-id=<[email protected]> Sep 30 15:13:47 dedq239 postfix/qmgr[7177]: 8DC13B18169: from=<>, size=3691, nrcpt=1 (queue active) Sep 30 15:13:47 dedq239 postfix/bounce[7239]: 207C6B18158: sender non-delivery notification: 8DC13B18169 Sep 30 15:13:47 dedq239 postfix/qmgr[7177]: 207C6B18158: removed Sep 30 15:13:48 dedq239 postfix/smtp[7240]: 8DC13B18169: to=<[email protected]>, relay=gmail-smtp-in.l.google.com[209.85.216.55]:25, delay=1.3, delays=0.02/0.01/0.58/0.75, dsn=2.0.0, status=sent (250 2.0.0 OK 1254348828 36si15082901pxi.91) Sep 30 15:13:48 dedq239 postfix/qmgr[7177]: 8DC13B18169: removed Sep 30 15:14:17 dedq239 postfix/smtpd[7233]: disconnect from mail-bw0-f228.google.com[209.85.218.228] etc.aliases file below I have not touched this file - myvirtualdomain is a replacement for my real domain name # Aliases in this file will NOT be expanded in the header from # Mail, but WILL be visible over networks or from /bin/mail. # # >>>>>>>>>> The program "newaliases" must be run after # >> NOTE >> this file is updated for any changes to # >>>>>>>>>> show through to sendmail. # # Basic system aliases -- these MUST be present. mailer-daemon: postmaster postmaster: root # General redirections for pseudo accounts. bin: root daemon: root adm: root lp: root sync: root shutdown: root halt: root mail: root news: root uucp: root operator: root games: root gopher: root ftp: root nobody: root radiusd: root nut: root dbus: root vcsa: root canna: root wnn: root rpm: root nscd: root pcap: root apache: root webalizer: root dovecot: root fax: root quagga: root radvd: root pvm: root amanda: root privoxy: root ident: root named: root xfs: root gdm: root mailnull: root postgres: root sshd: root smmsp: root postfix: root netdump: root ldap: root squid: root ntp: root mysql: root desktop: root rpcuser: root rpc: root nfsnobody: root ingres: root system: root toor: root manager: root dumper: root abuse: root newsadm: news newsadmin: news usenet: news ftpadm: ftp ftpadmin: ftp ftp-adm: ftp ftp-admin: ftp www: webmaster webmaster: root noc: root security: root hostmaster: root info: postmaster marketing: postmaster sales: postmaster support: postmaster # trap decode to catch security attacks decode: root # Person who should get root's mail #root: marc abuse-myvirtualdomain.com: admin@myvirtualdomain.com My etc/postfix/virtual file is below - again myvirtualdomain is a replacement. I think this file was generated by Virtualmin and I have tried messing around with is with no success... This is the version without my changes. myunixusername@myvirtualdomain .com myunixusername myvirtualdomain .com myvirtualdomain.com postmaster@myvirtualdomain.com admin@myvirtualdomain.com webmaster@myvirtualdomain.com admin@myvirtualdomain.com hostmaster@myvirtualdomain.com admin@myvirtualdomain.com abuse@myvirtualdomain.com [email protected]

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• Using the option port on my Watchguard Firebox as a 2nd gateway exit point?

  - by Donovan

  I'm working on a network project in witch I have to design our network to provide two different exit points. The points are differentiated by the path through the corporate network. One of them travels through some monitoring hardware the other does not. We have a Watchguard Firebox in use as our gateway. Currently the network side provides the unmonitored exit point. I was wondering if i hooked the option port to our lan at a point that would force traffic through the monitored path, would it cause any problems? Access to the unmonitored gateway port would be restricted by ip. That would force all others not authorized to point to the monitored gateway port. I thought with the above design i might be able to get away with not having to buy another firebox to achieve the design I want. Thanks, D

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• Amazon EC2 pem file stopped working suddenly

