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  • Securing an ASP.NET MVC 2 Application

    - by rajbk
    This post attempts to look at some of the methods that can be used to secure an ASP.NET MVC 2 Application called Northwind Traders Human Resources.  The sample code for the project is attached at the bottom of this post. We are going to use a slightly modified Northwind database. The screen capture from SQL server management studio shows the change. I added a new column called Salary, inserted some random salaries for the employees and then turned off AllowNulls.   The reporting relationship for Northwind Employees is shown below.   The requirements for our application are as follows: Employees can see their LastName, FirstName, Title, Address and Salary Employees are allowed to edit only their Address information Employees can see the LastName, FirstName, Title, Address and Salary of their immediate reports Employees cannot see records of non immediate reports.  Employees are allowed to edit only the Salary and Title information of their immediate reports. Employees are not allowed to edit the Address of an immediate report Employees should be authenticated into the system. Employees by default get the “Employee” role. If a user has direct reports, they will also get assigned a “Manager” role. We use a very basic empId/pwd scheme of EmployeeID (1-9) and password test$1. You should never do this in an actual application. The application should protect from Cross Site Request Forgery (CSRF). For example, Michael could trick Steven, who is already logged on to the HR website, to load a page which contains a malicious request. where without Steven’s knowledge, a form on the site posts information back to the Northwind HR website using Steven’s credentials. Michael could use this technique to give himself a raise :-) UI Notes The layout of our app looks like so: When Nancy (EmpID 1) signs on, she sees the default page with her details and is allowed to edit her address. If Nancy attempts to view the record of employee Andrew who has an employeeID of 2 (Employees/Edit/2), she will get a “Not Authorized” error page. When Andrew (EmpID 2) signs on, he can edit the address field of his record and change the title and salary of employees that directly report to him. Implementation Notes All controllers inherit from a BaseController. The BaseController currently only has error handling code. When a user signs on, we check to see if they are in a Manager role. We then create a FormsAuthenticationTicket, encrypt it (including the roles that the employee belongs to) and add it to a cookie. private void SetAuthenticationCookie(int employeeID, List<string> roles) { HttpCookiesSection cookieSection = (HttpCookiesSection) ConfigurationManager.GetSection("system.web/httpCookies"); AuthenticationSection authenticationSection = (AuthenticationSection) ConfigurationManager.GetSection("system.web/authentication"); FormsAuthenticationTicket authTicket = new FormsAuthenticationTicket( 1, employeeID.ToString(), DateTime.Now, DateTime.Now.AddMinutes(authenticationSection.Forms.Timeout.TotalMinutes), false, string.Join("|", roles.ToArray())); String encryptedTicket = FormsAuthentication.Encrypt(authTicket); HttpCookie authCookie = new HttpCookie(FormsAuthentication.FormsCookieName, encryptedTicket); if (cookieSection.RequireSSL || authenticationSection.Forms.RequireSSL) { authCookie.Secure = true; } HttpContext.Current.Response.Cookies.Add(authCookie); } We read this cookie back in Global.asax and set the Context.User to be a new GenericPrincipal with the roles we assigned earlier. protected void Application_AuthenticateRequest(Object sender, EventArgs e){ if (Context.User != null) { string cookieName = FormsAuthentication.FormsCookieName; HttpCookie authCookie = Context.Request.Cookies[cookieName]; if (authCookie == null) return; FormsAuthenticationTicket authTicket = FormsAuthentication.Decrypt(authCookie.Value); string[] roles = authTicket.UserData.Split(new char[] { '|' }); FormsIdentity fi = (FormsIdentity)(Context.User.Identity); Context.User = new System.Security.Principal.GenericPrincipal(fi, roles); }} We ensure that a user has permissions to view a record by creating a custom attribute AuthorizeToViewID that inherits from ActionFilterAttribute. public class AuthorizeToViewIDAttribute : ActionFilterAttribute{ IEmployeeRepository employeeRepository = new EmployeeRepository(); public override void OnActionExecuting(ActionExecutingContext filterContext) { if (filterContext.ActionParameters.ContainsKey("id") && filterContext.ActionParameters["id"] != null) { if (employeeRepository.IsAuthorizedToView((int)filterContext.ActionParameters["id"])) { return; } } throw new UnauthorizedAccessException("The record does not exist or you do not have permission to access it"); }} We add the AuthorizeToView attribute to any Action method that requires authorization. [HttpPost][Authorize(Order = 1)]//To prevent CSRF[ValidateAntiForgeryToken(Salt = Globals.EditSalt, Order = 2)]//See AuthorizeToViewIDAttribute class[AuthorizeToViewID(Order = 3)] [ActionName("Edit")]public ActionResult Update(int id){ var employeeToEdit = employeeRepository.GetEmployee(id); if (employeeToEdit != null) { //Employees can edit only their address //A manager can edit the title and salary of their subordinate string[] whiteList = (employeeToEdit.IsSubordinate) ? new string[] { "Title", "Salary" } : new string[] { "Address" }; if (TryUpdateModel(employeeToEdit, whiteList)) { employeeRepository.Save(employeeToEdit); return RedirectToAction("Details", new { id = id }); } else { ModelState.AddModelError("", "Please correct the following errors."); } } return View(employeeToEdit);} The Authorize attribute is added to ensure that only authorized users can execute that Action. We use the TryUpdateModel with a white list to ensure that (a) an employee is able to edit only their Address and (b) that a manager is able to edit only the Title and Salary of a subordinate. This works in conjunction with the AuthorizeToViewIDAttribute. The ValidateAntiForgeryToken attribute is added (with a salt) to avoid CSRF. The Order on the attributes specify the order in which the attributes are executed. The Edit View uses the AntiForgeryToken helper to render the hidden token: ......<% using (Html.BeginForm()) {%><%=Html.AntiForgeryToken(NorthwindHR.Models.Globals.EditSalt)%><%= Html.ValidationSummary(true, "Please correct the errors and try again.") %><div class="editor-label"> <%= Html.LabelFor(model => model.LastName) %></div><div class="editor-field">...... The application uses View specific models for ease of model binding. public class EmployeeViewModel{ public int EmployeeID; [Required] [DisplayName("Last Name")] public string LastName { get; set; } [Required] [DisplayName("First Name")] public string FirstName { get; set; } [Required] [DisplayName("Title")] public string Title { get; set; } [Required] [DisplayName("Address")] public string Address { get; set; } [Required] [DisplayName("Salary")] [Range(500, double.MaxValue)] public decimal Salary { get; set; } public bool IsSubordinate { get; set; }} To help with displaying readonly/editable fields, we use a helper method. //Simple extension method to display a TextboxFor or DisplayFor based on the isEditable variablepublic static MvcHtmlString TextBoxOrLabelFor<TModel, TProperty>(this HtmlHelper<TModel> htmlHelper, Expression<Func<TModel, TProperty>> expression, bool isEditable){ if (isEditable) { return htmlHelper.TextBoxFor(expression); } else { return htmlHelper.DisplayFor(expression); }} The helper method is used in the view like so: <%=Html.TextBoxOrLabelFor(model => model.Title, Model.IsSubordinate)%> As mentioned in this post, there is a much easier way to update properties on an object. Download Demo Project VS 2008, ASP.NET MVC 2 RTM Remember to change the connectionString to point to your Northwind DB NorthwindHR.zip Feedback and bugs are always welcome :-)

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  • Library like ENet, but for TCP?

