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• FDE with DiskCryptor V1 (TRIM Support) on Crucial M4 SSD on W7 x64 - Unpartitioned Space?

  - by JamesM

  I have a new Alienware m11 laptop with a brand new Crucial M4 128GB SSD. I have installed the SSD but not used it yet. I am thinking of using FDE with DiskCryptor 1.0.732.111. I will install Win7 Pro x64. I have read about support for TRIM in v1.0.732.111 but also about leaving unpartitioned space. My SSD drive, 'Crucual M4' does not have a manufacturer built-in reserve like other drives. My questions are: Should I leave some free unpartitioned space with v1 of DC and W7x64 even though it will support TRIM or should I not do this? Should I install DC v1 first or after installing Windows 7 (assuming it is brand new, never been used SSD)?

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• How to Mirror or Clone a Spanned Volume in Windows 2008

  - by Matt

  I have a spanned volume (3x6+ TB disks spanned to one 20+ TB volume) that I need to mirror or clone to a new 20+ TB (unspanned) volume. Once mirrored or cloned I'm going to destroy the original volume and reuse the storage elsewhere. Windows 2008 will not allow me to mirror it because the original is a spanned volume. I cannot simply copy the data, because there are sparse files on the volume. So the OS thinks there is 150+ TB used on the disk when there really is only around 18TB used physically. When I try to use the copy command it won't run because it thinks the destination volume needs to be 150+ TB to hold it all. A conundrum, but I figure someone here has the answer. Thanks, Matt

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• perfmon reporting higher IOPs than possible?

  - by BlueToast

  We created a monitoring report for IOPs on performance counters using Disk reads/sec and Disk writes/sec on four servers (physical boxes, no virtualization) that have 4x 15k 146GB SAS drives in RAID10 per server, set to check and record data every 1 second, and logged for 24 hours before stopping reports. These are the results we got: Server1 Maximum disk reads/sec: 4249.437 Maximum disk writes/sec: 4178.946 Server2 Maximum disk reads/sec: 2550.140 Maximum disk writes/sec: 5177.821 Server3 Maximum disk reads/sec: 1903.300 Maximum disk writes/sec: 5299.036 Server4 Maximum disk reads/sec: 8453.572 Maximum disk writes/sec: 11584.653 The average disk reads and writes per second were generally low. I.e. for one particular server it was like average 33 writes/sec, but when monitoring in real-time it would often spike up to several hundreds and also sometimes into the thousands. Could someone explain to me why these numbers are significantly higher than theoretical calculations assuming each drive can do 180 IOPs? Additional details (RAID card): HP Smart Array P410i, Total cache size of 1GB, Write cache is disabled, Array accelerator cache ratio is 25% read and 75% write

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• Calculating IOPS for a single HDD - what am I doing wrong?

  - by red888

  So I know there is no standardized way of calculating IOPS for a HDD, but from everything I have read it appears one of the most accurate formulas is the following: IOP/ms = + {rotational latency} + ({block size} / {data transfer rate}) Which is IOs per millisecond or what the book I've been reading calls "Disk Service Time". Also rotational latency is calculated as half of one rotation in milliseconds. This was taken from the EMC book "Information Storage and Management" -arguably a pretty reliable source right\wrong? Putting this formula into practice consider this Seagate data sheet. I am going to calculate IOPS for the ST3000DM001 model for a block size of 4kb: Seek Average (Write) = 9.5 -I'll measuring IOPS for writes Spindle speed = 7200rpm Average Data Rate = 156MB/s So my variables are: Seek Time = 9.5ms Rotational latency = (.5 / (7200rpm / 60)) = 0.004s = 4ms Data Rate = 156MB/s = (0.156MB/ms / 0.004MB) = 39 9.5ms + 4ms + 39 = IO/ms 52.5 1 / (52.5 * 0.001) = 19 IOPS 19 IOPS for this drive clearly is not right so what am I doing wrong?

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• How can I join non-consecutive partitions on internal hard disk?

  - by Andy

  I recently installed a new, larger hard disk in my PC at work (the office wouldn't spring for an upgrade for my 75GB disk, so I brought my own 2TB disk in from home). I managed to clone the original drive using CloneZilla, but now I have a 75GB partition on my new drive, followed by a 300MB partition, followed by a 1794.65GB of unallocated space. What I want is to add the unallocated space to the 75GB partition, thereby maximizing my C: drive. However, when I right-click on the C: partition, the option to "Extend Volume" is grayed out. How do I get all my fancy new extra space to be part of my C: drive? I also tried booting with GParted, but I get the same deal - cannot adjust the C: drive because there's no contiguous space.

