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  • Javascript auto calculating

    - by Josh
    I have page that automatically calculates a Total by entering digits into the fields or pressing the Plus or Minus buttons. I need to add a second input after the Total that automatically divides the total by 25. Here is the working code with no JavaScript value for the division part of the code: <html> <head> <script language="text/javascript"> function Calc(className){ var elements = document.getElementsByClassName(className); var total = 0; for(var i = 0; i < elements.length; ++i){ total += parseFloat(elements[i].value); } document.form0.total.value = total; } function addone(field) { field.value = Number(field.value) + 1; Calc('add'); } function subtractone(field) { field.value = Number(field.value) - 1; Calc('add'); } </script> </head> <body> <form name="form0" id="form0"> 1: <input type="text" name="box1" id="box1" class="add" value="0" onKeyUp="Calc('add')" onChange="updatesum()" onClick="this.focus();this.select();" /> <input type="button" value=" + " onclick="addone(box1);"> <input type="button" value=" - " onclick="subtractone(box1);"> <br /> 2: <input type="text" name="box2" id="box2" class="add" value="0" onKeyUp="Calc('add')" onClick="this.focus();this.select();" /> <input type="button" value=" + " onclick="addone(box2);"> <input type="button" value=" - " onclick="subtractone(box2);"> <br /> 3: <input type="text" name="box3" id="box3" class="add" value="0" onKeyUp="Calc('add')" onClick="this.focus();this.select();" /> <input type="button" value=" + " onclick="addone(box3);"> <input type="button" value=" - " onclick="subtractone(box3);"> <br /> <br /> Total: <input readonly style="border:0px; font-size:14; color:red;" id="total" name="total"> <br /> Totaly Divided by 25: <input readonly style="border:0px; font-size:14; color:red;" id="divided" name="divided"> </form> </body></html> I have the right details but the formulas I am trying completely break other aspects of the code. I cant figure out how to make the auto adding and auto dividing work at the same time

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  • iterate trough each selecter jquery

    - by Sam Vloeberghs
    Hi I'm having problems calculating stuff on my web app. Here is the scenario: I have a html markup like this: <table> <tr> <td><span class="sub_total">10</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="sub_total">10</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="sub_total">10</span></td> </tr> </table> <p><span id="total"></span></p> I would like to calculate the main total of all the sub totals: var total; $('.sub_total').each(function(){ total = total + parseInt($(this).text()); }); $('#total').text(total); But I can't get this to work. I get a NaN notification.. Plz help and advice Greeting

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  • Conditionally Summing the same Column multiple times in a single select statement?

    - by btollett
    I have a single table that shows employee deployments, for various types of deployment, in a given location for each month: ID | Location_ID | Date | NumEmployees | DeploymentType_ID As an example, a few records might be: 1 | L1 | 12/2010 | 7 | 1 (=Permanent) 2 | L1 | 12/2010 | 2 | 2 (=Temp) 3 | L1 | 12/2010 | 1 | 3 (=Support) 4 | L1 | 01/2011 | 4 | 1 5 | L1 | 01/2011 | 2 | 2 6 | L1 | 01/2011 | 1 | 3 7 | L2 | 12/2010 | 6 | 1 8 | L2 | 01/2011 | 6 | 1 9 | L2 | 12/2010 | 3 | 2 What I need to do is sum the various types of people by date, such that the results look something like this: Date | Total Perm | Total Temp | Total Supp 12/2010 | 13 | 5 | 1 01/2011 | 10 | 2 | 1 Currently, I've created a separate query for each deployment type that looks like this: SELECT Date, SUM(NumEmployees) AS "Total Permanent" FROM tblDeployment WHERE DeploymentType_ID=1 GROUP BY Date; We'll call that query qSumPermDeployments. Then, I'm using a couple of joins to combine the queries: SELECT qSumPermDeployments.Date, qSumPermDeployments.["Total Permanent"] AS "Permanent" qSumTempDeployments.["Total Temp"] AS "Temp" qSumSupportDeployments.["Total Support"] AS Support FROM (qSumPermDeployments LEFT JOIN qSumTempDeployments ON qSumPermDeployments.Date = qSumTempDeployments.Date) LEFT JOIN qSumSupportDeployments ON qSumPermDeployments.Date = qSumSupportDeployments.Date; Note that I'm currently constructing that final query under the assumption that a location will only have temp or support employees if they also have permanent employees. Thus, I can create the joins using the permanent employee results as the base table. Given all of the data I currently have, that assumption holds up, but ideally I'd like to move away from that assumption. So finally, my question. Is there a way to simplify this down to a single query or is it best to separate it out into multiple queries - if for no other reason that readability.

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  • Adding dynamic data to a table

    - by user559780
    I've the following table in my application. I've a ajax request which will fetch the results to be shown in the table. How add these results to the table with out overridding the header every time? <table id="itemList"> <td>Name</td> <td>Price</td> <td>Quantity</td> <td>Total</td> </table> Then the ajax data is as shown below var items = [ { Name: "Apple", Price: "80", Quantity : "3", Total : "240" }, { Name: "Orance", Price: "50", Quantity : "4", Total : "200" }, { Name: "Banana", Price: "20", Quantity : "8", Total : "160" }, { Name: "Cherry", Price: "250", Quantity : "10", Total : "2500" } ]; Now I'm trying something like this but it is not working var rows = ""; $.each(items, function(){ rows += "<tr><td>" + this.Name + "</td><td>" + this.Price + "</td><td>" + this.Quantity + "</td><td>" + this.Total + "</td></tr>"; }); $( "#itemList" ).text('<tr><td>Name</td><td>Price</td><td>Quantity-</td><td>Total</td></tr>' + rows );

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  • Why does cloning the django inline formsets result to forms with similar ids and names?