    - by Milo
    I'm not looking to use boost::asio, it is overly complex for my needs. I'm building a game that is cross platform, for desktop, iPhone and Android. I found a library called ENet which is pretty much what I need, but it uses UDP which does not seem to support encryption and a few other things. Given that the game is an event driven card game, TCP seems like the right fit. However, all I have found is WINSOCK / berkley sockets and bost::asio. Here is a sample client server application with ENet: #include <enet/enet.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string> #include <iostream> class Host { ENetAddress address; ENetHost * server; ENetHost* client; ENetEvent event; public: Host() :server(NULL) { enet_initialize(); setupServer(); } void setupServer() { if(server) { enet_host_destroy(server); server = NULL; } address.host = ENET_HOST_ANY; /* Bind the server to port 1234. */ address.port = 1721; server = enet_host_create (& address /* the address to bind the server host to */, 32 /* allow up to 32 clients and/or outgoing connections */, 2 /* allow up to 2 channels to be used, 0 and 1 */, 0 /* assume any amount of incoming bandwidth */, 0 /* assume any amount of outgoing bandwidth */); } void daLoop() { while(true) { /* Wait up to 1000 milliseconds for an event. */ while (enet_host_service (server, & event, 5000) > 0) { ENetPacket * packet; switch (event.type) { case ENET_EVENT_TYPE_CONNECT: printf ("A new client connected from %x:%u.\n", event.peer -> address.host, event.peer -> address.port); /* Store any relevant client information here. */ event.peer -> data = "Client information"; /* Create a reliable packet of size 7 containing "packet\0" */ packet = enet_packet_create ("packet", strlen ("packet") + 1, ENET_PACKET_FLAG_RELIABLE); /* Extend the packet so and append the string "foo", so it now */ /* contains "packetfoo\0" */ enet_packet_resize (packet, strlen ("packetfoo") + 1); strcpy ((char*)& packet -> data [strlen ("packet")], "foo"); /* Send the packet to the peer over channel id 0. */ /* One could also broadcast the packet by */ /* enet_host_broadcast (host, 0, packet); */ enet_peer_send (event.peer, 0, packet); /* One could just use enet_host_service() instead. */ enet_host_flush (server); break; case ENET_EVENT_TYPE_RECEIVE: printf ("A packet of length %u containing %s was received from %s on channel %u.\n", event.packet -> dataLength, event.packet -> data, event.peer -> data, event.channelID); /* Clean up the packet now that we're done using it. */ enet_packet_destroy (event.packet); break; case ENET_EVENT_TYPE_DISCONNECT: printf ("%s disconected.\n", event.peer -> data); /* Reset the peer's client information. */ event.peer -> data = NULL; } } } } ~Host() { if(server) { enet_host_destroy(server); server = NULL; } atexit (enet_deinitialize); } }; class Client { ENetAddress address; ENetEvent event; ENetPeer *peer; ENetHost* client; public: Client() :peer(NULL) { enet_initialize(); setupPeer(); } void setupPeer() { client = enet_host_create (NULL /* create a client host */, 1 /* only allow 1 outgoing connection */, 2 /* allow up 2 channels to be used, 0 and 1 */, 57600 / 8 /* 56K modem with 56 Kbps downstream bandwidth */, 14400 / 8 /* 56K modem with 14 Kbps upstream bandwidth */); if (client == NULL) { fprintf (stderr, "An error occurred while trying to create an ENet client host.\n"); exit (EXIT_FAILURE); } /* Connect to some.server.net:1234. */ enet_address_set_host (& address, "192.168.2.13"); address.port = 1721; /* Initiate the connection, allocating the two channels 0 and 1. */ peer = enet_host_connect (client, & address, 2, 0); if (peer == NULL) { fprintf (stderr, "No available peers for initiating an ENet connection.\n"); exit (EXIT_FAILURE); } /* Wait up to 5 seconds for the connection attempt to succeed. */ if (enet_host_service (client, & event, 20000) > 0 && event.type == ENET_EVENT_TYPE_CONNECT) { std::cout << "Connection to some.server.net:1234 succeeded." << std::endl; } else { /* Either the 5 seconds are up or a disconnect event was */ /* received. Reset the peer in the event the 5 seconds */ /* had run out without any significant event. */ enet_peer_reset (peer); puts ("Connection to some.server.net:1234 failed."); } } void daLoop() { ENetPacket* packet; /* Create a reliable packet of size 7 containing "packet\0" */ packet = enet_packet_create ("backet", strlen ("backet") + 1, ENET_PACKET_FLAG_RELIABLE); /* Extend the packet so and append the string "foo", so it now */ /* contains "packetfoo\0" */ enet_packet_resize (packet, strlen ("backetfoo") + 1); strcpy ((char*)& packet -> data [strlen ("backet")], "foo"); /* Send the packet to the peer over channel id 0. */ /* One could also broadcast the packet by */ /* enet_host_broadcast (host, 0, packet); */ enet_peer_send (event.peer, 0, packet); /* One could just use enet_host_service() instead. */ enet_host_flush (client); while(true) { /* Wait up to 1000 milliseconds for an event. */ while (enet_host_service (client, & event, 1000) > 0) { ENetPacket * packet; switch (event.type) { case ENET_EVENT_TYPE_RECEIVE: printf ("A packet of length %u containing %s was received from %s on channel %u.\n", event.packet -> dataLength, event.packet -> data, event.peer -> data, event.channelID); /* Clean up the packet now that we're done using it. */ enet_packet_destroy (event.packet); break; } } } } ~Client() { atexit (enet_deinitialize); } }; int main() { std::string a; std::cin >> a; if(a == "host") { Host host; host.daLoop(); } else { Client c; c.daLoop(); } return 0; } I looked at some socket tutorials and they seemed a bit too low level. I just need something that abstracts away the platform (eg, no WINSOCKS) and that has basic ability to keep track of connected clients and send them messages. Thanks

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  • Cisco ASA log error "regular translation creation failed for icmp ..."

    - by Martijn Heemels
    Every few seconds our new Cisco ASA 5505 firewall is logging errors that I can't figure out with my limited Cisco experience. Severity Date Time Syslog ID Source IP Destination IP Description 3 Mar 25 2010 17:21:14 305006 8.8.8.8 regular translation creation failed for icmp src inside:10.10.0.200 dst outside:8.8.8.8 (type 3, code 3) 3 Mar 25 2010 17:18:37 305006 8.8.4.4 regular translation creation failed for icmp src inside:10.10.0.200 dst outside:8.8.4.4 (type 3, code 3) The logged inside IP is our internal DNS resolver, and the outside IP's are Google's public DNS servers. ICMP Type 3 Code 3 means "Port Unreachable" Our "outside" interface has a fixed IP and our "inside" interface is in the 10.10.0.0/16 subnet. The 'Inspect DNS' Service Policy is enabled, with the preset DNS inspection map. Furthermore there's an ACL that allows all inbound ICMP on the "outside" interface. I've spent hours trying to figure this one out, so any and all advice is welcome!

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  • Setting up a VPN connection to Amazon VPC - routing

