spanning tree - Page 159

Is this implementation truely tail-recursive?

- by CFP

Hello everyone! I've come up with the following code to compute in a tail-recursive way the result of an expression such as 3 4 * 1 + cos 8 * (aka 8*cos(1+(3*4))) The code is in OCaml. I'm using a list refto emulate a stack. type token = Num of float | Fun of (float->float) | Op of (float->float->float);; let pop l = let top = (List.hd !l) in l := List.tl (!l); top;; let push x l = l := (x::!l);; let empty l = (l = []);; let pile = ref [];; let eval data = let stack = ref data in let rec _eval cont = match (pop stack) with | Num(n) -> cont n; | Fun(f) -> _eval (fun x -> cont (f x)); | Op(op) -> _eval (fun x -> cont (op x (_eval (fun y->y)))); in _eval (fun x->x) ;; eval [Fun(fun x -> x**2.); Op(fun x y -> x+.y); Num(1.); Num(3.)];; I've used continuations to ensure tail-recursion, but since my stack implements some sort of a tree, and therefore provides quite a bad interface to what should be handled as a disjoint union type, the call to my function to evaluate the left branch with an identity continuation somehow irks a little. Yet it's working perfectly, but I have the feeling than in calling the _eval (fun y->y) bit, there must be something wrong happening, since it doesn't seem that this call can replace the previous one in the stack structure... Am I misunderstanding something here? I mean, I understand that with only the first call to _eval there wouldn't be any problem optimizing the calls, but here it seems to me that evaluation the _eval (fun y->y) will require to be stacked up, and therefore will fill the stack, possibly leading to an overflow... Thanks!

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HTML-like GUI Framework in Java

- by wintermute

I was recently brought onto a project where we are developing a lot GUI elements for BlackBerry devices. The standard RIM APIs are pretty basic, almost never do what is required and are difficult or impossible to extend, so we end up re-implementing chunks of it. Currently the code we have isn't super organized and factored so there are lots of little tricks that get implemented over and over again. I had a thought about how to aid development efforts on this platform and wanted to see if the community could tell me if I'm still sane or if I've gone totally nuts. By far, the biggest organizational problem I've run into is making sure that each screen is laid out properly with proper padding and such. The current approach is to manually keep track of padding like so: protected void sublayout(int width, int height) { final int padding = 5; int y = padding; int x = padding; layoutChild(_someChild, width - padding * 2, height / 3 - padding * 2); setPositionChild(_someChild, x, y); y += _someChild.getHeight() + padding; // Calculate where to start drawing next. /* ... snipped ... */ } As you can see, positioning elements on a screen is a nightmare due to the tedium. I have investigated other GUI frameworks but, for a variety of reasons, it is difficult to find one that suites our purposes. One potential solution that came to me is to create a GUI framework who's API resembles HTML/CSS. This would allow for things like padding, margins, borders and colours to be handled through a sort of CSS API while the content would be organized using the HTML part of the API. It might look something like this: public class OptionsScreen extends Document { public OptionsScreen() { // You would set the style (like CSS style) through the constructor. Div content = new Div(new Style(new Padding(5), Color.BLACK)); // Then build up a tree of elements which can each have their own style's. // Each element knows how to draw itself, but it doesn't have to worry about // manually handling things like padding. // content.addChild(new P("This is a paragraph", new Style(new Padding(), Color.RED))); Ul list = new Ul(); list.addChild(new Li("item 1")); list.addChild(new Li("item 2")); content.addChild(list); addChild(content); } } I can imagine this making it easier to customize the UI of our app (which is very important) with different fonts, colours and layouts. Does this idea belong on The Daily WTF or do you think there is some promise?

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Mixing .NET versions between website and virtual directories and the "server application unavailable" error Message

- by Doug Chamberlain

Backstory Last month our development team created a new asp.net 3.5 application to place out on our production website. Once we had the work completed, we requested from the group that manages are server to copy the app out to our production site, and configure the virtual directory as a new application. On 12/27/2010, two public 'Gineau Pigs' were selected to use the app, and it worked great. On 12/30/2010, We received notification by internal staff, that when that staff member tried to access the application (this was the Business Process Owner) they recieved the 'Server Application Unavailable' message. When I called the group that does our server support, I was told that it probably failed, because I didn't close the connections in my code. However, the same group went in and then created a separate app pool for this Extension Request application. It has had no issues since. I did a little googling, since I do not like being blamed for things. I found that the 'Server Application Unavailable' message will also appear when you have multiple applications using different frameworks and you do not put them in different application pools. Technical Details - Tree of our website structure Main Website <-- ASP Classic +-Virtual Directory(ExtensionRequest) <-- ASP 3.5 From our server support group: 'Reviewed server logs and website setup in IIS. Had to reset the application pool as it was not working properly. This corrected the website and it is now back online. We went ahead and created a application pool for the extension web so it is isolated from the main site pool. In the past we have seen other application do this when there is a connection being left open and the pool fills up. Would recommend reviewing site code to make sure no connections are being left open.' The Real Question: What really caused the failure? Isn't the connection being left open issue an ASP Classic issue? Wouldn't the ExtensionRequest application have to be used (more than twice) in the first place to have the connections left open? Is it more likely the failure is caused by them not bothering to setup the new Application in it's own App Pool in the first place? Sorry for the long windedness

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Programmatically created GridView cells don't scale to fit screen

- by ChrisAshton84

I've read a ton of other responses about GridView already but almost all deal with the XML format (which I had working). I wanted to learn the programmatic way of designing Android, though, so I'm trying to build most of this app without XML. All I define in XML are the GridView and the first TextView. After that I add the other LinearLayouts in onCreate(). I would like to have a 2 column GridView containing a title and several (4 for now) LinearLayouts. I realize from documentation that the GridView won't scale cells unless they have a gravity set, but no matter how I try to do this I can't get it to work. After adding two cells, my GridView tree would look like: GridView -> TextView (colspan 2) -> LinearLayout (Vertical) -> TextView -> LinearLayout (Horizontal) -> TextView -> TextView -> LinearLayout (Horizontal) -> TextView -> TextView -> LinearLayout (Vertical) -> TextView -> LinearLayout (Horizontal) -> TextView -> TextView -> LinearLayout (Horizontal) -> TextView -> TextView I've tried about every combination of FILL and FILL_HORIZONTAL I could think of on either the outermost LinearLayouts, or also trying on the TextViews and inner LinearLayouts. No matter what I do, the LinearLayouts I add are always sized as small as possible and pushed to the left of the screen. Meanwhile, the first TextView (the colspan 2 one) with only CENTER_HORIZONTAL set is correctly centered in the screen. Its as if that TextView gets one idea of the column widths and the LinearLayouts get another! (If I add the FILL Gravity for it, it also moves all the way left.) I believe I had this working accidentally with 100% XML, but I would prefer not to switch back unless this is known to not work programatically. Any ideas what I can try to get this working?

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Urgent help needed on How to update NSMutableDictionary. My code doesn't work.

- by dawatson833

I've populated an array using. arrSettings = [[NSMutableArray alloc] initWithContentsOfFile:[self settingsPath]]; The file is a plist with the root as an array and then a dictionary with three three keys defined as number. I've also tried setting the keys to string. I display the values in the plist file on a view using. diaper = [[arrSettings objectAtIndex:0] objectForKey:@"Diaper Expenses"]; oil = [[arrSettings objectAtIndex:0] objectForKey:@"Oil Used"]; tree = [[arrSettings objectAtIndex:0] objectForKey:@"Wood Used"]; This code works fine, the values in the dictionary are assigned to the variables and they are displayed. The user can make changes and then press a save button. I use this code to extract the dictionary part of the array so I can update it. The assignment to editDictionary works. I've double checked the key names including case and that is correct. editDictionary = [[NSMutableDictionary alloc] init]; editDictionary = [arrSettings objectAtIndex:0]; NSNumber *myNumber = [NSNumber numberWithFloat:diaperAmount]; [editDictionary setValue:myNumber forKey:@"Diaper Expenses"]; myNumber = [NSNumber numberWithFloat:oilAmount]; [editDictionary setValue:myNumber forKey:@"Oil Used"]; myNumber = [NSNumber numberWithFloat:treeAmount]; [editDictionary setValue:myNumber forKey:@"Wood Used"]; In this example I've used a nsnumber. But I've also tried the xxxAmount field as part of SetValue instead of creating a NSNumber. Neither implementation works. Several strange things happen. Sometimes the first two setvalue statements work, but the last setvalue fails with a EXC_BAD_ACCESS failure. Other times the first setValue fails with the same error. I have no idea why the first two sometimes work. I'm at a loss of what to do next. I've tried several implentations and none of them work. Also, in the debugger how can I display the editDictionary elements. I can see editDictionary, but I don't know how to display the individual elements.

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Generating Unordered List with PHP + CodeIgniter from a MySQL Database

- by Tim

Hello Everyone, I am trying to build a dynamically generated unordered list in the following format using PHP. I am using CodeIgniter but it can just be normal php. This is the end output I need to achieve. <ul id="categories" class="menu"> <li rel="1"> Arts & Humanities <ul> <li rel="2"> Photography <ul> <li rel="3"> 3D </li> <li rel="4"> Digital </li> </ul> </li> <li rel="5"> History </li> <li rel="6"> Literature </li> </ul> </li> <li rel="7"> Business & Economy </li> <li rel="8"> Computers & Internet </li> <li rel="9"> Education </li> <li rel="11"> Entertainment <ul> <li rel="12"> Movies </li> <li rel="13"> TV Shows </li> <li rel="14"> Music </li> <li rel="15"> Humor </li> </ul> </li> <li rel="10"> Health </li> And here is my SQL that I have to work with. -- -- Table structure for table `categories` -- CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `categories` ( `id` mediumint(8) NOT NULL auto_increment, `dd_id` mediumint(8) NOT NULL, `parent_id` mediumint(8) NOT NULL, `cat_name` varchar(256) NOT NULL, `cat_order` smallint(4) NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`id`) ) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 AUTO_INCREMENT=1 ; So I know that I am going to need at least 1 foreach loop to generate the first level of categories. What I don't know is how to iterate inside each loop and check for parents and do that in a dynamic way so that there could be an endless tree of children. Thanks for any help you can offer. Tim

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Why oh why doesn't my asp.net treeview update?

