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  • reading keyboard input without "consuming" it in x86 assembly

    - by Bob
    Ok so here the deal: I have an assignment regarding DOS and interrupts: I need to write a sort of key-logger function that can be called from C code. what it means is a c program would call an assembly function called startlog that would indicate to start logging the keys pressed until a function called endlog is called. the logging should work like this: write the ascii value of any key pressed without disturbing the C code between startlog and endlog, meaning that if the C code also needs to read the input (let's say by scanf, it would work ok). I managed to write the logger by changing the interrupt vector 9th entry (interrupt for keyboard press) to a function I wrote that writes the values to a file, and it works fine. however the C code does not get the input. Basically what i did is read the key pressed using int 21h, however after reading the ascii value it is "consumed" so I need a way to either simulate the key press again or read the value without "consuming" it so next time a key is read it reads the same key. (I described the code in english because it is long and clumsy assembly code)

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  • loading remote page into DOM with javascript

    - by scoobydoo
    I am trying to write a web widget which will allow users to display customized information (from my website) in their own web page. The mechanism I want to use (for creating the web widget) is javascript. So basically, I want to be able to write some javascript code like this (this is what the end user copies into their HTML page, to get my widget displayed in their page) <script type="text/javascript"> /* javascript here to fetch page from remote url and insert into DOM */ </script> I have two questions: how do I write a javascript code to fetch the page from the remote url? Ideally this will be PLAIN javascript (i.e. not using jQuery etc - since I dont want to force the user to get third party scripts jQuery which may conflict with other scripts on their page etc) The page I am fetching contains inline javascript, which gets executed in an body.onLoad event, as well as other functions which are used in response to user actions - my questions are: i). will the body.onLoad event be triggered for the retrieved document?. ii). If the retrieved page is dumped directly into the DOM, then the document will contain two <body> sections, which is no longer valid (X)HTML - however, I need the body.onLoad event to be triggered for the page to be setup correctly, and I also need the other functions in the retrieved page, for the retrieved page to be able to respond to the user interaction. Any suggestions/tips on how I can solve these problems?

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  • ASP error 424 Object required

    - by jeff
    I've got a problem with the following code pasted below, the problem seems to be coming from the openastextstream this carries on from another question: Set str_text_stream = obj_file.OpenAsTextStream(ForReading, TristateUseDefault) response.Write "<table>" int_j = 0 int_x = 0 Err.number = 0 Do While Not str_text_stream.AtEndOfStream str_po_insert_sql = "INSERT into tbl_purchase_orders (purchase_order_number, purchase_order_vendor_number, purchase_order_vendor_name) " str_po_insert_sql = str_po_insert_sql & " VALUES (" str_line = str_text_stream.readline arr_line = Split(str_line, """,""", -1) if Ubound(arr_line) <> 2 then Response.write "<tr><td>The line " & str_line & " could not be imported.</td></tr>" int_x = 1 else int_y = Instr(arr_line(2), """,") - 1 str_field_0 = Replace(arr_line(0), """", "") str_field_0 = Replace(str_field_0, "'", "''") str_field_1 = Replace(arr_line(1), "'", "''") str_field_2 = Left(arr_line(2), int_y) str_field_2 = Replace(str_field_2, "'", "''") str_po_insert_sql = str_po_insert_sql & "'" & str_field_0 & "', '" & arr_line(1) & "', '" & str_field_2 & "')" rs_po_insert.Open str_po_insert_sql, dbConnection, 3 if Err.number <> 0 then Response.write "<tr><td>The line " & str_po_insert_sql & " was imported.</td></tr>" end if Err.number = 0 int_j = int_j + 1 end if loop data from test import: "4501366934","800002","Clancy Docwra Ltd",04/05/2010 00:00:00 "4501366935","800004","Clancy Docwra Ltd",04/05/2010 00:00:00 "4501366936","800004","Clancy Docwra Ltd",04/05/2010 00:00:00

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  • How to handle product ratings in a database

    - by Mel
    Hello, I would like to know what is the best approach to storing product ratings in a database. I have in mind the following two (simplified, and assuming a MySQL db) scenarios: Scenario 1: Create two columns in the product table to store number of votes and the sum of all votes. Use columns to get an average on the product display page: products(productedID, productName, voteCount, voteSum) Pros: I will only need to access one table, and thus execute one query to display product data and ratings. Cons: Write operations will be executed in a table whose original purpose is only to furnish product data. Scenario 2: Create an additional table to store ratings. products(productID, productName) ratings(productID, voteCount, voteSum) Pros: Isolate ratings into a separate table, leaving the products table to furnish data on available products. Cons: I will have to execute two separate queries on product page requests (one for data and another for ratings). In terms of performance, which of the following two approaches is best: Allow users to execute an occasional write query to a table that will handle hundreds of read requests? Execute two queries at every product page, but isolate the write query into a separate table. I'm a novice to database development, and often find myself struggling with simple questions such as these. Many thanks,

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  • Extending the CI_DB_active_record class in codeigniter 2.0

    - by ctrane
    I am writing my first program with Codeigniter, and have run into a problem. I will start with a focused description of the problem and can broaden it if I need to: I need to write a multi-dimensional array to the DB and want to use the insert_batch function from the CI_DB_active_record class to do so. The problem is that I need to write empty values as NULL for some fields while other fields need to be empty strings. The current function wraps all values with single quotes, and I cannot find a way to write null values to the database for specified fields. I would also like to increase the number of records per batch. I see how to extend models, libraries, etc., but is there a way to extend the CI_DB_active_record class without modifying core classes? The minimal amount of core class modification to make this work that I have found is modifying the following lines in the DB.php file (changing the require_once file to the new file that extends the CI_DB_active_record class and changing the CI_DB_active_record class name to the new class name): require_once(BASEPATH.'database/DB_active_rec'.EXT); if ( ! class_exists('CI_DB')) { eval('class CI_DB extends CI_DB_active_record { }'); } Can I do better?

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  • Why I cannot get the output of ftp.exe ?

    - by smwikipedia
    I execute the ftp.exe cmd through a C# System.Diagnostics.Process type. And I use the following code to get the "ftp.exe" output after I programmatically enter a "help" command. But I can only get the first line of the result. And I never get to the "end" output part. The whole program seems blocked. Process p = new Process(); p.StartInfo.FileName = @"C:\Windows\System32\ftp.exe"; p.StartInfo.CreateNoWindow = true; p.StartInfo.RedirectStandardInput = true; p.StartInfo.RedirectStandardOutput = true; p.StartInfo.RedirectStandardError = true; p.StartInfo.UseShellExecute = false; p.Start(); p.StandardInput.WriteLine("help"); Int32 c_int = p.StandardOutput.Read(); while (c_int != -1) { Char c = (Char)c_int; Console.Write(c); c_int = p.StandardOutput.Read(); } Console.WriteLine("end"); However, I write a simple program which only use Console.Writeline() to write some output to its StdOut stream. And I test it with the above code. It works fine. I just cannot figure out why the above code cannot work with ftp.exe? The only difference between my SimpleConsoleOutput program and the "ftp.exe" is that the ftp.exe has its own interactive command prompt.

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  • c# How to get string from byte?

    - by Kade
    I have a form-console application which does a TCP socket connections for send and receive. I need help getting the following response to STRING. The following code does write the RESPONSE to the console, but i also want to byte[] b = new byte[100]; int k = s.Receive(b); Console.WriteLine("Recieved..."); for (int i = 0; i < k; i++) Console.Write(Convert.ToChar(b[i])); ASCIIEncoding asen = new ASCIIEncoding(); s.Send(asen.GetBytes("RECEIVED :")); i want to get something like String GETSTRING; byte[] b = new byte[100]; int k = s.Receive(b); Console.WriteLine("Recieved..."); for (int i = 0; i < k; i++) Console.Write(Convert.ToChar(b[i])); GETSTRING = *WHATEVER RESPONSE RECEIVED ABOVE* ASCIIEncoding asen = new ASCIIEncoding(); s.Send(asen.GetBytes("RECEIVED :"));

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  • How do I reset my pointer to a specific array location?

    - by ohtanya
    I am a brand new programming student, so please forgive my ignorance. My assignment states: Write a program that declares an array of 10 integers. Write a loop that accepts 10 values from the keyboard and write another loop that displays the 10 values. Do not use any subscripts within the two loops; use pointers only. Here is my code: #include "stdafx.h" #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { const int NUM = 10; int values[NUM]; int *p = &values[0]; int x; for(x = 0; x < NUM; ++x, ++p) { cout << "Enter a value: "; cin >> *p; } for(x = 0; x < NUM; ++x, ++p) { cout << *p << " "; } return 0; } I think I know where my problem is. After my first loop, my pointer is at values[10], but I need to get it back to values[0] to display them. How can I do that?

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  • Why I cannot get the output of ftp.exe by code?

    - by smwikipedia
    I execute the ftp.exe cmd through a C# System.Diagnostics.Process type. And I use the following code to get the "ftp.exe" output after I programmatically enter a "help" command. But I can only get the first line of the result. And I never get to the "end" output part. The whole program seems blocked. Process p = new Process(); p.StartInfo.FileName = @"C:\Windows\System32\ftp.exe"; p.StartInfo.CreateNoWindow = true; p.StartInfo.RedirectStandardInput = true; p.StartInfo.RedirectStandardOutput = true; p.StartInfo.RedirectStandardError = true; p.StartInfo.UseShellExecute = false; p.Start(); p.StandardInput.WriteLine("help"); Int32 c_int = p.StandardOutput.Read(); while (c_int != -1) { Char c = (Char)c_int; Console.Write(c); c_int = p.StandardOutput.Read(); } Console.WriteLine("end"); However, I write a simple program which only use Console.Writeline() to write some output to its StdOut stream. And I test it with the above code. It works fine. I just cannot figure out why the above code cannot work with ftp.exe? The only difference between my SimpleConsoleOutput program and the "ftp.exe" is that the ftp.exe has its own interactive command prompt.

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  • Toorcon 15 (2013)