    - by Keeno
    I am having some real issues setting up a VPN between out office and AWS VPC. The "tunnels" appear to be up, however I don't know if they are configured correctly. The device I am using is a Netgear VPN Firewall - FVS336GV2 If you see in the attached config downloaded from VPC (#3 Tunnel Interface Configuration), it gives me some "inside" addresses for the tunnel. When setting up the IPsec tunnels do I use the inside tunnel IP's (e.g. 169.254.254.2/30) or do I use my internal network subnet (10.1.1.0/24) I have tried both, when I tried the local network (10.1.1.x) the tracert stops at the router. When I tried with the "inside" ips, the tracert to the amazon VPC (10.0.0.x) goes out over the internet. this all leads me to the next question, for this router, how do I set up stage #4, the static next hop? What are these seemingly random "inside" addresses and where did amazon generate them from? 169.254.254.x seems odd? With a device like this, is the VPN behind the firewall? I have tweaked any IP addresses below so that they are not "real". I am fully aware, this is probably badly worded. Please if there is any further info/screenshots that will help, let me know. Amazon Web Services Virtual Private Cloud IPSec Tunnel #1 ================================================================================ #1: Internet Key Exchange Configuration Configure the IKE SA as follows - Authentication Method : Pre-Shared Key - Pre-Shared Key : --- - Authentication Algorithm : sha1 - Encryption Algorithm : aes-128-cbc - Lifetime : 28800 seconds - Phase 1 Negotiation Mode : main - Perfect Forward Secrecy : Diffie-Hellman Group 2 #2: IPSec Configuration Configure the IPSec SA as follows: - Protocol : esp - Authentication Algorithm : hmac-sha1-96 - Encryption Algorithm : aes-128-cbc - Lifetime : 3600 seconds - Mode : tunnel - Perfect Forward Secrecy : Diffie-Hellman Group 2 IPSec Dead Peer Detection (DPD) will be enabled on the AWS Endpoint. We recommend configuring DPD on your endpoint as follows: - DPD Interval : 10 - DPD Retries : 3 IPSec ESP (Encapsulating Security Payload) inserts additional headers to transmit packets. These headers require additional space, which reduces the amount of space available to transmit application data. To limit the impact of this behavior, we recommend the following configuration on your Customer Gateway: - TCP MSS Adjustment : 1387 bytes - Clear Don't Fragment Bit : enabled - Fragmentation : Before encryption #3: Tunnel Interface Configuration Your Customer Gateway must be configured with a tunnel interface that is associated with the IPSec tunnel. All traffic transmitted to the tunnel interface is encrypted and transmitted to the Virtual Private Gateway. The Customer Gateway and Virtual Private Gateway each have two addresses that relate to this IPSec tunnel. Each contains an outside address, upon which encrypted traffic is exchanged. Each also contain an inside address associated with the tunnel interface. The Customer Gateway outside IP address was provided when the Customer Gateway was created. Changing the IP address requires the creation of a new Customer Gateway. The Customer Gateway inside IP address should be configured on your tunnel interface. Outside IP Addresses: - Customer Gateway : 217.33.22.33 - Virtual Private Gateway : 87.222.33.42 Inside IP Addresses - Customer Gateway : 169.254.254.2/30 - Virtual Private Gateway : 169.254.254.1/30 Configure your tunnel to fragment at the optimal size: - Tunnel interface MTU : 1436 bytes #4: Static Routing Configuration: To route traffic between your internal network and your VPC, you will need a static route added to your router. Static Route Configuration Options: - Next hop : 169.254.254.1 You should add static routes towards your internal network on the VGW. The VGW will then send traffic towards your internal network over the tunnels. IPSec Tunnel #2 ================================================================================ #1: Internet Key Exchange Configuration Configure the IKE SA as follows - Authentication Method : Pre-Shared Key - Pre-Shared Key : --- - Authentication Algorithm : sha1 - Encryption Algorithm : aes-128-cbc - Lifetime : 28800 seconds - Phase 1 Negotiation Mode : main - Perfect Forward Secrecy : Diffie-Hellman Group 2 #2: IPSec Configuration Configure the IPSec SA as follows: - Protocol : esp - Authentication Algorithm : hmac-sha1-96 - Encryption Algorithm : aes-128-cbc - Lifetime : 3600 seconds - Mode : tunnel - Perfect Forward Secrecy : Diffie-Hellman Group 2 IPSec Dead Peer Detection (DPD) will be enabled on the AWS Endpoint. We recommend configuring DPD on your endpoint as follows: - DPD Interval : 10 - DPD Retries : 3 IPSec ESP (Encapsulating Security Payload) inserts additional headers to transmit packets. These headers require additional space, which reduces the amount of space available to transmit application data. To limit the impact of this behavior, we recommend the following configuration on your Customer Gateway: - TCP MSS Adjustment : 1387 bytes - Clear Don't Fragment Bit : enabled - Fragmentation : Before encryption #3: Tunnel Interface Configuration Outside IP Addresses: - Customer Gateway : 217.33.22.33 - Virtual Private Gateway : 87.222.33.46 Inside IP Addresses - Customer Gateway : 169.254.254.6/30 - Virtual Private Gateway : 169.254.254.5/30 Configure your tunnel to fragment at the optimal size: - Tunnel interface MTU : 1436 bytes #4: Static Routing Configuration: Static Route Configuration Options: - Next hop : 169.254.254.5 You should add static routes towards your internal network on the VGW. The VGW will then send traffic towards your internal network over the tunnels. EDIT #1 After writing this post, I continued to fiddle and something started to work, just not very reliably. The local IPs to use when setting up the tunnels where indeed my network subnets. Which further confuses me over what these "inside" IP addresses are for. The problem is, results are not consistent what so ever. I can "sometimes" ping, I can "sometimes" RDP using the VPN. Sometimes, Tunnel 1 or Tunnel 2 can be up or down. When I came back into work today, Tunnel 1 was down, so I deleted it and re-created it from scratch. Now I cant ping anything, but Amazon AND the router are telling me tunnel 1/2 are fine. I guess the router/vpn hardware I have just isnt up to the job..... EDIT #2 Now Tunnel 1 is up, Tunnel 2 is down (I didn't change any settings) and I can ping/rdp again. EDIT #3 Screenshot of route table that the router has built up. Current state (tunnel 1 still up and going string, 2 is still down and wont re-connect)

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  • Diving into OpenStack Network Architecture - Part 1