  - by Jashwant

  I was connecting to Amazon EC2 through SSH and it was working well. But all of a sudden, it stopped working. I am not able to connect anymore with the same key file. What can go wrong ? Here's the debug info. ssh -vvv -i ~/Downloads/mykey.pem [email protected].com OpenSSH_6.1p1 Debian-4, OpenSSL 1.0.1c 10 May 2012 debug1: Reading configuration data /etc/ssh/ssh_config debug1: /etc/ssh/ssh_config line 19: Applying options for * debug2: ssh_connect: needpriv 0 debug1: Connecting to ec2-54-222-60-78.eu.compute.amazonaws.com [54.229.60.78] port 22. debug1: Connection established. debug3: Incorrect RSA1 identifier debug3: Could not load "/home/jashwant/Downloads/mykey.pem" as a RSA1 public key debug1: identity file /home/jashwant/Downloads/mykey.pem type -1 debug1: identity file /home/jashwant/Downloads/mykey.pem-cert type -1 debug1: Remote protocol version 2.0, remote software version OpenSSH_5.9p1 Debian-5ubuntu1.1 debug1: match: OpenSSH_5.9p1 Debian-5ubuntu1.1 pat OpenSSH_5* debug1: Enabling compatibility mode for protocol 2.0 debug1: Local version string SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_6.1p1 Debian-4 debug2: fd 3 setting O_NONBLOCK debug3: load_hostkeys: loading entries for host "ec2-54-222-60-78.eu.compute.amazonaws.com" from file "/home/jashwant/.ssh/known_hosts" debug3: load_hostkeys: found key type ECDSA in file /home/jashwant/.ssh/known_hosts:4 debug3: load_hostkeys: loaded 1 keys debug3: order_hostkeyalgs: prefer hostkeyalgs: ecdsa-sha2-nistp256-cert-v01@openssh.com,ecdsa-sha2-nistp384-cert-v01@openssh.com,ecdsa-sha2-nistp521-cert-v01@openssh.com,ecdsa-sha2-nistp256,ecdsa-sha2-nistp384,ecdsa-sha2-nistp521 debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT sent debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT received debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: ecdh-sha2-nistp256,ecdh-sha2-nistp384,ecdh-sha2-nistp521,diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha256,diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha1,diffie-hellman-group14-sha1,diffie-hellman-group1-sha1 debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: ecdsa-sha2-nistp256-cert-v01@openssh.com,ecdsa-sha2-nistp384-cert-v01@openssh.com,ecdsa-sha2-nistp521-cert-v01@openssh.com,ecdsa-sha2-nistp256,ecdsa-sha2-nistp384,ecdsa-sha2-nistp521,ssh-rsa-cert-v01@openssh.com,ssh-dss-cert-v01@openssh.com,ssh-rsa-cert-v00@openssh.com,ssh-dss-cert-v00@openssh.com,ssh-rsa,ssh-dss debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: aes128-ctr,aes192-ctr,aes256-ctr,arcfour256,arcfour128,aes128-cbc,3des-cbc,blowfish-cbc,cast128-cbc,aes192-cbc,aes256-cbc,arcfour,[email protected] debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: aes128-ctr,aes192-ctr,aes256-ctr,arcfour256,arcfour128,aes128-cbc,3des-cbc,blowfish-cbc,cast128-cbc,aes192-cbc,aes256-cbc,arcfour,[email protected] debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: hmac-md5,hmac-sha1,umac-64@openssh.com,hmac-sha2-256,hmac-sha2-512,hmac-ripemd160,hmac-ripemd160@openssh.com,hmac-sha1-96,hmac-md5-96 debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: hmac-md5,hmac-sha1,umac-64@openssh.com,hmac-sha2-256,hmac-sha2-512,hmac-ripemd160,hmac-ripemd160@openssh.com,hmac-sha1-96,hmac-md5-96 debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: none,zlib@openssh.com,zlib debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: none,zlib@openssh.com,zlib debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: first_kex_follows 0 debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: reserved 0 debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: ecdh-sha2-nistp256,ecdh-sha2-nistp384,ecdh-sha2-nistp521,diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha256,diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha1,diffie-hellman-group14-sha1,diffie-hellman-group1-sha1 debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: ssh-rsa,ssh-dss,ecdsa-sha2-nistp256 debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: aes128-ctr,aes192-ctr,aes256-ctr,arcfour256,arcfour128,aes128-cbc,3des-cbc,blowfish-cbc,cast128-cbc,aes192-cbc,aes256-cbc,arcfour,[email protected] debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: aes128-ctr,aes192-ctr,aes256-ctr,arcfour256,arcfour128,aes128-cbc,3des-cbc,blowfish-cbc,cast128-cbc,aes192-cbc,aes256-cbc,arcfour,[email protected] debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: hmac-md5,hmac-sha1,umac-64@openssh.com,hmac-sha2-256,hmac-sha2-256-96,hmac-sha2-512,hmac-sha2-512-96,hmac-ripemd160,hmac-ripemd160@openssh.com,hmac-sha1-96,hmac-md5-96 debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: hmac-md5,hmac-sha1,umac-64@openssh.com,hmac-sha2-256,hmac-sha2-256-96,hmac-sha2-512,hmac-sha2-512-96,hmac-ripemd160,hmac-ripemd160@openssh.com,hmac-sha1-96,hmac-md5-96 debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: none,zlib@openssh.com debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: none,zlib@openssh.com debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: first_kex_follows 0 debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: reserved 0 debug2: mac_setup: found hmac-md5 debug1: kex: server->client aes128-ctr hmac-md5 none debug2: mac_setup: found hmac-md5 debug1: kex: client->server aes128-ctr hmac-md5 none debug1: sending SSH2_MSG_KEX_ECDH_INIT debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_KEX_ECDH_REPLY debug1: Server host key: ECDSA d8:05:8e:fe:37:2d:1e:2c:f1:27:c2:e7:90:7f:45:48 debug3: load_hostkeys: loading entries for host "ec2-54-222-60-78.eu.compute.amazonaws.com" from file "/home/jashwant/.ssh/known_hosts" debug3: load_hostkeys: found key type ECDSA in file /home/jashwant/.ssh/known_hosts:4 debug3: load_hostkeys: loaded 1 keys debug3: load_hostkeys: loading entries for host "54.229.60.78" from file "/home/jashwant/.ssh/known_hosts" debug3: load_hostkeys: found key type ECDSA in file /home/jashwant/.ssh/known_hosts:5 debug3: load_hostkeys: loaded 1 keys debug1: Host 'ec2-54-222-60-78.eu.compute.amazonaws.com' is known and matches the ECDSA host key. debug1: Found key in /home/jashwant/.ssh/known_hosts:4 debug1: ssh_ecdsa_verify: signature correct debug2: kex_derive_keys debug2: set_newkeys: mode 1 debug1: SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS sent debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS debug2: set_newkeys: mode 0 debug1: SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS received debug1: Roaming not allowed by server debug1: SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_REQUEST sent debug2: service_accept: ssh-userauth debug1: SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_ACCEPT received debug2: key: jashwant@jashwant-linux (0x7f827cbe4f00) debug2: key: /home/jashwant/Downloads/mykey.pem ((nil)) debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey debug3: start over, passed a different list publickey debug3: preferred gssapi-keyex,gssapi-with-mic,publickey,keyboard-interactive,password debug3: authmethod_lookup publickey debug3: remaining preferred: keyboard-interactive,password debug3: authmethod_is_enabled publickey debug1: Next authentication method: publickey debug1: Offering RSA public key: jashwant@jashwant-linux debug3: send_pubkey_test debug2: we sent a publickey packet, wait for reply debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey debug1: Trying private key: /home/jashwant/Downloads/mykey.pem debug1: read PEM private key done: type RSA debug3: sign_and_send_pubkey: RSA 9b:7d:9f:2e:7a:ef:51:a2:4e:fb:0c:c0:e8:d4:66:12 debug2: we sent a publickey packet, wait for reply debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey debug2: we did not send a packet, disable method debug1: No more authentication methods to try. Permission denied (publickey). I've already googled everything and checked : Public DNS is same (It hasnt changed), Username is ubuntu as it's a Ubuntu AMI ( Used the same earlier), Permission is 400 on mykey.pem file ssh port is enabled via security groups ( Used the same ealier )