    - by user1289167
    In my project I use django inline formsets. I got the jquery to clone the formsets but unfortunately the cloned forms have the same names and ids and so data entered in the last one overwrites the data from the first form. What could I be doing wrong? Here is the script: <script type="text/javascript">> function cloneMore(selector, type) { var newElement = $(selector).clone(true); var total = $('#id_' + type + '-TOTAL_FORMS').val(); newElement.find(':input').each(function() { var name = $(this).attr('name').replace('-' + (total-1) + '-','-' + total + '-'); var id = 'id_' + name; $(this).attr({'name': name, 'id': id}).val('').removeAttr('checked'); }); newElement.find('label').each(function() { var newFor = $(this).attr('for').replace('-' + (total-1) + '-','-' + total + '-'); $(this).attr('for', newFor); }); total++; $('#id_' + type + '-TOTAL_FORMS').val(total); $(selector).after(newElement); } </script>

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  • Difference in performance: local machine VS amazon medium instance

    - by user644745
    I see a drastic difference in performance matrix when i run it with apache benchmark (ab) in my local machine VS production hosted in amazon medium instance. Same concurrent requests (5) and same total number of requests (111) has been run against both. Amazon has better memory than my local machine. But there are 2 CPUs in my local machine vs 1 CPU in m1.medium. My internet speed is very low at the moment, I am getting Transfer rate as 25.29KBps. How can I improve the performance ? Do not know how to interpret Connect, Processing, Waiting and total in ab output. Here is Localhost: Server Hostname: localhost Server Port: 9999 Document Path: / Document Length: 7631 bytes Concurrency Level: 5 Time taken for tests: 1.424 seconds Complete requests: 111 Failed requests: 102 (Connect: 0, Receive: 0, Length: 102, Exceptions: 0) Write errors: 0 Total transferred: 860808 bytes HTML transferred: 847155 bytes Requests per second: 77.95 [#/sec] (mean) Time per request: 64.148 [ms] (mean) Time per request: 12.830 [ms] (mean, across all concurrent requests) Transfer rate: 590.30 [Kbytes/sec] received Connection Times (ms) min mean[+/-sd] median max Connect: 0 0 0.5 0 1 Processing: 14 63 99.9 43 562 Waiting: 14 60 96.7 39 560 Total: 14 63 99.9 43 563 And this is production: Document Path: / Document Length: 7783 bytes Concurrency Level: 5 Time taken for tests: 33.883 seconds Complete requests: 111 Failed requests: 0 Write errors: 0 Total transferred: 877566 bytes HTML transferred: 863913 bytes Requests per second: 3.28 [#/sec] (mean) Time per request: 1526.258 [ms] (mean) Time per request: 305.252 [ms] (mean, across all concurrent requests) Transfer rate: 25.29 [Kbytes/sec] received Connection Times (ms) min mean[+/-sd] median max Connect: 290 297 14.0 293 413 Processing: 897 1178 63.4 1176 1391 Waiting: 296 606 135.6 588 1171 Total: 1191 1475 66.0 1471 1684

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  • big cpu load on vmware server / linux

    - by dezfafara
    Hi, I currently using a server 2.x hosting 4 virtual machines on a linux system Today, on my physical server, I saw an enormous load average: this is the "top" of the server, illustrating my 4 virtual guests. top - 11:02:02 up 194 days, 23:09, 5 users, load average: 18.78, 12.05, 13.55 Tasks: 113 total, 4 running, 109 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie Cpu0 : 71.6%us, 19.0%sy, 0.0%ni, 8.8%id, 0.0%wa, 0.3%hi, 0.3%si, 0.0%st Cpu1 : 74.3%us, 10.4%sy, 0.0%ni, 15.3%id, 0.0%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.0%si, 0.0%st Cpu2 : 72.5%us, 17.6%sy, 0.0%ni, 9.8%id, 0.0%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.0%si, 0.0%st Cpu3 : 79.5%us, 4.6%sy, 0.0%ni, 16.0%id, 0.0%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.0%si, 0.0%st Mem: 8178884k total, 8129980k used, 48904k free, 134904k buffers Swap: 10490436k total, 148k used, 10490288k free, 6129728k cached PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND 7312 root 6 -10 1149m 921m 559m R 97 11.5 107947:09 vmware-vmx 6995 root 6 -10 779m 687m 317m R 92 8.6 107374:31 vmware-vmx 6693 root 6 -10 880m 659m 409m S 85 8.3 76947:33 vmware-vmx 12937 root 6 -10 960m 719m 523m S 75 9.0 67219:49 vmware-vmx In bold are the cpu usage for my 4 virtuals guests These guests are running on a linux system, and the appropriate process are usually 5% - 15% of cpu I don't understang why , since a few days I have this big problem. This is the "top" on a virtual guest which is at 95% of cpu load top - 11:23:15 up 194 days, 23:13, 4 users, load average: 0.25, 0.47, 0.59 Tasks: 92 total, 2 running, 90 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie Cpu(s): 1.4%us, 7.7%sy, 0.0%ni, 90.5%id, 0.5%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.0%si, 0.0%st Mem: 382296k total, 369732k used, 12564k free, 145156k buffers Swap: 979924k total, 13956k used, 965968k free, 86988k cached PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND 3691 root 20 0 23948 1148 960 S 13.0 0.3 15339:23 vmware-guestd 3840 root 20 0 19880 584 512 S 7.7 0.2 1729:17 hald-addon-stor This virtual guest state is ok ... If anyone has any ideas .. Thanks

