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Generic and type safe I/O model in any language

- by Eduardo León

I am looking for an I/O model, in any programming language, that is generic and type safe. By genericity, I mean there should not be separate functions for performing the same operations on different devices (read_file, read_socket, read_terminal). Instead, a single read operation works on all read-able devices, a single write operation works on all write-able devices, and so on. By type safety, I mean operations that do not make sense should not even be expressible in first place. Using the read operation on a non-read-able device ought to cause a type error at compile time, similarly for using the write operation on a non-write-able device, and so on. Is there any generic and type safe I/O model?

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PCI-e SEALEVEL dual serial card not recognized on Ubuntu 14.04

- by kwhunter

New to Ubuntu, running 14.04. I have trouble with the serial port setup, I have a plug-in PCI-e SEALEVEL dual serial card that is not recognized. user1@WSIWORKSTATION2:~$ dmesg | grep tty [ 0.000000] console [tty0] enabled [ 1.577197] 00:06: ttyS0 at I/O 0x3f8 (irq = 4, base_baud = 115200) is a 16550A [ 1.943326] tty ttyprintk: hash matches [ 17.240880] ttyS4: LSR safety check engaged! [ 17.241589] ttyS4: LSR safety check engaged! [ 17.242354] ttyS5: LSR safety check engaged! [ 17.243058] ttyS5: LSR safety check engaged! [ 17.243918] ttyS6: LSR safety check engaged! [ 17.244485] ttyS6: LSR safety check engaged! [ 17.245195] ttyS7: LSR safety check engaged! [ 17.245830] ttyS7: LSR safety check engaged! [ 17.246554] ttyS8: LSR safety check engaged! [ 17.247191] ttyS8: LSR safety check engaged! user1@WSIWORKSTATION2:~/Desktop/seacom$ lspci -d 135e: -vvv 02:04.0 Bridge: Sealevel Systems Inc Device e205 (rev aa) Subsystem: Sealevel Systems Inc Device e205 Control: I/O+ Mem+ BusMaster+ SpecCycle- MemWINV+ VGASnoop- ParErr- Stepping- SERR+ FastB2B- DisINTx- Status: Cap+ 66MHz+ UDF- FastB2B+ ParErr- DEVSEL=medium TAbort- SERR- Capabilities: However, the manufacturer's drivers won't install: 1. user1@WSIWORKSTATION2:~/Desktop/seacom$ make install ---------------------------------------------------------------- Installing seacom suite. ---------------------------------------------------------------- --Installing utilities-- /usr/bin/ld: skipping incompatible ../../lib/libftd2xx.a when searching for -lftd2xx /usr/bin/ld: cannot find -lftd2xx collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status make[2]: *** [setusb] Error 1 make[1]: *** [install] Error 1 make: *** [install] Error 1 2. user1@WSIWORKSTATION2:~/Desktop/seaio$ make install ---------------------------------------------------------------- Installing SD suite. ---------------------------------------------------------------- *Compiling SeaIO Library source file: digitalIoDevice.cpp gcc: error trying to exec 'cc1plus': execvp: No such file or directory make[1]: *** [digitalIoDevice.o] Error 1 make: *** [install] Error 1 I was not able to find a solution, so if anyone can help it will be much appreciated. PS Have some troubles with formatting my post, apologies...

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SharePoint Content Type Cheat Sheet

- by Bil Simser

PrincipleAny application or solution built in SharePoint must use a custom content type over adding columns to lists. The only exception to this is one-off solutions that have no life-cycle, proof-of-concepts, etc.Creating Content TypesWeb UI. Not portable, POC onlyC# or Declarative (XML). Must deploy these as FeaturesRuleDo not chagne the base XML for a Content Type after deploying. The only exception to this rule is that you can re-deploy a modified Content Type definition only after completely removing it from the environment (either programatically or by hand).Updating Content TypesUpdate and push down to child typesWeb UI. Manual for each environment. Document steps required for repeatability.Feature Upgrade. Preferred solution.C#. If you created the content type through code you might want to go this route. Create new modified Content Types and hide the old one. Not recommended but useful for legacy.ReferencesCreate Custom Content Types in SharePoint 2010 (C#)Content Type Definitions (XML)Creating Content Types (XML and C#)Updating ApproachesUpdating Child Content TypesAgree or disagree?

