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  • PHP Beginner: How to pass PHP variable from one PHP code segment to another ?

    - by Misha Moroshko
    I have index.php which uploads a file to server and sets several PHP variables (like $target_folder_and_file_name). index.php also has the following line (it was originally index.html): <script language="JavaScript" src="main.js.php"></script> After index.php returned to the browser, the browsers asks for main.js.php from the server (right?). Can I access somehow $target_folder_and_file_name from the PHP code in main.js.php ?

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  • Reusing a NSString variable - does it cause a memory leak?

    - by Chris S
    Coming from a .NET background I'm use to reusing string variables for storage, so is the code below likely to cause a memory leak? The code is targeting OS X on the iphone/itouch so no automatic GC. -(NSString*) stringExample { NSString *result = @"example"; result = [result stringByAppendingString:@" test"]; // where does "example" go? return result; } What confuses me is an NSStrings are immutable, but you can reuse an 'immutable' variable with no problem.

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  • Why can't my function access a variable in an enclosing function?

    - by nailer
    I know about the LEGB rule. But a simple test of whether a function has read access to variables defined in an enclosing function doesn't seem to actually work. Ie: #!/usr/bin/env python2.4 '''Simple test of Python scoping rules''' def myfunction(): print 'Hope this works: '+myvariable def enclosing(): myvariable = 'ooh this worked' myfunction() if __name__ == '__main__': enclosing() Returns: NameError: global name 'myvariable' is not defined Am I doing something wrong? Is there more to it than the LEGB resolution order?

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  • How to intialize a variable from another script in bash?

    - by Zombies
    How can I set my intial variables in a re-usable way? I tried to do this by invoking something like this in my child script: ./init.bash And inside init.bash: prod="false" if [ "$prod" == "prod" ] then RUN_DIR=/home/windsor/.scripts/websites JAVA_DIR=/home/windsor/prog/websitechecker OUT_DIR=/tmp/ DB="prod" else if [ ! -a /tmp/test ] then mkdir /tmp/test fi DB="mydb" OUT_DIR=/tmp/test/ RUN_DIR=/home/windsor/workspaces/bash/websites JAVA_DIR=/home/windsor/workspaces/java/testrun fi cd $RUN_DIR

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  • How can i use a variable created in a objective c Void function?

    - by James
    Im trying to get the lat and long values generated in a void function and use them within another function. Any help grateful. (void)locationManager:(CLLocationManager *)manager didUpdateToLocation:(CLLocation *)newLocation fromLocation:(CLLocation *)oldLocation { float latDeg = newLocation.coordinate.latitude; NSLog(@"Lat: %g", latDeg); float longDeg = newLocation.coordinate.longitude; NSLog(@"Lat: %g", longDeg); } I want to use the latDeg and longDeg variables.

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  • How to handle these variables in rsync exclude file?

    - by linux
    I have an ignore file for rsync but I can't figure out how to ignore this string of file names and the username: backup/cpbackup/daily/username/homedir/mail/cur/1244452567.H511146P7355.dwhs45.dwhs.net,S=2161:2, backup/cpbackup/daily/username/homedir/mail/cur/1244455430.H516330P14494.dwhs45.dwhs.net,S=4062:2, I tried this: backup/cpbackup/daily/*/homedir/mail/cur/* and this: *.*.dwhs45.dwhs.* But of course that would be too easy. Basically I just want to not transfer all the mail in the /cur/ directory for all users to the backups.

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  • Spaces and Parenthesis in windows PATH variable screws up batch files.