    - by danx
    The Toorcon gang (senior staff): h1kari (founder), nfiltr8, and Geo Introduction to Toorcon 15 (2013) A Tale of One Software Bypass of MS Windows 8 Secure Boot Breaching SSL, One Byte at a Time Running at 99%: Surviving an Application DoS Security Response in the Age of Mass Customized Attacks x86 Rewriting: Defeating RoP and other Shinanighans Clowntown Express: interesting bugs and running a bug bounty program Active Fingerprinting of Encrypted VPNs Making Attacks Go Backwards Mask Your Checksums—The Gorry Details Adventures with weird machines thirty years after "Reflections on Trusting Trust" Introduction to Toorcon 15 (2013) Toorcon 15 is the 15th annual security conference held in San Diego. I've attended about a third of them and blogged about previous conferences I attended here starting in 2003. As always, I've only summarized the talks I attended and interested me enough to write about them. Be aware that I may have misrepresented the speaker's remarks and that they are not my remarks or opinion, or those of my employer, so don't quote me or them. Those seeking further details may contact the speakers directly or use The Google. For some talks, I have a URL for further information. A Tale of One Software Bypass of MS Windows 8 Secure Boot Andrew Furtak and Oleksandr Bazhaniuk Yuri Bulygin, Oleksandr ("Alex") Bazhaniuk, and (not present) Andrew Furtak Yuri and Alex talked about UEFI and Bootkits and bypassing MS Windows 8 Secure Boot, with vendor recommendations. They previously gave this talk at the BlackHat 2013 conference. MS Windows 8 Secure Boot Overview UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface) is interface between hardware and OS. UEFI is processor and architecture independent. Malware can replace bootloader (bootx64.efi, bootmgfw.efi). Once replaced can modify kernel. Trivial to replace bootloader. Today many legacy bootkits—UEFI replaces them most of them. MS Windows 8 Secure Boot verifies everything you load, either through signatures or hashes. UEFI firmware relies on secure update (with signed update). You would think Secure Boot would rely on ROM (such as used for phones0, but you can't do that for PCs—PCs use writable memory with signatures DXE core verifies the UEFI boat loader(s) OS Loader (winload.efi, winresume.efi) verifies the OS kernel A chain of trust is established with a root key (Platform Key, PK), which is a cert belonging to the platform vendor. Key Exchange Keys (KEKs) verify an "authorized" database (db), and "forbidden" database (dbx). X.509 certs with SHA-1/SHA-256 hashes. Keys are stored in non-volatile (NV) flash-based NVRAM. Boot Services (BS) allow adding/deleting keys (can't be accessed once OS starts—which uses Run-Time (RT)). Root cert uses RSA-2048 public keys and PKCS#7 format signatures. SecureBoot — enable disable image signature checks SetupMode — update keys, self-signed keys, and secure boot variables CustomMode — allows updating keys Secure Boot policy settings are: always execute, never execute, allow execute on security violation, defer execute on security violation, deny execute on security violation, query user on security violation Attacking MS Windows 8 Secure Boot Secure Boot does NOT protect from physical access. Can disable from console. Each BIOS vendor implements Secure Boot differently. There are several platform and BIOS vendors. It becomes a "zoo" of implementations—which can be taken advantage of. Secure Boot is secure only when all vendors implement it correctly. Allow only UEFI firmware signed updates protect UEFI firmware from direct modification in flash memory protect FW update components program SPI controller securely protect secure boot policy settings in nvram protect runtime api disable compatibility support module which allows unsigned legacy Can corrupt the Platform Key (PK) EFI root certificate variable in SPI flash. If PK is not found, FW enters setup mode wich secure boot turned off. Can also exploit TPM in a similar manner. One is not supposed to be able to directly modify the PK in SPI flash from the OS though. But they found a bug that they can exploit from User Mode (undisclosed) and demoed the exploit. It loaded and ran their own bootkit. The exploit requires a reboot. Multiple vendors are vulnerable. They will disclose this exploit to vendors in the future. Recommendations: allow only signed updates protect UEFI fw in ROM protect EFI variable store in ROM Breaching SSL, One Byte at a Time Yoel Gluck and Angelo Prado Angelo Prado and Yoel Gluck, Salesforce.com CRIME is software that performs a "compression oracle attack." This is possible because the SSL protocol doesn't hide length, and because SSL compresses the header. CRIME requests with every possible character and measures the ciphertext length. Look for the plaintext which compresses the most and looks for the cookie one byte-at-a-time. SSL Compression uses LZ77 to reduce redundancy. Huffman coding replaces common byte sequences with shorter codes. US CERT thinks the SSL compression problem is fixed, but it isn't. They convinced CERT that it wasn't fixed and they issued a CVE. BREACH, breachattrack.com BREACH exploits the SSL response body (Accept-Encoding response, Content-Encoding). It takes advantage of the fact that the response is not compressed. BREACH uses gzip and needs fairly "stable" pages that are static for ~30 seconds. It needs attacker-supplied content (say from a web form or added to a URL parameter). BREACH listens to a session's requests and responses, then inserts extra requests and responses. Eventually, BREACH guesses a session's secret key. Can use compression to guess contents one byte at-a-time. For example, "Supersecret SupersecreX" (a wrong guess) compresses 10 bytes, and "Supersecret Supersecret" (a correct guess) compresses 11 bytes, so it can find each character by guessing every character. To start the guess, BREACH needs at least three known initial characters in the response sequence. Compression length then "leaks" information. Some roadblocks include no winners (all guesses wrong) or too many winners (multiple possibilities that compress the same). The solutions include: lookahead (guess 2 or 3 characters at-a-time instead of 1 character). Expensive rollback to last known conflict check compression ratio can brute-force first 3 "bootstrap" characters, if needed (expensive) block ciphers hide exact plain text length. Solution is to align response in advance to block size Mitigations length: use variable padding secrets: dynamic CSRF tokens per request secret: change over time separate secret to input-less servlets Future work eiter understand DEFLATE/GZIP HTTPS extensions Running at 99%: Surviving an Application DoS Ryan Huber Ryan Huber, Risk I/O Ryan first discussed various ways to do a denial of service (DoS) attack against web services. One usual method is to find a slow web page and do several wgets. Or download large files. Apache is not well suited at handling a large number of connections, but one can put something in front of it Can use Apache alternatives, such as nginx How to identify malicious hosts short, sudden web requests user-agent is obvious (curl, python) same url requested repeatedly no web page referer (not normal) hidden links. hide a link and see if a bot gets it restricted access if not your geo IP (unless the website is global) missing common headers in request regular timing first seen IP at beginning of attack count requests per hosts (usually a very large number) Use of captcha can mitigate attacks, but you'll lose a lot of genuine users. Bouncer, goo.gl/c2vyEc and www.github.com/rawdigits/Bouncer Bouncer is software written by Ryan in netflow. Bouncer has a small, unobtrusive footprint and detects DoS attempts. It closes blacklisted sockets immediately (not nice about it, no proper close connection). Aggregator collects requests and controls your web proxies. Need NTP on the front end web servers for clean data for use by bouncer. Bouncer is also useful for a popularity storm ("Slashdotting") and scraper storms. Future features: gzip collection data, documentation, consumer library, multitask, logging destroyed connections. Takeaways: DoS mitigation is easier with a complete picture Bouncer designed to make it easier to detect and defend DoS—not a complete cure Security Response in the Age of Mass Customized Attacks Peleus Uhley and Karthik Raman Peleus Uhley and Karthik Raman, Adobe ASSET, blogs.adobe.com/asset/ Peleus and Karthik talked about response to mass-customized exploits. Attackers behave much like a business. "Mass customization" refers to concept discussed in the book Future Perfect by Stan Davis of Harvard Business School. Mass customization is differentiating a product for an individual customer, but at a mass production price. For example, the same individual with a debit card receives basically the same customized ATM experience around the world. Or designing your own PC from commodity parts. Exploit kits are another example of mass customization. The kits support multiple browsers and plugins, allows new modules. Exploit kits are cheap and customizable. Organized gangs use exploit kits. A group at Berkeley looked at 77,000 malicious websites (Grier et al., "Manufacturing Compromise: The Emergence of Exploit-as-a-Service", 2012). They found 10,000 distinct binaries among them, but derived from only a dozen or so exploit kits. Characteristics of Mass Malware: potent, resilient, relatively low cost Technical characteristics: multiple OS, multipe payloads, multiple scenarios, multiple languages, obfuscation Response time for 0-day exploits has gone down from ~40 days 5 years ago to about ~10 days now. So the drive with malware is towards mass customized exploits, to avoid detection There's plenty of evicence that exploit development has Project Manager bureaucracy. They infer from the malware edicts to: support all versions of reader support all versions of windows support all versions of flash support all browsers write large complex, difficult to main code (8750 lines of JavaScript for example Exploits have "loose coupling" of multipe versions of software (adobe), OS, and browser. This allows specific attacks against specific versions of multiple pieces of software. Also allows exploits of more obscure software/OS/browsers and obscure versions. Gave examples of exploits that exploited 2, 3, 6, or 14 separate bugs. However, these complete exploits are more likely to be buggy or fragile in themselves and easier to defeat. Future research includes normalizing malware and Javascript. Conclusion: The coming trend is that mass-malware with mass zero-day attacks will result in mass customization of attacks. x86 Rewriting: Defeating RoP and other Shinanighans Richard Wartell Richard Wartell The attack vector we are addressing here is: First some malware causes a buffer overflow. The malware has no program access, but input access and buffer overflow code onto stack Later the stack became non-executable. The workaround malware used was to write a bogus return address to the stack jumping to malware Later came ASLR (Address Space Layout Randomization) to randomize memory layout and make addresses non-deterministic. The workaround malware used was to jump t existing code segments in the program that can be used in bad ways "RoP" is Return-oriented Programming attacks. RoP attacks use your own code and write return address on stack to (existing) expoitable code found in program ("gadgets"). Pinkie Pie was paid $60K last year for a RoP attack. One solution is using anti-RoP compilers that compile source code with NO return instructions. ASLR does not randomize address space, just "gadgets". IPR/ILR ("Instruction Location Randomization") randomizes each instruction with a virtual machine. Richard's goal was to randomize a binary with no source code access. He created "STIR" (Self-Transofrming Instruction Relocation). STIR disassembles binary and operates on "basic blocks" of code. The STIR disassembler is conservative in what to disassemble. Each basic block is moved to a random location in memory. Next, STIR writes new code sections with copies of "basic blocks" of code in randomized locations. The old code is copied and rewritten with jumps to new code. the original code sections in the file is marked non-executible. STIR has better entropy than ASLR in location of code. Makes brute force attacks much harder. STIR runs on MS Windows (PEM) and Linux (ELF). It eliminated 99.96% or more "gadgets" (i.e., moved the address). Overhead usually 5-10% on MS Windows, about 1.5-4% on Linux (but some code actually runs faster!). The unique thing about STIR is it requires no source access and the modified binary fully works! Current work is to rewrite code to enforce security policies. For example, don't create a *.{exe,msi,bat} file. Or don't connect to the network after reading from the disk. Clowntown Express: interesting bugs and running a bug bounty program Collin Greene Collin Greene, Facebook Collin talked about Facebook's bug bounty program. Background at FB: FB has good security frameworks, such as security teams, external audits, and cc'ing on diffs. But there's lots of "deep, dark, forgotten" parts of legacy FB code. Collin gave several examples of bountied bugs. Some bounty submissions were on software purchased from a third-party (but bounty claimers don't know and don't care). We use security questions, as does everyone else, but they are basically insecure (often easily discoverable). Collin didn't expect many bugs from the bounty program, but they ended getting 20+ good bugs in first 24 hours and good submissions continue to come in. Bug bounties bring people in with different perspectives, and are paid only for success. Bug bounty is a better use of a fixed amount of time and money versus just code review or static code analysis. The Bounty program started July 2011 and paid out $1.5 million to date. 14% of the submissions have been high priority problems that needed to be fixed immediately. The best bugs come from a small % of submitters (as with everything else)—the top paid submitters are paid 6 figures a year. Spammers like to backstab competitors. The youngest sumitter was 13. Some submitters have been hired. Bug bounties also allows to see bugs that were missed by tools or reviews, allowing improvement in the process. Bug bounties might not work for traditional software companies where the product has release cycle or is not on Internet. Active Fingerprinting of Encrypted VPNs Anna Shubina Anna Shubina, Dartmouth Institute for Security, Technology, and Society (I missed the start of her talk because another track went overtime. But I have the DVD of the talk, so I'll expand later) IPsec leaves fingerprints. Using netcat, one can easily visually distinguish various crypto chaining modes just from packet timing on a chart (example, DES-CBC versus AES-CBC) One can tell a lot about VPNs just from ping roundtrips (such as what router is used) Delayed packets are not informative about a network, especially if far away from the network More needed to explore about how TCP works in real life with respect to timing Making Attacks Go Backwards Fuzzynop FuzzyNop, Mandiant This talk is not about threat attribution (finding who), product solutions, politics, or sales pitches. But who are making these malware threats? It's not a single person or group—they have diverse skill levels. There's a lot of fat-fingered fumblers out there. Always look for low-hanging fruit first: "hiding" malware in the temp, recycle, or root directories creation of unnamed scheduled tasks obvious names of files and syscalls ("ClearEventLog") uncleared event logs. Clearing event log in itself, and time of clearing, is a red flag and good first clue to look for on a suspect system Reverse engineering is hard. Disassembler use takes practice and skill. A popular tool is IDA Pro, but it takes multiple interactive iterations to get a clean disassembly. Key loggers are used a lot in targeted attacks. They are typically custom code or built in a backdoor. A big tip-off is that non-printable characters need to be printed out (such as "[Ctrl]" "[RightShift]") or time stamp printf strings. Look for these in files. Presence is not proof they are used. Absence is not proof they are not used. Java exploits. Can parse jar file with idxparser.py and decomile Java file. Java typially used to target tech companies. Backdoors are the main persistence mechanism (provided externally) for malware. Also malware typically needs command and control. Application of Artificial Intelligence in Ad-Hoc Static Code Analysis John Ashaman John Ashaman, Security Innovation Initially John tried to analyze open source files with open source static analysis tools, but these showed thousands of false positives. Also tried using grep, but tis fails to find anything even mildly complex. So next John decided to write his own tool. His approach was to first generate a call graph then analyze the graph. However, the problem is that making a call graph is really hard. For example, one problem is "evil" coding techniques, such as passing function pointer. First the tool generated an Abstract Syntax Tree (AST) with the nodes created from method declarations and edges created from method use. Then the tool generated a control flow graph with the goal to find a path through the AST (a maze) from source to sink. The algorithm is to look at adjacent nodes to see if any are "scary" (a vulnerability), using heuristics for search order. The tool, called "Scat" (Static Code Analysis Tool), currently looks for C# vulnerabilities and some simple PHP. Later, he plans to add more PHP, then JSP and Java. For more information see his posts in Security Innovation blog and NRefactory on GitHub. Mask Your Checksums—The Gorry Details Eric (XlogicX) Davisson Eric (XlogicX) Davisson Sometimes in emailing or posting TCP/IP packets to analyze problems, you may want to mask the IP address. But to do this correctly, you need to mask the checksum too, or you'll leak information about the IP. Problem reports found in stackoverflow.com, sans.org, and pastebin.org are usually not masked, but a few companies do care. If only the IP is masked, the IP may be guessed from checksum (that is, it leaks data). Other parts of packet may leak more data about the IP. TCP and IP checksums both refer to the same data, so can get more bits of information out of using both checksums than just using one checksum. Also, one can usually determine the OS from the TTL field and ports in a packet header. If we get hundreds of possible results (16x each masked nibble that is unknown), one can do other things to narrow the results, such as look at packet contents for domain or geo information. With hundreds of results, can import as CSV format into a spreadsheet. Can corelate with geo data and see where each possibility is located. Eric then demoed a real email report with a masked IP packet attached. Was able to find the exact IP address, given the geo and university of the sender. Point is if you're going to mask a packet, do it right. Eric wouldn't usually bother, but do it correctly if at all, to not create a false impression of security. Adventures with weird machines thirty years after "Reflections on Trusting Trust" Sergey Bratus Sergey Bratus, Dartmouth College (and Julian Bangert and Rebecca Shapiro, not present) "Reflections on Trusting Trust" refers to Ken Thompson's classic 1984 paper. "You can't trust code that you did not totally create yourself." There's invisible links in the chain-of-trust, such as "well-installed microcode bugs" or in the compiler, and other planted bugs. Thompson showed how a compiler can introduce and propagate bugs in unmodified source. But suppose if there's no bugs and you trust the author, can you trust the code? Hell No! There's too many factors—it's Babylonian in nature. Why not? Well, Input is not well-defined/recognized (code's assumptions about "checked" input will be violated (bug/vunerabiliy). For example, HTML is recursive, but Regex checking is not recursive. Input well-formed but so complex there's no telling what it does For example, ELF file parsing is complex and has multiple ways of parsing. Input is seen differently by different pieces of program or toolchain Any Input is a program input executes on input handlers (drives state changes & transitions) only a well-defined execution model can be trusted (regex/DFA, PDA, CFG) Input handler either is a "recognizer" for the inputs as a well-defined language (see langsec.org) or it's a "virtual machine" for inputs to drive into pwn-age ELF ABI (UNIX/Linux executible file format) case study. Problems can arise from these steps (without planting bugs): compiler linker loader ld.so/rtld relocator DWARF (debugger info) exceptions The problem is you can't really automatically analyze code (it's the "halting problem" and undecidable). Only solution is to freeze code and sign it. But you can't freeze everything! Can't freeze ASLR or loading—must have tables and metadata. Any sufficiently complex input data is the same as VM byte code Example, ELF relocation entries + dynamic symbols == a Turing Complete Machine (TM). @bxsays created a Turing machine in Linux from relocation data (not code) in an ELF file. For more information, see Rebecca "bx" Shapiro's presentation from last year's Toorcon, "Programming Weird Machines with ELF Metadata" @bxsays did same thing with Mach-O bytecode Or a DWARF exception handling data .eh_frame + glibc == Turning Machine X86 MMU (IDT, GDT, TSS): used address translation to create a Turning Machine. Page handler reads and writes (on page fault) memory. Uses a page table, which can be used as Turning Machine byte code. Example on Github using this TM that will fly a glider across the screen Next Sergey talked about "Parser Differentials". That having one input format, but two parsers, will create confusion and opportunity for exploitation. For example, CSRs are parsed during creation by cert requestor and again by another parser at the CA. Another example is ELF—several parsers in OS tool chain, which are all different. Can have two different Program Headers (PHDRs) because ld.so parses multiple PHDRs. The second PHDR can completely transform the executable. This is described in paper in the first issue of International Journal of PoC. Conclusions trusting computers not only about bugs! Bugs are part of a problem, but no by far all of it complex data formats means bugs no "chain of trust" in Babylon! (that is, with parser differentials) we need to squeeze complexity out of data until data stops being "code equivalent" Further information See and langsec.org. USENIX WOOT 2013 (Workshop on Offensive Technologies) for "weird machines" papers and videos.

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  • Unable to transfer data to or from mounted hard drive