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SharePoint 2010 Hosting :: How to Create an External Content Type SharePoint 2010

- by mbridge

In this simple Article trying to show how SharePoint Designer 2010 more the External Content Type to External Database are very easy to create and can be integrated with our SharePoint Portals. You can download SharePoint Designer 2010 here: http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/en/details.aspx?FamilyID=d88a1505-849b-4587-b854-a7054ee28d66&displaylang=en For this Example I will create a Database in SQL Server and will use SharePoint Designer 2010 to create the connections and use as a mirror from our SharePoint Portal using List and the Database. The first thing we need to do, is connect to SQL Server and create our Database call “Contacts” and add the Table “Contact” with the following fields. When we create the External Content Type. We will need to associate the Content Type, in this case i am using the Generic List, then we can create the Connection to the external Data Source. After create the Connection to the Database we can define what Columns we will use and what operations we will add our custom List. For this example i select all Operation they came default. This operation are very important because the Business rules are defined in each operation. After we create the diferent operations we can create the Custom List and define the how will be the Operation and add the Name for our custom List. If you try to access the New Custom List Call “Custom Contact” you will see we will not have access to the Business Data Connectivity. To Resolve this issue we will need to give Access and permissions to users to the Custom External Content Type BDC connection in the Central administration. Access to Central Administration Page and select the option “Service Application Tab> Manage Service Application”. There you select the Service “Business Data Connectivity Service” then select “Manage”. This Option will list all External Content Type, choose the External Content Type we create and select the option “Set Object Permission”, this option will allow to add users to the BDC and manage the permissions to the Custom List. After the correct permissions are given we can Access to Data on our custom Contact List and start creating new Item and all the other options and operation we define to the same List. Hope you like this litle Article about connect Database Content to SharePoint Portal using the Externa Content Types and BCS.Thank you.

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SQL Server and the XML Data Type : Data Manipulation

The introduction of the xml data type, with its own set of methods for processing xml data, made it possible for SQL Server developers to create columns and variables of the type xml. Deanna Dicken examines the modify() method, which provides for data manipulation of the XML data stored in the xml data type via XML DML statements.

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Value type Sorting and Searching Arrays in C#:

Value type Sorting and Searching Arrays in C#:

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Spaces in type attribute for Behavior Extension Configuration Issues

- by Shawn Cicoria

If you’ve deployed your WCF Behavior Extension, and you get a Configuration Error, it might just be you’re lacking a space between your “Type” name and the “Assembly” name. You'll get the following error message: Verify that the extension is registered in the extension collection at system.serviceModel/extensions/behaviorExtensions So, if you’ve entered as below without <system.serviceModel> <extensions> <behaviorExtensions> <add name="appFabricE2E" type="Fabrikam.Services.AppFabricE2EBehaviorElement,Fabrikam.Services, Version=1.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=null"/> </behaviorExtensions> </extensions> The following will work – notice the additional space between the Type name and the Assembly name: <system.serviceModel> <extensions> <behaviorExtensions> <add name="appFabricE2E" type="Fabrikam.Services.AppFabricE2EBehaviorElement,Fabrikam.Services, Version=1.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=null"/> </behaviorExtensions> </extensions>

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Using Google Tag Manager to define the page type

- by Daffy

So, I am looking to add a tag that I want to use for A/B testing, however we don't have a page-type URL structure. Fortunately the tool can recognise page type if I pass it by Javascript. <script type="text/javascript"> window.isProductPage = true; </script> I have been told to use the above, I have created the script in Google Tag Manager (GTM), however I now need to know how to make this run on those pages in GTM. I have looked through the code and there are div class that are unique to each page, can I use this as an indication of page type?

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C# thread safety for class instances

- by Steveng

I am learning C# and I am confused with the thread safety of the copies of the class instances as below: eg: classA objA; classA objB = objA; objA.field1 = value2; //do I need lock around modification of field1? //let say we pass the objB to another thread objB.field1 = value1 //do I need a lock for objB because of the modification of field1? I am confused because coming from the background of C++, the class in C# is the reference type. If both objA and objB refer to the same memory underlying, then I would need a lock to protect the simultaneous writing to the field1. Could someone confirm with this or am I missing something? Thanks.

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How to infer the type of a derived class in base class?