    - by Ronen Kofman
    v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} .shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);} rkofman Normal rkofman 83 3045 2014-05-23T21:11:00Z 2014-05-27T06:58:00Z 3 1883 10739 Oracle Corporation 89 25 12597 12.00 140 Clean Clean false false false false EN-US X-NONE HE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA;} Before we begin OpenStack networking has very powerful capabilities but at the same time it is quite complicated. In this blog series we will review an existing OpenStack setup using the Oracle OpenStack Tech Preview and explain the different network components through use cases and examples. The goal is to show how the different pieces come together and provide a bigger picture view of the network architecture in OpenStack. This can be very helpful to users making their first steps in OpenStack or anyone wishes to understand how networking works in this environment.  We will go through the basics first and build the examples as we go. According to the recent Icehouse user survey and the one before it, Neutron with Open vSwitch plug-in is the most widely used network setup both in production and in POCs (in terms of number of customers) and so in this blog series we will analyze this specific OpenStack networking setup. As we know there are many options to setup OpenStack networking and while Neturon + Open vSwitch is the most popular setup there is no claim that it is either best or the most efficient option. Neutron + Open vSwitch is an example, one which provides a good starting point for anyone interested in understanding OpenStack networking. Even if you are using different kind of network setup such as different Neutron plug-in or even not using Neutron at all this will still be a good starting point to understand the network architecture in OpenStack. The setup we are using for the examples is the one used in the Oracle OpenStack Tech Preview. Installing it is simple and it would be helpful to have it as reference. In this setup we use eth2 on all servers for VM network, all VM traffic will be flowing through this interface.The Oracle OpenStack Tech Preview is using VLANs for L2 isolation to provide tenant and network isolation. The following diagram shows how we have configured our deployment: This first post is a bit long and will focus on some basic concepts in OpenStack networking. The components we will be discussing are Open vSwitch, network namespaces, Linux bridge and veth pairs. Note that this is not meant to be a comprehensive review of these components, it is meant to describe the component as much as needed to understand OpenStack network architecture. All the components described here can be further explored using other resources. Open vSwitch (OVS) In the Oracle OpenStack Tech Preview OVS is used to connect virtual machines to the physical port (in our case eth2) as shown in the deployment diagram. OVS contains bridges and ports, the OVS bridges are different from the Linux bridge (controlled by the brctl command) which are also used in this setup. To get started let’s view the OVS structure, use the following command: # ovs-vsctl show 7ec51567-ab42-49e8-906d-b854309c9edf     Bridge br-int         Port br-int             Interface br-int type: internal         Port "int-br-eth2"             Interface "int-br-eth2"     Bridge "br-eth2"         Port "br-eth2"             Interface "br-eth2" type: internal         Port "eth2"             Interface "eth2"         Port "phy-br-eth2"             Interface "phy-br-eth2" ovs_version: "1.11.0" We see a standard post deployment OVS on a compute node with two bridges and several ports hanging off of each of them. The example above is a compute node without any VMs, we can see that the physical port eth2 is connected to a bridge called “br-eth2”. We also see two ports "int-br-eth2" and "phy-br-eth2" which are actually a veth pair and form virtual wire between the two bridges, veth pairs are discussed later in this post. When a virtual machine is created a port is created on one the br-int bridge and this port is eventually connected to the virtual machine (we will discuss the exact connectivity later in the series). Here is how OVS looks after a VM was launched: # ovs-vsctl show efd98c87-dc62-422d-8f73-a68c2a14e73d     Bridge br-int         Port "int-br-eth2"             Interface "int-br-eth2"         Port br-int             Interface br-int type: internal         Port "qvocb64ea96-9f" tag: 1             Interface "qvocb64ea96-9f"     Bridge "br-eth2"         Port "phy-br-eth2"             Interface "phy-br-eth2"         Port "br-eth2"             Interface "br-eth2" type: internal         Port "eth2"             Interface "eth2" ovs_version: "1.11.0" Bridge "br-int" now has a new port "qvocb64ea96-9f" which connects to the VM and tagged with VLAN 1. Every VM which will be launched will add a port on the “br-int” bridge for every network interface the VM has. Another useful command on OVS is dump-flows for example: # ovs-ofctl dump-flows br-int NXST_FLOW reply (xid=0x4): cookie=0x0, duration=735.544s, table=0, n_packets=70, n_bytes=9976, idle_age=17, priority=3,in_port=1,dl_vlan=1000 actions=mod_vlan_vid:1,NORMAL cookie=0x0, duration=76679.786s, table=0, n_packets=0, n_bytes=0, idle_age=65534, hard_age=65534, priority=2,in_port=1 actions=drop cookie=0x0, duration=76681.36s, table=0, n_packets=68, n_bytes=7950, idle_age=17, hard_age=65534, priority=1 actions=NORMAL As we see the port which is connected to the VM has the VLAN tag 1. However the port on the VM network (eth2) will be using tag 1000. OVS is modifying the vlan as the packet flow from the VM to the physical interface. In OpenStack the Open vSwitch agent takes care of programming the flows in Open vSwitch so the users do not have to deal with this at all. If you wish to learn more about how to program the Open vSwitch you can read more about it at http://openvswitch.org looking at the documentation describing the ovs-ofctl command. Network Namespaces (netns) Network namespaces is a very cool Linux feature can be used for many purposes and is heavily used in OpenStack networking. Network namespaces are isolated containers which can hold a network configuration and is not seen from outside of the namespace. A network namespace can be used to encapsulate specific network functionality or provide a network service in isolation as well as simply help to organize a complicated network setup. Using the Oracle OpenStack Tech Preview we are using the latest Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel R3 (UEK3), this kernel provides a complete support for netns. Let's see how namespaces work through couple of examples to control network namespaces we use the ip netns command: Defining a new namespace: # ip netns add my-ns # ip netns list my-ns As mentioned the namespace is an isolated container, we can perform all the normal actions in the namespace context using the exec command for example running the ifconfig command: # ip netns exec my-ns ifconfig -a lo        Link encap:Local Loopback           LOOPBACK  MTU:16436 Metric:1           RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0           TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0           RX bytes:0 (0.0 b)  TX bytes:0 (0.0 b) We can run every command in the namespace context, this is especially useful for debug using tcpdump command, we can ping or ssh or define iptables all within the namespace. Connecting the namespace to the outside world: There are various ways to connect into a namespaces and between namespaces we will focus on how this is done in OpenStack. OpenStack uses a combination of Open vSwitch and network namespaces. OVS defines the interfaces and then we can add those interfaces to namespace. So first let's add a bridge to OVS: # ovs-vsctl add-br my-bridge Now let's add a port on the OVS and make it internal: # ovs-vsctl add-port my-bridge my-port # ovs-vsctl set Interface my-port type=internal And let's connect it into the namespace: # ip link set my-port netns my-ns Looking inside the namespace: # ip netns exec my-ns ifconfig -a lo        Link encap:Local Loopback           LOOPBACK  MTU:65536 Metric:1           RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0           TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0           RX bytes:0 (0.0 b)  TX bytes:0 (0.0 b) my-port   Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 22:04:45:E2:85:21           BROADCAST  MTU:1500 Metric:1           RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0           TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0           RX bytes:0 (0.0 b)  TX bytes:0 (0.0 b) Now we can add more ports to the OVS bridge and connect it to other namespaces or other device like physical interfaces. Neutron is using network namespaces to implement network services such as DCHP, routing, gateway, firewall, load balance and more. In the next post we will go into this in further details. Linux Bridge and veth pairs Linux bridge is used to connect the port from OVS to the VM. Every port goes from the OVS bridge to a Linux bridge and from there to the VM. The reason for using regular Linux bridges is for security groups’ enforcement. Security groups are implemented using iptables and iptables can only be applied to Linux bridges and not to OVS bridges. Veth pairs are used extensively throughout the network setup in OpenStack and are also a good tool to debug a network problem. Veth pairs are simply a virtual wire and so veths always come in pairs. Typically one side of the veth pair will connect to a bridge and the other side to another bridge or simply left as a usable interface. In this example we will create some veth pairs, connect them to bridges and test connectivity. This example is using regular Linux server and not an OpenStack node: Creating a veth pair, note that we define names for both ends: # ip link add veth0 type veth peer name veth1 # ifconfig -a . . veth0     Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 5E:2C:E6:03:D0:17           BROADCAST MULTICAST  MTU:1500 Metric:1           RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0           TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000           RX bytes:0 (0.0 b)  TX bytes:0 (0.0 b) veth1     Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr E6:B6:E2:6D:42:B8           BROADCAST MULTICAST  MTU:1500 Metric:1           RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0           TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000           RX bytes:0 (0.0 b)  TX bytes:0 (0.0 b) . . To make the example more meaningful this we will create the following setup: veth0 => veth1 => br-eth3 => eth3 ======> eth2 on another Linux server br-eth3 – a regular Linux bridge which will be connected to veth1 and eth3 eth3 – a physical interface with no IP on it, connected to a private network eth2 – a physical interface on the remote Linux box connected to the private network and configured with the IP of 50.50.50.1 Once we create the setup we will ping 50.50.50.1 (the remote IP) through veth0 to test that the connection is up: # brctl addbr br-eth3 # brctl addif br-eth3 eth3 # brctl addif br-eth3 veth1 # brctl show bridge name     bridge id               STP enabled     interfaces br-eth3         8000.00505682e7f6       no              eth3                                                         veth1 # ifconfig veth0 50.50.50.50 # ping -I veth0 50.50.50.51 PING 50.50.50.51 (50.50.50.51) from 50.50.50.50 veth0: 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from 50.50.50.51: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.454 ms 64 bytes from 50.50.50.51: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.298 ms When the naming is not as obvious as the previous example and we don't know who are the paired veth interfaces we can use the ethtool command to figure this out. The ethtool command returns an index we can look up using ip link command, for example: # ethtool -S veth1 NIC statistics: peer_ifindex: 12 # ip link . . 12: veth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000 Summary That’s all for now, we quickly reviewed OVS, network namespaces, Linux bridges and veth pairs. These components are heavily used in the OpenStack network architecture we are exploring and understanding them well will be very useful when reviewing the different use cases. In the next post we will look at how the OpenStack network is laid out connecting the virtual machines to each other and to the external world. @RonenKofman

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  • Can't figure out error in Cisco ASA log "regular translation creation failed for icmp ..."

    - by Martijn Heemels
    Every few seconds our new Cisco ASA 5505 firewall is logging errors that I can't figure out with my limited Cisco experience. Severity Date Time Syslog ID Source IP Destination IP Description 3 Mar 25 2010 17:21:14 305006 8.8.8.8 regular translation creation failed for icmp src inside:10.10.0.200 dst outside:8.8.8.8 (type 3, code 3) 3 Mar 25 2010 17:18:37 305006 8.8.4.4 regular translation creation failed for icmp src inside:10.10.0.200 dst outside:8.8.4.4 (type 3, code 3) The logged inside IP is our internal DNS resolver, and the outside IP's are Google's public DNS servers. ICMP Type 3 Code 3 means "Port Unreachable" Our "outside" interface has a fixed IP and our "inside" interface is in the 10.10.0.0/16 subnet. The 'Inspect DNS' Service Policy is enabled, with the preset DNS inspection map. Furthermore there's an ACL that allows all inbound ICMP on the "outside" interface. I've spent hours trying to figure this one out, so any and all advice is welcome!