    - by user210335
    So usually i'm good at sorting out issues. But this one has me at a loss! This issues has occured since upgrading my ubuntu so this was workingg prior. I use mounted hard drives to manage my downloads which are then copied over accordingly by a python based app. I found it was having issues with permissions to create anything on these mounted hard drives. I'm able to play and access he content of these drives so they're not faulty. My mount script looks like the following rw,user,exec,auto I really am stuck. Could anyone shed any light on how to fix this and allow me to access it. I've checked the properties and all groups should have read and write access so i'm very confused! thanks, edit here's the output of my mount options /dev/sda2 on / type ext4 (rw,errors=remount-ro) proc on /proc type proc (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev) sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev) none on /sys/fs/cgroup type tmpfs (rw) none on /sys/fs/fuse/connections type fusectl (rw) none on /sys/kernel/debug type debugfs (rw) none on /sys/kernel/security type securityfs (rw) none on /sys/firmware/efi/efivars type efivarfs (rw) udev on /dev type devtmpfs (rw,mode=0755) devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,noexec,nosuid,gid=5,mode=0620) tmpfs on /run type tmpfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,size=10%,mode=0755) none on /run/lock type tmpfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev,size=5242880) none on /run/shm type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev) none on /run/user type tmpfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev,size=104857600,mode=0755) none on /sys/fs/pstore type pstore (rw) /dev/sda1 on /boot/efi type vfat (rw) /dev/sdc1 on /mnt/tv type fuseblk (rw,nosuid,nodev,allow_other,blksize=4096) /dev/sdb1 on /mnt/B88A30E88A30A4B2 type fuseblk (rw,nosuid,nodev,allow_other,blksize=4096) systemd on /sys/fs/cgroup/systemd type cgroup (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev,none,name=systemd) gvfsd-fuse on /run/user/1000/gvfs type fuse.gvfsd-fuse (rw,nosuid,nodev,user=simon) /dev/sdd1 on /media/simon/New Volume3 type fuseblk (rw,nosuid,nodev,allow_other,default_permissions,blksize=4096) the main mount in question is /dev/sdc1 on /mnt/tv type fuseblk (rw,nosuid,nodev,allow_other,blksize=4096) heres my dmesg output. I tried cchanging permissions in a terminal and I got an io error. [52803.343417] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.343420] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.343422] Read(10): 28 00 00 60 9e 3f 00 00 08 00 [52803.343805] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.343808] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.343810] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.343812] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.343813] Read(10): 28 00 00 67 64 67 00 00 08 00 [52803.344389] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.344392] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.344394] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.344396] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.344397] Read(10): 28 00 09 bd e7 6f 00 00 08 00 [52803.344584] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.344587] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.344589] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.344591] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.344592] Read(10): 28 00 07 3a cf b7 00 00 08 00 [52803.344776] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.344779] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.344781] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.344783] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.344784] Read(10): 28 00 09 bd e7 97 00 00 08 00 [52803.344973] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.344976] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.344978] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.344980] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.344981] Read(10): 28 00 08 dd 57 ef 00 00 08 00 [52803.346745] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.346748] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.346750] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.346752] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.346754] Read(10): 28 00 07 1a c1 0f 00 00 08 00 [52803.349939] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.349942] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.349944] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.349946] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.349948] Read(10): 28 00 00 67 64 9f 00 00 08 00 [52803.350147] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.350150] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.350152] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.350154] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.350155] Read(10): 28 00 00 67 64 97 00 00 08 00 [52803.351302] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.351305] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.351307] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.351309] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.351311] Read(10): 28 00 00 a4 1d cf 00 00 08 00 [52803.351894] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.351897] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.351899] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.351901] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.351902] Read(10): 28 00 00 67 67 3f 00 00 08 00 [52803.353163] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.353166] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.353168] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.353170] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.353172] Read(10): 28 00 00 67 64 ef 00 00 08 00 [52803.353917] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.353920] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.353922] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.353924] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.353925] Read(10): 28 00 00 67 65 17 00 00 08 00 [52803.354484] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.354487] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.354489] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.354491] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.354492] Read(10): 28 00 07 1a d8 9f 00 00 08 00 [52803.355005] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.355010] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.355013] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.355017] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.355019] Read(10): 28 00 00 67 65 3f 00 00 08 00 [52803.355293] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.355298] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.355301] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.355305] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.355308] Read(10): 28 00 00 a4 20 27 00 00 08 00 [52803.355575] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.355580] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.355583] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.355587] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.355589] Read(10): 28 00 00 5d dc 67 00 00 08 00 [52803.356647] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.356650] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.356652] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.356654] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.356655] Read(10): 28 00 07 1a dd 3f 00 00 08 00 [52803.357108] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.357111] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.357113] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.357115] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.357116] Read(10): 28 00 00 67 65 97 00 00 08 00 [52803.357298] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.357300] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.357302] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.357304] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.357306] Read(10): 28 00 07 1a 04 d7 00 00 08 00 [52803.360374] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.360377] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.360379] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.360382] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.360383] Read(10): 28 00 00 67 65 b7 00 00 08 00 [52803.360581] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.360584] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.360586] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.360588] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.360589] Read(10): 28 00 00 67 65 c7 00 00 08 00 [52803.361352] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.361355] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.361357] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.361359] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.361360] Read(10): 28 00 09 bd e1 af 00 00 08 00 [52803.362096] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.362099] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.362101] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.362103] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.362104] Read(10): 28 00 07 0a 64 e7 00 00 08 00 [52803.362555] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.362558] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.362560] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.362562] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.362563] Read(10): 28 00 00 67 65 d7 00 00 08 00 [52803.362747] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.362750] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.362752] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.362754] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.362755] Read(10): 28 00 01 4c 12 6f 00 00 08 00 [52803.362977] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.362980] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.362982] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.362984] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.362985] Read(10): 28 00 03 85 43 7f 00 00 08 00 [52803.365197] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.365200] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.365202] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.365204] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.365206] Read(10): 28 00 07 15 46 4f 00 00 08 00 [52803.365524] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.365527] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.365528] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.365531] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.365532] Read(10): 28 00 07 11 78 8f 00 00 08 00 [52803.369355] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.369360] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.369362] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.369365] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.369366] Read(10): 28 00 09 bd e2 8f 00 00 08 00 [52803.370806] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.370809] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.370811] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.370814] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.370815] Read(10): 28 00 07 1a c6 37 00 00 08 00 [52803.371630] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.371634] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.371636] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.371639] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.371640] Read(10): 28 00 00 67 66 57 00 00 08 00 [52803.371863] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.371867] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.371868] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.371871] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.371872] Read(10): 28 00 00 64 0b df 00 00 08 00 [52803.373467] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.373470] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.373472] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.373474] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.373476] Read(10): 28 00 00 60 83 7f 00 00 08 00 [52803.373655] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.373658] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.373660] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.373662] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.373663] Read(10): 28 00 00 60 83 7f 00 00 08 00 [52803.374063] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.374066] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.374068] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.374070] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.374071] Read(10): 28 00 08 db d5 5f 00 00 08 00 [52803.374602] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.374605] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.374607] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.374609] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.374611] Read(10): 28 00 07 1a bf a7 00 00 08 00 [52803.375259] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.375264] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.375267] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.375270] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.375272] Read(10): 28 00 00 67 66 87 00 00 08 00 [52803.375515] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.375520] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.375522] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.375526] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.375527] Read(10): 28 00 00 62 54 8f 00 00 08 00 [52803.378506] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.378513] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.378516] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.378520] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.378522] Read(10): 28 00 00 67 66 bf 00 00 08 00 [52803.381048] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.381054] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.381057] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.381061] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.381063] Read(10): 28 00 00 60 ae 77 00 00 08 00 [52803.381238] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.381242] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.381245] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.381248] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.381250] Read(10): 28 00 00 60 ae 77 00 00 08 00 [52803.381382] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.381386] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.381388] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.381392] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.381394] Read(10): 28 00 00 60 ae 77 00 00 08 00 [52803.381569] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.381573] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.381575] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.381579] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.381581] Read(10): 28 00 00 60 ae 77 00 00 08 00 [52803.382295] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.382300] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.382302] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.382306] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.382307] Read(10): 28 00 00 67 6a 87 00 00 08 00 [52803.382552] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.382556] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.382558] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.382562] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.382564] Read(10): 28 00 00 67 6a af 00 00 08 00 [52803.382794] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.382798] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.382801] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.382804] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.382806] Read(10): 28 00 00 67 6a c7 00 00 08 00 [52803.383269] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.383274] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.383277] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.383280] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.383282] Read(10): 28 00 00 67 6a f7 00 00 08 00 [52803.383556] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.383560] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.383563] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.383566] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.383568] Read(10): 28 00 00 67 6b 2f 00 00 08 00 [52803.386185] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.386191] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.386194] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.386198] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.386200] Read(10): 28 00 01 4c 1b bf 00 00 08 00 [52803.386454] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.386458] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.386461] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.386465] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.386467] Read(10): 28 00 07 1a b4 1f 00 00 08 00 [52803.388320] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.388324] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.388326] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.388328] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.388329] Read(10): 28 00 09 bd de 17 00 00 08 00 [52803.388836] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.388838] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.388839] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.388841] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.388842] Read(10): 28 00 07 57 9f ff 00 00 08 00 [52803.389124] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.389126] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.389127] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.389129] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.389130] Read(10): 28 00 00 67 6b 8f 00 00 08 00 [52803.389244] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.389246] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.389248] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.389249] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.389250] Read(10): 28 00 07 e9 ee ff 00 00 08 00 [52803.390386] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.390389] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.390390] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.390392] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.390393] Read(10): 28 00 07 1a be 0f 00 00 08 00 [52803.390682] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.390685] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.390686] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.390688] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.390689] Read(10): 28 00 00 67 6b e7 00 00 08 00 [52803.390804] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.390806] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.390808] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.390809] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.390810] Read(10): 28 00 07 ed 17 bf 00 00 08 00 [52803.391449] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.391451] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.391452] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.391454] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.391455] Read(10): 28 00 09 bd e5 9f 00 00 08 00 [52803.391956] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.391958] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.391960] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.391961] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.391962] Read(10): 28 00 00 b5 86 a7 00 00 08 00 [52803.392293] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.392295] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.392296] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.392298] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.392299] Read(10): 28 00 07 18 bf bf 00 00 08 00 [52803.392843] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.392845] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.392846] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.392848] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.392849] Read(10): 28 00 00 60 b3 1f 00 00 08 00 [52803.392929] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.392931] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.392932] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.392934] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.392935] Read(10): 28 00 00 60 b3 1f 00 00 08 00 [52803.393057] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.393059] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.393060] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.393062] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.393063] Read(10): 28 00 00 60 83 9f 00 00 08 00 [52803.393286] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.393288] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.393289] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.393291] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.393292] Read(10): 28 00 00 67 6b bf 00 00 08 00 [52803.393720] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.393722] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.393723] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.393725] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.393725] Read(10): 28 00 00 60 b2 17 00 00 08 00 [52803.393806] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.393808] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.393809] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.393810] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.393811] Read(10): 28 00 00 60 b2 17 00 00 08 00 [52803.393892] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.393894] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.393895] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.393896] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.393897] Read(10): 28 00 00 60 b2 17 00 00 08 00 [52803.393974] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.393976] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.393977] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.393978] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.393979] Read(10): 28 00 00 60 b2 17 00 00 08 00 [52803.394298] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.394300] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.394302] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.394303] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.394304] Read(10): 28 00 00 5d a6 a7 00 00 08 00 [52803.395577] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.395580] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.395582] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.395584] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.395585] Read(10): 28 00 00 00 01 9f 00 00 08 00 [52803.395721] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.395724] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.395725] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.395726] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.395727] Read(10): 28 00 00 00 01 67 00 00 08 00 [52803.395843] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.395845] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.395846] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.395847] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.395848] Read(10): 28 00 02 a8 33 77 00 00 08 00 [52803.395960] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.395962] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.395963] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.395965] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.395965] Read(10): 28 00 00 b5 ae 7f 00 00 08 00 [52803.396077] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.396079] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.396080] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.396082] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.396083] Read(10): 28 00 00 63 64 bf 00 00 08 00 [52803.396193] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.396195] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.396196] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.396198] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.396199] Read(10): 28 00 07 1a e2 e7 00 00 08 00 [52803.396313] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.396315] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.396316] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.396318] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.396319] Read(10): 28 00 07 1a b9 87 00 00 08 00 [52803.396435] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.396437] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.396438] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.396439] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.396441] Read(10): 28 00 02 ce 8e df 00 00 08 00 [52803.396555] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.396557] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.396558] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.396560] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.396561] Read(10): 28 00 0e 66 6d f7 00 00 08 00 [52803.396769] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.396770] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.396772] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.396773] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.396774] Read(10): 28 00 07 1a e4 2f 00 00 08 00 [52803.396886] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.396888] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.396889] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.396890] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.396891] Read(10): 28 00 00 63 d4 3f 00 00 08 00 [52803.397002] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.397004] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.397005] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.397007] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.397007] Read(10): 28 00 07 1a e4 1f 00 00 08 00 [52803.400074] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.400078] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.400079] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.400081] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.400082] Read(10): 28 00 07 16 c7 5f 00 00 08 00 [52803.400318] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.400320] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.400322] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.400323] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.400324] Read(10): 28 00 00 60 01 87 00 00 08 00 [52803.400408] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.400410] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.400412] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.400413] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.400414] Read(10): 28 00 00 60 01 0f 00 00 08 00 [52803.400564] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.400566] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.400568] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.400569] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.400570] Read(10): 28 00 00 5d d1 d7 00 00 08 00 [52803.400841] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.400843] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.400844] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.400846] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.400847] Read(10): 28 00 07 1a e3 47 00 00 08 00 [52803.401151] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.401153] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.401155] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.401156] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.401157] Read(10): 28 00 07 1a b9 1f 00 00 08 00 [52803.401310] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.401312] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.401313] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.401315] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.401316] Read(10): 28 00 00 a4 1b 57 00 00 08 00 [52803.401877] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.401879] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.401880] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.401881] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.401882] Read(10): 28 00 0e 66 35 47 00 00 08 00 [52803.402032] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.402033] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.402034] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.402036] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.402037] Read(10): 28 00 06 30 69 ff 00 00 08 00 [52803.402148] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.402150] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.402151] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.402153] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.402154] Read(10): 28 00 09 bd d8 77 00 00 08 00 [52803.402263] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.402265] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.402266] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.402267] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.402268] Read(10): 28 00 00 5d ff 77 00 00 08 00 [52803.402376] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.402378] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.402379] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.402381] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.402382] Read(10): 28 00 00 5d ff 7f 00 00 08 00 [52803.402490] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.402492] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.402493] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.402495] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.402496] Read(10): 28 00 00 00 01 2f 00 00 08 00 [52803.402602] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.402604] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.402605] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.402607] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.402608] Read(10): 28 00 00 b5 ac 8f 00 00 08 00 [52803.402715] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.402717] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.402719] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.402720] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.402721] Read(10): 28 00 00 e1 18 ff 00 00 08 00 [52803.402829] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.402831] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.402833] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.402834] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.402835] Read(10): 28 00 09 bd ea cf 00 00 08 00 [52803.403999] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52803.404001] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52803.404003] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52803.404005] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52803.404006] Read(10): 28 00 07 1a b8 f7 00 00 08 00 [52832.950225] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52832.950230] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52832.950233] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52832.950235] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52832.950237] Write(10): 2a 00 00 60 bf 7f 00 00 08 00 [52832.950247] blk_update_request: 1077 callbacks suppressed [52832.950250] end_request: I/O error, dev sdc, sector 6340479 [52832.950253] quiet_error: 1077 callbacks suppressed [52832.950256] Buffer I/O error on device sdc1, logical block 792552 [52832.950258] lost page write due to I/O error on sdc1 [52832.950269] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] Unhandled error code [52832.950272] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] [52832.950273] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [52832.950276] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: [52832.950277] Write(10): 2a 00 01 a5 f1 4f 00 00 08 00 [52832.950285] end_request: I/O error, dev sdc, sector 27652431 [52832.950287] Buffer I/O error on device sdc1, logical block 3456546 [52832.950289] lost page write due to I/O error on sdc1

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  • help with fixing fwts errors log