- by Brendan

I'm using an ASP.net treeview on a page with a custom XmlDataSource. When the user clicks on a node of the tree, a detailsview pops up and edits a bunch of things about the underlying object. All this works properly, and the underlying object gets updated in my background object-management classes. Yay! However, my treeview just isn't updating the display. Either immediately (which i would like it to), or on full page re-load (which is the minimal useful level i need it to be at). Am i subclassing XmlDataSource poorly? I really don't know. Can anyone point me in a good direction? Thanks! The markup looks about like this (chaff removed): <data:DefinitionDataSource runat="server" ID="DefinitionTreeSource" RootDefinitionID="uri:1"></data:DefinitionDataSource> <asp:TreeView ID="TreeView" runat="server" DataSourceID="DefinitionTreeSource"> <DataBindings> <asp:TreeNodeBinding DataMember="definition" TextField="name" ValueField="id" /> </DataBindings> </asp:TreeView> <asp:DetailsView ID="DetailsView1" runat="server" AutoGenerateRows="False" DataKeyNames="Id" DataSourceID="DefinitionSource" DefaultMode="Edit"> <Fields> <asp:BoundField DataField="Name" HeaderText="Name" HeaderStyle-Wrap="false" SortExpression="Name" /> <asp:CommandField ShowCancelButton="False" ShowInsertButton="True" ShowEditButton="True" ButtonType="Button" /> </Fields> </asp:DetailsView> And the DefinitionTreeSource code looks like this: public class DefinitionDataSource : XmlDataSource { public string RootDefinitionID { get { if (ViewState["RootDefinitionID"] != null) return ViewState["RootDefinitionID"] as String; return null; } set { if (!Object.Equals(ViewState["RootDefinitionID"], value)) { ViewState["RootDefinitionID"] = value; DataBind(); } } } public DefinitionDataSource() { } public override void DataBind() { base.DataBind(); setData(); } private void setData() { String defXML = "<?xml version=\"1.0\" ?>"; Test.Management.TestManager.Definition root = Test.Management.TestManager.Definition.GetDefinitionById(RootDefinitionID); if (root != null) this.Data = defXML + root.ToXMLString(); else this.Data = defXML + "<definition id=\"null\" name=\"Set Root Node\" />"; } } }

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General workflow to allow multiple OpenIDs to be associated with one app account

- by BobTodd

I have a (typical?) scenario: that my app's users can use multiple openids mapped to one app account (like stackoverflow). For me the unique thing on the account is the email address, so this binds openids to the profile. Question is, how to allow a user to start using a second openid once one is setup. I am asking as I have read that it is a security hole to allow automatic account openid syncing simply based on the provider-supplied email address as someone could easily spoof someone's email address to create a spoof openid and falsely access the account (how I am not sure) - although this seems to be exactly how stack operates. See options a. and b. below. Problem for me with a. is what happens if the original openid no longer works for whatever reason - how would you set-up a new openid? Would b. be more acceptable if we used email verification? Does anyone have an article detailing a "standard" way (set of user stories) for this - it seems to be an increasingly popular way to authenticate. I have tried to detail this in a rough decision tree... 1. My Site > authentication landing page - user chooses an openid (facebook, google, myopenid etc), redirection > 2. Provider site returns with token (includes user registering a new openid, logging in or is already logged in to Provider site) 3. My Site > use token id to lookup user 3.1 Profile exists? Yes > authenticate. ends. No > 3.1.1 was email address supplied by provider? Yes > lookup user by email address 3.1.1.1 Profile exists? Yes > a. error message - please login with existing openid and associate this openid (from special page) Yes > b. or associate this openid with existing profile automatically. authenticate. ends. No > Register profile. With registration email address follow 3.1.1, except this time where email is unique, we will associate openid. ends

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Help with ejb 3, weblogic and spring.

- by berserkpi

So,hi there. I've created a simple EJB3 test project, the code is simple: @Stateless @Remote( { ISumaSimple.class }) public class SumaSimpleBean implements ISumaSimple { /** * Default constructor. */ public SumaSimpleBean() { // TODO Auto-generated constructor stub } @Override public int sumar(int a, int b) { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return a + b; } } public interface ISumaSimple { public int sumar(int a, int b); } Ok, my client is a stand alone spring aplication which configuration is: <bean id="sumaSimpleServicio" class="org.springframework.jndi.JndiObjectFactoryBean"> <property name="jndiEnvironment"> <props> <prop key="java.naming.factory.initial"> org.apache.openejb.client.RemoteInitialContextFactory </prop> <prop key="java.naming.provider.url"> ejbd://localhost:4201 </prop> </props> </property> <property name="jndiName" value="SumaSimpleBeanRemote" /> </bean> <bean id="clienteService" class="qtx.cliente.simple.ClienteService"> <property name="sumaSimpleServicio" ref="sumaSimpleServicio"></property> </bean> All worked smoothly, but then I tried deploying using weblogic 10.3, I just changed these values: weblogic.jndi.WLInitialContextFactory t3://localhost:7010 In weblogic jndi tree my ejb is under: SimpleEJB3SimpleEJB_jarSumaSimple3_ISumaSimple Of course I added wlclient.jar to my spring client classpath. I think I am missing something in weblogic case, but dunno. My spring client is throwing this exception: Caused by: org.springframework.beans.TypeMismatchException: Failed to convert property value of type [qtx.ejb.simple._SumaSimple3_gwze0z_ISumaSimpleIntf_Stub] to required type [qtx.servicio.simple.ISumaSimple] for property 'sumaSimpleServicio'; nested exception is java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: Cannot convert value of type [qtx.ejb.simple._SumaSimple3_gwze0z_ISumaSimpleIntf_Stub] to required type [qtx.servicio.simple.ISumaSimple] for property 'sumaSimpleServicio': no matching editors or conversion strategy found at org.springframework.beans.BeanWrapperImpl.convertForProperty(BeanWrapperImpl.java:391) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.convertForProperty(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:1288) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.applyPropertyValues(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:1249) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.populateBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:1010) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.doCreateBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:472) ... 14 more Caused by: java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: Cannot convert value of type [qtx.ejb.simple._SumaSimple3_gwze0z_ISumaSimpleIntf_Stub] to required type [qtx.servicio.simple.ISumaSimple] for property 'sumaSimpleServicio': no matching editors or conversion strategy found at org.springframework.beans.TypeConverterDelegate.convertIfNecessary(TypeConverterDelegate.java:219) at org.springframework.beans.TypeConverterDelegate.convertIfNecessary(TypeConverterDelegate.java:138) at org.springframework.beans.BeanWrapperImpl.convertForProperty(BeanWrapperImpl.java:386) ... 18 more Any help would be appreciated.

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Is there a way to make PHP's SplHeap recalculate? (aka: add up-heap to SplHeap?)

- by md2k7

I am using an SplHeap to hold graph nodes of a tree with directed edges that will be traversed from the leaves to the root. For this, I precalculate the "fan-in" of nodes and put them into the heap so that I can always retrieve the node with the smallest fan-in (0) from it. After visiting a node, I reduce the fan-in of its successor by 1. Then obviously, the heap needs to be recalculated because the successor is now in the wrong place there. I have tried recoverFromCorruption(), but it doesn't do anything and keeps the heap in the wrong order (node with larger fanIn stays in front of smaller fanIn). As a workaround, I'm now creating a new heap after each visit, amounting to a full O(N*log(N)) sort each time. It should be possible, however, to make up-heap operations on the changed heap entry until it's in the right position in O(log(N)). The API for SplHeap doesn't mention an up-heap (or deletion of an arbitrary element - it could then be re-added). Can I somehow derive a class from SplHeap to do this or do I have to create a pure PHP heap from scratch? EDIT: Code example: class VoteGraph { private $nodes = array(); private function calculateFanIn() { /* ... */ } // ... private function calculateWeights() { $this->calculateFanIn(); $fnodes = new GraphNodeHeap(); // heap by fan-in ascending (leaves are first) foreach($this->nodes as $n) { // omitted: filter loops $fnodes->insert($n); } // traversal from leaves to root while($fnodes->valid()) { $node = $fnodes->extract(); // fetch a leaf from the heap $successor = $this->nodes[$node->successor]; // omitted: actual job of traversal $successor->fanIn--; // will need to fix heap (sift up successor) because of this //$fnodes->recoverFromCorruption(); // doesn't work for what I want // workaround: rebuild $fnodes from scratch $fixedHeap = new GraphNodeHeap(); foreach($fnodes as $e) $fixedHeap->insert($e); $fnodes = $fixedHeap; } } } class GraphNodeHeap extends SplHeap { public function compare($a, $b) { if($a->fanIn === $b->fanIn) return 0; else return $a->fanIn < $b->fanIn ? 1 : -1; } }

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Translate parse_git_branch function to zsh from bash (for prompt)

- by yar

I am using this function in Bash function parse_git_branch { git_status="$(git status 2> /dev/null)" pattern="^# On branch ([^${IFS}]*)" if [[ ! ${git_status}} =~ "working directory clean" ]]; then state="*" fi # add an else if or two here if you want to get more specific if [[ ${git_status} =~ ${pattern} ]]; then branch=${BASH_REMATCH[1]} echo "(${branch}${state})" fi } but I'm determined to use zsh. While I can use this perfectly as a shell script (even without a shebang) in my .zshrc the error is a parse error on this line if [[ ! ${git_status}}... What do I need to do to get it ready for zshell? Edit: The "actual error" I'm getting is " parse error near } and it refers to the line with the strange double }}, which works on Bash. Edit: Here's the final code, just for fun: parse_git_branch() { git_status="$(git status 2> /dev/null)" pattern="^# On branch ([^[:space:]]*)" if [[ ! ${git_status} =~ "working directory clean" ]]; then state="*" fi if [[ ${git_status} =~ ${pattern} ]]; then branch=${match[1]} echo "(${branch}${state})" fi } setopt PROMPT_SUBST PROMPT='$PR_GREEN%n@$PR_GREEN%m%u$PR_NO_COLOR:$PR_BLUE%2c$PR_NO_COLOR%(!.#.$)' RPROMPT='$PR_GREEN$(parse_git_branch)$PR_NO_COLOR' Thanks to everybody for your patience and help. Edit: The best answer has schooled us all: git status is porcelain (UI). Good scripting goes against GIT plumbing. Here's the final function: parse_git_branch() { in_wd="$(git rev-parse --is-inside-work-tree 2>/dev/null)" || return test "$in_wd" = true || return state='' git diff-index HEAD --quiet 2>/dev/null || state='*' branch="$(git symbolic-ref HEAD 2>/dev/null)" test -z "$branch" && branch='<detached-HEAD>' echo "(${branch#refs/heads/}${state})" } PROMPT='$PR_GREEN%n@$PR_GREEN%m%u$PR_NO_COLOR:$PR_BLUE%2c$PR_NO_COLOR%(!.#.$)' RPROMPT='$PR_GREEN$(parse_git_branch)$PR_NO_COLOR' Note that only the prompt is zsh-specific. In Bash it would be your prompt plus "\$(parse_git_branch)". This might be slower (more calls to GIT, but that's an empirical question) but it won't be broken by changes in GIT (they don't change the plumbing). And that is very important for a good script moving forward. Days Later: Ugh, it turns out that diff-index HEAD is NOT the same as checking status against working directory clean. So will this mean another plumbing call? I surely don't have time/expertise to write my own porcelain....