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  • Exchange ActiveSync with multiple email addresses

    - by Martin Robins
    I have Exchange 2007 SP2, and I have successfully connected my Windows Mobile phone via Exchange ActiveSync and can send and receive emails. I have two addresses within my Exchange mailbox, [email protected] and [email protected], with the second being set as the reply address. When I view my email addresses on my device, I see both of these email addresses, however when I send new messages it always selects the first email address as the reply address and not the second. It is probably worth pointing out that, like in the example provided above, the email addresses are shown alphabetically and the address being selected is the first alphabetically (just in case that matters). I would like to set the device to always select the reply address specified in the mailbox, or at least be able to ensure that the address I want is selected if I have to select it manually on the device, but cannot find any way to make this happen. Can anybody help?

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  • Exchange ActiveSync with muliple email addresses

    - by Martin Robins
    I have Exchange 2007 SP2, and I have successfully connected my Windows Mobile phone via Exchange ActiveSync and can send and receive emails. I have two addresses within my Exchange mailbox, [email protected] and [email protected], with the second being set as the reply address. When I view my email addresses on my device, I see both of these email addresses, however when I send new messages it always selects the first email address as the reply address and not the second. It is probably worth pointing out that, like in the example provided above, the email addresses are shown alphabetically and the address being selected is the first alphabetically (just in case that matters). I would like to set the device to always select the reply address specified in the mailbox, or at least be able to ensure that the address I want is selected if I have to select it manually on the device, but cannot find any way to make this happen. Can anybody help?

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  • share one vpn connection through windows rras with other clients

    - by KTYP
    I'm having a Cisco VPN connection to access our branch office. Since several people using the VPN I'm planing to install the VPN client on one of our server and share it through RRAS to save the licenses (like site - to - site). I install RRAS on a windows 2008 R2 (svrw2k8r2) and made the static routes on client computers. I could able to ping to the VPN's IP on svrw2k8r2 server but they can't seems to connect to the servers in other branch through this setup. Below is my setup My Branch Server: svrw2k8r2 - Windows 2008 R2 IP: 192.168.40.100/24 VPN IP: 10.0.100.12/8 Clients Win7 IP: 192.168.40.101 - 110 / 24 Other Branch Servers IP:10.10.0.10-20/24

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  • virsh XML interface allocation

    - by Kaushik Koneru
    I am trying to launch VM using a XML. This VM will be having 5 interfaces each connected to certain bridge. Issue here is allocation of these interfaces is random. My XML <interface type='bridge'> <mac address='52:54:00:9f:14:b3'/> <source bridge='br0'/> <target dev='vnet1'/> <model type='e1000'/> <alias name='net0'/> <address type='pci' domain='0x0000' bus='0x00' slot='0x03' function='0x0'/> </interface> <interface type='bridge'> <mac address='52:54:00:9f:14:b4'/> <source bridge='br1'/> <target dev='vnet2'/> <model type='e1000'/> <alias name='net1'/> <address type='pci' domain='0x0000' bus='0x00' slot='0x10' function='0x0'/> </interface> <interface type='bridge'> <mac address='52:54:00:9f:14:b5'/> <source bridge='br2'/> <target dev='vnet2'/> <model type='e1000'/> <alias name='net3'/> <address type='pci' domain='0x0000' bus='0x00' slot='0x12' function='0x0'/> </interface> <interface type='bridge'> <mac address='52:54:00:9f:14:c4'/> <source bridge='br3'/> <target dev='vnet3'/> <model type='e1000'/> <alias name='net4'/> <address type='pci' domain='0x0000' bus='0x00' slot='0x18' function='0x0'/> </interface> Allocation of interfaces are random mean e th6 will be connected to br3 ; eth7 -- br4 eth8 -- br2 eth9 -- br0. Is there any way to make it static?? At the same time is there anyway of assigning IP Address to these eth interfaces through XML file itself??

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  • Load balancing and HTTPS strategies

    - by Dan
    I am faced with the following problem: Servers get saturated since current load balancing strategy is based on client IP. Some corporate clients access our servers from behind large proxies so all clients appear with same IP to our load balancer. I think we are using some hardware load balancing device (can investigate further if necessary). We need to maintain session affinity (site is constructed in ASP), so all requests with same IP get routed to the same node. Since all the communication goes over the HTTPS, no request data (like session Id) is available to balancer as a client discriminator. Is there a way to use some other data besides the IP to distinguish between clients and route the clients even when coming from same IP to different nodes? Note: I need to maintain the traffic between the balancer and nodes safe (encrypted).

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  • Using DNS in iproute2

    - by Oliver
    In my setup I can redirect the default gateway based on the source address. Let's say a user is connected through tun0 (10.2.0.0/16) is redirect to another vpn. That works fine! ip rule add from 10.2.0.10 lookup vpn1 In a second rule I redirect the default gateway to another gateway if the user access a certain ip adress: ip rule add from 10.2.0.10 to 94.142.154.71 lookup vpn2 If I access the page on 94.142.154.71 (myip.is) the user is correctly routed and I can see the ip of the second vpn. On any other pages the ip address of vpn1 is shown. But how do I tell iproute2 that all request at e. g. google.com should be redirected through vpn2?

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  • how to point godaddy to my entrydns domain

    - by geminiCoder
    I have a server connected via dynamic ip. I have set up entrydns to manage the change of my ip. If I put in my entrydns url it points me to my servers current ip. I purchased a domain from go daddy, but I have been unable to get it to point to my entrydns. What I want is to be able to ssh to my server. but ideally id like to do this by using my domain name. I must confess Im a bit overwhelmed by the godaddy interface. So The bottom line is how do I point my godaddy domain to my dns domain so that when I look up the domain I get the current ip of the server?

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  • Cisco VPN disconnects after 5 seconds with error 422

    - by Marius
    I'm trying to connect to my university's server with VPN using Cisco VPN Client version 5.0.04, but after 5 seconds it disconnects with the error message 422: Lost contact with the secure gateway. Check your connection. From my research on the net it seems this could be because it tries to find my IP, and finds out that this is 127.0.0.1. Then 5 seconds later it discovers that I have a new IP (my actual IP), and it disconnects because I'm not allowed to change IP. Does anyone know how I could fix this, or if there is another reason i get this error? Update I looked through the log, and found this error, which confirms what I thought, except it gets the correct IP first, then changes it to localhost. 87 18:56:53.250 08/24/09 Sev=Warning/3 CM/0xA3100027 Adapter address changed from 149.171.237.25. Current address(es): 127.0.0.1.

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  • Email sent from server with rDNS & SPF being blocked by Hotmail