    - by jasmines
    Here is an extract of results.log: MTRR validation. Test 1 of 3: Validate the kernel MTRR IOMEM setup. FAILED [MEDIUM] MTRRIncorrectAttr: Test 1, Memory range 0xc0000000 to 0xdfffffff (PCI Bus 0000:00) has incorrect attribute Write-Combining. FAILED [MEDIUM] MTRRIncorrectAttr: Test 1, Memory range 0xfee01000 to 0xffffffff (PCI Bus 0000:00) has incorrect attribute Write-Protect. ==================================================================================================== Test 1 of 1: Kernel log error check. Kernel message: [ 0.208079] [Firmware Bug]: ACPI: BIOS _OSI(Linux) query ignored ADVICE: This is not exactly a failure mode but a warning from the kernel. The _OSI() method has implemented a match to the 'Linux' query in the DSDT and this is redundant because the ACPI driver matches onto the Windows _OSI strings by default. FAILED [HIGH] KlogACPIErrorMethodExecutionParse: Test 1, HIGH Kernel message: [ 3.512783] ACPI Error : Method parse/execution failed [\_SB_.PCI0.GFX0._DOD] (Node f7425858), AE_AML_PACKAGE_LIMIT (20110623/psparse-536) ADVICE: This is a bug picked up by the kernel, but as yet, the firmware test suite has no diagnostic advice for this particular problem. Found 1 unique errors in kernel log. ==================================================================================================== Check if system is using latest microcode. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Cannot read microcode file /usr/share/misc/intel-microcode.dat. Aborted test, initialisation failed. ==================================================================================================== MSR register tests. FAILED [MEDIUM] MSRCPUsInconsistent: Test 1, MSR SYSENTER_ESP (0x175) has 1 inconsistent values across 2 CPUs for (shift: 0 mask: 0xffffffffffffffff). MSR CPU 0 -> 0xf7bb9c40 vs CPU 1 -> 0xf7bc7c40 FAILED [MEDIUM] MSRCPUsInconsistent: Test 1, MSR MISC_ENABLE (0x1a0) has 1 inconsistent values across 2 CPUs for (shift: 0 mask: 0x400c51889). MSR CPU 0 -> 0x850088 vs CPU 1 -> 0x850089 ==================================================================================================== Checks firmware has set PCI Express MaxReadReq to a higher value on non-motherboard devices. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Test 1 of 1: Check firmware settings MaxReadReq for PCI Express devices. MaxReadReq for pci://00:00:1b.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation 82801I (ICH9 Family) HD Audio Controller (rev 03) is low (128) [Audio device]. MaxReadReq for pci://00:02:00.0 Network controller: Intel Corporation PRO/Wireless 5100 AGN [Shiloh] Network Connection is low (128) [Network controller]. FAILED [LOW] LowMaxReadReq: Test 1, 2 devices have low MaxReadReq settings. Firmware may have configured these too low. ADVICE: The MaxReadRequest size is set too low and will affect performance. It will provide excellent bus sharing at the cost of bus data transfer rates. Although not a critical issue, it may be worth considering setting the MaxReadRequest size to 256 or 512 to increase throughput on the PCI Express bus. Some drivers (for example the Brocade Fibre Channel driver) allow one to override the firmware settings. Where possible, this BIOS configuration setting is worth increasing it a little more for better performance at a small reduction of bus sharing. ==================================================================================================== PCIe ASPM check. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Test 1 of 2: PCIe ASPM ACPI test. PCIE ASPM is not controlled by Linux kernel. ADVICE: BIOS reports that Linux kernel should not modify ASPM settings that BIOS configured. It can be intentional because hardware vendors identified some capability bugs between the motherboard and the add-on cards. Test 2 of 2: PCIe ASPM registers test. WARNING: Test 2, RP 00h:1Ch.01h L0s not enabled. WARNING: Test 2, RP 00h:1Ch.01h L1 not enabled. WARNING: Test 2, Device 02h:00h.00h L0s not enabled. WARNING: Test 2, Device 02h:00h.00h L1 not enabled. PASSED: Test 2, PCIE aspm setting matched was matched. WARNING: Test 2, RP 00h:1Ch.05h L0s not enabled. WARNING: Test 2, RP 00h:1Ch.05h L1 not enabled. WARNING: Test 2, Device 85h:00h.00h L0s not enabled. WARNING: Test 2, Device 85h:00h.00h L1 not enabled. PASSED: Test 2, PCIE aspm setting matched was matched. ==================================================================================================== Extract and analyse Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI). Test 1 of 2: Check Windows Management Instrumentation in DSDT Found WMI Method WMAA with GUID: 5FB7F034-2C63-45E9-BE91-3D44E2C707E4, Instance 0x01 Found WMI Event, Notifier ID: 0x80, GUID: 95F24279-4D7B-4334-9387-ACCDC67EF61C, Instance 0x01 PASSED: Test 1, GUID 95F24279-4D7B-4334-9387-ACCDC67EF61C is handled by driver hp-wmi (Vendor: HP). Found WMI Event, Notifier ID: 0xa0, GUID: 2B814318-4BE8-4707-9D84-A190A859B5D0, Instance 0x01 FAILED [MEDIUM] WMIUnknownGUID: Test 1, GUID 2B814318-4BE8-4707-9D84-A190A859B5D0 is unknown to the kernel, a driver may need to be implemented for this GUID. ADVICE: A WMI driver probably needs to be written for this event. It can checked for using: wmi_has_guid("2B814318-4BE8-4707-9D84-A190A859B5D0"). One can install a notify handler using wmi_install_notify_handler("2B814318-4BE8-4707-9D84-A190A859B5D0", handler, NULL). http://lwn.net/Articles/391230 describes how to write an appropriate driver. Found WMI Object, Object ID AB, GUID: 05901221-D566-11D1-B2F0-00A0C9062910, Instance 0x01, Flags: 00 Found WMI Method WMBA with GUID: 1F4C91EB-DC5C-460B-951D-C7CB9B4B8D5E, Instance 0x01 Found WMI Object, Object ID BC, GUID: 2D114B49-2DFB-4130-B8FE-4A3C09E75133, Instance 0x7f, Flags: 00 Found WMI Object, Object ID BD, GUID: 988D08E3-68F4-4C35-AF3E-6A1B8106F83C, Instance 0x19, Flags: 00 Found WMI Object, Object ID BE, GUID: 14EA9746-CE1F-4098-A0E0-7045CB4DA745, Instance 0x01, Flags: 00 Found WMI Object, Object ID BF, GUID: 322F2028-0F84-4901-988E-015176049E2D, Instance 0x01, Flags: 00 Found WMI Object, Object ID BG, GUID: 8232DE3D-663D-4327-A8F4-E293ADB9BF05, Instance 0x01, Flags: 00 Found WMI Object, Object ID BH, GUID: 8F1F6436-9F42-42C8-BADC-0E9424F20C9A, Instance 0x00, Flags: 00 Found WMI Object, Object ID BI, GUID: 8F1F6435-9F42-42C8-BADC-0E9424F20C9A, Instance 0x00, Flags: 00 Found WMI Method WMAC with GUID: 7391A661-223A-47DB-A77A-7BE84C60822D, Instance 0x01 Found WMI Object, Object ID BJ, GUID: DF4E63B6-3BBC-4858-9737-C74F82F821F3, Instance 0x05, Flags: 00 ==================================================================================================== Disassemble DSDT to check for _OSI("Linux"). ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Test 1 of 1: Disassemble DSDT to check for _OSI("Linux"). This is not strictly a failure mode, it just alerts one that this has been defined in the DSDT and probably should be avoided since the Linux ACPI driver matches onto the Windows _OSI strings { If (_OSI ("Linux")) { Store (0x03E8, OSYS) } If (_OSI ("Windows 2001")) { Store (0x07D1, OSYS) } If (_OSI ("Windows 2001 SP1")) { Store (0x07D1, OSYS) } If (_OSI ("Windows 2001 SP2")) { Store (0x07D2, OSYS) } If (_OSI ("Windows 2006")) { Store (0x07D6, OSYS) } If (LAnd (MPEN, LEqual (OSYS, 0x07D1))) { TRAP (0x01, 0x48) } TRAP (0x03, 0x35) } WARNING: Test 1, DSDT implements a deprecated _OSI("Linux") test. ==================================================================================================== 0 passed, 0 failed, 1 warnings, 0 aborted, 0 skipped, 0 info only. ==================================================================================================== ACPI DSDT Method Semantic Tests. ACPICA Exception AE_AML_INFINITE_LOOP during execution of method COMP Failed to install global event handler. Test 22 of 93: Check _PSR (Power Source). ACPICA Exception AE_AML_INFINITE_LOOP during execution of method COMP WARNING: Test 22, Detected an infinite loop when evaluating method '\_SB_.AC__._PSR'. ADVICE: This may occur because we are emulating the execution in this test environment and cannot handshake with the embedded controller or jump to the BIOS via SMIs. However, the fact that AML code spins forever means that lockup conditions are not being checked for in the AML bytecode. PASSED: Test 22, \_SB_.AC__._PSR correctly acquired and released locks 16 times. Test 35 of 93: Check _TMP (Thermal Zone Current Temp). ACPICA Exception AE_AML_INFINITE_LOOP during execution of method COMP WARNING: Test 35, Detected an infinite loop when evaluating method '\_TZ_.DTSZ._TMP'. ADVICE: This may occur because we are emulating the execution in this test environment and cannot handshake with the embedded controller or jump to the BIOS via SMIs. However, the fact that AML code spins forever means that lockup conditions are not being checked for in the AML bytecode. PASSED: Test 35, \_TZ_.DTSZ._TMP correctly acquired and released locks 14 times. ACPICA Exception AE_AML_INFINITE_LOOP during execution of method COMP WARNING: Test 35, Detected an infinite loop when evaluating method '\_TZ_.CPUZ._TMP'. ADVICE: This may occur because we are emulating the execution in this test environment and cannot handshake with the embedded controller or jump to the BIOS via SMIs. However, the fact that AML code spins forever means that lockup conditions are not being checked for in the AML bytecode. PASSED: Test 35, \_TZ_.CPUZ._TMP correctly acquired and released locks 10 times. ACPICA Exception AE_AML_INFINITE_LOOP during execution of method COMP WARNING: Test 35, Detected an infinite loop when evaluating method '\_TZ_.SKNZ._TMP'. ADVICE: This may occur because we are emulating the execution in this test environment and cannot handshake with the embedded controller or jump to the BIOS via SMIs. However, the fact that AML code spins forever means that lockup conditions are not being checked for in the AML bytecode. PASSED: Test 35, \_TZ_.SKNZ._TMP correctly acquired and released locks 10 times. PASSED: Test 35, _TMP correctly returned sane looking value 0x00000b4c (289.2 degrees K) PASSED: Test 35, \_TZ_.BATZ._TMP correctly acquired and released locks 9 times. PASSED: Test 35, _TMP correctly returned sane looking value 0x00000aac (273.2 degrees K) PASSED: Test 35, \_TZ_.FDTZ._TMP correctly acquired and released locks 7 times. Test 46 of 93: Check _DIS (Disable). FAILED [MEDIUM] MethodShouldReturnNothing: Test 46, \_SB_.PCI0.LPCB.SIO_.COM1._DIS returned values, but was expected to return nothing. Object returned: INTEGER: 0x00000000 ADVICE: This probably won't cause any errors, but it should be fixed as the AML code is not conforming to the expected behaviour as described in the ACPI specification. FAILED [MEDIUM] MethodShouldReturnNothing: Test 46, \_SB_.PCI0.LPCB.SIO_.LPT0._DIS returned values, but was expected to return nothing. Object returned: INTEGER: 0x00000000 ADVICE: This probably won't cause any errors, but it should be fixed as the AML code is not conforming to the expected behaviour as described in the ACPI specification. Test 61 of 93: Check _WAK (System Wake). Test _WAK(1) System Wake, State S1. ACPICA Exception AE_AML_INFINITE_LOOP during execution of method COMP WARNING: Test 61, Detected an infinite loop when evaluating method '\_WAK'. ADVICE: This may occur because we are emulating the execution in this test environment and cannot handshake with the embedded controller or jump to the BIOS via SMIs. However, the fact that AML code spins forever means that lockup conditions are not being checked for in the AML bytecode. Test _WAK(2) System Wake, State S2. ACPICA Exception AE_AML_INFINITE_LOOP during execution of method COMP WARNING: Test 61, Detected an infinite loop when evaluating method '\_WAK'. ADVICE: This may occur because we are emulating the execution in this test environment and cannot handshake with the embedded controller or jump to the BIOS via SMIs. However, the fact that AML code spins forever means that lockup conditions are not being checked for in the AML bytecode. Test _WAK(3) System Wake, State S3. ACPICA Exception AE_AML_INFINITE_LOOP during execution of method COMP WARNING: Test 61, Detected an infinite loop when evaluating method '\_WAK'. ADVICE: This may occur because we are emulating the execution in this test environment and cannot handshake with the embedded controller or jump to the BIOS via SMIs. However, the fact that AML code spins forever means that lockup conditions are not being checked for in the AML bytecode. Test _WAK(4) System Wake, State S4. ACPICA Exception AE_AML_INFINITE_LOOP during execution of method COMP WARNING: Test 61, Detected an infinite loop when evaluating method '\_WAK'. ADVICE: This may occur because we are emulating the execution in this test environment and cannot handshake with the embedded controller or jump to the BIOS via SMIs. However, the fact that AML code spins forever means that lockup conditions are not being checked for in the AML bytecode. Test _WAK(5) System Wake, State S5. ACPICA Exception AE_AML_INFINITE_LOOP during execution of method COMP WARNING: Test 61, Detected an infinite loop when evaluating method '\_WAK'. ADVICE: This may occur because we are emulating the execution in this test environment and cannot handshake with the embedded controller or jump to the BIOS via SMIs. However, the fact that AML code spins forever means that lockup conditions are not being checked for in the AML bytecode. Test 87 of 93: Check _BCL (Query List of Brightness Control Levels Supported). Package has 2 elements: 00: INTEGER: 0x00000000 01: INTEGER: 0x00000000 FAILED [MEDIUM] Method_BCLElementCount: Test 87, Method _BCL should return a package of more than 2 integers, got just 2. Test 88 of 93: Check _BCM (Set Brightness Level). ACPICA Exception AE_AML_PACKAGE_LIMIT during execution of method _BCM FAILED [CRITICAL] AEAMLPackgeLimit: Test 88, Detected error 'Package limit' when evaluating '\_SB_.PCI0.GFX0.DD02._BCM'. ==================================================================================================== ACPI table settings sanity checks. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Test 1 of 1: Check ACPI tables. PASSED: Test 1, Table APIC passed. Table ECDT not present to check. FAILED [MEDIUM] FADT32And64BothDefined: Test 1, FADT 32 bit FIRMWARE_CONTROL is non-zero, and X_FIRMWARE_CONTROL is also non-zero. Section 5.2.9 of the ACPI specification states that if the FIRMWARE_CONTROL is non-zero then X_FIRMWARE_CONTROL must be set to zero. ADVICE: The FADT FIRMWARE_CTRL is a 32 bit pointer that points to the physical memory address of the Firmware ACPI Control Structure (FACS). There is also an extended 64 bit version of this, the X_FIRMWARE_CTRL pointer that also can point to the FACS. Section 5.2.9 of the ACPI specification states that if the X_FIRMWARE_CTRL field contains a non zero value then the FIRMWARE_CTRL field *must* be zero. This error is also detected by the Linux kernel. If FIRMWARE_CTRL and X_FIRMWARE_CTRL are defined, then the kernel just uses the 64 bit version of the pointer. PASSED: Test 1, Table HPET passed. PASSED: Test 1, Table MCFG passed. PASSED: Test 1, Table RSDT passed. PASSED: Test 1, Table RSDP passed. Table SBST not present to check. PASSED: Test 1, Table XSDT passed. ==================================================================================================== Re-assemble DSDT and find syntax errors and warnings. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Test 1 of 2: Disassemble and reassemble DSDT FAILED [HIGH] AMLAssemblerError4043: Test 1, Assembler error in line 2261 Line | AML source ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 02258| 0x00000000, // Range Minimum 02259| 0xFEDFFFFF, // Range Maximum 02260| 0x00000000, // Translation Offset 02261| 0x00000000, // Length | ^ | error 4043: Invalid combination of Length and Min/Max fixed flags 02262| ,, _Y0E, AddressRangeMemory, TypeStatic) 02263| DWordMemory (ResourceProducer, PosDecode, MinFixed, MaxFixed, Cacheable, ReadWrite, 02264| 0x00000000, // Granularity ==================================================================================================== ADVICE: (for error #4043): This occurs if the length is zero and just one of the resource MIF/MAF flags are set, or the length is non-zero and resource MIF/MAF flags are both set. These are illegal combinations and need to be fixed. See section 6.4.3.5 Address Space Resource Descriptors of version 4.0a of the ACPI specification for more details. FAILED [HIGH] AMLAssemblerError4050: Test 1, Assembler error in line 2268 Line | AML source ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 02265| 0xFEE01000, // Range Minimum 02266| 0xFFFFFFFF, // Range Maximum 02267| 0x00000000, // Translation Offset 02268| 0x011FEFFF, // Length | ^ | error 4050: Length is not equal to fixed Min/Max window 02269| ,, , AddressRangeMemory, TypeStatic) 02270| }) 02271| Method (_CRS, 0, Serialized) ==================================================================================================== ADVICE: (for error #4050): The minimum address is greater than the maximum address. This is illegal. FAILED [HIGH] AMLAssemblerError1104: Test 1, Assembler error in line 8885 Line | AML source ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 08882| Method (_DIS, 0, NotSerialized) 08883| { 08884| DSOD (0x02) 08885| Return (0x00) | ^ | warning level 0 1104: Reserved method should not return a value (_DIS) 08886| } 08887| 08888| Method (_SRS, 1, NotSerialized) ==================================================================================================== FAILED [HIGH] AMLAssemblerError1104: Test 1, Assembler error in line 9195 Line | AML source ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 09192| Method (_DIS, 0, NotSerialized) 09193| { 09194| DSOD (0x01) 09195| Return (0x00) | ^ | warning level 0 1104: Reserved method should not return a value (_DIS) 09196| } 09197| 09198| Method (_SRS, 1, NotSerialized) ==================================================================================================== FAILED [HIGH] AMLAssemblerError1127: Test 1, Assembler error in line 9242 Line | AML source ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 09239| CreateWordField (CRES, \_SB.PCI0.LPCB.SIO.LPT0._CRS._Y21._MAX, MAX2) 09240| CreateByteField (CRES, \_SB.PCI0.LPCB.SIO.LPT0._CRS._Y21._LEN, LEN2) 09241| CreateWordField (CRES, \_SB.PCI0.LPCB.SIO.LPT0._CRS._Y22._INT, IRQ0) 09242| CreateWordField (CRES, \_SB.PCI0.LPCB.SIO.LPT0._CRS._Y23._DMA, DMA0) | ^ | warning level 0 1127: ResourceTag smaller than Field (Tag: 8 bits, Field: 16 bits) 09243| If (RLPD) 09244| { 09245| Store (0x00, Local0) ==================================================================================================== FAILED [HIGH] AMLAssemblerError1128: Test 1, Assembler error in line 18682 Line | AML source ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18679| Store (0x01, Index (DerefOf (Index (Local0, 0x02)), 0x01)) 18680| If (And (WDPE, 0x40)) 18681| { 18682| Wait (\_SB.BEVT, 0x10) | ^ | warning level 0 1128: Result is not used, possible operator timeout will be missed 18683| } 18684| 18685| Store (BRID, Index (DerefOf (Index (Local0, 0x02)), 0x02)) ==================================================================================================== ADVICE: (for warning level 0 #1128): The operation can possibly timeout, and hence the return value indicates an timeout error. However, because the return value is not checked this very probably indicates that the code is buggy. A possible scenario is that a mutex times out and the code attempts to access data in a critical region when it should not. This will lead to undefined behaviour. This should be fixed. Table DSDT (0) reassembly: Found 2 errors, 4 warnings. Test 2 of 2: Disassemble and reassemble SSDT PASSED: Test 2, SSDT (0) reassembly, Found 0 errors, 0 warnings. FAILED [HIGH] AMLAssemblerError1104: Test 2, Assembler error in line 60 Line | AML source ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 00057| { 00058| Store (CPDC (Arg0), Local0) 00059| GCAP (Local0) 00060| Return (Local0) | ^ | warning level 0 1104: Reserved method should not return a value (_PDC) 00061| } 00062| 00063| Method (_OSC, 4, NotSerialized) ==================================================================================================== FAILED [HIGH] AMLAssemblerError1104: Test 2, Assembler error in line 174 Line | AML source ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 00171| { 00172| Store (\_PR.CPU0.CPDC (Arg0), Local0) 00173| GCAP (Local0) 00174| Return (Local0) | ^ | warning level 0 1104: Reserved method should not return a value (_PDC) 00175| } 00176| 00177| Method (_OSC, 4, NotSerialized) ==================================================================================================== FAILED [HIGH] AMLAssemblerError1104: Test 2, Assembler error in line 244 Line | AML source ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 00241| { 00242| Store (\_PR.CPU0.CPDC (Arg0), Local0) 00243| GCAP (Local0) 00244| Return (Local0) | ^ | warning level 0 1104: Reserved method should not return a value (_PDC) 00245| } 00246| 00247| Method (_OSC, 4, NotSerialized) ==================================================================================================== FAILED [HIGH] AMLAssemblerError1104: Test 2, Assembler error in line 290 Line | AML source ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 00287| { 00288| Store (\_PR.CPU0.CPDC (Arg0), Local0) 00289| GCAP (Local0) 00290| Return (Local0) | ^ | warning level 0 1104: Reserved method should not return a value (_PDC) 00291| } 00292| 00293| Method (_OSC, 4, NotSerialized) ==================================================================================================== Table SSDT (1) reassembly: Found 0 errors, 4 warnings. PASSED: Test 2, SSDT (2) reassembly, Found 0 errors, 0 warnings. PASSED: Test 2, SSDT (3) reassembly, Found 0 errors, 0 warnings. ==================================================================================================== 3 passed, 10 failed, 0 warnings, 0 aborted, 0 skipped, 0 info only. ==================================================================================================== Critical failures: 1 method test, at 1 log line: 1449: Detected error 'Package limit' when evaluating '\_SB_.PCI0.GFX0.DD02._BCM'. High failures: 11 klog test, at 1 log line: 121: HIGH Kernel message: [ 3.512783] ACPI Error: Method parse/execution failed [\_SB_.PCI0.GFX0._DOD] (Node f7425858), AE_AML_PACKAGE_LIMIT (20110623/psparse-536) syntaxcheck test, at 1 log line: 1668: Assembler error in line 2261 syntaxcheck test, at 1 log line: 1687: Assembler error in line 2268 syntaxcheck test, at 1 log line: 1703: Assembler error in line 8885 syntaxcheck test, at 1 log line: 1716: Assembler error in line 9195 syntaxcheck test, at 1 log line: 1729: Assembler error in line 9242 syntaxcheck test, at 1 log line: 1742: Assembler error in line 18682 syntaxcheck test, at 1 log line: 1766: Assembler error in line 60 syntaxcheck test, at 1 log line: 1779: Assembler error in line 174 syntaxcheck test, at 1 log line: 1792: Assembler error in line 244 syntaxcheck test, at 1 log line: 1805: Assembler error in line 290 Medium failures: 9 mtrr test, at 1 log line: 76: Memory range 0xc0000000 to 0xdfffffff (PCI Bus 0000:00) has incorrect attribute Write-Combining. mtrr test, at 1 log line: 78: Memory range 0xfee01000 to 0xffffffff (PCI Bus 0000:00) has incorrect attribute Write-Protect. msr test, at 1 log line: 165: MSR SYSENTER_ESP (0x175) has 1 inconsistent values across 2 CPUs for (shift: 0 mask: 0xffffffffffffffff). msr test, at 1 log line: 173: MSR MISC_ENABLE (0x1a0) has 1 inconsistent values across 2 CPUs for (shift: 0 mask: 0x400c51889). wmi test, at 1 log line: 528: GUID 2B814318-4BE8-4707-9D84-A190A859B5D0 is unknown to the kernel, a driver may need to be implemented for this GUID. method test, at 1 log line: 1002: \_SB_.PCI0.LPCB.SIO_.COM1._DIS returned values, but was expected to return nothing. method test, at 1 log line: 1011: \_SB_.PCI0.LPCB.SIO_.LPT0._DIS returned values, but was expected to return nothing. method test, at 1 log line: 1443: Method _BCL should return a package of more than 2 integers, got just 2. acpitables test, at 1 log line: 1643: FADT 32 bit FIRMWARE_CONTROL is non-zero, and X_FIRMWARE_CONTROL is also non-zero. 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  • Dynamically loading Assemblies to reduce Runtime Depencies