    - by NoName
    So, my path variable (System-Adv Settings-Env Vars-System-PATH) is set to: C:\Python26\Lib\site-packages\PyQt4\bin; %SystemRoot%\system32; %SystemRoot%; %SystemRoot%\System32\Wbem; %SYSTEMROOT%\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\; C:\Python26\; C:\Python26\Scripts\; C:\cygwin\bin; "C:\PathWithSpaces\What_is_this_bullshit"; "C:\PathWithSpaces 1.5\What_is_this_bullshit_1.5"; "C:\PathWithSpaces (2.0)\What_is_this_bullshit_2.0"; "C:\Program Files (x86)\IronPython 2.6"; "C:\Program Files (x86)\Subversion\bin"; "C:\Program Files (x86)\Git\cmd"; "C:\Program Files (x86)\PuTTY"; "C:\Program Files (x86)\Mercurial"; Z:\droid\android-sdk-windows\tools; Although, obviously, without the newlines. Notice the lines containing PathWithSpaces - the first has no spaces, the second has a space, and the third has a space followed by a parenthesis. Now, notice the output of this batch file: C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio 9.0\VC\bin\>vcvars32.bat C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio 9.0\VC\bin>"C:\Program Files (x86 )\Microsoft Visual Studio 9.0\Common7\Tools\vsvars32.bat" Setting environment for using Microsoft Visual Studio 2008 x86 tools. \What_is_this_bullshit_2.0";"C:\Program was unexpected at this time. C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio 9.0\VC\bin> set "PATH=C:\Pro gram Files\Microsoft SDKs\Windows\v6.0A\bin;C:\Python26\Lib\site-packages\PyQt4\ bin;C:\Windows\system32;C:\Windows;C:\Windows\System32\Wbem;C:\Windows\System32\ WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\;C:\Python26\;C:\Python26\Scripts\;C:\cygwin\bin;"C:\Path WithSpaces\What_is_this_bullshit";"C:\PathWithSpaces 1.5\What_is_this_bullshit_1 .5";"C:\PathWithSpaces (2.0)\What_is_this_bullshit_2.0";"C:\Program Files (x86)\ IronPython 2.6";"C:\Program Files (x86)\Subversion\bin";"C:\Program Files (x86)\ Git\cmd";"C:\Program Files (x86)\PuTTY";"C:\Program Files (x86)\Mercurial";Z:\dr oid\android-sdk-windows\tools;" or specifically the line: \What_is_this_bullshit_2.0";"C:\Program was unexpected at this time. So, what is this bullshit? Specifically: Directory in path that is properly escaped with quotes, but with no spaces = fine Directory in path that is properly escaped with quotes, and has spaces but no parenthesis = fine Directory in path that is properly escaped with quotes, and has spaces and has a parenthesis = ERROR Whats going on here? How can I fix this? I'll probably resort to a junction point to let my tools still work as workaround, but if you have any insight into this, please let me know :)

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  • How to pass $_GET variables to a PHP script via the command line?

    - by George Edison
    I am trying to create a webserver that serves PHP scripts. Currently, it works as follows: The client requests /index.php?test=value The server invokes php index.php The server feeds the HTTP request headers as STDIN to the PHP process The server reads the output of php from STDOUT and returns it to the client All of this is working except that the parameters are not being passed to the PHP script because: var_dump($_GET); returns: array(0) { } How do $_GET parameters get passed to the PHP binary when it is invoked?

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  • Nested %..% representation in Windows 7

    - by prosseek
    In order to organize the PATH environment, I came up with the following method. Setup variable : ABC = "PATH1;PATH2" Set the path variable using the predefined setup variable : Path = %ABC%%DEF% ... It seems to work fine, but I found that some of the variables are not transfomred into real paths when I run the set command. (I mean, the PATH=PATH1;PATH2;%DEF%, for example). What I found was as follows. If the variable name has '_', Windows can't transform it. If the variable has the path with %...% variable, windows can't transform it. Q1 : Am I correct? Q2 : If so, is there a way to by pass the nested %...% varibale problem?

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  • Nullable types and ?? operator C# [en-US]

    - by ruimachado
    Nullable types vs Non-nullable types   While developing our C# projects its frequent the null comparison operation to avoid null exceptions. This simple operation is mainly coded using the "var x = null" code example inside an if clause. However not all types of variables are nullable, which means that setting a variable to null is not allowed in every cases, it depends on what kind of type are you defining. But what if there was an extension to your non-nullable type that would convert your variable types to nullable? This extension really exists. As I said before in C# you have nullable types which represent all the values of an underlying type, and an additional null value and can be declared easily using "T?", where T is the type of the variable and for example the normal int type cannot be null, so its a non-nullable type, however if you define a "int?" your variable can be null, what you do is convert a non-nullable type to a nullable type. Example: int x=null;     Not allowed     int? x=null;   Allowed     While using nullable types you can check if a variable is null the same way you do it with nullable types:     But what about setting a default value when a certain variable is null?   In this cases the c# .net framework let you set a default value when you try to assign a nullable type to a non-nullable type, using the ?? operator. If you don't use this operator you can still catch the InvalidOperationException which is throw in this cases. For example  without the ?? operator :     Using the ?? operator your code becomes cleaner and more easy to read and you get a bonus, you can set a default value for multiple variables using the ?? in a chain set.     That’s it,   Thanks, Rui Machado rpmachado.wordpress.com

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  • MOSS Content Query Web part itemstyle.xsl