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  • Trying to change variables in a singleton using a method

    - by Johnny Cox
    I am trying to use a singleton to store variables that will be used across multiple view controllers. I need to be able to get the variables and also set them. How do I call a method in a singleton to change the variables stored in the singleton. total+=1079; [var setTotal:total]; where var is a static Singleton *var = nil; I need to update the total and send to the setTotal method inside the singleton. But when I do this the setTotal method never gets accessed. The get methods work but the setTotal method does not. Please let me know what should. Below is some of my source code // // Singleton.m // Rolo // // Created by on 6/28/12. // Copyright (c) 2012 Johnny Cox. All rights reserved. // #import "Singleton.h" @implementation Singleton @synthesize total,tax,final; #pragma mark Singleton Methods + (Singleton *)sharedManager { static Singleton *sharedInstance = nil; static dispatch_once_t onceToken; dispatch_once(&onceToken, ^{ sharedInstance = [[Singleton alloc] init]; // Do any other initialisation stuff here }); return sharedInstance; } +(void) setTotal:(double) tot { Singleton *shared = [Singleton sharedManager]; shared.total = tot; NSLog(@"hello"); } +(double) getTotal { Singleton *shared = [Singleton sharedManager]; NSLog(@"%f",shared.total); return shared.total; } +(double) getTax { Singleton *shared = [Singleton sharedManager]; NSLog(@"%f",shared.tax); return shared.tax; } @end // // Singleton.h // Rolo // // Created by on 6/28/12. // Copyright (c) 2012 Johnny Cox. All rights reserved. // #import <Foundation/Foundation.h> @interface Singleton : NSObject @property (nonatomic, assign) double total; @property (nonatomic, assign) double tax; @property (nonatomic, assign) double final; + (id)sharedManager; +(double) getTotal; +(void) setTotal; +(double) getTax; @end

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  • linq get sum of two columns in one query

    - by Axarydax
    Hi, let's say that I have a table called Items (ID int, Done int, Total int) I can do it by two queries: int total = m.Items.Sum(p=>p.Total) int done = m.Items.Sum(p=>p.Done) But I'd like to do it in one query, something like this: var x = from p in m.Items select new { Sum(p.Total), Sum(p.Done)}; Surely there is a way to call aggregate functions from LINQ syntax...?

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  • Get sum of two columns in one LINQ query

    - by Axarydax
    Hi, let's say that I have a table called Items (ID int, Done int, Total int) I can do it by two queries: int total = m.Items.Sum(p=>p.Total) int done = m.Items.Sum(p=>p.Done) But I'd like to do it in one query, something like this: var x = from p in m.Items select new { Sum(p.Total), Sum(p.Done)}; Surely there is a way to call aggregate functions from LINQ syntax...?

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  • jquery ajax call in onsubmit function is not working

    - by shilna mk
    I have form submission page add_sale.php and an ajax page ajx_check_sale.php.Ajax call is inthe onsubmit function.But ajax is not worikng.Anybody give any solution plz.. I have form submission page add_sale.php and an ajax page ajx_check_sale.php.Ajax call is inthe onsubmit function.But ajax is not worikng.Anybody give any solution plz.. add_sale.php function sale_credit(id) { var cust_name=$('#cust_name').val(); $.ajax({ type: "POST", url: 'ajx_typ1.php', data:'id='+id, success: function(msg) { $("#sale_type1").html(msg); } }); $.ajax({ type: "POST", url: 'ajx_typ3.php', data:'id='+id, success: function(msg) { $("#sale_type3").html(msg); } }); $.ajax({ type: "POST", url: 'ajx_typ2.php', data:'id='+id, success: function(msg) { $("#sale_type2").html(msg); } }); } function validate_form() { var cust_name= $('#cust_name').val(); var total= $('#total').val(); var sale_type= $('#sale_type').val(); if(sale_type=='return') { $.ajax({ type: "POST", url: 'ajx_check_sale.php', data:'cust_name='+cust_name + '&total=' + total, success: function(msg) { alert(msg); /*if(msg==0) { alert("Return is greater then sale"); return false; } */ } }); } } <form action="" method="post" name="adFrm" onSubmit="return validate_form()"> <select name="sale_type" style="width:130px;" id="sale_type" onchange="sale_credit(this.value)" > <option value="">Select</option> <option value="credit">Credit</option> <option value="payment">Payment</option> <option value="return">Return</option> </select> </form> ajx_check_sale.php require_once("codelibrary/inc/variables.php"); require_once("codelibrary/inc/functions.php"); echo $cust_name=$_POST['cust_name']; echo $return=$_POST['total']; $cus="select sum(total) as total_sum from customer where id='$cust_id'"; $cus2=mysql_query($cus); $fet=mysql_fetch_array($cus2); $total=$fet['total_sum']; if($return>$total) { $status=0; echo $status; } else { $status=1; echo $status; }