    - by Rick Strahl
    I've been working on a request to the West Wind Application Configuration library to add JSON support. The config library is a very easy to use code-first approach to configuration: You create a class that holds the configuration data that inherits from a base configuration class, and then assign a persistence provider at runtime that determines where and how the configuration data is store. Currently the library supports .NET Configuration stores (web.config/app.config), XML files, SQL records and string storage.About once a week somebody asks me about JSON support and I've deflected this question for the longest time because frankly I think that JSON as a configuration store doesn't really buy a heck of a lot over XML. Both formats require the user to perform some fixup of the plain configuration data - in XML into XML tags, with JSON using JSON delimiters for properties and property formatting rules. Sure JSON is a little less verbose and maybe a little easier to read if you have hierarchical data, but overall the differences are pretty minor in my opinion. And yet - the requests keep rolling in.Hard Link Issues in a Component LibraryAnother reason I've been hesitant is that I really didn't want to pull in a dependency on an external JSON library - in this case JSON.NET - into the core library. If you're not using JSON.NET elsewhere I don't want a user to have to require a hard dependency on JSON.NET unless they want to use the JSON feature. JSON.NET is also sensitive to versions and doesn't play nice with multiple versions when hard linked. For example, when you have a reference to V4.4 in your project but the host application has a reference to version 4.5 you can run into assembly load problems. NuGet's Update-Package can solve some of this *if* you can recompile, but that's not ideal for a component that's supposed to be just plug and play. This is no criticism of JSON.NET - this really applies to any dependency that might change.  So hard linking the DLL can be problematic for a number reasons, but the primary reason is to not force loading of JSON.NET unless you actually need it when you use the JSON configuration features of the library.Enter Dynamic LoadingSo rather than adding an assembly reference to the project, I decided that it would be better to dynamically load the DLL at runtime and then use dynamic typing to access various classes. This allows me to run without a hard assembly reference and allows more flexibility with version number differences now and in the future.But there are also a couple of downsides:No assembly reference means only dynamic access - no compiler type checking or IntellisenseRequirement for the host application to have reference to JSON.NET or else get runtime errorsThe former is minor, but the latter can be problematic. Runtime errors are always painful, but in this case I'm willing to live with this. If you want to use JSON configuration settings JSON.NET needs to be loaded in the project. If this is a Web project, it'll likely be there already.So there are a few things that are needed to make this work:Dynamically create an instance and optionally attempt to load an Assembly (if not loaded)Load types into dynamic variablesUse Reflection for a few tasks like statics/enumsThe dynamic keyword in C# makes the formerly most difficult Reflection part - method calls and property assignments - fairly painless. But as cool as dynamic is it doesn't handle all aspects of Reflection. Specifically it doesn't deal with object activation, truly dynamic (string based) member activation or accessing of non instance members, so there's still a little bit of work left to do with Reflection.Dynamic Object InstantiationThe first step in getting the process rolling is to instantiate the type you need to work with. This might be a two step process - loading the instance from a string value, since we don't have a hard type reference and potentially having to load the assembly. Although the host project might have a reference to JSON.NET, that instance might have not been loaded yet since it hasn't been accessed yet. In ASP.NET this won't be a problem, since ASP.NET preloads all referenced assemblies on AppDomain startup, but in other executable project, assemblies are just in time loaded only when they are accessed.Instantiating a type is a two step process: Finding the type reference and then activating it. Here's the generic code out of my ReflectionUtils library I use for this:/// <summary> /// Creates an instance of a type based on a string. Assumes that the type's /// </summary> /// <param name="typeName">Common name of the type</param> /// <param name="args">Any constructor parameters</param> /// <returns></returns> public static object CreateInstanceFromString(string typeName, params object[] args) { object instance = null; Type type = null; try { type = GetTypeFromName(typeName); if (type == null) return null; instance = Activator.CreateInstance(type, args); } catch { return null; } return instance; } /// <summary> /// Helper routine that looks up a type name and tries to retrieve the /// full type reference in the actively executing assemblies. /// </summary> /// <param name="typeName"></param> /// <returns></returns> public static Type GetTypeFromName(string typeName) { Type type = null; // Let default name binding find it type = Type.GetType(typeName, false); if (type != null) return type; // look through assembly list var assemblies = AppDomain.CurrentDomain.GetAssemblies(); // try to find manually foreach (Assembly asm in assemblies) { type = asm.GetType(typeName, false); if (type != null) break; } return type; } To use this for loading JSON.NET I have a small factory function that instantiates JSON.NET and sets a bunch of configuration settings on the generated object. The startup code also looks for failure and tries loading up the assembly when it fails since that's the main reason the load would fail. Finally it also caches the loaded instance for reuse (according to James the JSON.NET instance is thread safe and quite a bit faster when cached). Here's what the factory function looks like in JsonSerializationUtils:/// <summary> /// Dynamically creates an instance of JSON.NET /// </summary> /// <param name="throwExceptions">If true throws exceptions otherwise returns null</param> /// <returns>Dynamic JsonSerializer instance</returns> public static dynamic CreateJsonNet(bool throwExceptions = true) { if (JsonNet != null) return JsonNet; lock (SyncLock) { if (JsonNet != null) return JsonNet; // Try to create instance dynamic json = ReflectionUtils.CreateInstanceFromString("Newtonsoft.Json.JsonSerializer"); if (json == null) { try { var ass = AppDomain.CurrentDomain.Load("Newtonsoft.Json"); json = ReflectionUtils.CreateInstanceFromString("Newtonsoft.Json.JsonSerializer"); } catch (Exception ex) { if (throwExceptions) throw; return null; } } if (json == null) return null; json.ReferenceLoopHandling = (dynamic) ReflectionUtils.GetStaticProperty("Newtonsoft.Json.ReferenceLoopHandling", "Ignore"); // Enums as strings in JSON dynamic enumConverter = ReflectionUtils.CreateInstanceFromString("Newtonsoft.Json.Converters.StringEnumConverter"); json.Converters.Add(enumConverter); JsonNet = json; } return JsonNet; }This code's purpose is to return a fully configured JsonSerializer instance. As you can see the code tries to create an instance and when it fails tries to load the assembly, and then re-tries loading.Once the instance is loaded some configuration occurs on it. Specifically I set the ReferenceLoopHandling option to not blow up immediately when circular references are encountered. There are a host of other small config setting that might be useful to set, but the default seem to be good enough in recent versions. Note that I'm setting ReferenceLoopHandling which requires an Enum value to be set. There's no real easy way (short of using the cardinal numeric value) to set a property or pass parameters from static values or enums. This means I still need to use Reflection to make this work. I'm using the same ReflectionUtils class I previously used to handle this for me. The function looks up the type and then uses Type.InvokeMember() to read the static property.Another feature I need is have Enum values serialized as strings rather than numeric values which is the default. To do this I can use the StringEnumConverter to convert enums to strings by adding it to the Converters collection.As you can see there's still a bit of Reflection to be done even in C# 4+ with dynamic, but with a few helpers this process is relatively painless.Doing the actual JSON ConversionFinally I need to actually do my JSON conversions. For the Utility class I need serialization that works for both strings and files so I created four methods that handle these tasks two each for serialization and deserialization for string and file.Here's what the File Serialization looks like:/// <summary> /// Serializes an object instance to a JSON file. /// </summary> /// <param name="value">the value to serialize</param> /// <param name="fileName">Full path to the file to write out with JSON.</param> /// <param name="throwExceptions">Determines whether exceptions are thrown or false is returned</param> /// <param name="formatJsonOutput">if true pretty-formats the JSON with line breaks</param> /// <returns>true or false</returns> public static bool SerializeToFile(object value, string fileName, bool throwExceptions = false, bool formatJsonOutput = false) { dynamic writer = null; FileStream fs = null; try { Type type = value.GetType(); var json = CreateJsonNet(throwExceptions); if (json == null) return false; fs = new FileStream(fileName, FileMode.Create); var sw = new StreamWriter(fs, Encoding.UTF8); writer = Activator.CreateInstance(JsonTextWriterType, sw); if (formatJsonOutput) writer.Formatting = (dynamic)Enum.Parse(FormattingType, "Indented"); writer.QuoteChar = '"'; json.Serialize(writer, value); } catch (Exception ex) { Debug.WriteLine("JsonSerializer Serialize error: " + ex.Message); if (throwExceptions) throw; return false; } finally { if (writer != null) writer.Close(); if (fs != null) fs.Close(); } return true; }You can see more of the dynamic invocation in this code. First I grab the dynamic JsonSerializer instance using the CreateJsonNet() method shown earlier which returns a dynamic. I then create a JsonTextWriter and configure a couple of enum settings on it, and then call Serialize() on the serializer instance with the JsonTextWriter that writes the output to disk. Although this code is dynamic it's still fairly short and readable.For full circle operation here's the DeserializeFromFile() version:/// <summary> /// Deserializes an object from file and returns a reference. /// </summary> /// <param name="fileName">name of the file to serialize to</param> /// <param name="objectType">The Type of the object. Use typeof(yourobject class)</param> /// <param name="binarySerialization">determines whether we use Xml or Binary serialization</param> /// <param name="throwExceptions">determines whether failure will throw rather than return null on failure</param> /// <returns>Instance of the deserialized object or null. Must be cast to your object type</returns> public static object DeserializeFromFile(string fileName, Type objectType, bool throwExceptions = false) { dynamic json = CreateJsonNet(throwExceptions); if (json == null) return null; object result = null; dynamic reader = null; FileStream fs = null; try { fs = new FileStream(fileName, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read); var sr = new StreamReader(fs, Encoding.UTF8); reader = Activator.CreateInstance(JsonTextReaderType, sr); result = json.Deserialize(reader, objectType); reader.Close(); } catch (Exception ex) { Debug.WriteLine("JsonNetSerialization Deserialization Error: " + ex.Message); if (throwExceptions) throw; return null; } finally { if (reader != null) reader.Close(); if (fs != null) fs.Close(); } return result; }This code is a little more compact since there are no prettifying options to set. Here JsonTextReader is created dynamically and it receives the output from the Deserialize() operation on the serializer.You can take a look at the full JsonSerializationUtils.cs file on GitHub to see the rest of the operations, but the string operations are very similar - the code is fairly repetitive.These generic serialization utilities isolate the dynamic serialization logic that has to deal with the dynamic nature of JSON.NET, and any code that uses these functions is none the wiser that JSON.NET is dynamically loaded.Using the JsonSerializationUtils WrapperThe final consumer of the SerializationUtils wrapper is an actual ConfigurationProvider, that is responsible for handling reading and writing JSON values to and from files. The provider is simple a small wrapper around the SerializationUtils component and there's very little code to make this work now:The whole provider looks like this:/// <summary> /// Reads and Writes configuration settings in .NET config files and /// sections. Allows reading and writing to default or external files /// and specification of the configuration section that settings are /// applied to. /// </summary> public class JsonFileConfigurationProvider<TAppConfiguration> : ConfigurationProviderBase<TAppConfiguration> where TAppConfiguration: AppConfiguration, new() { /// <summary> /// Optional - the Configuration file where configuration settings are /// stored in. If not specified uses the default Configuration Manager /// and its default store. /// </summary> public string JsonConfigurationFile { get { return _JsonConfigurationFile; } set { _JsonConfigurationFile = value; } } private string _JsonConfigurationFile = string.Empty; public override bool Read(AppConfiguration config) { var newConfig = JsonSerializationUtils.DeserializeFromFile(JsonConfigurationFile, typeof(TAppConfiguration)) as TAppConfiguration; if (newConfig == null) { if(Write(config)) return true; return false; } DecryptFields(newConfig); DataUtils.CopyObjectData(newConfig, config, "Provider,ErrorMessage"); return true; } /// <summary> /// Return /// </summary> /// <typeparam name="TAppConfig"></typeparam> /// <returns></returns> public override TAppConfig Read<TAppConfig>() { var result = JsonSerializationUtils.DeserializeFromFile(JsonConfigurationFile, typeof(TAppConfig)) as TAppConfig; if (result != null) DecryptFields(result); return result; } /// <summary> /// Write configuration to XmlConfigurationFile location /// </summary> /// <param name="config"></param> /// <returns></returns> public override bool Write(AppConfiguration config) { EncryptFields(config); bool result = JsonSerializationUtils.SerializeToFile(config, JsonConfigurationFile,false,true); // Have to decrypt again to make sure the properties are readable afterwards DecryptFields(config); return result; } }This incidentally demonstrates how easy it is to create a new provider for the West Wind Application Configuration component. Simply implementing 3 methods will do in most cases.Note this code doesn't have any dynamic dependencies - all that's abstracted away in the JsonSerializationUtils(). From here on, serializing JSON is just a matter of calling the static methods on the SerializationUtils class.Already, there are several other places in some other tools where I use JSON serialization this is coming in very handy. With a couple of lines of code I was able to add JSON.NET support to an older AJAX library that I use replacing quite a bit of code that was previously in use. And for any other manual JSON operations (in a couple of apps I use JSON Serialization for 'blob' like document storage) this is also going to be handy.Performance?Some of you might be thinking that using dynamic and Reflection can't be good for performance. And you'd be right… In performing some informal testing it looks like the performance of the native code is nearly twice as fast as the dynamic code. Most of the slowness is attributable to type lookups. To test I created a native class that uses an actual reference to JSON.NET and performance was consistently around 85-90% faster with the referenced code. That being said though - I serialized 10,000 objects in 80ms vs. 45ms so this isn't hardly slouchy. For the configuration component speed is not that important because both read and write operations typically happen once on first access and then every once in a while. But for other operations - say a serializer trying to handle AJAX requests on a Web Server one would be well served to create a hard dependency.Dynamic Loading - Worth it?On occasion dynamic loading makes sense. But there's a price to be paid in added code complexity and a performance hit. But for some operations that are not pivotal to a component or application and only used under certain circumstances dynamic loading can be beneficial to avoid having to ship extra files and loading down distributions. These days when you create new projects in Visual Studio with 30 assemblies before you even add your own code, trying to keep file counts under control seems a good idea. It's not the kind of thing you do on a regular basis, but when needed it can be a useful tool. Hopefully some of you find this information useful…© Rick Strahl, West Wind Technologies, 2005-2013Posted in .NET  C#   Tweet !function(d,s,id){var js,fjs=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];if(!d.getElementById(id)){js=d.createElement(s);js.id=id;js.src="//platform.twitter.com/widgets.js";fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js,fjs);}}(document,"script","twitter-wjs"); (function() { var po = document.createElement('script'); po.type = 'text/javascript'; po.async = true; po.src = 'https://apis.google.com/js/plusone.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(po, s); })();

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  • Dynamically loading Assemblies to reduce Runtime Dependencies