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C# Getting a node with attributes from SelectSingleNode

- by bdefreese

Hi folks, I am quite the n00b but lately I have been playing with parsing some XML data. I actually found a nice feature on this site where I can get to a specific node with a specific attribute by doing: docFoo.SelectSingleNode("foo/bar/baz[@name='qux']); However, the data looks like this: <saving-throws> <saving-throw> <name>Fortitude</name> <abbr>Fort</abbr> <ability>Con</ability> <modifiers> <modifier name="base" value="2"/> <modifier name="ability" value="5"/> <modifier name="magic" value="0"/> <modifier name="feat" value="0"/> <modifier name="race" value="0"/> <modifier name="familar" value="0"/> <modifier name="feature" value="0"/> <modifier name="user" value="0"/> <modifier name="misc" value="0"/> </modifiers> </saving-throw> <saving-throw> <name>Reflex</name> <abbr>Ref</abbr> <ability>Dex</ability> <modifiers> <modifier name="base" value="6"/> <modifier name="ability" value="1"/> <modifier name="magic" value="0"/> <modifier name="feat" value="0"/> <modifier name="race" value="0"/> <modifier name="familar" value="0"/> <modifier name="feature" value="0"/> <modifier name="user" value="0"/> <modifier name="misc" value="0"/> </modifiers> </saving-throw> And I want to be able to get the node with name=base but for each saving-throw node where childnode "abbr" = xx. Can I somehow do that in a single SelectSingleNode or am I going to have to stop at saving throw and walk through the rest of the tree? Thanks!

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organizing external libraries and include files

- by stijn

Over the years my projects use more and more external libraries, and the way I did it starts feeling more and more awkward (although, that has to be said, it does work flawlessly). I use VS on Windows, CMake on others, and CodeComposer for targetting DSPs on Windows. Except for the DSPs, both 32bit and 64bit platforms are used. Here's a sample of what I am doing now; note that as shown, the different external libraries themselves are not always organized in the same way. Some have different lib/include/src folders, others have a single src folder. Some came ready-to-use with static and/or shared libraries, others were built /path/to/projects /projectA /projectB /path/to/apis /apiA /src /include /lib /apiB /include /i386/lib /amd64/lib /path/to/otherapis /apiC /src /path/to/sharedlibs /apiA_x86.lib -->some libs were built in all possible configurations /apiA_x86d.lib /apiA_x64.lib /apiA_x64d.lib /apiA_static_x86.lib /apiB.lib -->other libs have just one import library /path/to/dlls -->most of this directory also gets distributed to clients /apiA_x86.dll and it's in the PATH /apiB.dll Each time I add an external libary, I roughly use this process: build it, if needed, for different configurations (release/debug/platform) copy it's static and/or import libraries to 'sharedlibs' copy it's shared libraries to 'dlls' add an environment variable, eg 'API_A_DIR' that points to the root for ApiA, like '/path/to/apis/apiA' create a VS property sheet and a CMake file to state include path and eventually the library name, like include = '$(API_A_DIR)/Include' and lib = apiA.lib add the propertysheet/cmake file to the project needing the library It's especially step 4 and 5 that are bothering me. I am pretty sure I am not the only one facing this problem, and would like see how others deal with this. I was thinking to get rid of the environment variables per library, and use just one 'API_INCLUDE_DIR' and populating it with the include files in an organized way: /path/to/api/include /apiA /apiB /apiC This way I do not need the include path in the propertysheets nor the environment variables. For libs that are only used on windows I even don't need a propertysheet at all as I can use #pragmas to instruct the linker what library to link to. Also in the code it will be more clear what gets included, and no need for wrappers to include files having the same name but are from different libraries: #include <apiA/header.h> #include <apiB/header.h> #include <apiC_version1/header.h> The withdrawal is off course that I have to copy include files, and possibly** introduce duplicates on the filesystem, but that looks like a minor price to pay, doesn't it? ** actually once libraries are built, the only thing I need from them is the include files and thie libs. Since each of those would have a dedicated directory, the original source tree is not needed anymore so can be deleted..

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'Scanner' does not name a type error in g++

- by Max

Hi. I'm trying to compile code in g++ and I get the following errors: In file included from scanner.hpp:8, from scanner.cpp:5: parser.hpp:14: error: ‘Scanner’ does not name a type parser.hpp:15: error: ‘Token’ does not name a type Here's my g++ command: g++ parser.cpp scanner.cpp -Wall Here's parser.hpp: #ifndef PARSER_HPP #define PARSER_HPP #include <string> #include <map> #include "scanner.hpp" using std::string; class Parser { // Member Variables private: Scanner lex; // Lexical analyzer Token look; // tracks the current lookahead token // Member Functions <some function declarations> }; #endif and here's scanner.hpp: #ifndef SCANNER_HPP #define SCANNER_HPP #include <iostream> #include <cctype> #include <string> #include <map> #include "parser.hpp" using std::string; using std::map; enum { // reserved words BOOL, ELSE, IF, TRUE, WHILE, DO, FALSE, INT, VOID, // punctuation and operators LPAREN, RPAREN, LBRACK, RBRACK, LBRACE, RBRACE, SEMI, COMMA, PLUS, MINUS, TIMES, DIV, MOD, AND, OR, NOT, IS, ADDR, EQ, NE, LT, GT, LE, GE, // symbolic constants NUM, ID, ENDFILE, ERROR }; class Token { public: int tag; int value; string lexeme; Token() {tag = 0;} Token(int t) {tag = t;} }; class Num : public Token { public: Num(int v) {tag = NUM; value = v;} }; class Word : public Token { public: Word() {tag = 0; lexeme = "default";} Word(int t, string l) {tag = t; lexeme = l;} }; class Scanner { private: int line; // which line the compiler is currently on int depth; // how deep in the parse tree the compiler is map<string,Word> words; // list of reserved words and used identifiers // Member Functions public: Scanner(); Token scan(); string printTag(int); friend class Parser; }; #endif anyone see the problem? I feel like I'm missing something incredibly obvious.

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What is the best way to reduce code and loop through a hierarchial commission script?

- by JM4

I have a script which currently "works" but is nearly 3600 lines of code and makes well over 50 database calls within a single script. From my experience, there is no way to really "loop" the script and minimize it because each call to the database is a subquery of the ones before based on referral ids. Perhaps I can give a very simple example of what I am trying to accomplish and see if anybody has experience with something similar. In my example, there are three tables: Table 1 - Sellers ID | Comm_level | Parent ----------------------------------- 1 | 4 | NULL 2 | 3 | 1 3 | 2 | 1 4 | 2 | 2 5 | 2 | 2 6 | 1 | 3 Where ID is the id of one of our sales agents, comm_level will determine what his commission percentage is for each product he sells, parent indicates the ID for whom recruited that particular agent. In the example above, 1 is the top agent, he recruited two agents, 2 and 3. 2 recruited two agents, 4 and 5. 3 recruited one agent, 6. NOTE: An agent can NEVER recruit anybody equal to or higher than their own level. Table 2 - Commissions Level | Item 1 | Item 2 | Item 3 ----------------------------------------------------- 4 | .5 | .4 | .3 3 | .45 | .35 | .25 2 | .4 | .3 | .2 1 | .35 | .25 | .15 This table lays out the commission percentages for each agent based on their actual comm_level (if an agent is at a level 4, he will receive 50% on every item 1 sold, 40% on every item 2, 30% on every item 3 and so on. Table 3 - Items Sold ID | Item --------------------- 4 | item_1 4 | item_2 1 | item_1 2 | item_3 6 | item_2 1 | item_3 This table pairs the actual item sold with the seller who sold the item. When generating the commission report, calculating individual values is very simple. Calculating their commission based on their sub_sellers however is very difficult. In this example, Seller ID 1 gets a piece of every single item sold. The commission percentages indicate individual sales or the height of their commission. For example: When seller ID 6 sold one of item_2 above, the tree for commissions will look like the following: -ID 6 - 25% of cost(item_1) -ID 3 - 5% of cost(item_1) - (30% is his comm - 25% comm of seller id 6) -ID 1 - 10% of cost(item_1) - (40% is his comm - 30% of seller id 3) This must be calculated for every agent in the system from the top down (hence the DB calls within while loops throughout my enormous script). Anybody have a good suggestion or samples they may have used in the past?

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Inbreeding-immune database structure

- by Nick Savage

I have an application that requires a "simple" family tree. I would like to be able to perform queries that will give me data for an entire family given one id from a member in the family. I say simple because it does not need to take into account adoption or any other obscurities. The requirements for the application are as follows: Any two people will not be able to breed if they're from the same genetic line Needs to allow for the addition of new family lines (new people with no previous family) Need to be able to pull siblings, parents separately through queries I'm having trouble coming up with the proper structure for the database. So far I've come up with two solutions but they're not very reliable and will probably get out of hand quite quickly. Solution 1 involves placing a family_ids field on the people table and storing a list of unique family ids. Each time two people breed the lists are checked against each other to make sure no ids match and if everything checks out will merge the two lists and set that as the child's family_ids field. Example: Father (family_ids: (null)) breeds with Mother (family_ids: (213, 519)) -> Child (family_ids: (213, 519)) breeds with Random Person (family_ids: (813, 712, 122, 767)) -> Grandchild (family_ids: (213, 519, 813, 712, 122, 767)) And so on and so forth... The problem I see with this is the lists becoming unreasonably large as time goes on. Solution 2 uses cakephp's associations to declare: public $belongsTo = array( 'Father' => array( 'className' => 'User', 'foreignKey' => 'father_id' ), 'Mother' => array( 'className' => 'User', 'foreignKey' => 'mother_id' ) ); Now setting recursive to 2 will fetch the results of the mother and father, along with their mother and father, and so on and so forth all the way down the line. The problem with this route is that the data is in nested arrays and I'm unsure of how to efficiently work through the code. If anyone would be able to steer me in the direction of the most efficient way to handle what I want to achieve that would be tremendously helpful. Any and all help is greatly appreciated and I'll gladly answer any questions anyone has. Thanks a lot.