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  • jQuery multiple running totals

    - by Benjamin Randal
    0I am using jQuery to calculate a running total on multiple textboxes. Just found an awesome response on how to get that working a few days ago, but now I am running into another problem. When using one selector, the total for GetTotal is calculated perfectly. However, when I include the second selector, the totals begin to conflict with one another, and no longer calculate properly. I have been searching for a solution to this for some time now, does anyone have any ideas? Here is the selector i am currently using: function GetTotal(txtBox) { var total = 0; $('input:text').each(function(index, value) { total += parseInt($(value).val() || 0); }); $("#chkTotal").html(total); } My view uses these txt boxes <div class="editor-field"> @Html.TextBox("Field1", String.Empty, new {InputType = "text", id = "field1", onchange = "GetTotal(this)" }) </div> <div class="editor-field"> @Html.TextBox("Field2", String.Empty, new {InputType = "text", id = "field2", onchange = "GetTotal(this)" }) </div> <div> <h3>Total Checked</h3> </div> <div id="chkTotal"></div> Now I am trying to implement another selector which will total two additional editor fields... function GetTotal1(txtBox) { var total1 = 0; $('input:text').each(function (index, value) { total1 += parseInt($(value).val() || 0); }); $("#disTotal").html(total1); } View: <div class="editor-field"> @Html.TextBox("Field3", String.Empty, new {InputType = "text", id = "field3", onchange = "GetTotal1(this)" }) </div> <div class="editor-field"> @Html.TextBox("Field4", String.Empty, new {InputType = "text", id = "field4", onchange = "GetTotal1(this)" }) </div> <div> <h3>Total Distributed</h3> </div> <div id="disTotal"></div>

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  • Linq/C#: Selecting and summing items from the result of a group by?

    - by Andrew White
    Hi, I have a list like this: City Total Sydney 11 Dublin 9 London 12 Dublin 3 London 9 Sydney 12 I first of all need to Group By City & Sum Total so I have Sydney 23 Dublin 12 London 21 Next I need to filter for those that entries where the total is 20 Sydney 23 London 21 And what I finally need is the total of these entries, e.g. 44 I really want to do it in 1 single LINQ statement, possible? Thx,

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  • Creating a Variable that is the Sum of Two Other Variables

    - by John
    Hello, For the code below, I would like to make a new variable called totalScore2 that equals days + totalScore. How can I do this? Thanks in advance, John $sqlStr = "SELECT l.loginid, l.username, l.created, DATEDIFF(NOW(), l.created) AS days, COALESCE(s.total, 0) AS countSubmissions, COALESCE(c.total, 0) AS countComments, COALESCE(s.total, 0) * 10 + COALESCE(c.total, 0) AS totalScore

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  • Why would Ruby fail equality on 2 floats that appear the same?

    - by btelles
    Hi there, I have a calculation that generates what appears to be the Float 22.23, and a literal 22.23 like so: some_object.total => 22.23 some_object.total.class => Float 22.23 => 22.23 22.23.class => Float But for some reason, the following is false: some_object.total == 22.23 ? true : false Wacky, right? Is there some kind of precision mechanism being used that maybe isn't completely transparent through the some_object.total call?

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  • Using Distinct or Not

    - by RPS
    In the below SQL Statement, should I be using DISTINCT as I have a Group By in my Where Clause? Thoughts? SELECT [OrderUser].OrderUserId, ISNULL(SUM(total.FileSize), 0), ISNULL(SUM(total.CompressedFileSize), 0) FROM ( SELECT DISTINCT ProductSize.OrderUserId, ProductSize.FileInfoId, CAST(ProductSize.FileSize AS BIGINT) AS FileSize, CAST(ProductSize.CompressedFileSize AS BIGINT) AS CompressedFileSize FROM ProductSize WITH (NOLOCK) INNER JOIN [Version] ON ProductSize.VersionId = [Version].VersionId ) AS total RIGHT OUTER JOIN [OrderUser] WITH (NOLOCK) ON total.OrderUserId = [OrderUser].OrderUserId WHERE NOT ([OrderUser].isCustomer = 1 AND [OrderUser].isEndOrderUser = 0 OR [OrderUser].isLocation = 1) AND [OrderUser].OrderUserId = 1 GROUP BY [OrderUser].OrderUserId

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  • How can I sum up the lines added/removed by a user in a git repo?

    - by Mike
    I am trying to find the total number of lines added and total number of lines removed by a user in a git repository. I looked at http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1265040/how-to-count-total-lines-changed-by-a-specific-author-in-a-git-repository, which had the command git log --author="<authorname>" --pretty=tformat: --numstat, but the answer failed to give a script(however simple) to total the lines changed. What's the simplest way to sum up the lines added/removed?

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  • SQL: Find the max record per group

    - by user319088
    I have one table, which has three fields and data. Name , Top , Total cat , 1 , 10 dog , 2 , 7 cat , 3 , 20 horse , 4 , 4 cat , 5 , 10 dog , 6 , 9 I want to select the record which has highest value of Total for each Name, so my result should be like this: Name , Top , Total cat , 3 , 20 horse , 4 , 4 Dog , 6 , 9 I tried group by name order by total, but it give top most record of group by result. Can anyone guide me, please?