- by enzi

I want to create a method that allows me to change arbitrary properties of classes that derive from my base class, the result should look like this: SetPropertyValue("size.height", 50); – where size is a property of my derived class and height is a property of size. I'm almost done with my implementation but there's one final obstacle that I want to solve before moving on, to describe this I will first have to explain my implementation a bit: Properties that can be modified are decorated with an attribute There's a method in my base class that searches for all derived classes and their decorated properties For each property I generate a "property modifier", a class that contains 2 delegates: one to set and one to get the value of the property. Property Modifiers are stored in a dictionary, with the name of the property as key In my base class, there is another dictionary that contains all property-modifier-dictionaries, with the Type of the respective class as key. What the SetPropertyValue method does is this: Get the correct property-modifier-dictionary, using the concrete type of the derived class (<- yet to solve) Get the property modifier of the property to change (e.g. of the property size) Use the get or set delegate to modify the property's value Some example code to clarify further: private static Dictionary<RuntimeTypeHandle, object> EditableTypes; //property-modifier-dictionary protected void SetPropertyValue<T>(EditablePropertyMap<T> map, string property, object value) { var property = map[property]; // get the property modifier property.Set((T)this, value); // use the set delegate (encapsulated in a method) } In the above code, T is the Type of the actual (derived) class. I need this type for the get/set delegates. The problem is how to get the EditablePropertyMap<T> when I don't know what T is. My current (ugly) solution is to pass the map in an overriden virtual method in the derived class: public override void SetPropertyValue(string property, object value) { base.SetPropertyValue((EditablePropertyMap<ExampleType>)EditableTypes[typeof(ExampleType)], property, value); } What this does is: get the correct dictionary containing the property modifiers of this class using the class's type, cast it to the appropiate type and pass it to the SetPropertyValue method. I want to get rid of the SetPropertyValue method in my derived class (since there are a lot of derived classes), but don't know yet how to accomplish that. I cannot just make a virtual GetEditablePropertyMap<T> method because I cannot infer a concrete type for T then. I also cannot acces my dictionary directly with a type and retrieve an EditablePropertyMap<T> from it because I cannot cast to it from object in the base class, since again I do not know T. I found some neat tricks to infere types (e.g. by adding a dummy T parameter), but cannot apply them to my specific problem. I'd highly appreciate any suggestions you may have for me.

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Working with Legacy code #3 : Build a safety net.

- by andrewstopford

The first port of call in changing legacy code is a safety net, without one your fingers will get burnt. Make your safety net a high level functional test over the major areas of the application. Automate the test, plug it into your CI builds and run it every night. The test should act as a final fail safe as you work.

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Sort Grid Columns of mixed type in EXTJS Grid

- by Amit

Hello, I want to sort the extjs columns, I have the column type as float and from the server side i am getting values which can contain "-" value , now what happens the grid is displaying me the NaN value instead of - and the sort is not working anymore. My requirement is to create a custom sort which can sort first based on number and then sort based on string. Thanks to suggest as renderer also not works for me. My Json String is: {metaData:{"totalProperty":"total", "root":"records","fields":[{"header":"Part Number##false","name":"XJE010^VT-007!0","type":"string"},{"header":"Marketing Status##false","name":"STP716^VT-007!0","type":"string"},{"header":"Package##false","name":"XJE016^VT-007!0","type":"string"},{"header":"Automotive Grade##false","name":"STP472^VT-007!0","type":"string"},{"header":"VDSS##false","name":"XJG810^VT-007!0","type":"float"},{"header":"Drain Current (Dc)(I_D) % (A)##false","name":"XJG273^VT-006!0","type":"float"},{"header":"RDS(on) (@VGS=10V) % (Ω)##false","name":"XJG640^VT-006!3","type":"float"},{"header":"Features##false","name":"GNP023^VT-007!0","type":"string"},{"header":"RDS(on) (@4.5 or 5V) % (Ω)##false","name":"XJG640^VT-006!6","type":"float"},{"header":"RDS(on) (@2.7V) % (Ω)##false","name":"XJG640^VT-006!7","type":"float"},{"header":"RDS(on) (@1.8V) % (Ω)##false","name":"XJG640^VT-006!8","type":"float"},{"header":"Free Samples##false","name":"STP0881^VT-007!0","type":"string"},{"header":"Total Gate Charge(Qg) typ ()##true","name":"STP049^VT-002!0","type":"float"},{"header":"Total Power Dissipation(PD) % (W)##true","name":"XJG820^VT-006!0","type":"float"}]},"success":"true", "total":13,"records":[{"XJE010^VT-007!0":"STB80PF55$$/cn/analog/product/67164.jsp","STP716^VT-007!0":"Active","XJE016^VT-007!0":"D2PAK","STP472^VT-007!0":"_","XJG810^VT-007!0":"-55","XJG273^VT-006!0":"80","XJG640^VT-006!3":".018","GNP023^VT-007!0":"-","XJG640^VT-006!6":"-","XJG640^VT-006!7":"-","XJG640^VT-006!8":"-","STP0881^VT-007!0":"No","STP049^VT-002!0":"190","XJG820^VT-006!0":"300"},{"XJE010^VT-007!0":"STD10PF06$$/cn/analog/product/64543.jsp","STP716^VT-007!0":"Active","XJE016^VT-007!0":"IPAK TO-251 TO 252 DPAK","STP472^VT-007!0":"_","XJG810^VT-007!0":"-60","XJG273^VT-006!0":"-10","XJG640^VT-006!3":".2","GNP023^VT-007!0":"-","XJG640^VT-006!6":"-","XJG640^VT-006!7":"-","XJG640^VT-006!8":"-","STP0881^VT-007!0":"No ... Regards, Amit