    - by nav
    Hi, I have a Content Query Webpart (CQWP) pulling the URL and title from a NewsLinks list. The CQWP uses the XSLT style LVIS.News.Links defined in ItemStyle.xsl. I need to sort the title @Title0 field as commented out below because it causes an error. Does anyone know whats causing this error? - Many Thanks. The XSLT code is below: <xsl:template name="LVIS.News.Links" match="Row[@Style='LVIS.News.Links']" mode="itemstyle"> <xsl:param name="CurPos" /> <xsl:param name="Last" /> <xsl:variable name="SafeLinkUrl"> <xsl:call-template name="OuterTemplate.GetSafeLink"> <xsl:with-param name="UrlColumnName" select="'LinkUrl'"/> </xsl:call-template> </xsl:variable> <xsl:variable name="DisplayTitle"> <xsl:call-template name="OuterTemplate.GetTitle"> <xsl:with-param name="Title" select="@URL"/> <xsl:with-param name="UrlColumnName" select="'URL'"/> </xsl:call-template> </xsl:variable> <xsl:variable name="LinkTarget"> <xsl:if test="@OpenInNewWindow = 'True'" >_blank</xsl:if> </xsl:variable> <xsl:variable name="SafeImageUrl"> <xsl:call-template name="OuterTemplate.GetSafeStaticUrl"> <xsl:with-param name="UrlColumnName" select="'ImageUrl'"/> </xsl:call-template> </xsl:variable> <xsl:variable name="Header"> <xsl:if test="$CurPos = 1"> <![CDATA[<ul class="list_Links">]]> </xsl:if> </xsl:variable> <xsl:variable name="Footer"> <xsl:if test="$Last = $CurPos"> <![CDATA[</ul>]]> </xsl:if> </xsl:variable> <xsl:value-of select="$Header" disable-output-escaping="yes" /> <li> <a> <xsl:attribute name="href"> <xsl:value-of select="substring-before($DisplayTitle,', ')"></xsl:value-of> </xsl:attribute> <xsl:attribute name="title"> <xsl:value-of select="@Description"/> </xsl:attribute> <!-- <xsl:sort select="@Title0"/> --> <xsl:value-of select="@Title0"> </xsl:value-of> </a> </li> <xsl:value-of select="$Footer" disable-output-escaping="yes" /> </xsl:template>

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  • Condition Variable in Shared Memory - is this code POSIX-conformant?

    - by GrahamS
    We've been trying to use a mutex and condition variable to synchronise access to named shared memory on a LynuxWorks LynxOS-SE system (POSIX-conformant). One shared memory block is called "/sync" and contains the mutex and condition variable, the other is "/data" and contains the actual data we are syncing access to. We're seeing failures from pthread_cond_signal() if both processes don't perform the mmap() calls in exactly the same order, or if one process mmaps in some other piece of shared memory before it mmaps the sync memory. This example code is about as short as I can make it: #include <sys/types.h> #include <sys/stat.h> #include <sys/mman.h> #include <sys/file.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <pthread.h> #include <errno.h> #include <iostream> #include <string> using namespace std; static const string shm_name_sync("/sync"); static const string shm_name_data("/data"); struct shared_memory_sync { pthread_mutex_t mutex; pthread_cond_t condition; }; struct shared_memory_data { int a; int b; }; //Create 2 shared memory objects // - sync contains 2 shared synchronisation objects (mutex and condition) // - data not important void create() { // Create and map 'sync' shared memory int fd_sync = shm_open(shm_name_sync.c_str(), O_CREAT|O_RDWR, S_IRUSR|S_IWUSR); ftruncate(fd_sync, sizeof(shared_memory_sync)); void* addr_sync = mmap(0, sizeof(shared_memory_sync), PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, fd_sync, 0); shared_memory_sync* p_sync = static_cast<shared_memory_sync*> (addr_sync); // init the cond and mutex pthread_condattr_t cond_attr; pthread_condattr_init(&cond_attr); pthread_condattr_setpshared(&cond_attr, PTHREAD_PROCESS_SHARED); pthread_cond_init(&(p_sync->condition), &cond_attr); pthread_condattr_destroy(&cond_attr); pthread_mutexattr_t m_attr; pthread_mutexattr_init(&m_attr); pthread_mutexattr_setpshared(&m_attr, PTHREAD_PROCESS_SHARED); pthread_mutex_init(&(p_sync->mutex), &m_attr); pthread_mutexattr_destroy(&m_attr); // Create the 'data' shared memory int fd_data = shm_open(shm_name_data.c_str(), O_CREAT|O_RDWR, S_IRUSR|S_IWUSR); ftruncate(fd_data, sizeof(shared_memory_data)); void* addr_data = mmap(0, sizeof(shared_memory_data), PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, fd_data, 0); shared_memory_data* p_data = static_cast<shared_memory_data*> (addr_data); // Run the second process while it sleeps here. sleep(10); int res = pthread_cond_signal(&(p_sync->condition)); assert(res==0); // <--- !!!THIS ASSERT WILL FAIL ON LYNXOS!!! munmap(addr_sync, sizeof(shared_memory_sync)); shm_unlink(shm_name_sync.c_str()); munmap(addr_data, sizeof(shared_memory_data)); shm_unlink(shm_name_data.c_str()); } //Open the same 2 shared memory objects but in reverse order // - data // - sync void open() { sleep(2); int fd_data = shm_open(shm_name_data.c_str(), O_RDWR, S_IRUSR|S_IWUSR); void* addr_data = mmap(0, sizeof(shared_memory_data), PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, fd_data, 0); shared_memory_data* p_data = static_cast<shared_memory_data*> (addr_data); int fd_sync = shm_open(shm_name_sync.c_str(), O_RDWR, S_IRUSR|S_IWUSR); void* addr_sync = mmap(0, sizeof(shared_memory_sync), PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, fd_sync, 0); shared_memory_sync* p_sync = static_cast<shared_memory_sync*> (addr_sync); // Wait on the condvar pthread_mutex_lock(&(p_sync->mutex)); pthread_cond_wait(&(p_sync->condition), &(p_sync->mutex)); pthread_mutex_unlock(&(p_sync->mutex)); munmap(addr_sync, sizeof(shared_memory_sync)); munmap(addr_data, sizeof(shared_memory_data)); } int main(int argc, char** argv) { if(argc>1) { open(); } else { create(); } return (0); } Run this program with no args, then another copy with args, and the first one will fail at the assert checking the pthread_cond_signal(). But change the open() function to mmap() the "/sync" memory first and it will all work fine. This seems like a major bug in LynxOS but LynuxWorks claim that using mutex and condition variable in this way is not covered by the POSIX standard, so they are not interested. Can anyone determine if this code does violate POSIX? Or does anyone have any convincing documentation that it is POSIX compliant?