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  • group by query issue

    - by user319088
    gorup by query issue i have one table, which has three fields and data. Name , Top , total cat , 1 ,10 dog , 2, 7 cat , 3 ,20 hourse 4, 4 cat, 5,10 Dog 6 9 i want to select record which has highest value of "total" for each Name so my result should be like this. Name , Top , total cat , 3 , 20 hourse , 4 , 4 Dog , 6 , 9 i tried group by name order by total, but it give top most record of group by result. any one can guide me , please!!!!

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  • Having a Link Only Appear If a Logged-In User Appears on a Dynamic List

    - by John
    Hello, For the function below, I would like the link <div class="footervote"><a href="http://www...com/.../footervote.php">Vote</a></div> to only appear if the logged in user currently appears on editorlist.php. (I. e. if the loginid in the function corresponds to any of the usernames that currently appear in editorlist.php.) Appearing on editorlist.php is something that is dynamic. How can I do this? Thanks in advance, John function show_userbox() { // retrieve the session information $u = $_SESSION['username']; $uid = $_SESSION['loginid']; // display the user box echo '<div id="userbox"> <div class="username">'.$u.'</div> <div class="submit"><a href="http://www...com/.../submit.php">Submit an item.</a></div> <div class="changepassword"><a href="http://www...com/.../changepassword.php">Change Password</a></div> <div class="logout"><a href="http://www...com/.../logout.php">Logout</a></div> <div class="footervote"><a href="http://www...com/.../footervote.php">Vote</a></div> </div>'; } On editorlist.php: $sqlStr = "SELECT l.loginid, l.username, l.created, DATEDIFF(NOW(), l.created) AS days, COALESCE(s.total, 0) AS countSubmissions, COALESCE(c.total, 0) AS countComments, COALESCE(s.total, 0) * 10 + COALESCE(c.total, 0) AS totalScore, DATEDIFF(NOW(), l.created) + COALESCE(s.total, 0) * 10 + COALESCE(c.total, 0) AS totalScore2 FROM login l LEFT JOIN ( SELECT loginid, COUNT(1) AS total FROM submission GROUP BY loginid ) s ON l.loginid = s.loginid LEFT JOIN ( SELECT loginid, COUNT(1) AS total FROM comment GROUP BY loginid ) c ON l.loginid = c.loginid GROUP BY l.loginid ORDER BY totalScore2 DESC LIMIT 10"; $result = mysql_query($sqlStr); $arr = array(); echo "<table class=\"samplesrec1edit\">"; while ($row = mysql_fetch_array($result)) { echo '<tr>'; echo '<td class="sitename1edit1"><a href="http://www...com/.../members/index.php?profile='.$row["username"].'">'.stripslashes($row["username"]).'</a></td>'; echo '<td class="sitename1edit2">'.($row["countSubmissions"]).'</td>'; echo '<td class="sitename1edit2">'.($row["countComments"]).'</td>'; echo '<td class="sitename1edit2">'.($row["days"]).'</td>'; echo '<td class="sitename1edit2">'.($row["totalScore2"]).'</td>'; echo '</tr>'; } echo "</table>";

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  • Ubuntu 12.04 boot degraded raid

    - by beacon_bonanza
    I've installed Ubuntu 12.04.1 in a new server and set up the 4 hard drives with 3 RAID 1 devices, the configuration is such that the first two drives have md0 (swap space) and md1 (/) with the third and fourth drives having md2 (/var). I've been testing the operation under a drive failure and found that the system boots fine if I remove disk two but if I remove disk one then the system gets to grub and then just restarts. I'm confused as to why grub appears to be loading properly from disk two but then the boot fails. I've tried to copy the MBR from disk 1 to 2: dd if=/dev/sda of=/dev/sdb bs=512 count=1 but this didn't make a difference. Any ideas how to get it to boot from just the second disk? fdisk -l Disk /dev/sda: 2000.4 GB, 2000398934016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 243201 cylinders, total 3907029168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x000ccfa5 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 2048 31250431 15624192 fd Linux RAID autodetect /dev/sda2 * 31250432 3907028991 1937889280 fd Linux RAID autodetect Disk /dev/sdb: 2000.4 GB, 2000398934016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 243201 cylinders, total 3907029168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x000ccfa5 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 2048 31250431 15624192 fd Linux RAID autodetect /dev/sdb2 * 31250432 3907028991 1937889280 fd Linux RAID autodetect Disk /dev/sdd: 2000.4 GB, 2000398934016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 243201 cylinders, total 3907029168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00035b05 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdd1 2048 3907028991 1953513472 fd Linux RAID autodetect Disk /dev/sdc: 2000.4 GB, 2000398934016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 243201 cylinders, total 3907029168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x000c73aa Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdc1 2048 3907028991 1953513472 fd Linux RAID autodetect Disk /dev/md1: 1984.3 GB, 1984264208384 bytes 2 heads, 4 sectors/track, 484439504 cylinders, total 3875516032 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Disk /dev/md2: 2000.3 GB, 2000263380992 bytes 2 heads, 4 sectors/track, 488345552 cylinders, total 3906764416 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Disk /dev/md0: 16.0 GB, 15990652928 bytes 2 heads, 4 sectors/track, 3903968 cylinders, total 31231744 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000

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  • C#/.NET Little Wonders: The Generic Func Delegates