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Generate a Strong Password using Mac OS X Lion’s Built-in Utility

- by Usman

You might’ve heard of the LinkedIn and last.fm security breaches that took place recently. Not to mention the thousands of websites that have been hacked till now. Nothing is invulnerable to hacking. And when something like that happens, passwords are leaked. Choosing a good password is essential. A good password generator can give you the best blend of alphanumeric and symbolic characters, making up a strong password. There are a variety of password generators out there, but not many people know that there’s one built right into Mac OS X Lion. Read on to see how you can generate a strong password without any third party application. To do this, open System Preferences. Click “Users & Groups”. How to Make Your Laptop Choose a Wired Connection Instead of Wireless HTG Explains: What Is Two-Factor Authentication and Should I Be Using It? HTG Explains: What Is Windows RT and What Does It Mean To Me?

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SQL SERVER – PAGELATCH_DT, PAGELATCH_EX, PAGELATCH_KP, PAGELATCH_SH, PAGELATCH_UP – Wait Type – Day 12 of 28

- by pinaldave

This is another common wait type. However, I still frequently see people getting confused with PAGEIOLATCH_X and PAGELATCH_X wait types. Actually, there is a big difference between the two. PAGEIOLATCH is related to IO issues, while PAGELATCH is not related to IO issues but is oftentimes linked to a buffer issue. Before we delve deeper in this interesting topic, first let us understand what Latch is. Latches are internal SQL Server locks which can be described as very lightweight and short-term synchronization objects. Latches are not primarily to protect pages being read from disk into memory. It’s a synchronization object for any in-memory access to any portion of a log or data file.[Updated based on comment of Paul Randal] The difference between locks and latches is that locks seal all the involved resources throughout the duration of the transactions (and other processes will have no access to the object), whereas latches locks the resources during the time when the data is changed. This way, a latch is able to maintain the integrity of the data between storage engine and data cache. A latch is a short-living lock that is put on resources on buffer cache and in the physical disk when data is moved in either directions. As soon as the data is moved, the latch is released. Now, let us understand the wait stat type related to latches. From Book On-Line: PAGELATCH_DT Occurs when a task is waiting on a latch for a buffer that is not in an I/O request. The latch request is in Destroy mode. PAGELATCH_EX Occurs when a task is waiting on a latch for a buffer that is not in an I/O request. The latch request is in Exclusive mode. PAGELATCH_KP Occurs when a task is waiting on a latch for a buffer that is not in an I/O request. The latch request is in Keep mode. PAGELATCH_SH Occurs when a task is waiting on a latch for a buffer that is not in an I/O request. The latch request is in Shared mode. PAGELATCH_UP Occurs when a task is waiting on a latch for a buffer that is not in an I/O request. The latch request is in Update mode. PAGELATCH_X Explanation: When there is a contention of access of the in-memory pages, this wait type shows up. It is quite possible that some of the pages in the memory are of very high demand. For the SQL Server to access them and put a latch on the pages, it will have to wait. This wait type is usually created at the same time. Additionally, it is commonly visible when the TempDB has higher contention as well. If there are indexes that are heavily used, contention can be created as well, leading to this wait type. Reducing PAGELATCH_X wait: The following counters are useful to understand the status of the PAGELATCH: Average Latch Wait Time (ms): The wait time for latch requests that have to wait. Latch Waits/sec: This is the number of latch requests that could not be granted immediately. Total Latch Wait Time (ms): This is the total latch wait time for latch requests in the last second. If there is TempDB contention, I suggest that you read the blog post of Robert Davis right away. He has written an excellent blog post regarding how to find out TempDB contention. The same blog post explains the terms in the allocation of GAM, SGAM and PFS. If there was a TempDB contention, Paul Randal explains the optimal settings for the TempDB in his misconceptions series. Trace Flag 1118 can be useful but use it very carefully. I totally understand that this blog post is not as clear as my other blog posts. I suggest if this wait stats is on one of your higher wait type. Do leave a comment or send me an email and I will get back to you with my solution for your situation. May the looking at all other wait stats and types together become effective as this wait type can help suggest proper bottleneck in your system. Read all the post in the Wait Types and Queue series. Note: The information presented here is from my experience and there is no way that I claim it to be accurate. I suggest reading Book OnLine for further clarification. All the discussions of Wait Stats in this blog are generic and vary from system to system. It is recommended that you test this on a development server before implementing it to a production server. Reference: Pinal Dave (http://blog.SQLAuthority.com) Filed under: Pinal Dave, PostADay, SQL, SQL Authority, SQL Query, SQL Scripts, SQL Server, SQL Tips and Tricks, SQL Wait Stats, SQL Wait Types, T SQL, Technology