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treeview size in wpf

- by AComputert

please let me know how can I re size height of tree view control when screen resolution is changed? please see this code: <TreeView Name="treeView1" Height="150" VerticalAlignment="Top"> <TreeViewItem Header="Root" IsExpanded="True"> <TreeViewItem Header="Item 1"></TreeViewItem> <TreeViewItem Header="Item 2"></TreeViewItem> <TreeViewItem Header="Item 3"></TreeViewItem> <TreeViewItem Header="Item 4"></TreeViewItem> <TreeViewItem Header="Item 5"></TreeViewItem> <TreeViewItem Header="Item 6"></TreeViewItem> <TreeViewItem Header="Item 7"></TreeViewItem> <TreeViewItem Header="Item 8"></TreeViewItem> <TreeViewItem Header="Item 9"></TreeViewItem> <TreeViewItem Header="Item 10"></TreeViewItem> <TreeViewItem Header="Item 11"></TreeViewItem> <TreeViewItem Header="Item 12"></TreeViewItem> <TreeViewItem Header="Item 13"></TreeViewItem> <TreeViewItem Header="Item 14"></TreeViewItem> <TreeViewItem Header="Item 15"></TreeViewItem> <TreeViewItem Header="Item 16"></TreeViewItem> <TreeViewItem Header="Item 17"></TreeViewItem> <TreeViewItem Header="Item 18"></TreeViewItem> <TreeViewItem Header="Item 19"></TreeViewItem> <TreeViewItem Header="Item 20"></TreeViewItem> <TreeViewItem Header="Item 21"></TreeViewItem> <TreeViewItem Header="Item 22"></TreeViewItem> <TreeViewItem Header="Item 23"></TreeViewItem> <TreeViewItem Header="Item 24"></TreeViewItem> <TreeViewItem Header="Item 24"></TreeViewItem> </TreeViewItem> </TreeView> in some screen resolutions i can see all nodse and in some resolutions i see a scroll bar. I want to see all nodes without scroll bar.

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Property trigger in XAML for IsMouseOver fails to set Border.Background

- by Mal Ross

I'm currently trying to create a ControlTemplate for the Button class in WPF, replacing the usual visual tree with something that makes the button look similar to the little (X) close icon on Google Chrome's tabs. I decided to use a Path object in XAML to achieve the effect. Using a property trigger, the control responds to a change in the IsMouseOver property by setting the icon's red background. Here's the XAML from a test app: <Window x:Class="Widgets.Window1" xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation" xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml" Title="Window1" Height="300" Width="300"> <Window.Resources> <Style x:Key="borderStyle" TargetType="Border"> <Style.Triggers> <Trigger Property="IsMouseOver" Value="True"> <Setter Property="Background"> <Setter.Value> <SolidColorBrush Color="#CC0000"/> </Setter.Value> </Setter> </Trigger> </Style.Triggers> </Style> <ControlTemplate x:Key="closeButtonTemplate" TargetType="Button"> <Border Width="12" Height="12" CornerRadius="6" BorderBrush="#AAAAAA" Background="Transparent" Style="{StaticResource borderStyle}" ToolTip="Close"> <Viewbox Margin="2.75"> <Path Data="M 0,0 L 10,10 M 0,10 L 10,0" Stroke="{Binding BorderBrush, RelativeSource={RelativeSource FindAncestor, AncestorType=Border, AncestorLevel=1}}" StrokeThickness="1.8"/> </Viewbox> </Border> </ControlTemplate> </Window.Resources> <Grid Background="White"> <Button Template="{StaticResource closeButtonTemplate}"/> </Grid> </Window> Note that the circular background is always there - it's just transparent when the mouse isn't over it. The problem with this is that the trigger just isn't working. Nothing changes in the button's appearance. However, if I remove the Background="Transparent" value from the Border object in the ControlTemplate, the trigger does work (albeit only when over the 'X'). I really can't explain this. Setters for any other properties placed in the borderStyle resource work fine, but the Background setter fails as soon as the default background is specified in the ControlTemplate. Any ideas why it's happening and how I can fix it? I know I could easily replace this code with, for example, a .PNG-based image, but I want to understand why the current implementation isn't working. Thanks! :)

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Android - Retrieve all data from a SQLite table row

- by Paul

I have searched and cannot find an answer to my issue so i hope i am not completely barking up the wrong tree (so to speak). I am new to android and have started to create an app. My app on one screen creates and adds entries to a SQLite database using public class DatabaseHandler extends SQLiteOpenHelper and this all appears to work. I retrieve all the data and populate it into a grid, again this now works. My issue is I am unable to retrieve one complete line from the grid. I populate/display the grid with the following code. I have cut a lot out as the grid is made in stages, header, blank lines etc but the grid does display as I want. The id’s work as when I touch a line it displays its unique id. The onClick is right at the end and when I use getText() instead of getID() all it returns is the data in the labelDate. How do I retrieve all the labels as listed below? TextView labelDATE = new TextView(this); TextView labelCP = new TextView(this); TextView labelBG = new TextView(this); TextView labelQA = new TextView(this); TextView labelCN = new TextView(this); TextView labelKT = new TextView(this); TextView[] tvArray = {labelDATE, labelCP, labelBG, labelQA, labelCN, labelKT}; labelDATE.setText(re.getTime()); labelCP.setText(re.getCP()); labelBG.setText(re.getBG()); labelQA.setText(re.getQA()); labelCN.setText(re.getCN()); labelKT.setText(re.getKT()); for (TextView tv : tvArray) { tv.setTextColor(Color.WHITE); tv.setId(200+count); tr.setOnClickListener(this); tr.addView(tv); } //add this to the table row tl.addView(tr, new TableLayout.LayoutParams(LayoutParams.MATCH_PARENT,LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT)); public void onClick(View v) { if (v instanceof TableRow) { TableRow row = (TableRow) v; TextView child = (TextView) row.getChildAt(0); Toast toast = Toast.makeText(this, String.valueOf(child.getId()), Toast.LENGTH_SHORT); toast.show(); } } I can supply all the code for the grid creation if required. Thanks for any help.

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C# recursive programming with lists

- by David Torrey

I am working on a program where each item can hold an array of items (i'm making a menu, which has a tree-like structure) currently i have the items as a list, instead of an array, but I don't feel like I'm using it to its full potential to simplify code. I chose a list over a standard array because the interface (.add, .remove, etc...) makes a lot of sense. I have code to search through the structure and return the path of the name (i.e. Item.subitem.subsubitem.subsubsubitem). Below is my code: public class Item { //public Item[] subitem; <-- Array of Items public List<Item> subitem; // <-- List of Items public Color itemColor = Color.FromArgb(50,50,200); public Rectangle itemSize = new Rectangle(0,0,64,64); public Bitmap itemBitmap = null; public string itemName; public string LocateItem(string searchName) { string tItemName = null; //if the item name matches the search parameter, send it up) if (itemName == searchName) { return itemName; } if (subitem != null) { //spiral down a level foreach (Item tSearchItem in subitem) { tItemName = tSearchItem.LocateItem(searchName); if (tItemName != null) break; //exit for if item was found } } //do name logic (use index numbers) //if LocateItem of the subitems returned nothing and the current item is not a match, return null (not found) if (tItemName == null && itemName != searchName) { return null; } //if it's not the item being searched for and the search item was found, change the string and return it up if (tItemName != null && itemName != searchName) { tItemName.Insert(0, itemName + "."); //insert the parent name on the left --> TopItem.SubItem.SubSubItem.SubSubSubItem return tItemName; } //default not found return null; } } My question is if there is an easier way to do this with lists? I've been going back and forth in my head as to whether I should use lists or just an array. The only reason I have a list is so that I don't have to make code to resize the array each time I add or remove an item.

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Abstract class and an inheritor: is it possible to factorize .parent() here?

- by fge

Here are what I think are the relevant parts of the code of these two classes. First, TreePointer (original source here): public abstract class TreePointer<T extends TreeNode> implements Iterable<TokenResolver<T>> { //... /** * What this tree can see as a missing node (may be {@code null}) */ private final T missing; /** * The list of token resolvers */ protected final List<TokenResolver<T>> tokenResolvers; /** * Main protected constructor * * <p>This constructor makes an immutable copy of the list it receives as * an argument.</p> * * @param missing the representation of a missing node (may be null) * @param tokenResolvers the list of reference token resolvers */ protected TreePointer(final T missing, final List<TokenResolver<T>> tokenResolvers) { this.missing = missing; this.tokenResolvers = ImmutableList.copyOf(tokenResolvers); } /** * Alternate constructor * * <p>This is the same as calling {@link #TreePointer(TreeNode, List)} with * {@code null} as the missing node.</p> * * @param tokenResolvers the list of token resolvers */ protected TreePointer(final List<TokenResolver<T>> tokenResolvers) { this(null, tokenResolvers); } //... /** * Tell whether this pointer is empty * * @return true if the reference token list is empty */ public final boolean isEmpty() { return tokenResolvers.isEmpty(); } @Override public final Iterator<TokenResolver<T>> iterator() { return tokenResolvers.iterator(); } // .equals(), .hashCode(), .toString() follow } Then, JsonPointer, which contains this .parent() method which I'd like to factorize here (original source here: public final class JsonPointer extends TreePointer<JsonNode> { /** * The empty JSON Pointer */ private static final JsonPointer EMPTY = new JsonPointer(ImmutableList.<TokenResolver<JsonNode>>of()); /** * Return an empty JSON Pointer * * @return an empty, statically allocated JSON Pointer */ public static JsonPointer empty() { return EMPTY; } //... /** * Return the immediate parent of this JSON Pointer * * <p>The parent of the empty pointer is itself.</p> * * @return a new JSON Pointer representing the parent of the current one */ public JsonPointer parent() { final int size = tokenResolvers.size(); return size <= 1 ? EMPTY : new JsonPointer(tokenResolvers.subList(0, size - 1)); } // ... } As mentioned in the subject, the problem I have here is with JsonPointer's .parent() method. In fact, the logic behind this method applies to TreeNode all the same, and therefore to its future implementations. Except that I have to use a constructor, and of course such a constructor is implementation dependent :/ Is there a way to make that .parent() method available to each and every implementation of TreeNode or is it just a pipe dream?

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Is there a Telecommunications Reference Architecture?