    - by James Michael Hare
    Once again, in this series of posts I look at the parts of the .NET Framework that may seem trivial, but can help improve your code by making it easier to write and maintain. The index of all my past little wonders posts can be found here. Back in one of my three original “Little Wonders” Trilogy of posts, I had listed generic delegates as one of the Little Wonders of .NET.  Later, someone posted a comment saying said that they would love more detail on the generic delegates and their uses, since my original entry just scratched the surface of them. Last week, I began our look at some of the handy generic delegates built into .NET with a description of delegates in general, and the Action family of delegates.  For this week, I’ll launch into a look at the Func family of generic delegates and how they can be used to support generic, reusable algorithms and classes. Quick Delegate Recap Delegates are similar to function pointers in C++ in that they allow you to store a reference to a method.  They can store references to either static or instance methods, and can actually be used to chain several methods together in one delegate. Delegates are very type-safe and can be satisfied with any standard method, anonymous method, or a lambda expression.  They can also be null as well (refers to no method), so care should be taken to make sure that the delegate is not null before you invoke it. Delegates are defined using the keyword delegate, where the delegate’s type name is placed where you would typically place the method name: 1: // This delegate matches any method that takes string, returns nothing 2: public delegate void Log(string message); This delegate defines a delegate type named Log that can be used to store references to any method(s) that satisfies its signature (whether instance, static, lambda expression, etc.). Delegate instances then can be assigned zero (null) or more methods using the operator = which replaces the existing delegate chain, or by using the operator += which adds a method to the end of a delegate chain: 1: // creates a delegate instance named currentLogger defaulted to Console.WriteLine (static method) 2: Log currentLogger = Console.Out.WriteLine; 3:  4: // invokes the delegate, which writes to the console out 5: currentLogger("Hi Standard Out!"); 6:  7: // append a delegate to Console.Error.WriteLine to go to std error 8: currentLogger += Console.Error.WriteLine; 9:  10: // invokes the delegate chain and writes message to std out and std err 11: currentLogger("Hi Standard Out and Error!"); While delegates give us a lot of power, it can be cumbersome to re-create fairly standard delegate definitions repeatedly, for this purpose the generic delegates were introduced in various stages in .NET.  These support various method types with particular signatures. Note: a caveat with generic delegates is that while they can support multiple parameters, they do not match methods that contains ref or out parameters. If you want to a delegate to represent methods that takes ref or out parameters, you will need to create a custom delegate. We’ve got the Func… delegates Just like it’s cousin, the Action delegate family, the Func delegate family gives us a lot of power to use generic delegates to make classes and algorithms more generic.  Using them keeps us from having to define a new delegate type when need to make a class or algorithm generic. Remember that the point of the Action delegate family was to be able to perform an “action” on an item, with no return results.  Thus Action delegates can be used to represent most methods that take 0 to 16 arguments but return void.  You can assign a method The Func delegate family was introduced in .NET 3.5 with the advent of LINQ, and gives us the power to define a function that can be called on 0 to 16 arguments and returns a result.  Thus, the main difference between Action and Func, from a delegate perspective, is that Actions return nothing, but Funcs return a result. The Func family of delegates have signatures as follows: Func<TResult> – matches a method that takes no arguments, and returns value of type TResult. Func<T, TResult> – matches a method that takes an argument of type T, and returns value of type TResult. Func<T1, T2, TResult> – matches a method that takes arguments of type T1 and T2, and returns value of type TResult. Func<T1, T2, …, TResult> – and so on up to 16 arguments, and returns value of type TResult. These are handy because they quickly allow you to be able to specify that a method or class you design will perform a function to produce a result as long as the method you specify meets the signature. For example, let’s say you were designing a generic aggregator, and you wanted to allow the user to define how the values will be aggregated into the result (i.e. Sum, Min, Max, etc…).  To do this, we would ask the user of our class to pass in a method that would take the current total, the next value, and produce a new total.  A class like this could look like: 1: public sealed class Aggregator<TValue, TResult> 2: { 3: // holds method that takes previous result, combines with next value, creates new result 4: private Func<TResult, TValue, TResult> _aggregationMethod; 5:  6: // gets or sets the current result of aggregation 7: public TResult Result { get; private set; } 8:  9: // construct the aggregator given the method to use to aggregate values 10: public Aggregator(Func<TResult, TValue, TResult> aggregationMethod = null) 11: { 12: if (aggregationMethod == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("aggregationMethod"); 13:  14: _aggregationMethod = aggregationMethod; 15: } 16:  17: // method to add next value 18: public void Aggregate(TValue nextValue) 19: { 20: // performs the aggregation method function on the current result and next and sets to current result 21: Result = _aggregationMethod(Result, nextValue); 22: } 23: } Of course, LINQ already has an Aggregate extension method, but that works on a sequence of IEnumerable<T>, whereas this is designed to work more with aggregating single results over time (such as keeping track of a max response time for a service). We could then use this generic aggregator to find the sum of a series of values over time, or the max of a series of values over