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  • Caching page by parts; how to pass variables calculated in cached parts into never-cached parts?

    - by Kirzilla
    Hello, Let's imagine that I have a code like this... if (!$data = $cache->load("part1_cache_id")) { $item_id = $model->getItemId(); ob_start(); echo 'Here is the cached item id: '.$item_id; $data = ob_get_contents(); ob_end_clean(); $cache->save($data, "part1_cache_id"); } echo $data; echo never_cache_function($item_id); if (!$data_2 = $cache->load("part2_cache_id")) { ob_start(); echo 'Here is the another cached part of the page...'; $data_2 = ob_get_contents(); ob_end_clean(); $cache->save("part2_cache_id"); } echo $data_2; As far as you can see I need to pass $item_id variable into never_cache_function, but if fist part is cached (part1_cache_id) then I have no way to get $item_id value. I see the only solution - serialize all data from fist part (including $item_id value); then cache serialized string and unserialize it everytime when script is executed... Something like this... if (!$data = $cache->load("part1_cache_id")) { $item_id = $model->getItemId(); $data['item_id'] = $item_id; ob_start(); echo 'Here is the cached item id: '.$item_id; $data['html'] = ob_get_contents(); ob_end_clean(); $cache->save( serialize($data), "part1_cache_id" ); } $data = unserialize($data); echo $data['html'] echo never_cache_function($data['item_id']); Is there any other ways for doing such trick? I'm looking for the most high performance solution. Thank you UPDATED And another question is - how to implement such caching into controller without separating page into two templates? Is it possible? PS: Please, do not suggest Smarty, I'm really interested in implementing custom caching.

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  • Does Perl auto-vivify variables used as references in subroutine calls?

    - by FM
    I've declared 2010 to be the year of higher-order programming, so I'm learning Haskell. The introduction has a slick quick-sort demo, and I thought, "Hey, that's easy to do in Perl". It turned to be easier than I expected. Note that I don't have to worry about whether my partitions ($less and $more) are defined. Normally you can't use an undefined value as an array reference. use strict; use warnings; use List::MoreUtils qw(part); my @data = (5,6,7,4,2,9,10,9,5,1); my @sorted = qsort(@data); print "@sorted\n"; sub qsort { return unless @_; my $pivot = shift @_; my ($less, $more) = part { $_ < $pivot ? 0 : 1 } @_; # Works, even though $less and $more are sometimes undefined. return qsort(@$less), $pivot, qsort(@$more); } As best I can tell, Perl will auto-vivify a variable that you try to use as a reference -- but only if you are passing it to a subroutine. For example, my call to foo() works, but not the attempted print. use Data::Dumper qw(Dumper); sub foo { print "Running foo(@_)\n" } my ($x); print Dumper($x); # Fatal: Can't use an undefined value as an ARRAY reference. # print @$x, "\n"; # But this works. foo(@$x); # Auto-vivification: $x is now []. print Dumper($x); My questions: Am I understanding this behavior correctly? What is the explanation or reasoning behind why Perl does this? Is this behavior explained anywhere in the docs?

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  • When do instance variables get initialized and values assigned?