- by raul.goycoolea

@font-face { font-family: "Arial"; }@font-face { font-family: "Courier New"; }@font-face { font-family: "Wingdings"; }@font-face { font-family: "Cambria"; }p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal { margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }p.MsoListParagraph, li.MsoListParagraph, div.MsoListParagraph { margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }p.MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst, li.MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst, div.MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst { margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }p.MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle, li.MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle, div.MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle { margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }p.MsoListParagraphCxSpLast, li.MsoListParagraphCxSpLast, div.MsoListParagraphCxSpLast { margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }div.Section1 { page: Section1; }ol { margin-bottom: 0cm; }ul { margin-bottom: 0cm; } Abstract Reference architecture provides needed architectural information that can be provided in advance to an enterprise to enable consistent architectural best practices. Enterprise Reference Architecture helps business owners to actualize their strategies, vision, objectives, and principles. It evaluates the IT systems, based on Reference Architecture goals, principles, and standards. It helps to reduce IT costs by increasing functionality, availability, scalability, etc. Telecom Reference Architecture provides customers with the flexibility to view bundled service bills online with the provision of multiple services. It provides real-time, flexible billing and charging systems, to handle complex promotions, discounts, and settlements with multiple parties. This paper attempts to describe the Reference Architecture for the Telecom Enterprises. It lays the foundation for a Telecom Reference Architecture by articulating the requirements, drivers, and pitfalls for telecom service providers. It describes generic reference architecture for telecom enterprises and moves on to explain how to achieve Enterprise Reference Architecture by using SOA. Introduction A Reference Architecture provides a methodology, set of practices, template, and standards based on a set of successful solutions implemented earlier. These solutions have been generalized and structured for the depiction of both a logical and a physical architecture, based on the harvesting of a set of patterns that describe observations in a number of successful implementations. It helps as a reference for the various architectures that an enterprise can implement to solve various problems. It can be used as the starting point or the point of comparisons for various departments/business entities of a company, or for the various companies for an enterprise. It provides multiple views for multiple stakeholders. Major artifacts of the Enterprise Reference Architecture are methodologies, standards, metadata, documents, design patterns, etc. Purpose of Reference Architecture In most cases, architects spend a lot of time researching, investigating, defining, and re-arguing architectural decisions. It is like reinventing the wheel as their peers in other organizations or even the same organization have already spent a lot of time and effort defining their own architectural practices. This prevents an organization from learning from its own experiences and applying that knowledge for increased effectiveness. Reference architecture provides missing architectural information that can be provided in advance to project team members to enable consistent architectural best practices. Enterprise Reference Architecture helps an enterprise to achieve the following at the abstract level: · Reference architecture is more of a communication channel to an enterprise · Helps the business owners to accommodate to their strategies, vision, objectives, and principles. · Evaluates the IT systems based on Reference Architecture Principles · Reduces IT spending through increasing functionality, availability, scalability, etc · A Real-time Integration Model helps to reduce the latency of the data updates Is used to define a single source of Information · Provides a clear view on how to manage information and security · Defines the policy around the data ownership, product boundaries, etc. · Helps with cost optimization across project and solution portfolios by eliminating unused or duplicate investments and assets · Has a shorter implementation time and cost Once the reference architecture is in place, the set of architectural principles, standards, reference models, and best practices ensure that the aligned investments have the greatest possible likelihood of success in both the near term and the long term (TCO). Common pitfalls for Telecom Service Providers Telecom Reference Architecture serves as the first step towards maturity for a telecom service provider. During the course of our assignments/experiences with telecom players, we have come across the following observations – Some of these indicate a lack of maturity of the telecom service provider: · In markets that are growing and not so mature, it has been observed that telcos have a significant amount of in-house or home-grown applications. In some of these markets, the growth has been so rapid that IT has been unable to cope with business demands. Telcos have shown a tendency to come up with workarounds in their IT applications so as to meet business needs. · Even for core functions like provisioning or mediation, some telcos have tried to manage with home-grown applications. · Most of the applications do not have the required scalability or maintainability to sustain growth in volumes or functionality. · Applications face interoperability issues with other applications in the operator's landscape. Integrating a new application or network element requires considerable effort on the part of the other applications. · Application boundaries are not clear, and functionality that is not in the initial scope of that application gets pushed onto it. This results in the development of the multiple, small applications without proper boundaries. · Usage of Legacy OSS/BSS systems, poor Integration across Multiple COTS Products and Internal Systems. Most of the Integrations are developed on ad-hoc basis and Point-to-Point Integration. · Redundancy of the business functions in different applications • Fragmented data across the different applications and no integrated view of the strategic data • Lot of performance Issues due to the usage of the complex integration across OSS and BSS systems However, this is where the maturity of the telecom industry as a whole can be of help. The collaborative efforts of telcos to overcome some of these problems have resulted in bodies like the TM Forum. They have come up with frameworks for business processes, data, applications, and technology for telecom service providers. These could be a good starting point for telcos to clean up their enterprise landscape. Industry Trends in Telecom Reference Architecture Telecom reference architectures are evolving rapidly because telcos are facing business and IT challenges. “The reality is that there probably is no killer application, no silver bullet that the telcos can latch onto to carry them into a 21st Century.... Instead, there are probably hundreds – perhaps thousands – of niche applications.... And the only way to find which of these works for you is to try out lots of them, ramp up the ones that work, and discontinue the ones that fail.” – Martin Creaner President & CTO TM Forum. The following trends have been observed in telecom reference architecture: · Transformation of business structures to align with customer requirements · Adoption of more Internet-like technical architectures. The Web 2.0 concept is increasingly being used. · Virtualization of the traditional operations support system (OSS) · Adoption of SOA to support development of IP-based services · Adoption of frameworks like Service Delivery Platforms (SDPs) and IP Multimedia Subsystem · (IMS) to enable seamless deployment of various services over fixed and mobile networks · Replacement of in-house, customized, and stove-piped OSS/BSS with standards-based COTS products · Compliance with industry standards and frameworks like eTOM, SID, and TAM to enable seamless integration with other standards-based products Drivers of Reference Architecture The drivers of the Reference Architecture are Reference Architecture Goals, Principles, and Enterprise Vision and Telecom Transformation. The details are depicted below diagram. @font-face { font-family: "Cambria"; }p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal { margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }p.MsoCaption, li.MsoCaption, div.MsoCaption { margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; color: rgb(79, 129, 189); font-weight: bold; }div.Section1 { page: Section1; } Figure 1. Drivers for Reference Architecture @font-face { font-family: "Arial"; }@font-face { font-family: "Courier New"; }@font-face { font-family: "Wingdings"; }@font-face { font-family: "Cambria"; }p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal { margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }p.MsoListParagraph, li.MsoListParagraph, div.MsoListParagraph { margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }p.MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst, li.MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst, div.MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst { margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }p.MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle, li.MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle, div.MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle { margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }p.MsoListParagraphCxSpLast, li.MsoListParagraphCxSpLast, div.MsoListParagraphCxSpLast { margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }div.Section1 { page: Section1; }ol { margin-bottom: 0cm; }ul { margin-bottom: 0cm; } Today’s telecom reference architectures should seamlessly integrate traditional legacy-based applications and transition to next-generation network technologies (e.g., IP multimedia subsystems). This has resulted in new requirements for flexible, real-time billing and OSS/BSS systems and implications on the service provider’s organizational requirements and structure. Telecom reference architectures are today expected to: · Integrate voice, messaging, email and other VAS over fixed and mobile networks, back end systems · Be able to provision multiple services and service bundles • Deliver converged voice, video and data services · Leverage the existing Network Infrastructure · Provide real-time, flexible billing and charging systems to handle complex promotions, discounts, and settlements with multiple parties. · Support charging of advanced data services such as VoIP, On-Demand, Services (e.g. Video), IMS/SIP Services, Mobile Money, Content Services and IPTV. · Help in faster deployment of new services • Serve as an effective platform for collaboration between network IT and business organizations · Harness the potential of converging technology, networks, devices and content to develop multimedia services and solutions of ever-increasing sophistication on a single Internet Protocol (IP) · Ensure better service delivery and zero revenue leakage through real-time balance and credit management · Lower operating costs to drive profitability Enterprise Reference Architecture The Enterprise Reference Architecture (RA) fills the gap between the concepts and vocabulary defined by the reference model and the implementation. Reference architecture provides detailed architectural information in a common format such that solutions can be repeatedly designed and deployed in a consistent, high-quality, supportable fashion. This paper attempts to describe the Reference Architecture for the Telecom Application Usage and how to achieve the Enterprise Level Reference Architecture using SOA. • Telecom Reference Architecture • Enterprise SOA based Reference Architecture Telecom Reference Architecture Tele Management Forum’s New Generation Operations Systems and Software (NGOSS) is an architectural framework for organizing, integrating, and implementing telecom systems. NGOSS is a component-based framework consisting of the following elements: · The enhanced Telecom Operations Map (eTOM) is a business process framework. · The Shared Information Data (SID) model provides a comprehensive information framework that may be specialized for the needs of a particular organization. · The Telecom Application Map (TAM) is an application framework to depict the functional footprint of applications, relative to the horizontal processes within eTOM. · The Technology Neutral Architecture (TNA) is an integrated framework. TNA is an architecture that is sustainable through technology changes. NGOSS Architecture Standards are: · Centralized data · Loosely coupled distributed systems · Application components/re-use · A technology-neutral system framework with technology specific implementations · Interoperability to service provider data/processes · Allows more re-use of business components across multiple business scenarios · Workflow automation The traditional operator systems architecture consists of four layers, · Business Support System (BSS) layer, with focus toward customers and business partners. Manages order, subscriber, pricing, rating, and billing information. · Operations Support System (OSS) layer, built around product, service, and resource inventories. · Networks layer – consists of Network elements and 3rd Party Systems. · Integration Layer – to maximize application communication and overall solution flexibility. Reference architecture for telecom enterprises is depicted below. @font-face { font-family: "Arial"; }@font-face { font-family: "Courier New"; }@font-face { font-family: "Wingdings"; }@font-face { font-family: "Cambria"; }p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal { margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }p.MsoCaption, li.MsoCaption, div.MsoCaption { margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; color: rgb(79, 129, 189); font-weight: bold; }p.MsoListParagraph, li.MsoListParagraph, div.MsoListParagraph { margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }p.MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst, li.MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst, div.MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst { margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }p.MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle, li.MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle, div.MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle { margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }p.MsoListParagraphCxSpLast, li.MsoListParagraphCxSpLast, div.MsoListParagraphCxSpLast { margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }div.Section1 { page: Section1; }ol { margin-bottom: 0cm; }ul { margin-bottom: 0cm; } Figure 2. Telecom Reference Architecture The major building blocks of any Telecom Service Provider architecture are as follows: 1. Customer Relationship Management CRM encompasses the end-to-end lifecycle of the customer: customer initiation/acquisition, sales, ordering, and service activation, customer care and support, proactive campaigns, cross sell/up sell, and retention/loyalty. CRM also includes the collection of customer information and its application to personalize, customize, and integrate delivery of service to a customer, as well as to identify opportunities for increasing the value of the customer to the enterprise. The key functionalities related to Customer Relationship Management are · Manage the end-to-end lifecycle of a customer request for products. · Create and manage customer profiles. · Manage all interactions with customers – inquiries, requests, and responses. · Provide updates to Billing and other south bound systems on customer/account related updates such as customer/ account creation, deletion, modification, request bills, final bill, duplicate bills, credit limits through Middleware. · Work with Order Management System, Product, and Service Management components within CRM. · Manage customer preferences – Involve all the touch points and channels to the customer, including contact center, retail stores, dealers, self service, and field service, as well as via any media (phone, face to face, web, mobile device, chat, email, SMS, mail, the customer's bill, etc.). · Support single interface for customer contact details, preferences, account details, offers, customer premise equipment, bill details, bill cycle details, and customer interactions. CRM applications interact with customers through customer touch points like portals, point-of-sale terminals, interactive voice response systems, etc. The requests by customers are sent via fulfillment/provisioning to billing system for ordering processing. 