time (among other things): 1: // creates an aggregator that adds the next to the total to sum the values 2: var sumAggregator = new Aggregator<int, int>((total, next) => total + next); 3:  4: // creates an aggregator (using static method) that returns the max of previous result and next 5: var maxAggregator = new Aggregator<int, int>(Math.Max); So, if we were timing the response time of a web method every time it was called, we could pass that response time to both of these aggregators to get an idea of the total time spent in that web method, and the max time spent in any one call to the web method: 1: // total will be 13 and max 13 2: int responseTime = 13; 3: sumAggregator.Aggregate(responseTime); 4: maxAggregator.Aggregate(responseTime); 5:  6: // total will be 20 and max still 13 7: responseTime = 7; 8: sumAggregator.Aggregate(responseTime); 9: maxAggregator.Aggregate(responseTime); 10:  11: // total will be 40 and max now 20 12: responseTime = 20; 13: sumAggregator.Aggregate(responseTime); 14: maxAggregator.Aggregate(responseTime); The Func delegate family is useful for making generic algorithms and classes, and in particular allows the caller of the method or user of the class to specify a function to be performed in order to generate a result. What is the result of a Func delegate chain? If you remember, we said earlier that you can assign multiple methods to a delegate by using the += operator to chain them.  So how does this affect delegates such as Func that return a value, when applied to something like the code below? 1: Func<int, int, int> combo = null; 2:  3: // What if we wanted to aggregate the sum and max together? 4: combo += (total, next) => total + next; 5: combo += Math.Max; 6:  7: // what is the result? 8: var comboAggregator = new Aggregator<int, int>(combo); Well, in .NET if you chain multiple methods in a delegate, they will all get invoked, but the result of the delegate is the result of the last method invoked in the chain.  Thus, this aggregator would always result in the Math.Max() result.  The other chained method (the sum) gets executed first, but it’s result is thrown away: 1: // result is 13 2: int responseTime = 13; 3: comboAggregator.Aggregate(responseTime); 4:  5: // result is still 13 6: responseTime = 7; 7: comboAggregator.Aggregate(responseTime); 8:  9: // result is now 20 10: responseTime = 20; 11: comboAggregator.Aggregate(responseTime); So remember, you can chain multiple Func (or other delegates that return values) together, but if you do so you will only get the last executed result. Func delegates and co-variance/contra-variance in .NET 4.0 Just like the Action delegate, as of .NET 4.0, the Func delegate family is contra-variant on its arguments.  In addition, it is co-variant on its return type.  To support this, in .NET 4.0 the signatures of the Func delegates changed to: Func<out TResult> – matches a method that takes no arguments, and returns value of type TResult (or a more derived type). Func<in T, out TResult> – matches a method that takes an argument of type T (or a less derived type), and returns value of type TResult(or a more derived type). Func<in T1, in T2, out TResult> – matches a method that takes arguments of type T1 and T2 (or less derived types), and returns value of type TResult (or a more derived type). Func<in T1, in T2, …, out TResult> – and so on up to 16 arguments, and returns value of type TResult (or a more derived type). Notice the addition of the in and out keywords before each of the generic type placeholders.  As we saw last week, the in keyword is used to specify that a generic type can be contra-variant -- it can match the given type or a type that is less derived.  However, the out keyword, is used to specify that a generic type can be co-variant -- it can match the given type or a type that is more derived. On contra-variance, if you are saying you need an function that will accept a string, you can just as easily give it an function that accepts an object.  In other words, if you say “give me an function that will process dogs”, I could pass you a method that will process any animal, because all dogs are animals.  On the co-variance side, if you are saying you need a function that returns an object, you can just as easily pass it a function that returns a string because any string returned from the given method can be accepted by a delegate expecting an object result, since string is more derived.  Once again, in other words, if you say “give me a method that creates an animal”, I can pass you a method that will create a dog, because all dogs are animals. It really all makes sense, you can pass a more specific thing to a less specific parameter, and you can return a more specific thing as a less specific result.  In other words, pay attention to the direction the item travels (parameters go in, results come out).  Keeping that in mind, you can always pass more specific things in and return more specific things out. For example, in the code below, we have a method that takes a Func<object> to generate an object, but we can pass it a Func<string> because the return type of object can obviously accept a return value of string as well: 1: // since Func<object> is co-variant, this will access Func<string>, etc... 2: public static string Sequence(int count, Func<object> generator) 3: { 4: var builder = new StringBuilder(); 5:  6: for (int i=0; i<count; i++) 7: { 8: object value = generator(); 9: builder.Append(value); 10: } 11:  12: return builder.ToString(); 13: } Even though the method above takes a Func<object>, we can pass a Func<string> because the TResult type placeholder is co-variant and accepts types that are more derived as well: 1: // delegate that's typed to return string. 2: Func<string> stringGenerator = () => DateTime.Now.ToString(); 3:  4: // This will work in .NET 4.0, but not in previous versions 5: Sequence(100, stringGenerator); Previous versions of .NET implemented some forms of co-variance and contra-variance before, but .NET 4.0 goes one step further and allows you to pass or assign an Func<A, BResult> to a Func<Y, ZResult> as long as A is less derived (or same) as Y, and BResult is more derived (or same) as ZResult. Sidebar: The Func and the Predicate A method that takes one argument and returns a bool is generally thought of as a predicate.  