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A simple Dynamic Proxy

- by Abhijeet Patel

Frameworks such as EF4 and MOQ do what most developers consider "dark magic". For instance in EF4, when you use a POCO for an entity you can opt-in to get behaviors such as "lazy-loading" and "change tracking" at runtime merely by ensuring that your type has the following characteristics: The class must be public and not sealed. The class must have a public or protected parameter-less constructor. The class must have public or protected properties Adhere to this and your type is magically endowed with these behaviors without any additional programming on your part. Behind the scenes the framework subclasses your type at runtime and creates a "dynamic proxy" which has these additional behaviors and when you navigate properties of your POCO, the framework replaces the POCO type with derived type instances. The MOQ framework does simlar magic. Let's say you have a simple interface: public interface IFoo { int GetNum(); } We can verify that the GetNum() was invoked on a mock like so: var mock = new Mock<IFoo>(MockBehavior.Default); mock.Setup(f => f.GetNum()); var num = mock.Object.GetNum(); mock.Verify(f => f.GetNum()); Beind the scenes the MOQ framework is generating a dynamic proxy by implementing IFoo at runtime. the call to moq.Object returns the dynamic proxy on which we then call "GetNum" and then verify that this method was invoked. No dark magic at all, just clever programming is what's going on here, just not visible and hence appears magical! Let's create a simple dynamic proxy generator which accepts an interface type and dynamically creates a proxy implementing the interface type specified at runtime. public static class DynamicProxyGenerator { public static T GetInstanceFor<T>() { Type typeOfT = typeof(T); var methodInfos = typeOfT.GetMethods(); AssemblyName assName = new AssemblyName("testAssembly"); var assBuilder = AppDomain.CurrentDomain.DefineDynamicAssembly(assName, AssemblyBuilderAccess.RunAndSave); var moduleBuilder = assBuilder.DefineDynamicModule("testModule", "test.dll"); var typeBuilder = moduleBuilder.DefineType(typeOfT.Name + "Proxy", TypeAttributes.Public); typeBuilder.AddInterfaceImplementation(typeOfT); var ctorBuilder = typeBuilder.DefineConstructor( MethodAttributes.Public, CallingConventions.Standard, new Type[] { }); var ilGenerator = ctorBuilder.GetILGenerator(); ilGenerator.EmitWriteLine("Creating Proxy instance"); ilGenerator.Emit(OpCodes.Ret); foreach (var methodInfo in methodInfos) { var methodBuilder = typeBuilder.DefineMethod( methodInfo.Name, MethodAttributes.Public | MethodAttributes.Virtual, methodInfo.ReturnType, methodInfo.GetParameters().Select(p => p.GetType()).ToArray() ); var methodILGen = methodBuilder.GetILGenerator(); methodILGen.EmitWriteLine("I'm a proxy"); if (methodInfo.ReturnType == typeof(void)) { methodILGen.Emit(OpCodes.Ret); } else { if (methodInfo.ReturnType.IsValueType || methodInfo.ReturnType.IsEnum) { MethodInfo getMethod = typeof(Activator).GetMethod(/span>"CreateInstance",new Type[]{typeof((Type)}); LocalBuilder lb = methodILGen.DeclareLocal(methodInfo.ReturnType); methodILGen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldtoken, lb.LocalType); methodILGen.Emit(OpCodes.Call, typeofype).GetMethod("GetTypeFromHandle")); )); methodILGen.Emit(OpCodes.Callvirt, getMethod); methodILGen.Emit(OpCodes.Unbox_Any, lb.LocalType); } else { methodILGen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldnull); } methodILGen.Emit(OpCodes.Ret); } typeBuilder.DefineMethodOverride(methodBuilder, methodInfo); } Type constructedType = typeBuilder.CreateType(); var instance = Activator.CreateInstance(constructedType); return (T)instance; } } Dynamic proxies are created by calling into the following main types: AssemblyBuilder, TypeBuilder, Modulebuilder and ILGenerator. These types enable dynamically creating an assembly and emitting .NET modules and types in that assembly, all using IL instructions. Let's break down the code above a bit and examine it piece by piece Type typeOfT = typeof(T); var methodInfos = typeOfT.GetMethods(); AssemblyName assName = new AssemblyName("testAssembly"); var assBuilder = AppDomain.CurrentDomain.DefineDynamicAssembly(assName, AssemblyBuilderAccess.RunAndSave); var moduleBuilder = assBuilder.DefineDynamicModule("testModule", "test.dll"); var typeBuilder = moduleBuilder.DefineType(typeOfT.Name + "Proxy", TypeAttributes.Public); We are instructing the runtime to create an assembly caled "test.dll"and in this assembly we then emit a new module called "testModule". We then emit a new type definition of name "typeName"Proxy into this new module. This is the definition for the "dynamic proxy" for type T typeBuilder.AddInterfaceImplementation(typeOfT); var ctorBuilder = typeBuilder.DefineConstructor( MethodAttributes.Public, CallingConventions.Standard, new Type[] { }); var ilGenerator = ctorBuilder.GetILGenerator(); ilGenerator.EmitWriteLine("Creating Proxy instance"); ilGenerator.Emit(OpCodes.Ret); The newly created type implements type T and defines a default parameterless constructor in which we emit a call to Console.WriteLine. This call is not necessary but we do this so that we can see first hand that when the proxy is constructed, when our default constructor is invoked. var methodBuilder = typeBuilder.DefineMethod( methodInfo.Name, MethodAttributes.Public | MethodAttributes.Virtual, methodInfo.ReturnType, methodInfo.GetParameters().Select(p => p.GetType()).ToArray() ); We then iterate over each method declared on type T and add a method definition of the same name into our "dynamic proxy" definition if (methodInfo.ReturnType == typeof(void)) { methodILGen.Emit(OpCodes.Ret); } If the return type specified in the method declaration of T is void we simply return. if (methodInfo.ReturnType.IsValueType || methodInfo.ReturnType.IsEnum) { MethodInfo getMethod = typeof(Activator).GetMethod("CreateInstance", new Type[]{typeof(Type)}); LocalBuilder lb = methodILGen.DeclareLocal(methodInfo.ReturnType); methodILGen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldtoken, lb.LocalType); methodILGen.Emit(OpCodes.Call, typeof(Type).GetMethod("GetTypeFromHandle")); methodILGen.Emit(OpCodes.Callvirt, getMethod); methodILGen.Emit(OpCodes.Unbox_Any, lb.LocalType); } If the return type in the method declaration of T is either a value type or an enum, then we need to create an instance of the value type and return that instance the caller. In order to accomplish that we need to do the following: 1) Get a handle to the Activator.CreateInstance method 2) Declare a local variable which represents the Type of the return type(i.e the type object of the return type) specified on the method declaration of T(obtained from the MethodInfo) and push this Type object onto the evaluation stack. In reality a RuntimeTypeHandle is what is pushed onto the stack. 3) Invoke the "GetTypeFromHandle" method(a static method in the Type class) passing in the RuntimeTypeHandle pushed onto the stack previously as an argument, the result of this invocation is a Type object (representing the method's return type) which is pushed onto the top of the evaluation stack. 4) Invoke Activator.CreateInstance passing in the Type object from step 3, the result of this invocation is an instance of the value type boxed as a reference type and pushed onto the top of the evaluation stack. 5) Unbox the result and place it into the local variable of the return type defined in step 2 methodILGen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldnull); If the return type is a reference type then we just load a null onto the evaluation stack methodILGen.Emit(OpCodes.Ret); Emit a a return statement to return whatever is on top of the evaluation stack(null or an instance of a value type) back to the caller Type constructedType = typeBuilder.CreateType(); var instance = Activator.CreateInstance(constructedType); return (T)instance; Now that we have a definition of the "dynamic proxy" implementing all the methods declared on T, we can now create an instance of the proxy type and return that out typed as T. The caller can now invoke the generator and request a dynamic proxy for any type T. In our example when the client invokes GetNum() we get back "0". Lets add a new method on the interface called DayOfWeek GetDay() public interface IFoo { int GetNum(); DayOfWeek GetDay(); } When GetDay() is invoked, the "dynamic proxy" returns "Sunday" since that is the default value for the DayOfWeek enum This is a very trivial example of dynammic proxies, frameworks like MOQ have a way more sophisticated implementation of this paradigm where in you can instruct the framework to create proxies which return specified values for a method implementation.