    - by AKh
    When doees the instance variable get initialized? Is it after the constructor block is done or before it? Consider this example: public abstract class Parent { public Parent(){ System.out.println("Parent Constructor"); init(); } public void init(){ System.out.println("parent Init()"); } } public class Child extends Parent { private Integer attribute1; private Integer attribute2 = null; public Child(){ super(); System.out.println("Child Constructor"); } public void init(){ System.out.println("Child init()"); super.init(); attribute1 = new Integer(100); attribute2 = new Integer(200); } public void print(){ System.out.println("attribute 1 : " +attribute1); System.out.println("attribute 2 : " +attribute2); } } public class Tester { public static void main(String[] args) { Parent c = new Child(); ((Child)c).print(); } } OUTPUT: Parent Constructor Child init() parent Init() Child Constructor attribute 1 : 100 attribute 2 : null When the memory for the atribute 1 & 2 are allocated in the heap ? Curious to know why is attribute 2 is NULL ? Are there any design flaws?

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  • How do I use my own debugger visualiser to edit variables runtime?

    - by C Sharper
    I'm writing my own debugger visualiser. All works great to show up to visualiser with the data. Now I add the code for more clearness: public class MyVisualiserObjectSource : VisualizerObjectSource { public override void GetData(object target, Stream outgoingData) { string data= target as string; var writer = new StreamWriter(outgoingData); writer.Write(data); writer.Flush(); } } public class MyVirtualizer : DialogDebuggerVisualizer { protected override void Show(IDialogVisualizerService windowService, IVisualizerObjectProvider objectProvider) { var streamReader = new StreamReader(objectProvider.GetData()); string data = streamReader.ReadToEnd(); using (var form = new MyVirtualizerForm(data)) { windowService.ShowDialog(form); } } } The string here is passed to the visualizer and show my own form. It works. But now I want to pass back the modified data from the form to the variable. How do I do that? Edit: I found out that I need to override the TransferData method in VisualizerObjectSource. But in the MSDN is no detail information about how I implement this correctly. Can someone help me please?

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  • How to pass variables to slot methods in QT?

    - by Neko
    Hi. I'm making a little chat messenger program, which needs a list of chat channels the user has joined. To represent this list graphically, I have made a list of QPushButtons, which all represent a different channel. These buttons are made with the following method, and that's where my problem kicks in: void Messenger::addToActivePanels(std::string& channel) { activePanelsContents = this->findChild<QWidget *>(QString("activePanelsContents")); pushButton = new QPushButton(activePanelsContents); pushButton->setObjectName("pushButton"); pushButton->setGeometry(QRect(0, 0, 60, 60)); pushButton->setText(""); pushButton->setToolTip(QString(channel.c_str())); pushButton->setCheckable(true); pushButton->setChecked(false); connect(pushButton, SIGNAL(clicked()), this, SLOT(switchTab(channel))); } (activePanelContents is a QWidget that holds the list.) The point is that each button should call the switchTab(string& tabname) method when clicked, including the specific channel's name as variable. This implementation doesn't work though, and I haven't been able to find out how to properly do this, even after reading several pages on it on the internet. Can anybody please tell me how to do this? It'd be greatly appreciated, as always. :)

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  • Variables are "lost" somewhere, then reappear... all with no error thrown.

    - by rob - not a robber
    Hi All, I'm probably going to make myself look like a fool with my horrible scripting but here we go. I have a form that I am collecting a bunch of checkbox info from using a binary method. ON/SET=1 !ISSET=0 Anyway, all seems to be going as planned except for the query bit. When I run the script, it runs through and throws no errors, but it's not doing what I think I am telling it to. I've hard coded the values in the query and left them in the script and it DOES update the DB. I've also tried echoing all the needed variables after the script runs and exiting right after so I can audit them... and they're all there. Here's an example. ####FEATURES RECORD UPDATE ### HERE I DECIDE TO RUN THE SCRIPT BASED ON WHETHER AN IMAGE BUTTON WAS USED if (isset($_POST["button_x"])) { ### HERE I AM ASSIGNING 1 OR 0 TO A VAR BASED ON WHTER THE CHECKBOX WAS SET if (isset($_POST["pool"])) $pool=1; if (!isset($_POST["pool"])) $pool=0; if (isset($_POST["darts"])) $darts=1; if (!isset($_POST["darts"])) $darts=0; if (isset($_POST["karaoke"])) $karaoke=1; if (!isset($_POST["karaoke"])) $karaoke=0; if (isset($_POST["trivia"])) $trivia=1; if (!isset($_POST["trivia"])) $trivia=0; if (isset($_POST["wii"])) $wii=1; if (!isset($_POST["wii"])) $wii=0; if (isset($_POST["guitarhero"])) $guitarhero=1; if (!isset($_POST["guitarhero"])) $guitarhero=0; if (isset($_POST["megatouch"])) $megatouch=1; if (!isset($_POST["megatouch"])) $megatouch=0; if (isset($_POST["arcade"])) $arcade=1; if (!isset($_POST["arcade"])) $arcade=0; if (isset($_POST["jukebox"])) $jukebox=1; if (!isset($_POST["jukebox"])) $jukebox=0; if (isset($_POST["dancefloor"])) $dancefloor=1; if (!isset($_POST["dancefloor"])) $dancefloor=0; ### I'VE DONE LOADS OF PERMUTATIONS HERE... HARD SET THE 1/0 VARS AND LEFT THE $estab_id TO BE PICKED UP. SET THE $estab_id AND LEFT THE COLUMN DATA TO BE PICKED UP. ALL NO GOOD. IT _DOES_ WORK IF I HARD SET ALL VARS THOUGH mysql_query("UPDATE thedatabase SET pool_table='$pool', darts='$darts', karoke='$karaoke', trivia='$trivia', wii='$wii', megatouch='$megatouch', guitar_hero='$guitarhero', arcade_games='$arcade', dancefloor='$dancefloor' WHERE establishment_id='22'"); ###WEIRD THING HERE IS IF I ECHO THE VARS AT THIS POINT AND THEN EXIT(); they all show up as intended. header("location:theadminfilething.php"); exit(); THANKS ALL!!!