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• Method for imaging a HDD? [closed]

  - by Sonny Ordell

  Possible Duplicate: Imaging new hard drive in Windows 7 laptop? I have to image my 320gb Laptop HDD before I send it in for repairs. The HDD is likely going to get replaced, and I would ideally like to be able to restore everything as I have it now without having to reinstall my OSes, programs and place all my files back again. I can make space on an external HDD I have, so am just looking for how I should go about this. Should I just use dd with a linux rescue cd? Or is there perhaps a more suitable program with its own rescue disk?

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• Encryption of external HDD -- accessible from windows without installation

  - by Rainer

  I would like to use encryption on my external HDD but I would like to be able to access the encrypted data from Windows as well. As suggested in other questions, TrueCrypt is one option here, or I am using momentarily encfs, which is not available for Windows. But my question goes further: I would like to be able to access the encrypted partition from Windows without installation as I will be using it from different Windows machines for which I have no administrator access. My main OS is Linux and I have full root access to that computer. Is there a full disk or file based encryption which I can use cross platform and which does not require installation under Windows? ADDITION: It seems that TrueCrypt provides a portable mode which fulfills my requirements partly: http://www.truecrypt.org/docs/?s=truecrypt-portable, but still the TrueCrypt driver needs to be installed by an administrator... pitty Thanks

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• Disable or sleep secondary HDD in Macbook

  - by cpak

  I've done some quick Googling but didn't find an answer. I've put an SSD in my Macbook, and at the same time moved the original HDD to the optical drive bay. I'm running the OS and most of my daily apps off the SDD so the HDD is really just for storing stuff I need now and then. Now I'd like to disable (as in power off or "force sleep") the HDD when I don't need it. Tried unmounting the disk using diskutil unmountDisk but it kept spinning for like 10 minutes. Maybe that's to be expected, but I'd imagined it would stop instantly on unmount. Also, it would be nice to have it disabled by default, and only mount it (= power on) when I need it. Grateful for any input on this!

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• Why are hard drives moving to 4096 byte sectors, vs. 512 byte sectors?

  - by Chris W. Rea

  I've noticed that some Western Digital hard drives are now sporting 4K sectors, that is, the sectors are larger: 4096 bytes vs. the long-standing standard of 512 bytes. So: What's the big deal with 4K sectors? Is it marketing hype, or a real advantage? Why should somebody building a new PC care, or not, about 4K sectors? Why is this transition taking place now? Why didn't it happen sooner? Are there things to look out for when buying a 4K sector hard drive? e.g. incompatibility? Anything else we should know about 4K sectors?

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• HDD bad sectors with OS

  - by Michael Z

  I wonder is that possible for OS to make bad sectors on Hard Drive? Preface: I have bought new HDD on 1Tb WB Caviar Black. I have installed new OS on ext4 partition Ubuntu 12.04.1 LTS. After few days S.M.A.R.T. of the Ubuntu's Disk Utility show that my hard has bad sectors! I have checked on S.M.A.R.T. immediately after installing OS - all was OK. During new OS working I have noticed some strange with HDD - all OS was freezed from 20 sec to 1 min and I have heard like HDD's engine restarting. At the dmes I have found something like this: [40085.407947] ata1.00: device reported invalid CHS sector 0

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• Operating System Not Found - BIOS recognizes, Live OS doesn't (Laptop)

  - by Klaus Borges

  Here's the deal: I have a multi-partitioned hard drive on my laptop set up with GRUB. I got a blue-screen while working on Windows 7 and when rebooting I got the Operating System Not Found error message. I rebooted the computer once again and entered the BIOS setup just to see if recognized my HDD - it did. Next step for me was booting a Live CD and seeing if I could repair GRUB or at least check if something changed on the partitions, but it doesn't seem to recognize anything there. Tried blkid, fdisk -l, not even GParted can see it. What should I do?

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• Easiest way to move my Windows installation to an SSD?

  - by Jon Artus

  I've taken the plunge and bought an SSD and want to move my existing Windows installation over. The current hard disk is 500Gb, but I've trimmed the contents down to about ~40Gb. I'm transferring it across to a 100Gb SSD and looking for the easiest way just to copy everything across and set the SSD up as a boot device. I've looked at a few tools like Macrium Reflect, but they don't seem able to restore to a smaller drive. Do I need to go for something like PING to do this? I'm trying to avoid scary Linux-based boot utilities if possible, does anyone know of an easier way?

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• How to interpret IOZone results?