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Secure Yourself by Using Two-Step Verification on These 16 Web Services

- by Chris Hoffman

Two-factor authentication, also known as 2-step verification, provides additional security for your online accounts. Even if someone discovers your password, they’ll need a special one-time code to log in after you enable two-factor authentication on these services. Notably absent from this list are banks and other financial institutions. It’s a shame that you can use two-factor authentication to protect your in-game currency in an MMORPG, but not the real money in your bank account. Secure Yourself by Using Two-Step Verification on These 16 Web Services How to Fix a Stuck Pixel on an LCD Monitor How to Factory Reset Your Android Phone or Tablet When It Won’t Boot

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How To Use Google Authenticator and Other Two-Factor Authentication Apps Without a Smartphone

- by Chris Hoffman

Google, Dropbox, LastPass, Battle.net, Guild Wars 2 – all these services and more offer two-factor authentication apps that work on smartphones. If you don’t have a supported device, you can run an alternative application on your computer. When you log in, you’ll need to enter a time-based code from the app. Two-factor authentication prevents people who know your password – but don’t have the app and its security key – from logging in. How To Delete, Move, or Rename Locked Files in Windows HTG Explains: Why Screen Savers Are No Longer Necessary 6 Ways Windows 8 Is More Secure Than Windows 7

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DriveSafe.ly Reads Your Text Messages Aloud

- by ETC

DriveSafe.ly, a free application for Android and BlackBerry phones, reads your text messages, emails, and caller ID notifications aloud so you can stay connected while keeping your eyes on the road. DriveSafe.ly is a feature packed application that reads your text messages, your emails, and the ID from your caller ID aloud. It’s not the only SMS-to-speech application out there but it sports the most featured including rocking a customizable auto-responder (so you can let people know you heard their message and will respond as soon as you’re off the road), the ability to customize the voice and the read-rate, how much information if given (the senders name or just the message or the senders name, subject, and message in the case of emails), and more. Upgrading to the $13.95 a year premium version allows voice-to-txt translation so you can respond verbally to your text messages and emails. Hit up the link below to read more and grab a copy for your Android or BlackBerry phone. DriveSafe.ly [via Addictive Tips] Latest Features How-To Geek ETC Have You Ever Wondered How Your Operating System Got Its Name? Should You Delete Windows 7 Service Pack Backup Files to Save Space? What Can Super Mario Teach Us About Graphics Technology? Windows 7 Service Pack 1 is Released: But Should You Install It? How To Make Hundreds of Complex Photo Edits in Seconds With Photoshop Actions How to Enable User-Specific Wireless Networks in Windows 7 DriveSafe.ly Reads Your Text Messages Aloud The Likability of Angry Birds [Infographic] Dim an Overly Bright Alarm Clock with a Binder Divider Preliminary List of Keyboard Shortcuts for Unity Now Available Bring a Touch of the Wild West to Your Desktop with the Rango Theme for Windows 7 Manage Your Favorite Social Accounts in Chrome and Iron with Seesmic

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4 Places To Find Up-To-Date Antivirus Test Results Online