Predicates are used to examine an item and determine whether that item satisfies a particular condition.  Predicates are typically unary, but you may also have binary and other predicates as well. Predicates are often used to filter results, such as in the LINQ Where() extension method: 1: var numbers = new[] { 1, 2, 4, 13, 8, 10, 27 }; 2:  3: // call Where() using a predicate which determines if the number is even 4: var evens = numbers.Where(num => num % 2 == 0); As of .NET 3.5, predicates are typically represented as Func<T, bool> where T is the type of the item to examine.  Previous to .NET 3.5, there was a Predicate<T> type that tended to be used (which we’ll discuss next week) and is still supported, but most developers recommend using Func<T, bool> now, as it prevents confusion with overloads that accept unary predicates and binary predicates, etc.: 1: // this seems more confusing as an overload set, because of Predicate vs Func 2: public static SomeMethod(Predicate<int> unaryPredicate) { } 3: public static SomeMethod(Func<int, int, bool> binaryPredicate) { } 4:  5: // this seems more consistent as an overload set, since just uses Func 6: public static SomeMethod(Func<int, bool> unaryPredicate) { } 7: public static SomeMethod(Func<int, int, bool> binaryPredicate) { } Also, even though Predicate<T> and Func<T, bool> match the same signatures, they are separate types!  Thus you cannot assign a Predicate<T> instance to a Func<T, bool> instance and vice versa: 1: // the same method, lambda expression, etc can be assigned to both 2: Predicate<int> isEven = i => (i % 2) == 0; 3: Func<int, bool> alsoIsEven = i => (i % 2) == 0; 4:  5: // but the delegate instances cannot be directly assigned, strongly typed! 6: // ERROR: cannot convert type... 7: isEven = alsoIsEven; 8:  9: // however, you can assign by wrapping in a new instance: 10: isEven = new Predicate<int>(alsoIsEven); 11: alsoIsEven = new Func<int, bool>(isEven); So, the general advice that seems to come from most developers is that Predicate<T> is still supported, but we should use Func<T, bool> for consistency in .NET 3.5 and above. Sidebar: Func as a Generator for Unit Testing One area of difficulty in unit testing can be unit testing code that is based on time of day.  We’d still want to unit test our code to make sure the logic is accurate, but we don’t want the results of our unit tests to be dependent on the time they are run. One way (of many) around this is to create an internal generator that will produce the “current” time of day.  This would default to returning result from DateTime.Now (or some other method), but we could inject specific times for our unit testing.  Generators are typically methods that return (generate) a value for use in a class/method. For example, say we are creating a CacheItem<T> class that represents an item in the cache, and we want to make sure the item shows as expired if the age is more than 30 seconds.  Such a class could look like: 1: // responsible for maintaining an item of type T in the cache 2: public sealed class CacheItem<T> 3: { 4: // helper method that returns the current time 5: private static Func<DateTime> _timeGenerator = () => DateTime.Now; 6:  7: // allows internal access to the time generator 8: internal static Func<DateTime> TimeGenerator 9: { 10: get { return _timeGenerator; } 11: set { _timeGenerator = value; } 12: } 13:  14: // time the item was cached 15: public DateTime CachedTime { get; private set; } 16:  17: // the item cached 18: public T Value { get; private set; } 19:  20: // item is expired if older than 30 seconds 21: public bool IsExpired 22: { 23: get { return _timeGenerator() - CachedTime > TimeSpan.FromSeconds(30.0); } 24: } 25:  26: // creates the new cached item, setting cached time to "current" time 27: public CacheItem(T value) 28: { 29: Value = value; 30: CachedTime = _timeGenerator(); 31: } 32: } Then, we can use this construct to unit test our CacheItem<T> without any time dependencies: 1: var baseTime = DateTime.Now; 2:  3: // start with current time stored above (so doesn't drift) 4: CacheItem<int>.TimeGenerator = () => baseTime; 5:  6: var target = new CacheItem<int>(13); 7:  8: // now add 15 seconds, should still be non-expired 9: CacheItem<int>.TimeGenerator = () => baseTime.AddSeconds(15); 10:  11: Assert.IsFalse(target.IsExpired); 12:  13: // now add 31 seconds, should now be expired 14: CacheItem<int>.TimeGenerator = () => baseTime.AddSeconds(31); 15:  16: Assert.IsTrue(target.IsExpired); Now we can unit test for 1 second before, 1 second after, 1 millisecond before, 1 day after, etc.  Func delegates can be a handy tool for this type of value generation to support more testable code.  Summary Generic delegates give us a lot of power to make truly generic algorithms and classes.  The Func family of delegates is a great way to be able to specify functions to calculate a result based on 0-16 arguments.  Stay tuned in the weeks that follow for other generic delegates in the .NET Framework!   Tweet Technorati Tags: .NET, C#, CSharp, Little Wonders, Generics, Func, Delegates

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  • Switch Statement C++ - error C2046: illegal case, error C2043: illegal break

    - by user318095
    #include <iostream> #include <string> using namespace std; //void multiply(int b); int main() { float total = 0; float b = 0; cout << "Enter number: " << endl; cin >> b; char TorD; cout << "Would you like to times (*), divide (/), add (+) or minus (-) this number?" << endl; cin >> TorD; switch (TorD) case '*' : { int c=0; cout << "by how many?" << endl; cin >> c; total = b * c; cout << b << " * " << c << " = " << total << endl; } break; case '/' : { int c=0; cout << "by how many?" << endl; cin >> c; total = b / c; cout << b << " / " << c << " = " << total << endl; } break; case '+' : { int c=0; cout << "by how many?" << endl; cin >> c; total = b + c; cout << b << " + " << c << " = " << total << endl; } break; case '-' : { int c=0; cout << "by how many?" << endl; cin >> c; total = b - c; cout << b << " - " << c << " = " << total << endl; } break; default: cout << "You did not correctly enter /, *, +, or - !!" << endl; //multiply(b); system("pause"); return 0; }

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