    - by Canadaka
    I have been unable to send email to users on hotmail or other Microsoft email servers for some time. Its been a major headache trying to find out why and how to fix the issue. The emails being sent that are blocked from my domain canadaka.net. I use Google Aps to host my regular email serverice for my @canadaka.net email addresses. I can sent email from my desktop or gmail to a hotmail without any problem. But any email sent from my server on behalf of canadaka.net is blocked, not even arriving in the junk email. The IP that the emails are being sent from is the same IP that my site is hosted on: 66.199.162.177 This IP is new to me since August 2010, I had a different IP for the previous 3-4 years. This IP is not on any credible spam lists http://www.anti-abuse.org/multi-rbl-check-results/?host=66.199.162.177 The one list spamcannibal.org my IP is listed on seems to be out of my control, says "no reverse DNS, MX host should have rDNS - RFC1912 2.1". But since I use Google for my email hosting, I don't have control over setting up RDNS for all the MX records. I do have Reverse DNS setup for my IP though, it resolves to "mail.canadaka.net". I have signed up for SNDS and was approved. My ip says "All of the specified IPs have normal status." Sender Score: 100 https://www.senderscore.org/lookup.php?lookup=66.199.162.177&ipLookup.x=55&ipLookup.y=14 My Mcafee threat level seems fine I have a TXT SPF record setup, I am currently using xname.org as my DNS, and they don't have a field for SPF, but their FAQ says to add the SPF info as a TXT entry. v=spf1 a include:_spf.google.com ~all Some "SPF checking" tools ive used detect that my domain has a valid SPF, but others don't. Like Microsoft's SPF wizard, i think this is because its specifically looking for an SPF record and not in the TXT. "No SPF Record Found. A and MX Records Available". From my home I can run "nslookup -type=TXT canadaka.net" and it returns: Server: google-public-dns-a.google.com Address: 8.8.8.8 Non-authoritative answer: canadaka.net text = "v=spf1 a include:_spf.google.com ~all" One strange thing I found is i'm unable to ping hotmail.com or msn.com or do a "telnet mail.hotmail.com 25". I am able to ping gmail.com and many other domains I tried. I tried changing my DNS servers to Google's Public DNS and did a ipconfig /flushdns but that had no effect. I am however able to connect with telnet to mx1.hotmail.com This is what the email headers look like when I send to a Google email server and I receive the email with no troubles. You can see that SPF is passing. Delivered-To: [email protected] Received: by 10.146.168.12 with SMTP id q12cs91243yae; Sun, 27 Feb 2011 18:01:49 -0800 (PST) Received: by 10.43.48.7 with SMTP id uu7mr4292541icb.68.1298858509242; Sun, 27 Feb 2011 18:01:49 -0800 (PST) Return-Path: Received: from canadaka.net ([66.199.162.177]) by mx.google.com with ESMTP id uh9si8493137icb.127.2011.02.27.18.01.45; Sun, 27 Feb 2011 18:01:48 -0800 (PST) Received-SPF: pass (google.com: domain of [email protected] designates 66.199.162.177 as permitted sender) client-ip=66.199.162.177; Authentication-Results: mx.google.com; spf=pass (google.com: domain of [email protected] designates 66.199.162.177 as permitted sender) [email protected] Message-Id: <[email protected] Received: from coruscant ([127.0.0.1]:12907) by canadaka.net with [XMail 1.27 ESMTP Server] id for from ; Sun, 27 Feb 2011 18:01:29 -0800 Date: Sun, 27 Feb 2011 18:01:29 -0800 Subject: Test To: [email protected] From: XXXX Reply-To: [email protected] X-Mailer: PHP/5.2.13 I can send to gmail and other email services fine. I don't know what i'm doing wrong! UPDATE 1 I have been removed from hotmails IP block and am now able to send emails to hotmail, but they are all going directly to the JUNK folder. UPDATE 2 I used Telnet to send a test message to port25.com, seems my SPF is not being detected. Result: neutral (SPF-Result: None) canadaka.net. SPF (no records) canadaka.net. TXT (no records) I do have a TXT record, its been there for years, I did change it a week ago. Other sites that allow you to check your SPF detect it, but some others like Microsofts Wizard doesn't. This iw what my SPF record in my xname.org DNS file looks like: canadaka.net. 86400 IN TXT "v=spf1 a include:_spf.google.com ~all" I did have a nameserver as my 4th option that doens't have the TXT records since it doens't support it. So I removed it from the list and instead added wtfdns.com as my 4th adn 5th nameservers, which does support TXT.

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  • Getting to grips with the stack in nasm

    - by MarkPearl
    Today I spent a good part of my day getting to grips with the stack and nasm. After looking at my notes on nasm I think this is one area for the course I am doing they could focus more on… So here are some snippets I have put together that have helped me understand a little bit about the stack… Simplest example of the stack You will probably see examples like the following in circulation… these demonstrate the simplest use of the stack… org 0x100 bits 16 jmp main main: push 42h push 43h push 44h mov ah,2h ;set to display characters pop dx    ;get the first value int 21h   ;and display it pop dx    ;get 2nd value int 21h   ;and display it pop dx    ;get 3rd value int 21h   ;and display it int 20h The output from above code would be… DCB Decoupling code using “call” and “ret” This is great, but it oversimplifies what I want to use the stack for… I do not know if this goes against the grain of assembly programmers or not, but I want to write loosely coupled assembly code – and I want to use the stack as a mechanism for passing values into my decoupled code. In nasm we have the call and return instructions, which provides a mechanism for decoupling code, for example the following could be done… org 0x100 bits 16 jmp main ;---------------------------------------- displayChar: mov ah,2h mov dx,41h int 21h ret ;---------------------------------------- main: call displayChar int 20h   This would output the following to the console A So, it would seem that call and ret allow us to jump to segments of our code and then return back to the calling position – a form of segmenting the code into what we would called in higher order languages “functions” or “methods”. The only issue is, in higher order languages there is a way to pass parameters into the functions and return results. Because of the primitive nature of the call and ret instructions, this does not seem to be obvious. We could of course use the registers to pass values into the subroutine and set values coming out, but the problem with this is we… Have a limited number of registers Are threading our code with tight coupling (it would be hard to migrate methods outside of their intended use in a particular program to another one) With that in mind, I turn to the stack to provide a loosely coupled way of calling subroutines… First attempt with the Stack Initially I thought this would be simple… we could use code that looks as follows to achieve what I want… org 0x100 bits 16 jmp main ;---------------------------------------- displayChar: mov ah,2h pop dx int 21h ret ;---------------------------------------- main: push 41h call displayChar int 20h   However running this application does not give the desired result, I want an ‘A’ to be returned, and I am getting something totally different (you will to). Reading up on the call and ret instructions a discovery is made… they are pushing and popping things onto and off the stack as well… When the call instruction is executed, the current value of IP (the address of the instruction to follow) is pushed onto the stack, when ret is called, the last value on the stack is popped off into the IP register. In effect what the above code is doing is as follows with the stack… push 41h push current value of ip pop current value of ip to dx pop 41h to ip This is not what I want, I need to access the 41h that I pushed onto the stack, but the call value (which is necessary) is putting something in my way. So, what to do? Remember we have other registers we can use as well as a thing called indirect addressing… So, after some reading around, I came up with the following approach using indirect addressing… org 0x100 bits 16 jmp main ;---------------------------------------- displayChar: mov bp,sp mov ah,2h mov dx,[bp+2] int 21h ret ;---------------------------------------- main: push 41h call displayChar int 20h In essence, what I have done here is used a trick with the stack pointer… it goes as follows… Push 41 onto the stack Make the call to the function, which will push the IP register onto the stack and then jump to the displayChar label Move the value in the stack point to the bp register (sp currently points at IP register) Move the at the location of bp minus 2 bytes to dx (this is now the value 41h) display it, execute the ret instruction, which pops the ip value off the stack and goes back to the calling point This approach is still very raw, some further reading around shows that I should be pushing the value of bp onto the stack before replacing it with sp, but it is the starting thread to getting loosely coupled subroutines. Let’s see if you get what the following output would be? org 0x100 bits 16 jmp main ;---------------------------------------- displayChar: mov bp,sp mov ah,2h mov dx,[bp+4] int 21h mov dx,[bp+2] int 21h ret ;---------------------------------------- main: push 41h push 42h call displayChar int 20h The output is… AB Where to from here? If by any luck some assembly programmer comes along and see this code and notices that I have made some fundamental flaw in my logic… I would like to know, so please leave a comment… appreciate any feedback!

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  • Setting alias for DynDNS domain

    - by metalball
    Hey all, I've created DynDNS domain for testing my local sites, and i'm having trouble with pointing to root domain. From my registrar (GoDaddy) I've created a CNAME for www to point my example.dyndns.com so going to url www.example.com I'm reaching my site. But if I'm going to example.com I'm reaching to the IP of the A record. I can't set the IP for the A record to be my IP because I have dynamic IP, and it changes constatly, and I can't point the A record to domain, only IP. When trying to create CNAME record @ to point example.dyndns.com I'm getting error "A record of a different type exists for the hostname @, could not create CNAME" The only record using the '@' host are NS record, which I can't delete, and when tried to set another NS record with @ point to example.dyndns.com, I've lost connection to my site :) So what can I do to get example.com url reach my site? Thanx!