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  • JNI cached jclass global reference variables being garbage collected?

    - by bubbadoughball
    I'm working in the JNI Invocation API, calling into Java from C. I have some upfront initialization to cache 30+ Java classes into global references. The results of FindClass are passed into NewGlobalRef to acquire a global reference to the class. I'm caching these class variables to reuse them later. I have 30+ global references to classes (and 30+ global methodIDs for the class constructors). In the following sample, I've removed exception handling as well as JNI invocation for the purpose of shortening the code snippet. My working code has exception checks after every JNI call and I'm running with -Xcheck:jni. Here's the snippet: jclass aClass; jclass bClass; jmethodID aCtor; jmethodID bCtor; void getGlobalRef(const char* clazz, jclass* globalClass) { jclass local = (*jenv)->FindClass(jenv,clazz); if (local) { *globalClass = (jclass) (*jenv)->NewGlobalRef(jenv,local); (*jenv)->DeleteLocalRef(jenv,local); } } methodID getMethodID(jclass clazz, const char* method, const char* sig) { return (*jenv)->GetMethodID(jenv,clazz,method,sig); } void initializeJNI() { getGlobalRef("MyProj/Testclass1", &aclass); getGlobalRef("MyProj/Testclass2", &bclass); . . aCtor = getMethodID(aclass,"<init>","()V"); bCtor = getMethodID(bclass,"<init>","(I)V"); } The initializeJNI() function sets the global references for jclasses and method IDs for constructors as well as some jfieldID's and some initialization of C data structures. After initialization, when I call into a JNI function using some of the cached jclasses and ctor jmethodIDs, I get a bad global or local reference calling reported from the -Xcheck:jni. In gdb, I break at the last line of initializeJNI(), and print all jclasses and jmethodIDs and the ones causing problems look to have been turned into garbage or garbage-collected (i.e. 0x00 or 0x06). Is it possible for global references to be gc'ed? Any suggestions?

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  • C#/.NET Little Wonders: The Joy of Anonymous Types