2. Billing and Revenue Management Billing and Revenue Management handles the collection of appropriate usage records and production of timely and accurate bills – for providing pre-bill usage information and billing to customers; for processing their payments; and for performing payment collections. In addition, it handles customer inquiries about bills, provides billing inquiry status, and is responsible for resolving billing problems to the customer's satisfaction in a timely manner. This process grouping also supports prepayment for services. The key functionalities provided by these applications are · To ensure that enterprise revenue is billed and invoices delivered appropriately to customers. · To manage customers’ billing accounts, process their payments, perform payment collections, and monitor the status of the account balance. · To ensure the timely and effective fulfillment of all customer bill inquiries and complaints. · Collect the usage records from mediation and ensure appropriate rating and discounting of all usage and pricing. · Support revenue sharing; split charging where usage is guided to an account different from the service consumer. · Support prepaid and post-paid rating. · Send notification on approach / exceeding the usage thresholds as enforced by the subscribed offer, and / or as setup by the customer. · Support prepaid, post paid, and hybrid (where some services are prepaid and the rest of the services post paid) customers and conversion from post paid to prepaid, and vice versa. · Support different billing function requirements like charge prorating, promotion, discount, adjustment, waiver, write-off, account receivable, GL Interface, late payment fee, credit control, dunning, account or service suspension, re-activation, expiry, termination, contract violation penalty, etc. · Initiate direct debit to collect payment against an invoice outstanding. · Send notification to Middleware on different events; for example, payment receipt, pre-suspension, threshold exceed, etc. Billing systems typically get usage data from mediation systems for rating and billing. They get provisioning requests from order management systems and inquiries from CRM systems. Convergent and real-time billing systems can directly get usage details from network elements. 3. Mediation Mediation systems transform/translate the Raw or Native Usage Data Records into a general format that is acceptable to billing for their rating purposes. The following lists the high-level roles and responsibilities executed by the Mediation system in the end-to-end solution. · Collect Usage Data Records from different data sources – like network elements, routers, servers – via different protocol and interfaces. · Process Usage Data Records – Mediation will process Usage Data Records as per the source format. · Validate Usage Data Records from each source. · Segregates Usage Data Records coming from each source to multiple, based on the segregation requirement of end Application. · Aggregates Usage Data Records based on the aggregation rule if any from different sources. · Consolidates multiple Usage Data Records from each source. · Delivers formatted Usage Data Records to different end application like Billing, Interconnect, Fraud Management, etc. · Generates audit trail for incoming Usage Data Records and keeps track of all the Usage Data Records at various stages of mediation process. · Checks duplicate Usage Data Records across files for a given time window. 4. Fulfillment This area is responsible for providing customers with their requested products in a timely and correct manner. It translates the customer's business or personal need into a solution that can be delivered using the specific products in the enterprise's portfolio. This process informs the customers of the status of their purchase order, and ensures completion on time, as well as ensuring a delighted customer. These processes are responsible for accepting and issuing orders. They deal with pre-order feasibility determination, credit authorization, order issuance, order status and tracking, customer update on customer order activities, and customer notification on order completion. Order management and provisioning applications fall into this category. The key functionalities provided by these applications are · Issuing new customer orders, modifying open customer orders, or canceling open customer orders; · Verifying whether specific non-standard offerings sought by customers are feasible and supportable; · Checking the credit worthiness of customers as part of the customer order process; · Testing the completed offering to ensure it is working correctly; · Updating of the Customer Inventory Database to reflect that the specific product offering has been allocated, modified, or cancelled; · Assigning and tracking customer provisioning activities; · Managing customer provisioning jeopardy conditions; and · Reporting progress on customer orders and other processes to customer. These applications typically get orders from CRM systems. They interact with network elements and billing systems for fulfillment of orders. 5. Enterprise Management This process area includes those processes that manage enterprise-wide activities and needs, or have application within the enterprise as a whole. They encompass all business management processes that · Are necessary to support the whole of the enterprise, including processes for financial management, legal management, regulatory management, process, cost, and quality management, etc.; · Are responsible for setting corporate policies, strategies, and directions, and for providing guidelines and targets for the whole of the business, including strategy development and planning for areas, such as Enterprise Architecture, that are integral to the direction and development of the business; · Occur throughout the enterprise, including processes for project management, performance assessments, cost assessments, etc. (i) Enterprise Risk Management: Enterprise Risk Management focuses on assuring that risks and threats to the enterprise value and/or reputation are identified, and appropriate controls are in place to minimize or eliminate the identified risks. The identified risks may be physical or logical/virtual. Successful risk management ensures that the enterprise can support its mission critical operations, processes, applications, and communications in the face of serious incidents such as security threats/violations and fraud attempts. Two key areas covered in Risk Management by telecom operators are: · Revenue Assurance: Revenue assurance system will be responsible for identifying revenue loss scenarios across components/systems, and will help in rectifying the problems. The following lists the high-level roles and responsibilities executed by the Revenue Assurance system in the end-to-end solution. o Identify all usage information dropped when networks are being upgraded. o Interconnect bill verification. o Identify where services are routinely provisioned but never billed. o Identify poor sales policies that are intensifying collections problems. o Find leakage where usage is sent to error bucket and never billed for. o Find leakage where field service, CRM, and network build-out are not optimized. · Fraud Management: Involves collecting data from different systems to identify abnormalities in traffic patterns, usage patterns, and subscription patterns to report suspicious activity that might suggest fraudulent usage of resources, resulting in revenue losses to the operator. The key roles and responsibilities of the system component are as follows: o Fraud management system will capture and monitor high usage (over a certain threshold) in terms of duration, value, and number of calls for each subscriber. The threshold for each subscriber is decided by the system and fixed automatically. o Fraud management will be able to detect the unauthorized access to services for certain subscribers. These subscribers may have been provided unauthorized services by employees. The component will raise the alert to the operator the very first time of such illegal calls or calls which are not billed. o The solution will be to have an alarm management system that will deliver alarms to the operator/provider whenever it detects a fraud, thus minimizing fraud by catching it the first time it occurs. o The Fraud Management system will be capable of interfacing with switches, mediation systems, and billing systems (ii) Knowledge Management This process focuses on knowledge management, technology research within the enterprise, and the evaluation of potential technology acquisitions. Key responsibilities of knowledge base management are to · Maintain knowledge base – Creation and updating of knowledge base on ongoing basis. · Search knowledge base – Search of knowledge base on keywords or category browse · Maintain metadata – Management of metadata on knowledge base to ensure effective management and search. · Run report generator. · Provide content – Add content to the knowledge base, e.g., user guides, operational manual, etc. (iii) Document Management It focuses on maintaining a repository of all electronic documents or images of paper documents relevant to the enterprise using a system. (iv) Data Management It manages data as a valuable resource for any enterprise. For telecom enterprises, the typical areas covered are Master Data Management, Data Warehousing, and Business Intelligence. It is also responsible for data governance, security, quality, and database management. Key responsibilities of Data Management are · Using ETL, extract the data from CRM, Billing, web content, ERP, campaign management, financial, network operations, asset management info, customer contact data, customer measures, benchmarks, process data, e.g., process inputs, outputs, and measures, into Enterprise Data Warehouse. · Management of data traceability with source, data related business rules/decisions, data quality, data cleansing data reconciliation, competitors data – storage for all the enterprise data (customer profiles, products, offers, revenues, etc.) · Get online update through night time replication or physical backup process at regular frequency. · Provide the data access to business intelligence and other systems for their analysis, report generation, and use. (v) Business Intelligence It uses the Enterprise Data to provide the various analysis and reports that contain prospects and analytics for customer retention, acquisition of new customers due to the offers, and SLAs. It will generate right and optimized plans – bolt-ons for the customers. The following lists the high-level roles and responsibilities executed by the Business Intelligence system at the Enterprise Level: · It will do Pattern analysis and reports problem. · It will do Data Analysis – Statistical analysis, data profiling, affinity analysis of data, customer segment wise usage patterns on offers, products, service and revenue generation against services and customer segments. · It will do Performance (business, system, and forecast) analysis, churn propensity, response time, and SLAs analysis. · It will support for online and offline analysis, and report drill down capability. · It will collect, store, and report various SLA data. · It will provide the necessary intelligence for marketing and working on campaigns, etc., with cost benefit analysis and predictions. It will advise on customer promotions with additional services based on loyalty and credit history of customer · It will Interface with Enterprise Data Management system for data to run reports and analysis tasks. It will interface with the campaign schedules, based on historical success evidence. (vi) Stakeholder and External Relations Management It manages the enterprise's relationship with stakeholders and outside entities. Stakeholders include shareholders, employee organizations, etc. Outside entities include regulators, local community, and unions. Some of the processes within this grouping are Shareholder Relations, External Affairs, Labor Relations, and Public Relations. (vii) Enterprise Resource Planning It is used to manage internal and external resources, including tangible assets, financial resources, materials, and human resources. Its purpose is to facilitate the flow of information between all business functions inside the boundaries of the enterprise and manage the connections to outside stakeholders. ERP systems consolidate all business operations into a uniform and enterprise wide system environment. The key roles and responsibilities for Enterprise System are given below: · It will handle responsibilities such as core accounting, financial, and management reporting. · It will interface with CRM for capturing customer account and details. · It will interface with billing to capture the billing revenue and other financial data. · It will be responsible for executing the dunning process. Billing will send the required feed to ERP for execution of dunning. · It will interface with the CRM and Billing through batch interfaces. Enterprise management systems are like horizontals in the enterprise and typically interact with all major telecom systems. E.g., an ERP system interacts with CRM, Fulfillment, and Billing systems for different kinds of data exchanges. 