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  • Cisco ASA: How to route PPPoE-assigned subnet?

    - by Martijn Heemels
    We've just received a fiber uplink, and I'm trying to configure our Cisco ASA 5505 to properly use it. The provider requires us to connect via PPPoE, and I managed to configure the ASA as a PPPoE client and establish a connection. The ASA is assigned an IP address by PPPoE, and I can ping out from the ASA to the internet, but I should have access to an entire /28 subnet. I can't figure out how to get that subnet configured on the ASA, so that I can route or NAT the available public addresses to various internal hosts. My assigned range is: 188.xx.xx.176/28 The address I get via PPPoE is 188.xx.xx.177/32, which according to our provider is our Default Gateway address. They claim the subnet is correctly routed to us on their side. How does the ASA know which range it is responsible for on the Fiber interface? How do I use the addresses from my range? To clarify my config; The ASA is currently configured to default-route to our ADSL uplink on port Ethernet0/0 (interface vlan2, nicknamed Outside). The fiber is connected to port Ethernet0/2 (interface vlan50, nicknamed Fiber) so I can configure and test it before making it the default route. Once I'm clear on how to set it all up, I'll fully replace the Outside interface with Fiber. My config (rather long): : Saved : ASA Version 8.3(2)4 ! hostname gw domain-name example.com enable password ****** encrypted passwd ****** encrypted names name 10.10.1.0 Inside-dhcp-network description Desktops and clients that receive their IP via DHCP name 10.10.0.208 svn.example.com description Subversion server name 10.10.0.205 marvin.example.com description LAMP development server name 10.10.0.206 dns.example.com description DNS, DHCP, NTP ! interface Vlan2 description Old ADSL WAN connection nameif outside security-level 0 ip address 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.252 ! interface Vlan10 description LAN vlan 10 Regular LAN traffic nameif inside security-level 100 ip address 10.10.0.254 255.255.0.0 ! interface Vlan11 description LAN vlan 11 Lab/test traffic nameif lab security-level 90 ip address 10.11.0.254 255.255.0.0 ! interface Vlan20 description LAN vlan 20 ISCSI traffic nameif iscsi security-level 100 ip address 10.20.0.254 255.255.0.0 ! interface Vlan30 description LAN vlan 30 DMZ traffic nameif dmz security-level 50 ip address 10.30.0.254 255.255.0.0 ! interface Vlan40 description LAN vlan 40 Guests access to the internet nameif guests security-level 50 ip address 10.40.0.254 255.255.0.0 ! interface Vlan50 description New WAN Corporate Internet over fiber nameif fiber security-level 0 pppoe client vpdn group KPN ip address pppoe ! interface Ethernet0/0 switchport access vlan 2 speed 100 duplex full ! interface Ethernet0/1 switchport trunk allowed vlan 10,11,30,40 switchport trunk native vlan 10 switchport mode trunk ! interface Ethernet0/2 switchport access vlan 50 speed 100 duplex full ! interface Ethernet0/3 shutdown ! interface Ethernet0/4 shutdown ! interface Ethernet0/5 switchport access vlan 20 ! interface Ethernet0/6 shutdown ! interface Ethernet0/7 shutdown ! boot system disk0:/asa832-4-k8.bin ftp mode passive clock timezone CEST 1 clock summer-time CEDT recurring last Sun Mar 2:00 last Sun Oct 3:00 dns domain-lookup inside dns server-group DefaultDNS name-server dns.example.com domain-name example.com same-security-traffic permit inter-interface same-security-traffic permit intra-interface object network inside-net subnet 10.10.0.0 255.255.0.0 object network svn.example.com host 10.10.0.208 object network marvin.example.com host 10.10.0.205 object network lab-net subnet 10.11.0.0 255.255.0.0 object network dmz-net subnet 10.30.0.0 255.255.0.0 object network guests-net subnet 10.40.0.0 255.255.0.0 object network dhcp-subnet subnet 10.10.1.0 255.255.255.0 description DHCP assigned addresses on Vlan 10 object network Inside-vpnpool description Pool of assignable addresses for VPN clients object network vpn-subnet subnet 10.10.3.0 255.255.255.0 description Address pool assignable to VPN clients object network dns.example.com host 10.10.0.206 description DNS, DHCP, NTP object-group service iscsi tcp description iscsi storage traffic port-object eq 3260 access-list outside_access_in remark Allow access from outside to HTTP on svn. access-list outside_access_in extended permit tcp any object svn.example.com eq www access-list Insiders!_splitTunnelAcl standard permit 10.10.0.0 255.255.0.0 access-list iscsi_access_in remark Prevent disruption of iscsi traffic from outside the iscsi vlan. access-list iscsi_access_in extended deny tcp any interface iscsi object-group iscsi log warnings ! snmp-map DenyV1 deny version 1 ! pager lines 24 logging enable logging timestamp logging asdm-buffer-size 512 logging monitor warnings logging buffered warnings logging history critical logging asdm errors logging flash-bufferwrap logging flash-minimum-free 4000 logging flash-maximum-allocation 2000 mtu outside 1500 mtu inside 1500 mtu lab 1500 mtu iscsi 9000 mtu dmz 1500 mtu guests 1500 mtu fiber 1492 ip local pool DHCP_VPN 10.10.3.1-10.10.3.20 mask 255.255.0.0 ip verify reverse-path interface outside no failover icmp unreachable rate-limit 10 burst-size 5 asdm image disk0:/asdm-635.bin asdm history enable arp timeout 14400 nat (inside,outside) source static any any destination static vpn-subnet vpn-subnet ! object network inside-net nat (inside,outside) dynamic interface object network svn.example.com nat (inside,outside) static interface service tcp www www object network lab-net nat (lab,outside) dynamic interface object network dmz-net nat (dmz,outside) dynamic interface object network guests-net nat (guests,outside) dynamic interface access-group outside_access_in in interface outside access-group iscsi_access_in in interface iscsi route outside 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.1.1 1 timeout xlate 3:00:00 timeout conn 1:00:00 half-closed 0:10:00 udp 0:02:00 icmp 0:00:02 timeout sunrpc 0:10:00 h323 0:05:00 h225 1:00:00 mgcp 0:05:00 mgcp-pat 0:05:00 timeout sip 0:30:00 sip_media 0:02:00 sip-invite 0:03:00 sip-disconnect 0:02:00 timeout sip-provisional-media 0:02:00 uauth 0:05:00 absolute timeout tcp-proxy-reassembly 0:01:00 dynamic-access-policy-record DfltAccessPolicy aaa-server SBS2003 protocol radius aaa-server SBS2003 (inside) host 10.10.0.204 timeout 5 key ***** aaa authentication enable console SBS2003 LOCAL aaa authentication ssh console SBS2003 LOCAL aaa authentication telnet console SBS2003 LOCAL http server enable http 10.10.0.0 255.255.0.0 inside snmp-server host inside 10.10.0.207 community ***** version 2c snmp-server location Server room snmp-server contact [email protected] snmp-server community ***** snmp-server enable traps snmp authentication linkup linkdown coldstart snmp-server enable traps syslog crypto ipsec transform-set TRANS_ESP_AES-256_SHA esp-aes-256 esp-sha-hmac crypto ipsec transform-set TRANS_ESP_AES-256_SHA mode transport crypto ipsec transform-set ESP-AES-256-MD5 esp-aes-256 esp-md5-hmac crypto ipsec transform-set ESP-DES-SHA esp-des esp-sha-hmac crypto ipsec transform-set ESP-DES-MD5 esp-des esp-md5-hmac crypto ipsec transform-set ESP-AES-192-MD5 esp-aes-192 esp-md5-hmac crypto ipsec transform-set ESP-3DES-MD5 esp-3des esp-md5-hmac crypto ipsec transform-set ESP-AES-256-SHA esp-aes-256 esp-sha-hmac crypto ipsec transform-set ESP-AES-128-SHA esp-aes esp-sha-hmac crypto ipsec transform-set ESP-AES-192-SHA esp-aes-192 esp-sha-hmac crypto ipsec transform-set ESP-AES-128-MD5 esp-aes esp-md5-hmac crypto ipsec transform-set ESP-3DES-SHA esp-3des esp-sha-hmac crypto ipsec security-association lifetime seconds 28800 crypto ipsec security-association lifetime kilobytes 4608000 crypto dynamic-map outside_dyn_map 20 set pfs group5 crypto dynamic-map outside_dyn_map 20 set transform-set TRANS_ESP_AES-256_SHA crypto dynamic-map SYSTEM_DEFAULT_CRYPTO_MAP 65535 set transform-set ESP-AES-128-SHA ESP-AES-128-MD5 ESP-AES-192-SHA ESP-AES-192-MD5 ESP-AES-256-SHA ESP-AES-256-MD5 ESP-3DES-SHA ESP-3DES-MD5 ESP-DES-SHA ESP-DES-MD5 crypto map outside_map 65535 ipsec-isakmp dynamic SYSTEM_DEFAULT_CRYPTO_MAP crypto map outside_map interface outside crypto isakmp enable outside crypto isakmp policy 1 authentication pre-share encryption 3des hash sha group 2 lifetime 86400 telnet 10.10.0.0 255.255.0.0 inside telnet timeout 5 ssh scopy enable ssh 10.10.0.0 255.255.0.0 inside ssh timeout 5 ssh version 2 console timeout 30 management-access inside vpdn group KPN request dialout pppoe vpdn group KPN localname INSIDERS vpdn group KPN ppp authentication pap vpdn username INSIDERS password ***** store-local dhcpd address 10.40.1.0-10.40.1.100 guests dhcpd dns 8.8.8.8 8.8.4.4 interface guests dhcpd update dns interface guests dhcpd enable guests ! threat-detection basic-threat threat-detection scanning-threat threat-detection statistics host number-of-rate 2 threat-detection statistics port number-of-rate 3 threat-detection statistics protocol number-of-rate 3 threat-detection statistics access-list threat-detection statistics tcp-intercept rate-interval 30 burst-rate 400 average-rate 200 ntp server dns.example.com source inside prefer webvpn group-policy DfltGrpPolicy attributes vpn-tunnel-protocol IPSec l2tp-ipsec group-policy Insiders! internal group-policy Insiders! attributes wins-server value 10.10.0.205 dns-server value 10.10.0.206 vpn-tunnel-protocol IPSec l2tp-ipsec split-tunnel-policy tunnelspecified split-tunnel-network-list value Insiders!_splitTunnelAcl default-domain value example.com username martijn password ****** encrypted privilege 15 username marcel password ****** encrypted privilege 15 tunnel-group DefaultRAGroup ipsec-attributes pre-shared-key ***** tunnel-group Insiders! type remote-access tunnel-group Insiders! general-attributes address-pool DHCP_VPN authentication-server-group SBS2003 LOCAL default-group-policy Insiders! tunnel-group Insiders! ipsec-attributes pre-shared-key ***** ! class-map global-class match default-inspection-traffic class-map type inspect http match-all asdm_medium_security_methods match not request method head match not request method post match not request method get ! ! policy-map type inspect dns preset_dns_map parameters message-length maximum 512 policy-map type inspect http http_inspection_policy parameters protocol-violation action drop-connection policy-map global-policy class global-class inspect dns inspect esmtp inspect ftp inspect h323 h225 inspect h323 ras inspect http inspect icmp inspect icmp error inspect mgcp inspect netbios inspect pptp inspect rtsp inspect snmp DenyV1 ! service-policy global-policy global smtp-server 123.123.123.123 prompt hostname context call-home profile CiscoTAC-1 no active destination address http https://tools.cisco.com/its/service/oddce/services/DDCEService destination address email [email protected] destination transport-method http subscribe-to-alert-group diagnostic subscribe-to-alert-group environment subscribe-to-alert-group inventory periodic monthly subscribe-to-alert-group configuration periodic monthly subscribe-to-alert-group telemetry periodic daily hpm topN enable Cryptochecksum:a76bbcf8b19019771c6d3eeecb95c1ca : end asdm image disk0:/asdm-635.bin asdm location svn.example.com 255.255.255.255 inside asdm location marvin.example.com 255.255.255.255 inside asdm location dns.example.com 255.255.255.255 inside asdm history enable

