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• Recommended drive encryption solution

  - by Chris Driver

  Hello, I will soon be purchasing a number of laptops running Windows 7 for our mobile staff. Due to the nature of our business I will need drive encryption. Windows BitLocker seems the obvious choice, but it looks like I need to purchase either Windows 7 Enterprise or Ultimate editions to get it. Can anyone offer suggestions on the best course of action: a) Use BitLocker, bite the bullet and pay to upgrade to Enterprise/Ultimate b) Pay for another 3rd party drive encryption product that is cheaper (suggestions appreciated) c) Use a free drive encryption product such as TrueCrypt Ideally I am also interested in 'real world' experience from people who are using drive encryption software and any pitfalls to look out for. Many thanks in advance... UPDATE Decided to go with TrueCrypt for the following reasons: a) The product has a good track record b) I am not managing a large quantity of laptops so integration with Active Directory, Management consoles etc is not a huge benefit c) Although eks did make a good point about Evil Maid (EM) attacks, our data is not that desirable to consider it a major factor d) The cost (free) is a big plus but not the primary motivator The next problem I face is imaging (Acronis/Ghost/..) encrypted drives will not work unless I perform sector-by-sector imaging. That means an 80Gb encrypted partition creates an 80Gb image file :(

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• Almost All Xenserver Logical Volumes Disappeared - Recovery?

  - by Alex

  We had a hard disc crash of one of two hard discs in a software raid with a LVM on top. The server is running Citrix xenserver. On the hard disk which is still intact, the volume group gets detected well, but only one LV is left. (some hashes replaced by "x") # lvdisplay --- Logical volume --- LV Name /dev/VG_XenStorage-x-x-x-x-408b91acdcae/MGT VG Name VG_XenStorage-x-x-x-x-408b91acdcae LV UUID x-x-x-x-x-x-vQmZ6C LV Write Access read/write LV Status available # open 0 LV Size 4.00 MiB Current LE 1 Segments 1 Allocation inherit Read ahead sectors auto - currently set to 256 Block device 253:0 root@rescue ~ # vgdisplay --- Volume group --- VG Name VG_XenStorage-x-x-x-x-408b91acdcae System ID Format lvm2 Metadata Areas 1 Metadata Sequence No 4 VG Access read/write VG Status resizable MAX LV 0 Cur LV 1 Open LV 0 Max PV 0 Cur PV 1 Act PV 1 VG Size 698.62 GiB PE Size 4.00 MiB Total PE 178848 Alloc PE / Size 1 / 4.00 MiB Free PE / Size 178847 / 698.62 GiB VG UUID x-x-x-x-x-x-53w0kL I could understand if a full physical volume is lost - but why only the logical volumes? Is there any explanation for this? Is there any way to recover the logical volumes? EDIT We are here in a rescue system. The problem is that the whole server does not boot (GRUB error 22) What we are trying to do is to access the root filesystem. But everything was in the LVM. We have only this: (parted) print Model: ATA SAMSUNG HD753LJ (scsi) Disk /dev/sdb: 750GB Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B Partition Table: msdos Number Start End Size Type File system Flags 1 32.3kB 750GB 750GB primary boot, lvm And this 750GB LVM volume is exactly what we see on top. edit2 Output of vgcfgrestore, but from the rescue system, as there is no root to chroot to. # vgcfgrestore --list VG_XenStorage-x-b4b0-x-x-408b91acdcae File: /etc/lvm/archive/VG_XenStorage-x-x-x-x-408b91acdcae_00000.vg VG name: VG_XenStorage-x-x-x-x-408b91acdcae Description: Created *before* executing '/sbin/vgscan --ignorelockingfailure --mknodes' Backup Time: Fri Jun 28 23:53:20 2013 File: /etc/lvm/backup/VG_XenStorage-x-x-x-x-408b91acdcae VG name: VG_XenStorage-x-x-x-x-408b91acdcae Description: Created *after* executing '/sbin/vgscan --ignorelockingfailure --mknodes' Backup Time: Fri Jun 28 23:53:20 2013