  - by homer5439

  Here are the resuts of running IOZone on an ext3 filesystem on an LVM volume residing on a SAN LUN (it was ran with 5 parallel processes). "Throughput report Y-axis is type of test X-axis is number of processes" "Record size = 4 Kbytes " "Output is in Kbytes/sec" " Initial write " 81628.55 " Rewrite " 83354.72 " Read " 115595.02 " Re-read " 119306.09 " Reverse Read " 47684.20 " Stride read " 10011.09 " Random read " 16751.27 " Mixed workload " 5659.77 " Random write " 1661.85 " Pwrite " 36030.83 Now this is all nice and dandy, but my question is: how do I know whether the values are as good as they could be or there is something to tweak (and if so, what?) The actual usage I will have for that Logical Volume is to act as virtual disk for a VM.

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• Files not accessible

  - by gokul

  My system is running on a pc with C:\ Drive out of space. So I tried to delete some file and clean up to get more space. I found that the %Temp% {C:\Users\Username\AppData\Local\Temp} takes lots of space and tried to delete files in it. But when I open it , it alerted me with the message C:\Users\Username\AppData\Local\Temp is not accessible The file or directory is corrupted and unreadable? What to do? Is deleting files from Temp harmful to computer?

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• Inexpensive degaussers or HDD shredders?

  - by Nicholas Knight

  I do a lot of work for a small cash-strapped business that has a lot of active hard drives, most are consumer-grade SATA of about five years of age, and predictably they are dying at an increasing rate, and a lot of the time they can't even be detected, let alone complete a zero-out cycle. Right now those drives are just being stored, but that can't continue forever. We've got a couple bad LTO tapes it'd be nice to deal with, too. There are very real security and legal issues that make dropping them off with someone who claims they'll be properly destroyed a gamble. I've looked around at degaussers and HDD shredders, and the ones that don't look like they come from some guy in his basement all seem to be $3000+, which is hard to swallow right now. Is there anything out there in the $500-1500 range that you would recommend? (Speed isn't a big issue, if it takes several minutes or even hours per drive, that's completely OK, we've only got 10 or so thus far.)

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• Disadvantages of enabling AHCI after Win7 install

  - by Mario De Schaepmeester

  I've formatted my notebook that has a 5400RPM HDD with ~500GB capacity. After installing Windows 7 and about half the drivers (including chipset) I began to doubt whether to go for IDE or AHCI mode for my hard drive. There used to be a lot of discussion on the internet which is better and so far I understood it was particularly helpful on SSDs. Now the general consensus seems to be that AHCI mode is best for most hard drives. I have thus enabled AHCI in the middle of configuring my notebook (rest of the drivers, necessary software etc...) Two questions: considering my HDD's spec above, should I leave it on? Is there any disadvantage of enabling it after Windows 7 and chipset drivers installation? Windows 7 version is 64 bit Home Premium.

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• Take Complete Image of CRM Server Application

  - by nicorellius

  I have heard of snapshots or ghost images like this. But I have never used this kind of tool to actually clone a piece of hard drive. I think Norton Partition Magic can do something like this as well, but haven't tried it. So my question is this: How can I duplicate a CRM server application exactly so that I can transfer it to another system? I have a CRM server running LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL, and PHP) and I urgently need to transfer these data to another system without actually installing, configuring the dependencies and then doing the same for the software itself. Has anyone done this or does anyone know how to do this?

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• Brand new Seagate HDD has high raw read error rate

  - by kpax

  I've just purchased a brand new Seagate ST31000524AS 1TB HDD. Manufacture date shows as January 2012 (yes that's as new as new can get), so must be one of the new batches from the post-flood Thailand. Anyway, I downloaded a copy of Active Hard Disk Monitor tool to check the S.M.A.R.T. parameters and I find the parameter Raw Read Error Rate is very low. Should I be worried? Will this rectify over time? This hdd is just 7 hours old; what gives? Edit: I meant high raw read error rate - Title updated accordingly

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• Is SATA bandwith per Port or per Controller?

  - by instanceofTom

  I always assumed that it was per Controller channel, and that If I have 4xSATA 3.0Gb/s ports on my Motherboard then I should have a potential 12.0Gb/s of bandwith. However, after doing some searching I found conflicting information suggesting that if I had 4xSATA drives connected to my MB and were using them simultaneously each drive would get only 3.0Gb/s /4 = 768 Mb/s max bandwith. So I wanted to clear up my understanding. Side question: Are there other hdd/ssd bandwith bottlenecks to be aware of? (Links to already answered questions are more than welcome)

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• fsck: FILE SYSTEM WAS MODIFIED after each check with -c, why?