- by Chris Hoffman

Everyone wants to be using the best antivirus and wants to know how they perform, so a list of places you can find this information would be useful. It’s not really reasonable to do any testing yourself; way too time-consuming. x places you can find antivirus test results – av comparatives, av test, http://www.westcoastlabs.com/realTimeTesting/article/?articleID=1 Do you know how effective your antivirus programs is? A variety of organizations regularly compare antivirus programs, throwing a large amount of malware samples at them, seeing how they perform, and ranking them in comparison to each other. It would be very time-consuming to test 30 different antivirus programs in virtual machines with a large amoutn of malware samples yourself, which is why these test results are so useful. Why Does 64-Bit Windows Need a Separate “Program Files (x86)” Folder? Why Your Android Phone Isn’t Getting Operating System Updates and What You Can Do About It How To Delete, Move, or Rename Locked Files in Windows

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4 Places To Find Up-To-Date Antivirus Test Results Online

- by Chris Hoffman

Do you know how effective your antivirus programs is? A variety of organizations regularly compare antivirus programs, throwing a large amount of malware samples at them, seeing how they perform, and ranking them in comparison to each other. It would be very time-consuming to test 30 different antivirus programs in virtual machines with a large amount of malware samples yourself, which is why these test results are so useful. Why Does 64-Bit Windows Need a Separate “Program Files (x86)” Folder? Why Your Android Phone Isn’t Getting Operating System Updates and What You Can Do About It How To Delete, Move, or Rename Locked Files in Windows

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How Hackers Can Disguise Malicious Programs With Fake File Extensions

- by Chris Hoffman

File extensions can be faked – that file with an .mp3 extension may actually be an executable program. Hackers can fake file extensions by abusing a special Unicode character, forcing text to be displayed in reverse order. Windows also hides file extensions by default, which is another way novice users can be deceived – a file with a name like picture.jpg.exe will appear as a harmless JPEG image file. Can Dust Actually Damage My Computer? What To Do If You Get a Virus on Your Computer Why Enabling “Do Not Track” Doesn’t Stop You From Being Tracked

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How To Check If Your Account Passwords Have Been Leaked Online and Protect Yourself From Future Leaks

- by Chris Hoffman

Security breaches and password leaks happen constantly on today’s Internet. LinkedIn, Yahoo, Last.fm, eHarmony – the list of compromised websites is long. If you want to know whether your account information was leaked, there are some tools you can use. These leaks often lead to many compromised accounts on other websites. However, you can protect yourself by using unique passwords everywhere – if you do, password leaks won’t be a threat to you. Image Credit: Johan Larsson on Flickr 8 Deadly Commands You Should Never Run on Linux 14 Special Google Searches That Show Instant Answers How To Create a Customized Windows 7 Installation Disc With Integrated Updates

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HTG Explains: How Antivirus Software Works

- by Chris Hoffman

Antivirus programs are powerful pieces of software that are essential on Windows computers. If you’ve ever wondered how antivirus programs detect viruses, what they’re doing on your computer, and whether you need to perform regular system scans yourself, read on. An antivirus program is an essential part of a multi-layered security strategy – even if you’re a smart computer user, the constant stream of vulnerabilities for browsers, plug-ins, and the Windows operating system itself make antivirus protection important. 8 Deadly Commands You Should Never Run on Linux 14 Special Google Searches That Show Instant Answers How To Create a Customized Windows 7 Installation Disc With Integrated Updates

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HTG Explains: What is DNS?

- by Chris Hoffman

Did you know you could be connected to facebook.com – and see facebook.com in your web browser’s address bar – while not actually being connected to Facebook’s real website? To understand why, you’ll need to know a bit about DNS. DNS underpins the world wide web we use every day. It works transparently in the background, converting human-readable website names into computer-readable numerical IP addresses. Image Credit: Jemimus on Flickr How To Switch Webmail Providers Without Losing All Your Email How To Force Windows Applications to Use a Specific CPU HTG Explains: Is UPnP a Security Risk?

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VPN vs. SSH Tunnel: Which Is More Secure?

- by Chris Hoffman

VPNs and SSH tunnels can both securely “tunnel” network traffic over an encrypted connection. They’re similar in some ways, but different in others – if you’re trying to decide which to use, it helps to understand how each works. An SSH tunnel is often referred to as a “poor man’s VPN” because it can provide some of the same features as a VPN without the more complicated server setup process – however, it has some limitations. How to Use an Xbox 360 Controller On Your Windows PC Download the Official How-To Geek Trivia App for Windows 8 How to Banish Duplicate Photos with VisiPic

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