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• Can I set up a COM Port that Connects via TCP/IP?

  - by Kristopher Johnson

  I have an RS232 device connected to a Digi PortServer on my network. I can telnet to the Digi's IP and port number to communicate with that RS232 device. I have a Windows application that knows how to talk to the device, but it wants to connect directly to an RS232 port. So, my question: Is there some way to set up a COM port so that when this application connects to it, it goes through the network to the Digi to communicate with the device? I have run across the utility TCP-Com, which seems like it might be a solution. Is this the best option?

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• How do http proxies determine https traffic with a single port?

  - by badunk

  If a proxy receives the tcp packet, then the destination ip address and port are that of the proxy. In that case, I imagine the only way a proxy can still resolve the intended destination is either through routing the source ip address/port or through the host field in the http header. Is this correct? In both Fiddler and Charles http proxies, I noticed that the tool accepts both http and https connections through a single port that you can specify. What do these tools do to tell the difference between the two types of connections?

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• Linksys EA3500 : use WAN port as WAN + LAN possible?

  - by Dough

  I'm waiting for deliver of a Linksys EA3500 router. I was wondering if it was possible to get the WAN port act as normal WAN port (Internet IP) + LAN switch ? My problem is that my Internet box is in a room with NAS and PC, and the router will be in another room with TV, PS3 and PC. The Internet box have a 4 port Gigabit switch so one cable will plug from there to the router's WAN in the other room. The router will get the Internet IP from the Internet box, but will it be possible to have private network through this link too ? I could have a first network between the Internet box and the router, and another network form router and devices but that will do double NAT for nothing... Thanks for reading me and your help !

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• Hosting a web site at home: ISP Blocking port 80?

  - by tombull89

  Hello, I presume this is a better place to put this rather than server fault. I'm interested in setting up a small site to host at home as a "proof of concept" exercise, i.e. to prrove that I know how to do it. I've got a (virtual) server 2003 machine with a site on it, all configured with port forwarding through to 80 on my server. I have a Belkin F5D7634 which I have put my DYNDNS details in but when I try to go to my DYNDNS address it comes up with the page cannot be displayed. My ISP is Carphone Warehouse/AOL and I've been unable to find any information if they block port 80. If they do, can anybody reccomend a home provider that does not block port 80? Regards, Tom.

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• How do I make a privileged port non-privileged in Redhat 5?

  - by Jason Thompson

  So I have a RedHat 5 box that I'm wanting to run an application that I wrote that implements SLP. SLP uses port 427 for answering service queries. My understanding is that ports below 1024 are "privileged" and thus cannot be bound to by anyone that's not root. I cannot run this application as root as it is launched via tomcat. One creative solution I really like was simply writing an iptables rule to route the privileged port to a non-privileged. In my proof of concept tests, this works wonderfully. Unfortunately, it would be greatly (and understandably) desired by the powers if my application did not require screwing around with iptables upon installation. So I heard a rumor and cannot find anything to verify this that there was some sort of command or parameter that could be set to make any port I want be non-privileged. Is this true? If so, how is this done? Thanks!

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• How to access remotly to a mysql server?