  - by Chris

  I use a script to partition and format CF cards (connected with a USB card writer) in an automated way. After the main process I check the card again with fsck. To check bad blocks I also tried the '-c' switch, but I always get a return value != 0 and the message "FILE SYSTEM WAS MODIFIED" (see below). I get the same result when checking the very same drive several times... Does anyone know why a) the file system is modified at all and b) why this seems to happen every time I check and not only in case of an error (like bad blocks)? Here's the output: linux-box# fsck.ext3 -c /dev/sdx1 e2fsck 1.40.2 (12-Jul-2007) Checking for bad blocks (read-only test): done Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes Pass 2: Checking directory structure Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity Pass 4: Checking reference counts Pass 5: Checking group summary information Volume (/dev/sdx1): ***** FILE SYSTEM WAS MODIFIED ***** Volume (/dev/sdx1): 5132/245760 files (1.2% non-contiguous), 178910/1959896 blocks

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• Why am I seeing excessive disk activity when installing applications?

  - by Kev

  I'm running Windows 7 Ultimate 64 bit on a Dell Vostro 1720 with 8GB of RAM, 7200RPM Disk, 2.53 GHz Core2Duo (Windows 7 64 bit is a supported option and the laptop came with the OS pre-installed). I'm noticing some fairly excessive disk activity when running installers. For example the Visual Studio 2010 RC installer constantly accessed the disk for ~10 minutes. It was so excessive that I was unable to use the machine until this ceased. Today I installed Trillian Astra 4.1 for Windows (latest build from the website). Again when I ran the installer I was pretty much locked out of the machine until the disk activity calmed down. In both cases when I eventually managed to launch task manager I could see that the CPU was sitting at around 5% to 7% utilisation whilst this was going on. All other disk related activity is fine, the machine is snappy and applications launch without delay. It's just when I run an installer I see this odd behaviour. Why would this be?

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• Start a ZFS RAIDZ zpool with two discs then add a third?

  - by Doug S.

  Let's say I have two 2TB HDDs and I want to start my first ZFS zpool. Is it possible to create a RAIDZ with just those two discs, giving me 2TB of usable storage (if I understand it right) and then later add another 2TB HDD bringing the total to 4TB of usable storage. Am I correct or does there need to be three HDDs to start with? The reason I ask is I already have one 2TB drive I'm using that's full of files. I want to transition to a zpool but I'd rather only buy two more 2TB drives if I can. From what I understand, RAIDZ behaves similarly to RAID5 (with some major differences, I know, but in terms of capacity). However, RAID5 requires 3+ drives. I was wondering if RAIDZ has the same requirement. If I have to, I can buy the three drives and just start there, later adding the fourth, but if I could start with two and move to three that would save me $80.

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• DDRescue on Windows or another options like DDRescue for Windows

  - by Frank Thornton

  I have a drive with failed sectors ect... I can't image it with Acronis as it hangs. I can't with Knoppiz it hangs. CHKDSK hangs. I want to use DDRescure but I don't have any Linux boxes running at the moment. I could do is in a VM but that seems like it would be slow and problematic? Are there any ways I can data recovery this disk from my Windows machine or is there an ideal way to work with DDRescue on Windows?

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• Is Software Raid1 Using mdadm with a Local Hard Disk and GNDB Possible?

  - by Travis

  I have multiple webservers which use many small files to created dynamic web pages. Caching the web pages isn't an option. The webserver also performs writes so I need a synchronous filesystem. I'm looking to maximise performance as it's my understanding that small files is the weakness (to varying degreess) of a cluster filesystem over ethernet. Currently I'm using Centos 5.5, 64 bit. Since it's only about 300MB of data, I'm looking at mdadm using RAID-1 with the GNBD and a local hard disk using the "--write-mostly" option so the reads are done using the local hard disk. Is this possible? If so, is there any advantage to making it a tmpfs disk instead of a local hard disk? Or will the files on the local hard disk just get cached in RAM anyway so I won't see a performance gain by using tmpfs, assuming there's enough RAM available?

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• Average mail quota usage: tricks to implement unlimited email quota.

  - by Marco Demaio

  I suppose that hosters who provides unlimited mail quota are only claiming it unlimited, and hope that they won't run out of disk space. Correct me if I'm wrong. In order to do such trick they will have probably to calculate the average real quota used by the average user. Let's say on a 100 GB space hosting I offer to 20 x 1GB emails, obviously if all user fill their mail my server would stop working cause they would require 200 GB, but I think I can expect this trick to work cause it will never happen (or it's extermly unprobable) that all user fills up all their mails. But the QUESTTIONS are: What's the average email usage? Can we say that a user normally fills up 1/2 or 1/3 of the quota you provide him? Thanks to any answers/suggetions you might provide.

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