    - by James Michael Hare
    Once again, in this series of posts I look at the parts of the .NET Framework that may seem trivial, but can help improve your code by making it easier to write and maintain. The index of all my past little wonders posts can be found here. In the .NET 3 Framework, Microsoft introduced the concept of anonymous types, which provide a way to create a quick, compiler-generated types at the point of instantiation.  These may seem trivial, but are very handy for concisely creating lightweight, strongly-typed objects containing only read-only properties that can be used within a given scope. Creating an Anonymous Type In short, an anonymous type is a reference type that derives directly from object and is defined by its set of properties base on their names, number, types, and order given at initialization.  In addition to just holding these properties, it is also given appropriate overridden implementations for Equals() and GetHashCode() that take into account all of the properties to correctly perform property comparisons and hashing.  Also overridden is an implementation of ToString() which makes it easy to display the contents of an anonymous type instance in a fairly concise manner. To construct an anonymous type instance, you use basically the same initialization syntax as with a regular type.  So, for example, if we wanted to create an anonymous type to represent a particular point, we could do this: 1: var point = new { X = 13, Y = 7 }; Note the similarity between anonymous type initialization and regular initialization.  The main difference is that the compiler generates the type name and the properties (as readonly) based on the names and order provided, and inferring their types from the expressions they are assigned to. It is key to remember that all of those factors (number, names, types, order of properties) determine the anonymous type.  This is important, because while these two instances share the same anonymous type: 1: // same names, types, and order 2: var point1 = new { X = 13, Y = 7 }; 3: var point2 = new { X = 5, Y = 0 }; These similar ones do not: 1: var point3 = new { Y = 3, X = 5 }; // different order 2: var point4 = new { X = 3, Y = 5.0 }; // different type for Y 3: var point5 = new {MyX = 3, MyY = 5 }; // different names 4: var point6 = new { X = 1, Y = 2, Z = 3 }; // different count Limitations on Property Initialization Expressions The expression for a property in an anonymous type initialization cannot be null (though it can evaluate to null) or an anonymous function.  For example, the following are illegal: 1: // Null can't be used directly. Null reference of what type? 2: var cantUseNull = new { Value = null }; 3:  4: // Anonymous methods cannot be used. 5: var cantUseAnonymousFxn = new { Value = () => Console.WriteLine(“Can’t.”) }; Note that the restriction on null is just that you can’t use it directly as the expression, because otherwise how would it be able to determine the type?  You can, however, use it indirectly assigning a null expression such as a typed variable with the value null, or by casting null to a specific type: 1: string str = null; 2: var fineIndirectly = new { Value = str }; 3: var fineCast = new { Value = (string)null }; All of the examples above name the properties explicitly, but you can also implicitly name properties if they are being set from a property, field, or variable.  In these cases, when a field, property, or variable is used alone, and you don’t specify a property name assigned to it, the new property will have the same name.  For example: 1: int variable = 42; 2:  3: // creates two properties named varriable and Now 4: var implicitProperties = new { variable, DateTime.Now }; Is the same type as: 1: var explicitProperties = new { variable = variable, Now = DateTime.Now }; But this only works if you are using an existing field, variable, or property directly as the expression.  If you use a more complex expression then the name cannot be inferred: 1: // can't infer the name variable from variable * 2, must name explicitly 2: var wontWork = new { variable * 2, DateTime.Now }; In the example above, since we typed variable * 2, it is no longer just a variable and thus we would have to assign the property a name explicitly. ToString() on Anonymous Types One of the more trivial overrides that an anonymous type provides you is a ToString() method that prints the value of the anonymous type instance in much the same format as it was initialized (except actual values instead of expressions as appropriate of course). For example, if you had: 1: var point = new { X = 13, Y = 42 }; And then print it out: 1: Console.WriteLine(point.ToString()); You will get: 1: { X = 13, Y = 42 } While this isn’t necessarily the most stunning feature of anonymous types, it can be handy for debugging or logging values in a fairly easy to read format. Comparing Anonymous Type Instances Because anonymous types automatically create appropriate overrides of Equals() and GetHashCode() based on the underlying properties, we can reliably compare two instances or get hash codes.  For example, if we had the following 3 points: 1: var point1 = new { X = 1, Y = 2 }; 2: var point2 = new { X = 1, Y = 2 }; 3: var point3 = new { Y = 2, X = 1 }; If we compare point1 and point2 we’ll see that Equals() returns true because they overridden version of Equals() sees that the types are the same (same number, names, types, and order of properties) and that the values are the same.   In addition, because all equal objects should have the same hash code, we’ll see that the hash codes evaluate to the same as well: 1: // true, same type, same values 2: Console.WriteLine(point1.Equals(point2)); 3:  4: // true, equal anonymous type instances always have same hash code 5: Console.WriteLine(point1.GetHashCode() == point2.GetHashCode()); However, if we compare point2 and point3 we get false.  Even though the names, types, and values of the properties are the same, the order is not, thus they are two different types and cannot be compared (and thus return false).  And, since they are not equal objects (even though they have the same value) there is a good chance their hash codes are different as well (though not guaranteed): 1: // false, different types 2: Console.WriteLine(point2.Equals(point3)); 3:  4: // quite possibly false (was false on my machine) 5: Console.WriteLine(point2.GetHashCode() == point3.GetHashCode()); Using Anonymous Types Now that we’ve created instances of anonymous types, let’s actually use them.  