    - by Rick Strahl
    I've been working on a request to the West Wind Application Configuration library to add JSON support. The config library is a very easy to use code-first approach to configuration: You create a class that holds the configuration data that inherits from a base configuration class, and then assign a persistence provider at runtime that determines where and how the configuration data is store. Currently the library supports .NET Configuration stores (web.config/app.config), XML files, SQL records and string storage.About once a week somebody asks me about JSON support and I've deflected this question for the longest time because frankly I think that JSON as a configuration store doesn't really buy a heck of a lot over XML. Both formats require the user to perform some fixup of the plain configuration data - in XML into XML tags, with JSON using JSON delimiters for properties and property formatting rules. Sure JSON is a little less verbose and maybe a little easier to read if you have hierarchical data, but overall the differences are pretty minor in my opinion. And yet - the requests keep rolling in.Hard Link Issues in a Component LibraryAnother reason I've been hesitant is that I really didn't want to pull in a dependency on an external JSON library - in this case JSON.NET - into the core library. If you're not using JSON.NET elsewhere I don't want a user to have to require a hard dependency on JSON.NET unless they want to use the JSON feature. JSON.NET is also sensitive to versions and doesn't play nice with multiple versions when hard linked. For example, when you have a reference to V4.4 in your project but the host application has a reference to version 4.5 you can run into assembly load problems. NuGet's Update-Package can solve some of this *if* you can recompile, but that's not ideal for a component that's supposed to be just plug and play. This is no criticism of JSON.NET - this really applies to any dependency that might change.  So hard linking the DLL can be problematic for a number reasons, but the primary reason is to not force loading of JSON.NET unless you actually need it when you use the JSON configuration features of the library.Enter Dynamic LoadingSo rather than adding an assembly reference to the project, I decided that it would be better to dynamically load the DLL at runtime and then use dynamic typing to access various classes. This allows me to run without a hard assembly reference and allows more flexibility with version number differences now and in the future.But there are also a couple of downsides:No assembly reference means only dynamic access - no compiler type checking or IntellisenseRequirement for the host application to have reference to JSON.NET or else get runtime errorsThe former is minor, but the latter can be problematic. Runtime errors are always painful, but in this case I'm willing to live with this. If you want to use JSON configuration settings JSON.NET needs to be loaded in the project. If this is a Web project, it'll likely be there already.So there are a few things that are needed to make this work:Dynamically create an instance and optionally attempt to load an Assembly (if not loaded)Load types into dynamic variablesUse Reflection for a few tasks like statics/enumsThe dynamic keyword in C# makes the formerly most difficult Reflection part - method calls and property assignments - fairly painless. But as cool as dynamic is it doesn't handle all aspects of Reflection. Specifically it doesn't deal with object activation, truly dynamic (string based) member activation or accessing of non instance members, so there's still a little bit of work left to do with Reflection.Dynamic Object InstantiationThe first step in getting the process rolling is to instantiate the type you need to work with. This might be a two step process - loading the instance from a string value, since we don't have a hard type reference and potentially having to load the assembly. Although the host project might have a reference to JSON.NET, that instance might have not been loaded yet since it hasn't been accessed yet. In ASP.NET this won't be a problem, since ASP.NET preloads all referenced assemblies on AppDomain startup, but in other executable project, assemblies are just in time loaded only when they are accessed.Instantiating a type is a two step process: Finding the type reference and then activating it. Here's the generic code out of my ReflectionUtils library I use for this:/// <summary> /// Creates an instance of a type based on a string. Assumes that the type's /// </summary> /// <param name="typeName">Common name of the type</param> /// <param name="args">Any constructor parameters</param> /// <returns></returns> public static object CreateInstanceFromString(string typeName, params object[] args) { object instance = null; Type type = null; try { type = GetTypeFromName(typeName); if (type == null) return null; instance = Activator.CreateInstance(type, args); } catch { return null; } return instance; } /// <summary> /// Helper routine that looks up a type name and tries to retrieve the /// full type reference in the actively executing assemblies. /// </summary> /// <param name="typeName"></param> /// <returns></returns> public static Type GetTypeFromName(string typeName) { Type type = null; // Let default name binding find it type = Type.GetType(typeName, false); if (type != null) return type; // look through assembly list var assemblies = AppDomain.CurrentDomain.GetAssemblies(); // try to find manually foreach (Assembly asm in assemblies) { type = asm.GetType(typeName, false); if (type != null) break; } return type; } To use this for loading JSON.NET I have a small factory function that instantiates JSON.NET and sets a bunch of configuration settings on the generated object. The startup code also looks for failure and tries loading up the assembly when it fails since that's the main reason the load would fail. Finally it also caches the loaded instance for reuse (according to James the JSON.NET instance is thread safe and quite a bit faster when cached). Here's what the factory function looks like in JsonSerializationUtils:/// <summary> /// Dynamically creates an instance of JSON.NET /// </summary> /// <param name="throwExceptions">If true throws exceptions otherwise returns null</param> /// <returns>Dynamic JsonSerializer instance</returns> public static dynamic CreateJsonNet(bool throwExceptions = true) { if (JsonNet != null) return JsonNet; lock (SyncLock) { if (JsonNet != null) return JsonNet; // Try to create instance dynamic json = ReflectionUtils.CreateInstanceFromString("Newtonsoft.Json.JsonSerializer"); if (json == null) { try { var ass = AppDomain.CurrentDomain.Load("Newtonsoft.Json"); json = ReflectionUtils.CreateInstanceFromString("Newtonsoft.Json.JsonSerializer"); } catch (Exception ex) { if (throwExceptions) throw; return null; } } if (json == null) return null; json.ReferenceLoopHandling = (dynamic) ReflectionUtils.GetStaticProperty("Newtonsoft.Json.ReferenceLoopHandling", "Ignore"); // Enums as strings in JSON dynamic enumConverter = ReflectionUtils.CreateInstanceFromString("Newtonsoft.Json.Converters.StringEnumConverter"); json.Converters.Add(enumConverter); JsonNet = json; } return JsonNet; }This code's purpose is to return a fully configured JsonSerializer instance. As you can see the code tries to create an instance and when it fails tries to load the assembly, and then re-tries loading.Once the instance is loaded some configuration occurs on it. Specifically I set the ReferenceLoopHandling option to not blow up immediately when circular references are encountered. There are a host of other small config setting that might be useful to set, but the default seem to be good enough in recent versions. Note that I'm setting ReferenceLoopHandling which requires an Enum value to be set. There's no real easy way (short of using the cardinal numeric value) to set a property or pass parameters from static values or enums. This means I still need to use Reflection to make this work. I'm using the same ReflectionUtils class I previously used to handle this for me. The function looks up the type and then uses Type.InvokeMember() to read the static property.Another feature I need is have Enum values serialized as strings rather than numeric values which is the default. To do this I can use the StringEnumConverter to convert enums to strings by adding it to the Converters collection.As you can see there's still a bit of Reflection to be done even in C# 4+ with dynamic, but with a few helpers this process is relatively painless.Doing the actual JSON ConversionFinally I need to actually do my JSON conversions. For the Utility class I need serialization that works for both strings and files so I created four methods that handle these tasks two each for serialization and deserialization for string and file.Here's what the File Serialization looks like:/// <summary> /// Serializes an object instance to a JSON file. /// </summary> /// <param name="value">the value to serialize</param> /// <param name="fileName">Full path to the file to write out with JSON.</param> /// <param name="throwExceptions">Determines whether exceptions are thrown or false is returned</param> /// <param name="formatJsonOutput">if true pretty-formats the JSON with line breaks</param> /// <returns>true or false</returns> public static bool SerializeToFile(object value, string fileName, bool throwExceptions = false, bool formatJsonOutput = false) { dynamic writer = null; FileStream fs = null; try { Type type = value.GetType(); var json = CreateJsonNet(throwExceptions); if (json == null) return false; fs = new FileStream(fileName, FileMode.Create); var sw = new StreamWriter(fs, Encoding.UTF8); writer = Activator.CreateInstance(JsonTextWriterType, sw); if (formatJsonOutput) writer.Formatting = (dynamic)Enum.Parse(FormattingType, "Indented"); writer.QuoteChar = '"'; json.Serialize(writer, value); } catch (Exception ex) { Debug.WriteLine("JsonSerializer Serialize error: " + ex.Message); if (throwExceptions) throw; return false; } finally { if (writer != null) writer.Close(); if (fs != null) fs.Close(); } return true; }You can see more of the dynamic invocation in this code. First I grab the dynamic JsonSerializer instance using the CreateJsonNet() method shown earlier which returns a dynamic. I then create a JsonTextWriter and configure a couple of enum settings on it, and then call Serialize() on the serializer instance with the JsonTextWriter that writes the output to disk. Although this code is dynamic it's still fairly short and readable.For full circle operation here's the DeserializeFromFile() version:/// <summary> /// Deserializes an object from file and returns a reference. /// </summary> /// <param name="fileName">name of the file to serialize to</param> /// <param name="objectType">The Type of the object. Use typeof(yourobject class)</param> /// <param name="binarySerialization">determines whether we use Xml or Binary serialization</param> /// <param name="throwExceptions">determines whether failure will throw rather than return null on failure</param> /// <returns>Instance of the deserialized object or null. Must be cast to your object type</returns> public static object DeserializeFromFile(string fileName, Type objectType, bool throwExceptions = false) { dynamic json = CreateJsonNet(throwExceptions); if (json == null) return null; object result = null; dynamic reader = null; FileStream fs = null; try { fs = new FileStream(fileName, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read); var sr = new StreamReader(fs, Encoding.UTF8); reader = Activator.CreateInstance(JsonTextReaderType, sr); result = json.Deserialize(reader, objectType); reader.Close(); } catch (Exception ex) { Debug.WriteLine("JsonNetSerialization Deserialization Error: " + ex.Message); if (throwExceptions) throw; return null; } finally { if (reader != null) reader.Close(); if (fs != null) fs.Close(); } return result; }This code is a little more compact since there are no prettifying options to set. Here JsonTextReader is created dynamically and it receives the output from the Deserialize() operation on the serializer.You can take a look at the full JsonSerializationUtils.cs file on GitHub to see the rest of the operations, but the string operations are very similar - the code is fairly repetitive.These generic serialization utilities isolate the dynamic serialization logic that has to deal with the dynamic nature of JSON.NET, and any code that uses these functions is none the wiser that JSON.NET is dynamically loaded.Using the JsonSerializationUtils WrapperThe final consumer of the SerializationUtils wrapper is an actual ConfigurationProvider, that is responsible for handling reading and writing JSON values to and from files. The provider is simple a small wrapper around the SerializationUtils component and there's very little code to make this work now:The whole provider looks like this:/// <summary> /// Reads and Writes configuration settings in .NET config files and /// sections. Allows reading and writing to default or external files /// and specification of the configuration section that settings are /// applied to. /// </summary> public class JsonFileConfigurationProvider<TAppConfiguration> : ConfigurationProviderBase<TAppConfiguration> where TAppConfiguration: AppConfiguration, new() { /// <summary> /// Optional - the Configuration file where configuration settings are /// stored in. If not specified uses the default Configuration Manager /// and its default store. /// </summary> public string JsonConfigurationFile { get { return _JsonConfigurationFile; } set { _JsonConfigurationFile = value; } } private string _JsonConfigurationFile = string.Empty; public override bool Read(AppConfiguration config) { var newConfig = JsonSerializationUtils.DeserializeFromFile(JsonConfigurationFile, typeof(TAppConfiguration)) as TAppConfiguration; if (newConfig == null) { if(Write(config)) return true; return false; } DecryptFields(newConfig); DataUtils.CopyObjectData(newConfig, config, "Provider,ErrorMessage"); return true; } /// <summary> /// Return /// </summary> /// <typeparam name="TAppConfig"></typeparam> /// <returns></returns> public override TAppConfig Read<TAppConfig>() { var result = JsonSerializationUtils.DeserializeFromFile(JsonConfigurationFile, typeof(TAppConfig)) as TAppConfig; if (result != null) DecryptFields(result); return result; } /// <summary> /// Write configuration to XmlConfigurationFile location /// </summary> /// <param name="config"></param> /// <returns></returns> public override bool Write(AppConfiguration config) { EncryptFields(config); bool result = JsonSerializationUtils.SerializeToFile(config, JsonConfigurationFile,false,true); // Have to decrypt again to make sure the properties are readable afterwards DecryptFields(config); return result; } }This incidentally demonstrates how easy it is to create a new provider for the West Wind Application Configuration component. Simply implementing 3 methods will do in most cases.Note this code doesn't have any dynamic dependencies - all that's abstracted away in the JsonSerializationUtils(). From here on, serializing JSON is just a matter of calling the static methods on the SerializationUtils class.Already, there are several other places in some other tools where I use JSON serialization this is coming in very handy. With a couple of lines of code I was able to add JSON.NET support to an older AJAX library that I use replacing quite a bit of code that was previously in use. And for any other manual JSON operations (in a couple of apps I use JSON Serialization for 'blob' like document storage) this is also going to be handy.Performance?Some of you might be thinking that using dynamic and Reflection can't be good for performance. And you'd be right… In performing some informal testing it looks like the performance of the native code is nearly twice as fast as the dynamic code. Most of the slowness is attributable to type lookups. To test I created a native class that uses an actual reference to JSON.NET and performance was consistently around 85-90% faster with the referenced code. This will change though depending on the size of objects serialized - the larger the object the more processing time is spent inside the actual dynamically activated components and the less difference there will be. Dynamic code is always slower, but how much it really affects your application primarily depends on how frequently the dynamic code is called in relation to the non-dynamic code executing. In most situations where dynamic code is used 'to get the process rolling' as I do here the overhead is small enough to not matter.All that being said though - I serialized 10,000 objects in 80ms vs. 45ms so this is hardly slouchy performance. For the configuration component speed is not that important because both read and write operations typically happen once on first access and then every once in a while. But for other operations - say a serializer trying to handle AJAX requests on a Web Server one would be well served to create a hard dependency.Dynamic Loading - Worth it?Dynamic loading is not something you need to worry about but on occasion dynamic loading makes sense. But there's a price to be paid in added code  and a performance hit which depends on how frequently the dynamic code is accessed. But for some operations that are not pivotal to a component or application and are only used under certain circumstances dynamic loading can be beneficial to avoid having to ship extra files adding dependencies and loading down distributions. These days when you create new projects in Visual Studio with 30 assemblies before you even add your own code, trying to keep file counts under control seems like a good idea. It's not the kind of thing you do on a regular basis, but when needed it can be a useful option in your toolset… © Rick Strahl, West Wind Technologies, 2005-2013Posted in .NET  C#   Tweet !function(d,s,id){var js,fjs=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];if(!d.getElementById(id)){js=d.createElement(s);js.id=id;js.src="//platform.twitter.com/widgets.js";fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js,fjs);}}(document,"script","twitter-wjs"); (function() { var po = document.createElement('script'); po.type = 'text/javascript'; po.async = true; po.src = 'https://apis.google.com/js/plusone.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(po, s); })();

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  • Informed TDD &ndash; Kata &ldquo;To Roman Numerals&rdquo;

    - by Ralf Westphal
    Originally posted on: http://geekswithblogs.net/theArchitectsNapkin/archive/2014/05/28/informed-tdd-ndash-kata-ldquoto-roman-numeralsrdquo.aspxIn a comment on my article on what I call Informed TDD (ITDD) reader gustav asked how this approach would apply to the kata “To Roman Numerals”. And whether ITDD wasn´t a violation of TDD´s principle of leaving out “advanced topics like mocks”. I like to respond with this article to his questions. There´s more to say than fits into a commentary. Mocks and TDD I don´t see in how far TDD is avoiding or opposed to mocks. TDD and mocks are orthogonal. TDD is about pocess, mocks are about structure and costs. Maybe by moving forward in tiny red+green+refactor steps less need arises for mocks. But then… if the functionality you need to implement requires “expensive” resource access you can´t avoid using mocks. Because you don´t want to constantly run all your tests against the real resource. True, in ITDD mocks seem to be in almost inflationary use. That´s not what you usually see in TDD demonstrations. However, there´s a reason for that as I tried to explain. I don´t use mocks as proxies for “expensive” resource. Rather they are stand-ins for functionality not yet implemented. They allow me to get a test green on a high level of abstraction. That way I can move forward in a top-down fashion. But if you think of mocks as “advanced” or if you don´t want to use a tool like JustMock, then you don´t need to use mocks. You just need to stand the sight of red tests for a little longer ;-) Let me show you what I mean by that by doing a kata. ITDD for “To Roman Numerals” gustav asked for the kata “To Roman Numerals”. I won´t explain the requirements again. You can find descriptions and TDD demonstrations all over the internet, like this one from Corey Haines. Now here is, how I would do this kata differently. 1. Analyse A demonstration of TDD should never skip the analysis phase. It should be made explicit. The requirements should be formalized and acceptance test cases should be compiled. “Formalization” in this case to me means describing the API of the required functionality. “[D]esign a program to work with Roman numerals” like written in this “requirement document” is not enough to start software development. Coding should only begin, if the interface between the “system under development” and its context is clear. If this interface is not readily recognizable from the requirements, it has to be developed first. Exploration of interface alternatives might be in order. It might be necessary to show several interface mock-ups to the customer – even if that´s you fellow developer. Designing the interface is a task of it´s own. It should not be mixed with implementing the required functionality behind the interface. Unfortunately, though, this happens quite often in TDD demonstrations. TDD is used to explore the API and implement it at the same time. To me that´s a violation of the Single Responsibility Principle (SRP) which not only should hold for software functional units but also for tasks or activities. In the case of this kata the API fortunately is obvious. Just one function is needed: string ToRoman(int arabic). And it lives in a class ArabicRomanConversions. Now what about acceptance test cases? There are hardly any stated in the kata descriptions. Roman numerals are explained, but no specific test cases from the point of view of a customer. So I just “invent” some acceptance test cases by picking roman numerals from a wikipedia article. They are supposed to be just “typical examples” without special meaning. Given the acceptance test cases I then try to develop an understanding of the problem domain. I´ll spare you that. The domain is trivial and is explain in almost all kata descriptions. How roman numerals are built is not difficult to understand. What´s more difficult, though, might be to find an efficient solution to convert into them automatically. 2. Solve The usual TDD demonstration skips a solution finding phase. Like the interface exploration it´s mixed in with the implementation. But I don´t think this is how it should be done. I even think this is not how it really works for the people demonstrating TDD. They´re simplifying their true software development process because they want to show a streamlined TDD process. I doubt this is helping anybody. Before you code you better have a plan what to code. This does not mean you have to do “Big Design Up-Front”. It just means: Have a clear picture of the logical solution in your head before you start to build a physical solution (code). Evidently such a solution can only be as good as your understanding of the problem. If that´s limited your solution will be limited, too. Fortunately, in the case of this kata your understanding does not need to be limited. Thus the logical solution does not need to be limited or preliminary or tentative. That does not mean you need to know every line of code in advance. It just means you know the rough structure of your implementation beforehand. Because it should mirror the process described by the logical or conceptual solution. Here´s my solution approach: The arabic “encoding” of numbers represents them as an ordered set of powers of 10. Each digit is a factor to multiply a power of ten with. The “encoding” 123 is the short form for a set like this: {1*10^2, 2*10^1, 3*10^0}. And the number is the sum of the set members. The roman “encoding” is different. There is no base (like 10 for arabic numbers), there are just digits of different value, and they have to be written in descending order. The “encoding” XVI is short for [10, 5, 1]. And the number is still the sum of the members of this list. The roman “encoding” thus is simpler than the arabic. Each “digit” can be taken at face value. No multiplication with a base required. But what about IV which looks like a contradiction to the above rule? It is not – if you accept roman “digits” not to be limited to be single characters only. Usually I, V, X, L, C, D, M are viewed as “digits”, and IV, IX etc. are viewed as nuisances preventing a simple solution. All looks different, though, once IV, IX etc. are taken as “digits”. Then MCMLIV is just a sum: M+CM+L+IV which is 1000+900+50+4. Whereas before it would have been understood as M-C+M+L-I+V – which is more difficult because here some “digits” get subtracted. Here´s the list of roman “digits” with their values: {1, I}, {4, IV}, {5, V}, {9, IX}, {10, X}, {40, XL}, {50, L}, {90, XC}, {100, C}, {400, CD}, {500, D}, {900, CM}, {1000, M} Since I take IV, IX etc. as “digits” translating an arabic number becomes trivial. I just need to find the values of the roman “digits” making up the number, e.g. 1954 is made up of 1000, 900, 50, and 4. I call those “digits” factors. If I move from the highest factor (M=1000) to the lowest (I=1) then translation is a two phase process: Find all the factors Translate the factors found Compile the roman representation Translation is just a look-up. Finding, though, needs some calculation: Find the highest remaining factor fitting in the value Remember and subtract it from the value Repeat with remaining value and remaining factors Please note: This is just an algorithm. It´s not code, even though it might be close. Being so close to code in my solution approach is due to the triviality of the problem. In more realistic examples the conceptual solution would be on a higher level of abstraction. With this solution in hand I finally can do what TDD advocates: find and prioritize test cases. As I can see from the small process description above, there are two aspects to test: Test the translation Test the compilation Test finding the factors Testing the translation primarily means to check if the map of factors and digits is comprehensive. That´s simple, even though it might be tedious. Testing the compilation is trivial. Testing factor finding, though, is a tad more complicated. I can think of several steps: First check, if an arabic number equal to a factor is processed correctly (e.g. 1000=M). Then check if an arabic number consisting of two consecutive factors (e.g. 1900=[M,CM]) is processed correctly. Then check, if a number consisting of the same factor twice is processed correctly (e.g. 2000=[M,M]). Finally check, if an arabic number consisting of non-consecutive factors (e.g. 1400=[M,CD]) is processed correctly. I feel I can start an implementation now. If something becomes more complicated than expected I can slow down and repeat this process. 3. Implement First I write a test for the acceptance test cases. It´s red because there´s no implementation even of the API. That´s in conformance with “TDD lore”, I´d say: Next I implement the API: The acceptance test now is formally correct, but still red of course. This will not change even now that I zoom in. Because my goal is not to most quickly satisfy these tests, but to implement my solution in a stepwise manner. That I do by “faking” it: I just “assume” three functions to represent the transformation process of my solution: My hypothesis is that those three functions in conjunction produce correct results on the API-level. I just have to implement them correctly. That´s what I´m trying now – one by one. I start with a simple “detail function”: Translate(). And I start with all the test cases in the obvious equivalence partition: As you can see I dare to test a private method. Yes. That´s a white box test. But as you´ll see it won´t make my tests brittle. It serves a purpose right here and now: it lets me focus on getting one aspect of my solution right. Here´s the implementation to satisfy the test: It´s as simple as possible. Right how TDD wants me to do it: KISS. Now for the second equivalence partition: translating multiple factors. (It´a pattern: if you need to do something repeatedly separate the tests for doing it once and doing it multiple times.) In this partition I just need a single test case, I guess. Stepping up from a single translation to multiple translations is no rocket science: Usually I would have implemented the final code right away. Splitting it in two steps is just for “educational purposes” here. How small your implementation steps are is a matter of your programming competency. Some “see” the final code right away before their mental eye – others need to work their way towards it. Having two tests I find more important. Now for the next low hanging fruit: compilation. It´s even simpler than translation. A single test is enough, I guess. And normally I would not even have bothered to write that one, because the implementation is so simple. I don´t need to test .NET framework functionality. But again: if it serves the educational purpose… Finally the most complicated part of the solution: finding the factors. There are several equivalence partitions. But still I decide to write just a single test, since the structure of the test data is the same for all partitions: Again, I´m faking the implementation first: I focus on just the first test case. No looping yet. Faking lets me stay on a high level of abstraction. I can write down the implementation of the solution without bothering myself with details of how to actually accomplish the feat. That´s left for a drill down with a test of the fake function: There are two main equivalence partitions, I guess: either the first factor is appropriate or some next. The implementation seems easy. Both test cases are green. (Of course this only works on the premise that there´s always a matching factor. Which is the case since the smallest factor is 1.) And the first of the equivalence partitions on the higher level also is satisfied: Great, I can move on. Now for more than a single factor: Interestingly not just one test becomes green now, but all of them. Great! You might say, then I must have done not the simplest thing possible. And I would reply: I don´t care. I did the most obvious thing. But I also find this loop very simple. Even simpler than a recursion of which I had thought briefly during the problem solving phase. And by the way: Also the acceptance tests went green: Mission accomplished. At least functionality wise. Now I´ve to tidy up things a bit. TDD calls for refactoring. Not uch refactoring is needed, because I wrote the code in top-down fashion. I faked it until I made it. I endured red tests on higher levels while lower levels weren´t perfected yet. But this way I saved myself from refactoring tediousness. At the end, though, some refactoring is required. But maybe in a different way than you would expect. That´s why I rather call it “cleanup”. First I remove duplication. There are two places where factors are defined: in Translate() and in Find_factors(). So I factor the map out into a class constant. Which leads to a small conversion in Find_factors(): And now for the big cleanup: I remove all tests of private methods. They are scaffolding tests to me. They only have temporary value. They are brittle. Only acceptance tests need to remain. However, I carry over the single “digit” tests from Translate() to the acceptance test. I find them valuable to keep, since the other acceptance tests only exercise a subset of all roman “digits”. This then is my final test class: And this is the final production code: Test coverage as reported by NCrunch is 100%: Reflexion Is this the smallest possible code base for this kata? Sure not. You´ll find more concise solutions on the internet. But LOC are of relatively little concern – as long as I can understand the code quickly. So called “elegant” code, however, often is not easy to understand. The same goes for KISS code – especially if left unrefactored, as it is often the case. That´s why I progressed from requirements to final code the way I did. I first understood and solved the problem on a conceptual level. Then I implemented it top down according to my design. I also could have implemented it bottom-up, since I knew some bottom of the solution. That´s the leaves of the functional decomposition tree. Where things became fuzzy, since the design did not cover any more details as with Find_factors(), I repeated the process in the small, so to speak: fake some top level, endure red high level tests, while first solving a simpler problem. Using scaffolding tests (to be thrown away at the end) brought two advantages: Encapsulation of the implementation details was not compromised. Naturally private methods could stay private. I did not need to make them internal or public just to be able to test them. I was able to write focused tests for small aspects of the solution. No need to test everything through the solution root, the API. The bottom line thus for me is: Informed TDD produces cleaner code in a systematic way. It conforms to core principles of programming: Single Responsibility Principle and/or Separation of Concerns. Distinct roles in development – being a researcher, being an engineer, being a craftsman – are represented as different phases. First find what, what there is. Then devise a solution. Then code the solution, manifest the solution in code. Writing tests first is a good practice. But it should not be taken dogmatic. And above all it should not be overloaded with purposes. And finally: moving from top to bottom through a design produces refactored code right away. Clean code thus almost is inevitable – and not left to a refactoring step at the end which is skipped often for different reasons.   PS: Yes, I have done this kata several times. But that has only an impact on the time needed for phases 1 and 2. I won´t skip them because of that. And there are no shortcuts during implementation because of that.