6. External Interfaces/Touch Points The typical external parties are customers, suppliers/partners, employees, shareholders, and other stakeholders. External interactions from/to a Service Provider to other parties can be achieved by a variety of mechanisms, including: · Exchange of emails or faxes · Call Centers · Web Portals · Business-to-Business (B2B) automated transactions These applications provide an Internet technology driven interface to external parties to undertake a variety of business functions directly for themselves. These can provide fully or partially automated service to external parties through various touch points. Typical characteristics of these touch points are · Pre-integrated self-service system, including stand-alone web framework or integration front end with a portal engine · Self services layer exposing atomic web services/APIs for reuse by multiple systems across the architectural environment · Portlets driven connectivity exposing data and services interoperability through a portal engine or web application These touch points mostly interact with the CRM systems for requests, inquiries, and responses. 7. Middleware The component will be primarily responsible for integrating the different systems components under a common platform. It should provide a Standards-Based Platform for building Service Oriented Architecture and Composite Applications. The following lists the high-level roles and responsibilities executed by the Middleware component in the end-to-end solution. · As an integration framework, covering to and fro interfaces · Provide a web service framework with service registry. · Support SOA framework with SOA service registry. · Each of the interfaces from / to Middleware to other components would handle data transformation, translation, and mapping of data points. · Receive data from the caller / activate and/or forward the data to the recipient system in XML format. · Use standard XML for data exchange. · Provide the response back to the service/call initiator. · Provide a tracking until the response completion. · Keep a store transitional data against each call/transaction. · Interface through Middleware to get any information that is possible and allowed from the existing systems to enterprise systems; e.g., customer profile and customer history, etc. · Provide the data in a common unified format to the SOA calls across systems, and follow the Enterprise Architecture directive. · Provide an audit trail for all transactions being handled by the component. 8. Network Elements The term Network Element means a facility or equipment used in the provision of a telecommunications service. Such terms also includes features, functions, and capabilities that are provided by means of such facility or equipment, including subscriber numbers, databases, signaling systems, and information sufficient for billing and collection or used in the transmission, routing, or other provision of a telecommunications service. Typical network elements in a GSM network are Home Location Register (HLR), Intelligent Network (IN), Mobile Switching Center (MSC), SMS Center (SMSC), and network elements for other value added services like Push-to-talk (PTT), Ring Back Tone (RBT), etc. Network elements are invoked when subscribers use their telecom devices for any kind of usage. These elements generate usage data and pass it on to downstream systems like mediation and billing system for rating and billing. They also integrate with provisioning systems for order/service fulfillment. 9. 3rd Party Applications 3rd Party systems are applications like content providers, payment gateways, point of sale terminals, and databases/applications maintained by the Government. Depending on applicability and the type of functionality provided by 3rd party applications, the integration with different telecom systems like CRM, provisioning, and billing will be done. 10. Service Delivery Platform A service delivery platform (SDP) provides the architecture for the rapid deployment, provisioning, execution, management, and billing of value added telecom services. SDPs are based on the concept of SOA and layered architecture. They support the delivery of voice, data services, and content in network and device-independent fashion. They allow application developers to aggregate network capabilities, services, and sources of content. SDPs typically contain layers for web services exposure, service application development, and network abstraction. SOA Reference Architecture SOA concept is based on the principle of developing reusable business service and building applications by composing those services, instead of building monolithic applications in silos. It’s about bridging the gap between business and IT through a set of business-aligned IT services, using a set of design principles, patterns, and techniques. In an SOA, resources are made available to participants in a value net, enterprise, line of business (typically spanning multiple applications within an enterprise or across multiple enterprises). It consists of a set of business-aligned IT services that collectively fulfill an organization’s business processes and goals. We can choreograph these services into composite applications and invoke them through standard protocols. SOA, apart from agility and reusability, enables: · The business to specify processes as orchestrations of reusable services · Technology agnostic business design, with technology hidden behind service interface · A contractual-like interaction between business and IT, based on service SLAs · Accountability and governance, better aligned to business services · Applications interconnections untangling by allowing access only through service interfaces, reducing the daunting side effects of change · Reduced pressure to replace legacy and extended lifetime for legacy applications, through encapsulation in services · A Cloud Computing paradigm, using web services technologies, that makes possible service outsourcing on an on-demand, utility-like, pay-per-usage basis The following section represents the Reference Architecture of logical view for the Telecom Solution. The new custom built application needs to align with this logical architecture in the long run to achieve EA benefits. Packaged implementation applications, such as ERP billing applications, need to expose their functions as service providers (as other applications consume) and interact with other applications as service consumers. COT applications need to expose services through wrappers such as adapters to utilize existing resources and at the same time achieve Enterprise Architecture goal and objectives. The following are the various layers for Enterprise level deployment of SOA. This diagram captures the abstract view of Enterprise SOA layers and important components of each layer. Layered architecture means decomposition of services such that most interactions occur between adjacent layers. However, there is no strict rule that top layers should not directly communicate with bottom layers. The diagram below represents the important logical pieces that would result from overall SOA transformation. @font-face { font-family: "Arial"; }@font-face { font-family: "Courier New"; }@font-face { font-family: "Wingdings"; }@font-face { font-family: "Cambria"; }p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal { margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }p.MsoCaption, li.MsoCaption, div.MsoCaption { margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; color: rgb(79, 129, 189); font-weight: bold; }p.MsoListParagraph, li.MsoListParagraph, div.MsoListParagraph { margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }p.MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst, li.MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst, div.MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst { margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }p.MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle, li.MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle, div.MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle { margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }p.MsoListParagraphCxSpLast, li.MsoListParagraphCxSpLast, div.MsoListParagraphCxSpLast { margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }div.Section1 { page: Section1; }ol { margin-bottom: 0cm; }ul { margin-bottom: 0cm; } Figure 3. Enterprise SOA Reference Architecture 1. Operational System Layer: This layer consists of all packaged applications like CRM, ERP, custom built applications, COTS based applications like Billing, Revenue Management, Fulfilment, and the Enterprise databases that are essential and contribute directly or indirectly to the Enterprise OSS/BSS Transformation. ERP holds the data of Asset Lifecycle Management, Supply Chain, and Advanced Procurement and Human Capital Management, etc. CRM holds the data related to Order, Sales, and Marketing, Customer Care, Partner Relationship Management, Loyalty, etc. Content Management handles Enterprise Search and Query. Billing application consists of the following components: · Collections Management, Customer Billing Management, Invoices, Real-Time Rating, Discounting, and Applying of Charges · Enterprise databases will hold both the application and service data, whether structured or unstructured. MDM - Master data majorly consists of Customer, Order, Product, and Service Data. 2. Enterprise Component Layer: This layer consists of the Application Services and Common Services that are responsible for realizing the functionality and maintaining the QoS of the exposed services. This layer uses container-based technologies such as application servers to implement the components, workload management, high availability, and load balancing. Application Services: This Service Layer enables application, technology, and database abstraction so that the complex accessing logic is hidden from the other service layers. This is a basic service layer, which exposes application functionalities and data as reusable services. The three types of the Application access services are: · Application Access Service: This Service Layer exposes application level functionalities as a reusable service between BSS to BSS and BSS to OSS integration. This layer is enabled using disparate technology such as Web Service, Integration Servers, and Adaptors, etc. · Data Access Service: This Service Layer exposes application data services as a reusable reference data service. This is done via direct interaction with application data. and provides the federated query. · Network Access Service: This Service Layer exposes provisioning layer as a reusable service from OSS to OSS integration. This integration service emphasizes the need for high performance, stateless process flows, and distributed design. Common Services encompasses management of structured, semi-structured, and unstructured data such as information services, portal services, interaction services, infrastructure services, and security services, etc. 3. Integration Layer: This consists of service infrastructure components like service bus, service gateway for partner integration, service registry, service repository, and BPEL processor. Service bus will carry the service invocation payloads/messages between consumers and providers. The other important functions expected from it are itinerary based routing, distributed caching of routing information, transformations, and all qualities of service for messaging-like reliability, scalability, and availability, etc. Service registry will hold all contracts (wsdl) of services, and it helps developers to locate or discover service during design time or runtime. • BPEL processor would be useful in orchestrating the services to compose a complex business scenario or process. • Workflow and business rules management are also required to support manual triggering of certain activities within business process. based on the rules setup and also the state machine information. Application, data, and service mediation layer typically forms the overall composite application development framework or SOA Framework. 4. Business Process Layer: These are typically the intermediate services layer and represent Shared Business Process Services. At Enterprise Level, these services are from Customer Management, Order Management, Billing, Finance, and Asset Management application domains. 5. Access Layer: This layer consists of portals for Enterprise and provides a single view of Enterprise information management and dashboard services. 6. Channel Layer: This consists of various devices; applications that form part of extended enterprise; browsers through which users access the applications. 7. Client Layer: This designates the different types of users accessing the enterprise applications. The type of user typically would be an important factor in determining the level of access to applications. 8. Vertical pieces like management, monitoring, security, and development cut across all horizontal layers Management and monitoring involves all aspects of SOA-like services, SLAs, and other QoS lifecycle processes for both applications and services surrounding SOA governance. 9. EA Governance, Reference Architecture, Roadmap, Principles, and Best Practices: EA Governance is important in terms of providing the overall direction to SOA implementation within the enterprise. This involves board-level involvement, in addition to business and IT executives. At a high level, this involves managing the SOA projects implementation, managing SOA infrastructure, and controlling the entire effort through all fine-tuned IT processes in accordance with COBIT (Control Objectives for Information Technology). Devising tools and techniques to promote reuse culture, and the SOA way of doing things needs competency centers to be established in addition to training the workforce to take up new roles that are suited to SOA journey. Conclusions Reference Architectures can serve as the basis for disparate architecture efforts throughout the organization, even if they use different tools and technologies. Reference architectures provide best practices and approaches in the independent way a vendor deals with technology and standards. Reference Architectures model the abstract architectural elements for an enterprise independent of the technologies, protocols, and products that are used to implement an SOA. Telecom enterprises today are facing significant business and technology challenges due to growing competition, a multitude of services, and convergence. Adopting architectural best practices could go a long way in meeting these challenges. The use of SOA-based architecture for communication to each of the external systems like Billing, CRM, etc., in OSS/BSS system has made the architecture very loosely coupled, with greater flexibility. Any change in the external systems would be absorbed at the Integration Layer without affecting the rest of the ecosystem. The use of a Business Process Management (BPM) tool makes the management and maintenance of the business processes easy, with better performance in terms of lead time, quality, and cost. Since the Architecture is based on standards, it will lower the cost of deploying and managing OSS/BSS applications over their lifecycles.