  - by ÉricP

  Hi, I'm trying to access my remote mysql server from my own computer. I uncommented: bind-address = 80.10.65.45 I added 80.10.65.45 as a server in privilege root 80.10.65.45 yes ALL PRIVILEGES yes I'm using Sequel Pro on MacosX to connect via SSH here is the debug log: debug1: Authentication succeeded (password). debug1: Local connections to LOCALHOST:58517 forwarded to remote address 127.0.0.1:3306 debug1: Local forwarding listening on ::1 port 58517. debug1: channel 0: new [port listener] debug1: Local forwarding listening on 127.0.0.1 port 58517. debug1: channel 1: new [port listener] debug1: Entering interactive session. debug1: Connection to port 58517 forwarding to 127.0.0.1 port 3306 requested. debug1: channel 2: new [direct-tcpip] channel 2: open failed: connect failed: Connection refused debug1: channel 2: free: direct-tcpip: listening port 58517 for 127.0.0.1 port 3306, connect from 127.0.0.1 port 58519, nchannels 3

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• Emulate a USB port as a USB flash drive?

  - by Wilco

  Does anyone know of any software that can emulate a USB flash drive through an available USB port in OS X? Perhaps some way to map a directory to a USB port that could then be connected to another device that supports reading USB storage devices? I'd love to connect my laptop to my car's USB port and access files as if it were a USB drive. I know about the target disk mode with firewire (not sure if this is also supported over USB), but I was hoping for something that doesn't require booting outside of the OS (I want to retain use of the machine). Any ideas?

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• outlook iptables configuration [update]