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  • Dynamic Type to do away with Reflection

    - by Rick Strahl
    The dynamic type in C# 4.0 is a welcome addition to the language. One thing I’ve been doing a lot with it is to remove explicit Reflection code that’s often necessary when you ‘dynamically’ need to walk and object hierarchy. In the past I’ve had a number of ReflectionUtils that used string based expressions to walk an object hierarchy. With the introduction of dynamic much of the ReflectionUtils code can be removed for cleaner code that runs considerably faster to boot. The old Way - Reflection Here’s a really contrived example, but assume for a second, you’d want to dynamically retrieve a Page.Request.Url.AbsoluteUrl based on a Page instance in an ASP.NET Web Page request. The strongly typed version looks like this: string path = Page.Request.Url.AbsolutePath; Now assume for a second that Page wasn’t available as a strongly typed instance and all you had was an object reference to start with and you couldn’t cast it (right I said this was contrived :-)) If you’re using raw Reflection code to retrieve this you’d end up writing 3 sets of Reflection calls using GetValue(). Here’s some internal code I use to retrieve Property values as part of ReflectionUtils: /// <summary> /// Retrieve a property value from an object dynamically. This is a simple version /// that uses Reflection calls directly. It doesn't support indexers. /// </summary> /// <param name="instance">Object to make the call on</param> /// <param name="property">Property to retrieve</param> /// <returns>Object - cast to proper type</returns> public static object GetProperty(object instance, string property) { return instance.GetType().GetProperty(property, ReflectionUtils.MemberAccess).GetValue(instance, null); } If you want more control over properties and support both fields and properties as well as array indexers a little more work is required: /// <summary> /// Parses Properties and Fields including Array and Collection references. /// Used internally for the 'Ex' Reflection methods. /// </summary> /// <param name="Parent"></param> /// <param name="Property"></param> /// <returns></returns> private static object GetPropertyInternal(object Parent, string Property) { if (Property == "this" || Property == "me") return Parent; object result = null; string pureProperty = Property; string indexes = null; bool isArrayOrCollection = false; // Deal with Array Property if (Property.IndexOf("[") > -1) { pureProperty = Property.Substring(0, Property.IndexOf("[")); indexes = Property.Substring(Property.IndexOf("[")); isArrayOrCollection = true; } // Get the member MemberInfo member = Parent.GetType().GetMember(pureProperty, ReflectionUtils.MemberAccess)[0]; if (member.MemberType == MemberTypes.Property) result = ((PropertyInfo)member).GetValue(Parent, null); else result = ((FieldInfo)member).GetValue(Parent); if (isArrayOrCollection) { indexes = indexes.Replace("[", string.Empty).Replace("]", string.Empty); if (result is Array) { int Index = -1; int.TryParse(indexes, out Index); result = CallMethod(result, "GetValue", Index); } else if (result is ICollection) { if (indexes.StartsWith("\"")) { // String Index indexes = indexes.Trim('\"'); result = CallMethod(result, "get_Item", indexes); } else { // assume numeric index int index = -1; int.TryParse(indexes, out index); result = CallMethod(result, "get_Item", index); } } } return result; } /// <summary> /// Returns a property or field value using a base object and sub members including . syntax. /// For example, you can access: oCustomer.oData.Company with (this,"oCustomer.oData.Company") /// This method also supports indexers in the Property value such as: /// Customer.DataSet.Tables["Customers"].Rows[0] /// </summary> /// <param name="Parent">Parent object to 'start' parsing from. Typically this will be the Page.</param> /// <param name="Property">The property to retrieve. Example: 'Customer.Entity.Company'</param> /// <returns></returns> public static object GetPropertyEx(object Parent, string Property) { Type type = Parent.GetType(); int at = Property.IndexOf("."); if (at < 0) { // Complex parse of the property return GetPropertyInternal(Parent, Property); } // Walk the . syntax - split into current object (Main) and further parsed objects (Subs) string main = Property.Substring(0, at); string subs = Property.Substring(at + 1); // Retrieve the next . section of the property object sub = GetPropertyInternal(Parent, main); // Now go parse the left over sections return GetPropertyEx(sub, subs); } As you can see there’s a fair bit of code involved into retrieving a property or field value reliably especially if you want to support array indexer syntax. This method is then used by a variety of routines to retrieve individual properties including one called GetPropertyEx() which can walk the dot syntax hierarchy easily. Anyway with ReflectionUtils I can  retrieve Page.Request.Url.AbsolutePath using code like this: string url = ReflectionUtils.GetPropertyEx(Page, "Request.Url.AbsolutePath") as string; This works fine, but is bulky to write and of course requires that I use my custom routines. It’s also quite slow as the code in GetPropertyEx does all sorts of string parsing to figure out which members to walk in the hierarchy. Enter dynamic – way easier! .NET 4.0’s dynamic type makes the above really easy. The following code is all that it takes: object objPage = Page; // force to object for contrivance :) dynamic page = objPage; // convert to dynamic from untyped object string scriptUrl = page.Request.Url.AbsolutePath; The dynamic type assignment in the first two lines turns the strongly typed Page object into a dynamic. The first assignment is just part of the contrived example to force the strongly typed Page reference into an untyped value to demonstrate the dynamic member access. The next line then just creates the dynamic type from the Page reference which allows you to access any public properties and methods easily. It also lets you access any child properties as dynamic types so when you look at Intellisense you’ll see something like this when typing Request.: In other words any dynamic value access on an object returns another dynamic object which is what allows the walking of the hierarchy chain. Note also that the result value doesn’t have to be explicitly cast as string in the code above – the compiler is perfectly happy without the cast in this case inferring the target type based on the type being assigned to. The dynamic conversion automatically handles the cast when making the final assignment which is nice making for natural syntnax that looks *exactly* like the fully typed syntax, but is completely dynamic. Note that you can also use indexers in the same natural syntax so the following also works on the dynamic page instance: string scriptUrl = page.Request.ServerVariables["SCRIPT_NAME"]; The dynamic type is going to make a lot of Reflection code go away as it’s simply so much nicer to be able to use natural syntax to write out code that previously required nasty Reflection syntax. Another interesting thing about the dynamic type is that it actually works considerably faster than Reflection. Check out the following methods that check performance: void Reflection() { Stopwatch stop = new Stopwatch(); stop.Start(); for (int i = 0; i < reps; i++) { // string url = ReflectionUtils.GetProperty(Page,"Title") as string;// "Request.Url.AbsolutePath") as string; string url = Page.GetType().GetProperty("Title", ReflectionUtils.MemberAccess).GetValue(Page, null) as string; } stop.Stop(); Response.Write("Reflection: " + stop.ElapsedMilliseconds.ToString()); } void Dynamic() { Stopwatch stop = new Stopwatch(); stop.Start(); dynamic page = Page; for (int i = 0; i < reps; i++) { string url = page.Title; //Request.Url.AbsolutePath; } stop.Stop(); Response.Write("Dynamic: " + stop.ElapsedMilliseconds.ToString()); } The dynamic code runs in 4-5 milliseconds while the Reflection code runs around 200+ milliseconds! There’s a bit of overhead in the first dynamic object call but subsequent calls are blazing fast and performance is actually much better than manual Reflection. Dynamic is definitely a huge win-win situation when you need dynamic access to objects at runtime.© Rick Strahl, West Wind Technologies, 2005-2010Posted in .NET  CSharp  

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  • How would you rewrite/refactor this ?

    - by frostings
    Old application that is used by 50-60.000 paying customers. Company is several hundred people big. Application has a lot of business critical code (30% of all code) written in classic asp. Application has a lot more .net code. Application has a COM+ bridge for enabling asp to "talk" to .net Organization lacks some/a lot knowledge on what is causing the 10-20% server-reset per day (might be due to COM+ ?) There is no red line through the application; no architecture, no real patterns etc. The application has been like this for at least 5 years. The asp code base is increasing, slowly but certainly. I have read refactoring stories and I have knowledge on why you some of the times should not re-write a system. I would love for the old asp code to vanish as well as the COM+ component. But the pain is that no one really knows what is going on inside the asp classic code and the attitude inside all the teams are "this is just how it is". Down the line, this causes a lot of other issues like recruiting, dev effeciency, business needs that cannot be met, scale etc. With these little facts, does that justify a re-write of the asp code and the removal of the COM+ component ? How would you go about it ?

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  • PERC H710 mini raid controller advanced settings (BIOS)

    - by gregg
    I upgraded from a PERC h310 to an H710 controller on my Dell R620 but didnt get any increase in performance. This is a ESXi host with a 5 disk RAID 5. I noticed when going to the RAID BIOS that the advanced settings section was not activated/checked off. In that section is the strip element size: 64kb (default) read policy: no read ahead and the write policy: write-through. Will checking that section do any harm to the existing raid array or will it simply enable those policies and hopefully boost performance? Or, lastly, is it already using those policies and the checkmark is simply to activate them for changes

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  • PPTP server stuck at "GRE: Bad checksum from pppd"

    - by user92516
    I am a network engineer having quite limited experience with Ubuntu. I have been following up these online instructions to set up a pptp server but without much luck to get it to work. My server is a vm running an Apple Xserve behind a Cisco firewall. I made sure tcp 1723 and GRE are opened for the box. Below is the syslog output, looks like I always got stuck at GRE: Bad checksum from pppd. I'm running Ubuntu 10.04. Sep 24 13:21:53 ubuntu pptpd[1231]: CTRL: PTY read or GRE write failed (pty,gre)=(6,7) Sep 24 13:21:53 ubuntu pptpd[1231]: CTRL: Reaping child PPP[1232] Sep 24 13:21:53 ubuntu pptpd[1231]: CTRL: Client 166.137.85.165 control connection finished Sep 24 13:22:41 ubuntu pptpd[1276]: MGR: connections limit (100) reached, extra IP addresses ignored Sep 24 13:22:41 ubuntu pptpd[1277]: MGR: Manager process started Sep 24 13:22:41 ubuntu pptpd[1277]: MGR: Maximum of 100 connections available Sep 24 13:22:50 ubuntu pptpd[1278]: CTRL: Client 166.137.85.165 control connection started Sep 24 13:22:51 ubuntu pptpd[1278]: CTRL: Starting call (launching pppd, opening GRE) Sep 24 13:22:51 ubuntu pppd[1279]: Plugin /usr/lib/pptpd/pptpd-logwtmp.so loaded. Sep 24 13:22:51 ubuntu pppd[1279]: pppd 2.4.5 started by root, uid 0 Sep 24 13:22:51 ubuntu pppd[1279]: Using interface ppp0 Sep 24 13:22:51 ubuntu pppd[1279]: Connect: ppp0 <--> /dev/pts/1 Sep 24 13:22:51 ubuntu pptpd[1278]: GRE: Bad checksum from pppd. Sep 24 13:23:21 ubuntu pppd[1279]: LCP: timeout sending Config-Requests Sep 24 13:23:21 ubuntu pppd[1279]: Connection terminated. Sep 24 13:23:21 ubuntu pppd[1279]: Modem hangup Sep 24 13:23:21 ubuntu pppd[1279]: Exit. Sep 24 13:23:21 ubuntu pptpd[1278]: GRE: read(fd=6,buffer=805a540,len=8196) from PTY failed: status = -1 error = Input/output error, usually caused by unexpected termination of pppd, check option syntax and pppd logs Sep 24 13:23:21 ubuntu pptpd[1278]: CTRL: PTY read or GRE write failed (pty,gre)=(6,7) Sep 24 13:23:21 ubuntu pptpd[1278]: CTRL: Reaping child PPP[1279] Sep 24 13:23:21 ubuntu pptpd[1278]: CTRL: Client 166.137.85.165 control connection finished

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  • start apache2 in chroot environment