The property names (whether implicit or explicit) are used to access the individual properties of the anonymous type.  The main thing, once again, to keep in mind is that the properties are readonly, so you cannot assign the properties a new value (note: this does not mean that instances referred to by a property are immutable – for more information check out C#/.NET Fundamentals: Returning Data Immutably in a Mutable World). Thus, if we have the following anonymous type instance: 1: var point = new { X = 13, Y = 42 }; We can get the properties as you’d expect: 1: Console.WriteLine(“The point is: ({0},{1})”, point.X, point.Y); But we cannot alter the property values: 1: // compiler error, properties are readonly 2: point.X = 99; Further, since the anonymous type name is only known by the compiler, there is no easy way to pass anonymous type instances outside of a given scope.  The only real choices are to pass them as object or dynamic.  But really that is not the intention of using anonymous types.  If you find yourself needing to pass an anonymous type outside of a given scope, you should really consider making a POCO (Plain Old CLR Type – i.e. a class that contains just properties to hold data with little/no business logic) instead. Given that, why use them at all?  Couldn’t you always just create a POCO to represent every anonymous type you needed?  Sure you could, but then you might litter your solution with many small POCO classes that have very localized uses. It turns out this is the key to when to use anonymous types to your advantage: when you just need a lightweight type in a local context to store intermediate results, consider an anonymous type – but when that result is more long-lived and used outside of the current scope, consider a POCO instead. So what do we mean by intermediate results in a local context?  Well, a classic example would be filtering down results from a LINQ expression.  For example, let’s say we had a List<Transaction>, where Transaction is defined something like: 1: public class Transaction 2: { 3: public string UserId { get; set; } 4: public DateTime At { get; set; } 5: public decimal Amount { get; set; } 6: // … 7: } And let’s say we had this data in our List<Transaction>: 1: var transactions = new List<Transaction> 2: { 3: new Transaction { UserId = "Jim", At = DateTime.Now, Amount = 2200.00m }, 4: new Transaction { UserId = "Jim", At = DateTime.Now, Amount = -1100.00m }, 5: new Transaction { UserId = "Jim", At = DateTime.Now.AddDays(-1), Amount = 900.00m }, 6: new Transaction { UserId = "John", At = DateTime.Now.AddDays(-2), Amount = 300.00m }, 7: new Transaction { UserId = "John", At = DateTime.Now, Amount = -10.00m }, 8: new Transaction { UserId = "Jane", At = DateTime.Now, Amount = 200.00m }, 9: new Transaction { UserId = "Jane", At = DateTime.Now, Amount = -50.00m }, 10: new Transaction { UserId = "Jaime", At = DateTime.Now.AddDays(-3), Amount = -100.00m }, 11: new Transaction { UserId = "Jaime", At = DateTime.Now.AddDays(-3), Amount = 300.00m }, 12: }; So let’s say we wanted to get the transactions for each day for each user.  That is, for each day we’d want to see the transactions each user performed.  We could do this very simply with a nice LINQ expression, without the need of creating any POCOs: 1: // group the transactions based on an anonymous type with properties UserId and Date: 2: byUserAndDay = transactions 3: .GroupBy(tx => new { tx.UserId, tx.At.Date }) 4: .OrderBy(grp => grp.Key.Date) 5: .ThenBy(grp => grp.Key.UserId); Now, those of you who have attempted to use custom classes as a grouping type before (such as GroupBy(), Distinct(), etc.) may have discovered the hard way that LINQ gets a lot of its speed by utilizing not on Equals(), but also GetHashCode() on the type you are grouping by.  Thus, when you use custom types for these purposes, you generally end up having to write custom Equals() and GetHashCode() implementations or you won’t get the results you were expecting (the default implementations of Equals() and GetHashCode() are reference equality and reference identity based respectively). As we said before, it turns out that anonymous types already do these critical overrides for you.  This makes them even more convenient to use!  Instead of creating a small POCO to handle this grouping, and then having to implement a custom Equals() and GetHashCode() every time, we can just take advantage of the fact that anonymous types automatically override these methods with appropriate implementations that take into account the values of all of the properties. Now, we can look at our results: 1: foreach (var group in byUserAndDay) 2: { 3: // the group’s Key is an instance of our anonymous type 4: Console.WriteLine("{0} on {1:MM/dd/yyyy} did:", group.Key.UserId, group.Key.Date); 5:  6: // each grouping contains a sequence of the items. 7: foreach (var tx in group) 8: { 9: Console.WriteLine("\t{0}", tx.Amount); 10: } 11: } And see: 1: Jaime on 06/18/2012 did: 2: -100.00 3: 300.00 4:  5: John on 06/19/2012 did: 6: 300.00 7:  8: Jim on 06/20/2012 did: 9: 900.00 10:  11: Jane on 06/21/2012 did: 12: 200.00 13: -50.00 14:  15: Jim on 06/21/2012 did: 16: 2200.00 17: -1100.00 18:  19: John on 06/21/2012 did: 20: -10.00 Again, sure we could have just built a POCO to do this, given it an appropriate Equals() and GetHashCode() method, but that would have bloated our code with so many extra lines and been more difficult to maintain if the properties change.  Summary Anonymous types are one of those Little Wonders of the .NET language that are perfect at exactly that time when you need a temporary type to hold a set of properties together for an intermediate result.  While they are not very useful beyond the scope in which they are defined, they are excellent in LINQ expressions as a way to create and us intermediary values for further expressions and analysis. Anonymous types are defined by the compiler based on the number, type, names, and order of properties created, and they automatically implement appropriate Equals() and GetHashCode() overrides (as well as ToString()) which makes them ideal for LINQ expressions where you need to create a set of properties to group, evaluate, etc. Technorati Tags: C#,CSharp,.NET,Little Wonders,Anonymous Types,LINQ

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