  - by mediaexpert

  I've a Debian mail server, but only the outlook users can't be able to download the emails. I've seen a lot of post about some kind of forwarding port configuration, I've tried some commands, but I don't be able to solve this problem, please help me. [LAST UPDATE] I find a lot of TIME WAIT on ipv6 netstat tcp6 0 0 my.mailserver.it:imap2 200-62-245-188.ip2:17060 TIME_WAIT - below some config files: pop3d I think the problem was here ##NAME: POP3AUTH:1 # # To advertise the SASL capability, per RFC 2449, uncomment the POP3AUTH # variable: # # POP3AUTH="LOGIN" # # If you have configured the CRAM-MD5, CRAM-SHA1 or CRAM-SHA256, set POP3AUTH # to something like this: # # POP3AUTH="LOGIN CRAM-MD5 CRAM-SHA1" POP3AUTH="" ##NAME: POP3AUTH_ORIG:1 # # For use by webadmin POP3AUTH_ORIG="PLAIN LOGIN CRAM-MD5 CRAM-SHA1 CRAM-SHA256" ##NAME: POP3AUTH_TLS:1 # # To also advertise SASL PLAIN if SSL is enabled, uncomment the # POP3AUTH_TLS environment variable: # # POP3AUTH_TLS="LOGIN PLAIN" POP3_TLS_REQUIRED = 0 POP3AUTH_TLS="" ##NAME: POP3AUTH_TLS_ORIG:0 # # For use by webadmin POP3AUTH_TLS_ORIG="LOGIN PLAIN" ##NAME: POP3_PROXY:0 # # Enable proxying. See README.proxy # # For use by webadmin POP3AUTH_TLS_ORIG="LOGIN PLAIN" ##NAME: POP3_PROXY:0 # # Enable proxying. See README.proxy POP3_PROXY=0 ##NAME: PROXY_HOSTNAME:0 # # Override value from gethostname() when checking if a proxy connection is # required. # PROXY_HOSTNAME= ##NAME: PORT:1 ##NAME: PROXY_HOSTNAME:0 # # Override value from gethostname() when checking if a proxy connection is # required. # PROXY_HOSTNAME= ##NAME: PORT:1 # # Port to listen on for connections. The default is port 110. # # Multiple port numbers can be separated by commas. When multiple port # numbers are used it is possibly to select a specific IP address for a # given port as "ip.port". For example, "127.0.0.1.900,192.68.0.1.900" # accepts connections on port 900 on IP addresses 127.0.0.1 and 192.68.0.1 # The ADDRESS setting is a default for ports that do not have a specified # IP address. # Port to listen on for connections. The default is port 110. # # Multiple port numbers can be separated by commas. When multiple port # numbers are used it is possibly to select a specific IP address for a # given port as "ip.port". For example, "127.0.0.1.900,192.68.0.1.900" # accepts connections on port 900 on IP addresses 127.0.0.1 and 192.68.0.1 # The ADDRESS setting is a default for ports that do not have a specified # IP address. PORT=110 ##NAME: ADDRESS:0 # # IP address to listen on. 0 means all IP addresses. ADDRESS=0 ##NAME: TCPDOPTS:0 # ##NAME: ADDRESS:0 # # IP address to listen on. 0 means all IP addresses. ADDRESS=0 ##NAME: TCPDOPTS:0 # # Other couriertcpd(1) options. The following defaults should be fine. # TCPDOPTS="-nodnslookup -noidentlookup" ##NAME: LOGGEROPTS:0 # # courierlogger(1) options. # LOGGEROPTS="-name=pop3d" ##NAME: DEFDOMAIN:0 # # Optional default domain. If the username does not contain the # first character of DEFDOMAIN, then it is appended to the username. # If DEFDOMAIN and DOMAINSEP are both set, then DEFDOMAIN is appended # only if the username does not contain any character from DOMAINSEP. # You can set different default domains based on the the interface IP # address using the -access and -accesslocal options of couriertcpd(1). DEFDOMAIN="@interzone.it" ##NAME: POP3DSTART:0 # # POP3DSTART is not referenced anywhere in the standard Courier programs # or scripts. Rather, this is a convenient flag to be read by your system # startup script in /etc/rc.d, like this: # # . /etc/courier/pop3d DEFDOMAIN="@mydomain.com" ##NAME: POP3DSTART:0 # # POP3DSTART is not referenced anywhere in the standard Courier programs # or scripts. Rather, this is a convenient flag to be read by your system # startup script in /etc/rc.d, like this: # # . /etc/courier/pop3d # case x$POP3DSTART in # x[yY]*) # /usr/lib/courier/pop3d.rc start # ;; # esac # # The default setting is going to be NO, until Courier is shipped by default # with enough platforms so that people get annoyed with having to flip it to # YES every time. # x[yY]*) # /usr/lib/courier/pop3d.rc start # ;; # esac # # The default setting is going to be NO, until Courier is shipped by default # with enough platforms so that people get annoyed with having to flip it to # YES every time. POP3DSTART=YES ##NAME: MAILDIRPATH:0 # # MAILDIRPATH - directory name of the maildir directory. # MAILDIRPATH=.maildir iptables Chain INPUT (policy DROP 20 packets, 1016 bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination 60833 16M ACCEPT tcp -- eth0 * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 tcp dpt:143 state NEW,ESTABLISHED 18970 971K ACCEPT tcp -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 tcp spts:1024:65535 dpt:110 state NEW,ESTABLISHED Chain FORWARD (policy DROP 0 packets, 0 bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination 0 0 ACCEPT tcp -- * * 192.168.0.0/24 0.0.0.0/0 tcp dpt:110 0 0 ACCEPT all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state RELATED,ESTABLISHED 0 0 ACCEPT tcp -- * * 192.168.1.0/24 0.0.0.0/0 tcp dpt:110 0 0 ACCEPT all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state RELATED,ESTABLISHED 0 0 ACCEPT tcp -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state NEW tcp dpt:25 0 0 ACCEPT tcp -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state NEW tcp dpt:110 pop3d.cnf RANDFILE = /usr/lib...pop3d.rand [req] default_bits = 1024 encrypt_key = yes distinguidhed_name = req_dn x509_extensions = cert_type prompt = no [req_dn] C=US ST=NY L= New York O=Courier Mail Server OU=Automatically-generated POP3 SSL key CN=localhost emailAddress=postmaster@example.com [cert_type] nsCertType = server

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