    - by xero
    This is my first time I am trying to install Apache2 HTTP server in a chroot environment. That's why i decided to follow this procedure : http://www.symantec.com/connect/articles/securing-apache-2-step-step my web server start with successful : root@ubuntu:/usr/local/apache2/bin/apachectl start [Tue Oct 29 01:49:15.879868 2013] [core:warn] [pid 10835] AH00117: Ignoring deprecated use of DefaultType in line 60 of /usr/local/apache2/conf/httpd.conf. AH00548: NameVirtualHost has no effect and will be removed in the next release /usr/local/apache2/conf/httpd.conf:81 AH00558: httpd: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using 127.0.1.1. Set the 'ServerName' directive globally to suppress this message root@ubuntu:/chroot/httpd/etc# netstat -antu Active Internet connections (servers and established) Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:80 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN But at the end of part "Chrooting the server" i have always the same problem. When i try to start apache2 in chroot i have always this error : root@ubuntu:/chroot/httpd/etc# chroot /chroot/httpd /usr/local/apache2/bin/apachectl chroot: failed to run command `/usr/local/apache2/bin/apachectl': No such file or directory however my apachectl file exist : root@ubuntu:/chroot/httpd/etc# ls -l /chroot/httpd/usr/local/apache2/bin/apachectl -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 3437 Oct 29 02:28 /chroot/httpd/usr/local/apache2/bin/apachectl when I use strace to debug, there are errors with coreutils.mo and libc.mo : root@ubuntu:/chroot/httpd/etc# chroot /chroot/httpd /usr/local/apache2/bin/httpd group hosts nsswitch.conf passwd passwords resolv.conf root@ubuntu:/chroot/httpd/etc# strace chroot /chroot/httpd /usr/local/apache2/bin/apachectl execve("/usr/sbin/chroot", ["chroot", "/chroot/httpd", "/usr/local/apache2/bin/apachectl"], [/* 18 vars */]) = 0 brk(0) = 0x1e46000 access("/etc/ld.so.nohwcap", F_OK) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) mmap(NULL, 8192, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7fe89563b000 access("/etc/ld.so.preload", R_OK) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/etc/ld.so.cache", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3 fstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=18263, ...}) = 0 mmap(NULL, 18263, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, 3, 0) = 0x7fe895636000 close(3) = 0 access("/etc/ld.so.nohwcap", F_OK) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3 read(3, "\177ELF\2\1\1\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\3\0>\0\1\0\0\0\200\30\2\0\0\0\0\0"..., 832) = 832 fstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0755, st_size=1815224, ...}) = 0 mmap(NULL, 3929304, PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0) = 0x7fe89505b000 mprotect(0x7fe895210000, 2097152, PROT_NONE) = 0 mmap(0x7fe895410000, 24576, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0x1b5000) = 0x7fe895410000 mmap(0x7fe895416000, 17624, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7fe895416000 close(3) = 0 mmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7fe895635000 mmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7fe895634000 mmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7fe895633000 arch_prctl(ARCH_SET_FS, 0x7fe895634700) = 0 mprotect(0x7fe895410000, 16384, PROT_READ) = 0 mprotect(0x606000, 4096, PROT_READ) = 0 mprotect(0x7fe89563d000, 4096, PROT_READ) = 0 munmap(0x7fe895636000, 18263) = 0 brk(0) = 0x1e46000 brk(0x1e67000) = 0x1e67000 open("/usr/lib/locale/locale-archive", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3 fstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=2919792, ...}) = 0 mmap(NULL, 2919792, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, 3, 0) = 0x7fe894d92000 close(3) = 0 chroot("/chroot/httpd") = 0 chdir("/") = 0 execve("/usr/local/apache2/bin/apachectl", ["/usr/local/apache2/bin/apachectl"], [/* 18 vars */]) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/usr/share/locale/locale.alias", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/usr/share/locale/en_US.UTF-8/LC_MESSAGES/coreutils.mo", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/usr/share/locale/en_US.utf8/LC_MESSAGES/coreutils.mo", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/usr/share/locale/en_US/LC_MESSAGES/coreutils.mo", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/usr/share/locale/en.UTF-8/LC_MESSAGES/coreutils.mo", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/usr/share/locale/en.utf8/LC_MESSAGES/coreutils.mo", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/usr/share/locale/en/LC_MESSAGES/coreutils.mo", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/usr/share/locale-langpack/en_US.UTF-8/LC_MESSAGES/coreutils.mo", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/usr/share/locale-langpack/en_US.utf8/LC_MESSAGES/coreutils.mo", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/usr/share/locale-langpack/en_US/LC_MESSAGES/coreutils.mo", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/usr/share/locale-langpack/en.UTF-8/LC_MESSAGES/coreutils.mo", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/usr/share/locale-langpack/en.utf8/LC_MESSAGES/coreutils.mo", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/usr/share/locale-langpack/en/LC_MESSAGES/coreutils.mo", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) write(2, "chroot: ", 8chroot: ) = 8 write(2, "failed to run command `/usr/loca"..., 56failed to run command `/usr/local/apache2/bin/apachectl') = 56 open("/usr/share/locale/en_US.UTF-8/LC_MESSAGES/libc.mo", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/usr/share/locale/en_US.utf8/LC_MESSAGES/libc.mo", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/usr/share/locale/en_US/LC_MESSAGES/libc.mo", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/usr/share/locale/en.UTF-8/LC_MESSAGES/libc.mo", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/usr/share/locale/en.utf8/LC_MESSAGES/libc.mo", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/usr/share/locale/en/LC_MESSAGES/libc.mo", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/usr/share/locale-langpack/en_US.UTF-8/LC_MESSAGES/libc.mo", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/usr/share/locale-langpack/en_US.utf8/LC_MESSAGES/libc.mo", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/usr/share/locale-langpack/en_US/LC_MESSAGES/libc.mo", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/usr/share/locale-langpack/en.UTF-8/LC_MESSAGES/libc.mo", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/usr/share/locale-langpack/en.utf8/LC_MESSAGES/libc.mo", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/usr/share/locale-langpack/en/LC_MESSAGES/libc.mo", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) write(2, ": No such file or directory", 27: No such file or directory) = 27 write(2, "\n", 1 ) = 1 close(1) = 0 close(2) = 0 exit_group(127) = ? using the tutorial I did not find and copie libraries following on my server. I suppose there is no link with coreutils.mo and libc.mo : /usr/libexec/ld-elf.so.1 /var/run/ld-elf.so.hints I don't understand what files i forgot to copy in my chroot environment to be able to start my apache2. Any ideas ?

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  • OpenGL extension vs OpenGL core

    - by user209347
    I was doubting: I'm writing a cross-platform engine OpenGL C++, I figured out windows forces the developers to access OpenGL features above 1.1 through extensions. Now the thing is, on Linux, I know that I can directly access functions if the version supports it through glext.h and opengl version. The problem is that if on Linux, the core doesn't support it, is it possible there is an extensions that supports the same functionality, in my case vertex buffer objects? I'm doing something like this: Windows: (hashdeck) define glFunction functionpointer_to_the_extension (apparently the layout changes font size if I use #) Linux: Since glext already defined glFunction, I can write in client code glFunction, and compile it both on Windows AND Linux without changing a single line in my client code using the engine (my goal). Now the thing is, I saw a tutorial use only the extension on Linux, and not checking for the opengl implementation version. If the functionality is available in the core, is it also available as extension (VBO's e.g.)? Or is an extension something you never know is available? I want to write an engine that gets all the possibilities on hardware, so I need to check (on Linux) for extensions as well as core version for possible functionality implementation.

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  • Enum.HasFlag method in C# 4.0

    - by Jalpesh P. Vadgama
    Enums in dot net programming is a great facility and we all used it to increase code readability. In earlier version of .NET framework we don’t have any method anything that will check whether a value is assigned to it or not. In C# 4.0 we have new static method called HasFlag which will check that particular value is assigned or not. Let’s take an example for that. First I have created a enum called PaymentType which could have two values Credit Card or Debit Card. Just like following. public enum PaymentType { DebitCard=1, CreditCard=2 } Now We are going to assigned one of the value to this enum instance and then with the help of HasFlag method we are going to check whether particular value is assigned to enum or not like following. protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e) { PaymentType paymentType = PaymentType.CreditCard; if (paymentType.HasFlag(PaymentType.DebitCard)) { Response.Write("Process Debit Card"); } if (paymentType.HasFlag(PaymentType.CreditCard)) { Response.Write("Process Credit Card"); } } Now Let’s check out in browser as following. As expected it will print process Credit Card as we have assigned that value to enum. That’s it It’s so simple and cool. Stay tuned for more.. Happy Programming.. Technorati Tags: Enum,C#4.0,ASP.NET 4.0

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  • MVP Summit 2011 summary and thoughts: The &ldquo;I hope I don&rsquo;t cross a line and lose my MVP status&rdquo; post

    - by George Clingerman
    I've been wanting to write this post summarizing my thoughts about the MVP summit but have been dragging my feet since it's a very difficult one to write. However seeing Andy (http://forums.create.msdn.com/forums/t/77625.aspx) and Catalin (http://www.catalinzima.com/2011/03/mvp-summit-2011/) and Chris (http://geekswithblogs.net/cwilliams/archive/2011/03/07/144229.aspx) post about it has encouraged me to finally take the plunge. I'm going to have to write carefully though because I'm going to be dancing around a ton of NDA mine fields as well as having to walk the tight-rope of not sending the wrong message or having people read too much into what I'm saying. I want to note that most of what I'm about to say is just based on my observations, they're not thoughts that Microsoft has asked me to pass along and they're not things I heard Microsoft say. It's just me sharing what I think after going to the MVP summit. Let's start off with a short imaginary question and answer session.     Has the App Hub forums and XBLIG management been rather poor by Microsoft? Yes.     Do I think we're going to see changes to that overnight? No.     Will it continue to look bad from the outside? Somewhat. Confusing right? Well that's kind of how things are right now. Lots of confusion. XNA is doing AWESOME. Like, really, really awesome. As a result of that awesomeness, XNA is on three major platforms: Xbox 360, WP7 and PC. This means that internally Microsoft is really excited and invested in the technology. That's fantastic for XNA and really should show you the future the framework has. It's here to stay. So why are Xbox LIVE Indie Game developers feeling so much pain? The ironic thing is that pain is being caused by the success of XNA. When XNA was just a small thing, there was more freedom and more focus. It was just us and them. We were an only child. Now our family has grown and everyone has and wants some time with XNA. This gets XNA pulled in all directions and as it moves onto new platforms, it plays catch up trying to get those platforms up to speed to where Xbox LIVE Indie Games has grown. Forums, documentation, educational content. They all need to be there because Xbox LIVE Indie Games has all of that and more. Along with the catch up in features/documentation/awesomeness there's the catch up that the people on the team have to play. New platforms and new areas of development mean new players and those new guys don't have the history of being around from the beginning. This leads to a lack of understanding at times just how important some things are because they seem so small and insignificant (Rich Text defaulting for new forum profiles would be one things that jumps to mind). If you're not aware that the forums have become more than just a basic Q&A, if you're not aware that they're a central hub to a very active community, then you don't understand why that small change should be prioritized over something else. New people have to get caught up and figure out how to make a framework and central forum site work for everyone it's now serving. So yeah, a lot of our pain this last year has been simply that XNA is doing well and XBLIG is doing well so the focus was shifted to catch other things up. It hurts when a parent seems to not have any time for you and they're spending some much time with your new baby brother. Growing pains. All families and in our case our product family experience it to some degree. I think as WP7 matures we'll see the team figuring out how to give everyone the right amount of attention. While we're talking about some of our growing pains, it is also important to note (although not really an excuse) that the Xbox LIVE Arcade developers complain about many of the same things that we do. If you paid attention to talks and information coming out of GDC 2011, most of the the XBLA guys were saying things that sounded eerily similar to what the XBLIG developers are saying (Scott Nichols from GayGamer.net noticed http://twitter.com/#!/NaviFairyGG/status/43540379206811650). Does this mean we should just accept the status quo since we're being treated exactly the same? No way. However it DOES show that the way we're being treated is no indication of the stability and future of the platform, it's just Microsoft dropping the communication ball on two playing fields. We're not alone and we're not even being treated worse. Not great, but also in a weird way a very good sign. Now on to a few tidbits I think I CAN share from the summit (I'm really crossing my fingers I'm not stepping over some NDA line I shouldn't be). First, I discovered that the XBLIG user base is bigger than I personally had originally estimated. I won't give the exact numbers (although we did beg Microsoft to release some of these numbers so maybe someday?) but it was much larger than my original guestimates and I was pleasantly surprised. Maybe some of you guys had the right number when you were guessing, but I know that mine was much too low. And even MORE importantly the number of users/shoppers is growing at a steady pace as well. Our market is growing! That was fantastic news and really something that I had to share. On to the community manager discussion. It was mentioned. I was mentioned. I blushed. Nothing more to report there than the blush in my cheeks was a light crimson color. If I ever see a job description posted for that position I have a resume waiting in the wings. I can't deny that I think that would be my dream job... ...so after I finished blushing, the MVPs did make it very, very clear that the communication has to improve. Community manager or not the single biggest pain point with the Xbox LIVE Indie Game community has been a lack of communication. I have seen dramatic improvement in the team responding to MVPs and I'm even seeing more communication from them on the forums so I'm hoping that's a long term change. I really think they understood the issue, the problem remains how to open that communication channel in a way that was sustainable. I think they'll get it figured out and hopefully that's sooner rather than later. During the summit, you may have seen me tweeting about how I was "that guy" (http://twitter.com/#!/clingermangw/status/42740432471470081). You also may have noticed that Andy and Catalin both mentioned me in their summit write ups. I may have come on a bit strong while I was there...went a little out of character for myself. I've been agitated for a while with the way things have been and I've been listening to you guys and hearing you guys be agitated. I'm also watching some really awesome indie game developers looking elsewhere and leaving the platform. Some of them we might not have been able to keep even with changes, but others are only leaving because of perceptions and lack of communication from Microsoft. And that pisses me off. And I let Microsoft know that I was pissed off. You made your list and I took that list and verbalized it. I verbalized the hell out of it. [It was actually mentioned that I'm a lot nicer on the forums and in email than I am in person...I felt bad about that, but I couldn't stay silent]. Hopefully it did something guys, I really did try hard to get the message across. Along with my agitation, I also brought some pride. I mentioned several things in person to the team that I was particularly proud of. From people in the community that are doing an awesome job, to the re-launch of XboxIndies that was going on that week and even gamers like Steven Hurdle (http://writingsofmassdeduction.com/) who have purchased one XBLIG every day for over 100 days now. The community is freaking rocking it and I made sure to highlight that. So in conclusion, I'd just like to say hang in there (you know, like that picture of the cat). If you've been worried about investing in Xbox LIVE Indie Games because you think it's on shaky ground. It's not. Dream Build Play being about the Xbox 360 should have helped a little to point that out. The team is really scrambling around trying to figure things out and make improvements all around. There’s quite a few new gals and guys and it's going to take them time to catch up and there are a lot of constantly shifting priorities. We all have one toy, one team and we're fighting for time with it. It's also time for the community to continue spreading our wings and going out on our own more often. The Indie Game Winter Uprising was a fantastic example of that. We took things into our own hands and it got noticed and Microsoft got behind it. They do every time we stand up and do something (look at how many Microsoft employees tweeted, wrote about the re-launch of XboxIndies.com or the support I've gotten from them for my weekly XNA Notes). XNA is here to stay, it's time for us to stop being scared of that and figure out how to make our own games the successes they should be. There's definitely a list of things that need to be fixed, things that should be improved and I think we should definitely keep vocal about that with Microsoft. Keep it short, focused and prioritized. There's also a lot of things we can do ourselves while we're waiting on them to fix and change things. Lots of ways we can compensate for particular weaknesses in the channel. The kind of stuff that we can step up and do ourselves. Do it on our own, you know, the way Indies always do. And I'm really looking forward to watching us do just that.

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  • Html Agility Pack for Reading “Real World” HTML

    - by WeigeltRo
    In an ideal world, all data you need from the web would be available via well-designed services. In the real world you sometimes have to scrape the data off a web page. Ugly, dirty – but if you really want that data, you have no choice. Just don’t write (yet another) HTML parser. I stumbled across the Html Agility Pack (HAP) a long time ago, but just now had the need for a robust way to read HTML. A quote from the website: This is an agile HTML parser that builds a read/write DOM and supports plain XPATH or XSLT (you actually don't HAVE to understand XPATH nor XSLT to use it, don't worry...). It is a .NET code library that allows you to parse "out of the web" HTML files. The parser is very tolerant with "real world" malformed HTML. The object model is very similar to what proposes System.Xml, but for HTML documents (or streams). Using the HAP was a simple matter of getting the Nuget package, taking a look at the example and dusting off some of my XPath knowledge from years ago. The documentation on the Codeplex site is non-existing, but if you’ve queried a DOM or used XPath or XSLT before you shouldn’t have problems finding your way around using Intellisense (ReSharper tip: Press Ctrl+Shift+F1 on class members for reading the full doc comments).

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  • Z axis in isometric tilemap

    - by gyhgowvi
    I'm experimenting with isometric tile maps in JavaScript and HTML5 Canvas. I'm storing tile map data in JavaScript 2D array. // 0 - Grass // 1 - Dirt // ... var mapData = [ [0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 1, 0, 0, ... ] and draw for(var i = 0; i < mapData.length; i++) { for(var j = 0; j < mapData[i].length; j++) { var p = iso2screen(i, j, 0); // X, Y, Z context.drawImage(tileArray[mapData[i][j]], p.x, p.y); } } but this function mean's all tile Z axis is equal to zero. var p = iso2screen(i, j, 0); Maybe anyone have idea and how to do something like mapData[0][0] Z axis equal to 3 mapData[5][5] Z axis equal to 5? I have idea: Write function for grass, dirt and store this function to 2D array and draw and later mapData[0][0].setZ(3); But it is good idea to write functions for each tiles?

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