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On Her Majesty's Secret Source Code: .NET Reflector 7 Early Access Builds Now Available

- by Bart Read

Dodgy Bond references aside, I'm extremely happy to be able to tell you that we've just released our first .NET Reflector 7 Early Access build. We're going to make these available over the coming weeks via the main .NET Reflector download page at: http://reflector.red-gate.com/Download.aspx Please have a play and tell us what you think in the forum we've set up. Also, please let us know if you run into any problems in the same place. The new version so far comes with numerous decompilation improvements including (after 5 years!) support for iterator blocks - i.e., the yield statement first seen in .NET 2.0. We've also done a lot of work to solidify the support for .NET 4.0. Clive's written about the work he's done to support iterator blocks in much more detail here, along with the odd problem he's encountered when dealing with compiler generated code: http://www.simple-talk.com/community/blogs/clivet/96199.aspx. On the UI front we've started what will ultimately be a rewrite of the entire front-end, albeit broken into stages over two or three major releases. The most obvious addition at the moment is tabbed browsing, which you can see in Figure 1. Figure 1. .NET Reflector's new tabbed decompilation feature. Use CTRL+Click on any item in the assembly browser tree, or any link in the source code view, to open it in a new tab. This isn't by any means finished. I'll be tying up loose ends for the next few weeks, with a major focus on performance and resource usage. .NET Reflector has historically been a largely single-threaded application which has been fine up until now but, as you might expect, the addition of browser-style tabbing has pushed this approach somewhat beyond its limit. You can see this if you refresh the assemblies list by hitting F5. This shows up another problem: we really need to make Reflector remember everything you had open before you refreshed the list, rather than just the last item you viewed - I discovered that it's always done the latter, but it used to hide all panes apart from the treeview after a Refresh, including the decompiler/disassembler window. Ultimately I've got plans to add the whole VS/Chrome/Firefox style ability to drag a tab into the middle of nowhere to spawn a new window, but I need to be mindful of the add-ins, amongst other things, so it's possible that might slip to a 7.5 or 8.0 release. You'll also notice that .NET Reflector 7 now needs .NET 3.5 or later to run. We made this jump because we wanted to offer ourselves a much better chance of adding some really cool functionality to support newer technologies, such as Silverlight and Windows Phone 7. We've also taken the opportunity to start using WPF for UI development, which has frankly been a godsend. The learning curve is practically vertical but, I kid you not, it's just a far better world. Really. Stop using WinForms. Now. Why are you still using it? I had to go back and work on an old WinForms dialog for an hour or two yesterday and it really made me wince. The point is we'll be able to move the UI in some exciting new directions that will make Reflector easier to use whilst continuing to develop its functionality without (and this is key) cluttering the interface. The 3.5 language enhancements should also enable us to be much more productive over the longer term. I know most of you have .NET Fx 3.5 or 4.0 already but, if you do need to install a new version, I'd recommend you jump straight to 4.0 because, for one thing, it's faster, and if you're starting afresh there's really no reason not to. Despite the Fx version jump the Visual Studio add-in should still work fine in Visual Studio 2005, and obviously will continue to work in Visual Studio 2008 and 2010. If you do run into problems, again, please let us know here. As before, we continue to support every edition of Visual Studio exception the Express Editions. Speaking of Visual Studio, we've also been improving the add-in. You can now open and explore decompiled code for any referenced assembly in any project in your solution. Just right-click on the reference, then click Decompile and Explore on the context menu. Reflector will pop up a progress box whilst it decompiles your assembly (Figure 2) - you can move this out of the way whilst you carry on working. Figure 2. Decompilation progress. This isn't modal so you can just move it out of the way and carry on working. Once it's done you can explore your assembly in the Reflector treeview (Figure 3), also accessible via the .NET Reflector Explore Decompiled Assemblies main menu item. Double-click on any item to open decompiled source in the Visual Studio source code view. Use right-click and Go To Definition on the source view context menu to navigate through the code. Figure 3. Using the .NET Reflector treeview within Visual Studio. Double-click on any item to open decompiled source in the source code view. There are loads of other changes and fixes that have gone in, often under the hood, which I don't have room to talk about here, and plenty more to come over the next few weeks. I'll try to keep you abreast of new functionality and changes as they go in. There are a couple of smaller things worth mentioning now though. Firstly, we've reorganised the menus and toolbar in Reflector itself to more closely mirror what you might be used to in other applications. Secondly, we've tried to make some of the functionality more discoverable. For example, you can now switch decompilation target framework version directly from the toolbar - and the default is now .NET 4.0. I think that about covers it for the moment. As I said, please use the new version, and send us your feedback. Here's that download URL again: http://reflector.red-gate.com/Download.aspx. Until next time! Technorati Tags: .net reflector,7,early access,new version,decompilation,tabbing,visual studio,software development,.net,c#,vb

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CodePlex Daily Summary for Monday, March 22, 2010

CodePlex Daily Summary for Monday, March 22, 2010New Projects[Tool] Vczh Non-public DLL Classes Caller: Generate C# code for you to call non-public classes in DLLs very easily.Artefact Animator: Artefact Animator provides an easy to use framework for procedural time-based animations in Silverlight and WPF.cacheroo: Cacheroo is a social networking community that will make it easier for people who love geocaching to get connected.Data Processing Toolkit: An utility app to collected data from different sources (i.e. bugzilla bug reports) in a structured way. We are currently setting up the site. Mo...eXternal SQL Bridge (PHP): The eXternal SQL Bridge (XSB) allows you to bridge two websites together in a secure manner through pre-shared keys. XSB is resilient against repla...'G' - Language to Define Gestures for Touch Based Applications: A cross plat form multi-touch application framework with a language to define gestures. The application is build on Silverlight 4.0 and the languag...IIS Network Diagnostic Tools: Web implementation of "looking glass" like services (ping, traceroute) as HTTP modules for Internet Information Services.Interop Router: This project establishes a communication framework and job dispatcher for a mixed operating system cluster environment.L2 Commander: L2Commander makes it easier for both new and old l2j users to manage your server.You no longer have to waste time on finding the files you need and...MediaHelper: A utility to help clean up empty/unwanted files and folders in your filesystem.mhinze: matt hinze stuffOneMan: Focus on Silverlight and WCF technology.Rss Photo Frame Android Widget: RSS Photo Frame Android Widget permits showing pictures from any RSS feed on your Android device's desktopSingle Web Session: Web Tool Kits Current project provide developer with different tools that help to enhance web site performance, security, and other common functio...Work Item Visualization: Use DGML to visualize and analyze your TFS Work Items. 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Add 2 spaces after subtitle.Combres - WebForm & MVC Client-side Resource Combine Library: Combres 2.0: Changes since last version (1.2) Support ignore Combres pipeline in debug mode - see issue #6088 Debug mode generates comment helping identify in...Desafio Office 2010 Brasil: DesafioOutlook: Controlando um robo com o Outlook 2010dylan.NET: dylan.NET v. 9.4: Adding Platform Invocation Services Support, full Managed Pointer Support, Charset,Dllimport,Callconv setting for P/Invoke, MarshalAs for parametersFamily Tree Analyzer: Version 1.3.2.0: Version 1.3.2.0 Add open folder button to IGI Search Form Fixes to Fact Location processing - IGIName renamed to RegionID Fix if Region ID not fou...Fasterflect - A Fast and Simple Reflection API: Fasterflect 2.0: We are pleased to release version 2.0 of Fasterflect, which contains a lot of additions and improvements from the previous version. 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Using delegates in C# (Part 2)

- by rajbk

Part 1 of this post can be read here. We are now about to see the different syntaxes for invoking a delegate and some c# syntactic sugar which allows you to code faster. We have the following console application. 1: public delegate double Operation(double x, double y); 2: 3: public class Program 4: { 5: [STAThread] 6: static void Main(string[] args) 7: { 8: Operation op1 = new Operation(Division); 9: double result = op1.Invoke(10, 5); 10: 11: Console.WriteLine(result); 12: Console.ReadLine(); 13: } 14: 15: static double Division(double x, double y) { 16: return x / y; 17: } 18: } Line 1 defines a delegate type called Operation with input parameters (double x, double y) and a return type of double. On Line 8, we create an instance of this delegate and set the target to be a static method called Division (Line 15) On Line 9, we invoke the delegate (one entry in the invocation list). The program outputs 5 when run. The language provides shortcuts for creating a delegate and invoking it (see line 9 and 11). Line 9 is a syntactical shortcut for creating an instance of the Delegate. The C# compiler will infer on its own what the delegate type is and produces intermediate language that creates a new instance of that delegate. Line 11 uses a a syntactical shortcut for invoking the delegate by removing the Invoke method. The compiler sees the line and generates intermediate language which invokes the delegate. When this code is compiled, the generated IL will look exactly like the IL of the compiled code above. 1: public delegate double Operation(double x, double y); 2: 3: public class Program 4: { 5: [STAThread] 6: static void Main(string[] args) 7: { 8: //shortcut constructor syntax 9: Operation op1 = Division; 10: //shortcut invoke syntax 11: double result = op1(10, 2); 12: 13: Console.WriteLine(result); 14: Console.ReadLine(); 15: } 16: 17: static double Division(double x, double y) { 18: return x / y; 19: } 20: } C# 2.0 introduced Anonymous Methods. Anonymous methods avoid the need to create a separate method that contains the same signature as the delegate type. Instead you write the method body in-line. There is an interesting fact about Anonymous methods and closures which won’t be covered here. Use your favorite search engine ;-)We rewrite our code to use anonymous methods (see line 9): 1: public delegate double Operation(double x, double y); 2: 3: public class Program 4: { 5: [STAThread] 6: static void Main(string[] args) 7: { 8: //Anonymous method 9: Operation op1 = delegate(double x, double y) { 10: return x / y; 11: }; 12: double result = op1(10, 2); 13: 14: Console.WriteLine(result); 15: Console.ReadLine(); 16: } 17: 18: static double Division(double x, double y) { 19: return x / y; 20: } 21: } We could rewrite our delegate to be of a generic type like so (see line 2 and line 9). You will see why soon. 1: //Generic delegate 2: public delegate T Operation<T>(T x, T y); 3: 4: public class Program 5: { 6: [STAThread] 7: static void Main(string[] args) 8: { 9: Operation<double> op1 = delegate(double x, double y) { 10: return x / y; 11: }; 12: double result = op1(10, 2); 13: 14: Console.WriteLine(result); 15: Console.ReadLine(); 16: } 17: 18: static double Division(double x, double y) { 19: return x / y; 20: } 21: } The .NET 3.5 framework introduced a whole set of predefined delegates for us including public delegate TResult Func<T1, T2, TResult>(T1 arg1, T2 arg2); Our code can be modified to use this delegate instead of the one we declared. Our delegate declaration has been removed and line 7 has been changed to use the Func delegate type. 1: public class Program 2: { 3: [STAThread] 4: static void Main(string[] args) 5: { 6: //Func is a delegate defined in the .NET 3.5 framework 7: Func<double, double, double> op1 = delegate (double x, double y) { 8: return x / y; 9: }; 10: double result = op1(10, 2); 11: 12: Console.WriteLine(result); 13: Console.ReadLine(); 14: } 15: 16: static double Division(double x, double y) { 17: return x / y; 18: } 19: } .NET 3.5 also introduced lambda expressions. A lambda expression is an anonymous function that can contain expressions and statements, and can be used to create delegates or expression tree types. We change our code to use lambda expressions. 1: public class Program 2: { 3: [STAThread] 4: static void Main(string[] args) 5: { 6: //lambda expression 7: Func<double, double, double> op1 = (x, y) => x / y; 8: double result = op1(10, 2); 9: 10: Console.WriteLine(result); 11: Console.ReadLine(); 12: } 13: 14: static double Division(double x, double y) { 15: return x / y; 16: } 17: } C# 3.0 introduced the keyword var (implicitly typed local variable) where the type of the variable is inferred based on the type of the associated initializer expression. We can rewrite our code to use var as shown below (line 7). The implicitly typed local variable op1 is inferred to be a delegate of type Func<double, double, double> at compile time. 1: public class Program 2: { 3: [STAThread] 4: static void Main(string[] args) 5: { 6: //implicitly typed local variable 7: var op1 = (x, y) => x / y; 8: double result = op1(10, 2); 9: 10: Console.WriteLine(result); 11: Console.ReadLine(); 12: } 13: 14: static double Division(double x, double y) { 15: return x / y; 16: } 17: } You have seen how we can write code in fewer lines by using a combination of the Func delegate type, implicitly typed local variables and lambda expressions.

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