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  • mongoexport csv output array values

    - by 9point6
    I'm using mongoexport to export some collections into CSV files, however when I try to target fields which are members of an array I cannot get it to export correctly. command I'm using: mongoexport -d db -c collection -fieldFile fields.txt --csv > out.csv and the contents of fields.txt is similar to id name address[0].line1 address[0].line2 address[0].city address[0].country address[0].postcode where the BSON data would be: { "id": 1, "name": "example", "address": [ { "line1": "flat 123", "line2": "123 Fake St.", "city": "London", "country": "England", "postcode": "N1 1AA" } ] } what is the correct syntax for exporting the contents of an array?

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  • IIS replaces redirect status header from PHP with 302 Redirect

    - by IP
    Hello I hope I am posting this in the correct place... I'm having an issue with a 301 redirect in php. Looking at the headers, if I do a simple 301 redirect, it actually appears as a 302 redirect which is not what I am after. This is the php code: header("Status: 301 Moved Permanently"); header('Location: newurl'); It is running on the latest version of php, IIS7 and uses the FastCGI module (which is apparently where this bug could exist). A quick Google finds other people with the same problem, but no actual solution. http://www.mombu.com/php/bugs-forum/t-301-redirect-returning-302-instead-3090775.html http://forums.iis.net/p/1158431/1907156.aspx Many thanks! Paul

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  • freebsd ipfw tablearg.

    - by Shamanu4
    Hello. I'm configuring freebsd firewall and have such situation: 51000 pipe tablearg ip from not table(17) to table(20) out xmit ng* 51010 pipe tablearg ip from table(21) to not table(17) in recv ng* 51020 pipe tablearg ip from any to table(18) out xmit ng* 51030 pipe tablearg ip from table(19) to any in recv ng* tables 18,19,20,21 have client ip addresses and pipe numbers table 17 list of networks. rules 51020 and 51030 work fine but what is going at 51000 and 51010 ? How to determine firewall to take pipe number from tables 20 and 21 - not from 17 ?

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  • DIR 601 No wireless internet

    - by ashley
    I have an orange globe on my d link router. I signed into 192.168.0.1 and went to Manuel Internet Connection Setup as I was told to do. When I clicked on that and tried to clone my PC's MAC address, it said invalid MAC address. Host Name : DIR-601 Use Unicasting : (compatibility for some DHCP Servers) Primary DNS Address : 0.0.0.0 Secondary DNS Address : 0.0.0.0 MTU : (bytes) MTU default = 1500 MAC Address : F8:1E:DF:EA:38:E6 How do I get a valid MAC address so I can save the settings and move on to the next steps I was told to do in order to get wireless internet again?

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  • rhel/centos vs. ubuntu (possibly other debian-based systems) linux in handling duplicate ips in the same subnet

    - by johnshen64
    This has bothered me for quite a while but I never found out why or how to change the behavior. ip duplicates could be caused by typos or dhcp errors etc., but they do occur from time to time. in rpm-based systems such as centos, the old server with the duplicate ip wins, and the new server will get an error in bringing up the nic (ip address already used). this is somewhat harmless because we can just fix the system that is coming up. ubuntu only the other hand happily grabs the used ip for itself and leave the old server/device without a valid ip. this is the more dangerous behavior because it causes outages. what i want is to change the ubuntu behavior to that of the centos/rhel so would appreciate any help.

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  • Vmware sphere setting up external network

    - by Tom Beech
    I've just setup vmware vsphere 5 on a remote server (rented dedicated server). I've added my first VPS (centos 5.8) barebones. It's not finding any IP (internal or external) on boot. I've had an extra external IP assigned to my server that I wanted to use on the VPS. I tried editing the eth0 config and adding the IP in there and turning off the DHCP, but it can't find any IP or ping google or do any networking type things. How do I route the IP to my VPS so I can access it remotely?

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