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• problem transferring Win 7 operating system hard drive to be used as external hard drive

  - by itserich

  Win 7 Asus MA479 8GB Ram hard drives are 500GB The operating system was a Caviar Green, and I tried to exchange it for a Caviar Blue. The Caviar Blue took the install correctly, but the Green, the prior operating system hard drive, will not allow itself to be used as an external hard drive. I use TrueCrypt and tried to format the Green and it freezes each time at the very end of the encyrption of the partition. I took the Blue out of the system and tried to encrypt it, and same problem. I think there must be something on the hard drive that shows it was a system drive and it causes a conflict. I have tried writing over the system hard drive to fully erase everything but that does not work, it still freezes. The drives will work in a different pc, i.e. other pc where it never was the system drive. The external hard drive is connected esata through Thermaltake. I have used TrueCrypt on various pc's for years including this Win7 with no problem. Thank you.

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• External HDD incorrectly detected as internal - how change to enable hot swap/eject?

  - by Sam

  I have win 7 x64 Home Prem. The HDD is a seagate barracuda, 7200.7 ST3120827AS. 3.5", Serial: 3ms006n6, Firmware: 3.42 (no further updates) NexStar CX External case (drivers installed). I have three drives: WD320 with OS installed WD750 data storage (internal) seagate 120 (external) - connected via esata board connected to sata on motherboard (MSI p43 neo) Tried uninstalling HDD in device manager to no effect. Also the internal WD750 is detected as an external drive and win taskbar icon allows for it to be ejected (unlike the seagate). All drives are configured - Online, Simple, Basic, NTFS, Active, Primary Partition (except c drive). The seagate was previously used as a primary disk with XP operating system so I deleted the volume and created/reformatted (not quick). HDD is no longer "Active". But did not fix problem. Background Originally, I installed win 7 with the bios set to IDE and forgot to install the chipset drivers. Then I changed win 7 to install the AHCI drivers, changed the bios to AHCI and rebooted. Win 7 loaded drivers but WD HDD gave problems/crashed. I installed chipset drivers and latest intell storage matrix software thingie (in safe mode). Everything worked fine after that except for the problem of not corrrectly detecting the external drive] I have noticed that under the driver properties (and similarly in the registry) the two drives are configured differently (e.g. in driver details property capabilities for the WD the value is set to 0000006, CM_DEVCAP_REMOVABLE & EJECTSUPPORTED - whereas the seagate shows 0000080 & CM_DEVCAP_SURPRISEREMOVALOK). Any easy way to configure things? I tried physically swapping the sata connections on the mainboard without success So far I have found that a solution to my problem might be to perform some reg changes: How do I remove the option to eject SATA drives from the Windows 7 tray icon?

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• Resize a RAID 1 volume on OSX Snow Leopard - how? (Note: software raid)

  - by Emmel

  I've scoured the Internet in search of an answer to this question, and as usual with OSX-related topics, I often don't find any deep-dive technical explanations sufficient enough to feel confident doing dangerous things. Here is my question: I have a Mac Pro, running OSX 10.6.2. I have, as my main root/boot disk, a RAID 1 volume called "Mirror1". Mirror1 is comprised of two 1 TB disks. Mirror1, however, is fixed at 640 GB. That's because, I originally took a 640GB disk, bought a terabyte disk, mirrored it (using diskutil appleraid enable...), when it synced I removed the 640GB and replaced it with a second 1 TB disk, and synced again. Voila! A single 640 GB replaced by two 1 TB disks in a mirror.. Actually, no. There's still something missing from the equation: Mirror1 needs to be expanded from 640GB to 1 TB to match the partition sizes on each of those disks. How do I do this? Perhaps the diskutil output will help: -> diskutil list /dev/disk0 #: TYPE NAME SIZE IDENTIFIER 0: GUID_partition_scheme *1.0 TB disk0 1: EFI 209.7 MB disk0s1 2: Apple_RAID 999.9 GB disk0s2 3: Apple_Boot Boot OSX 134.2 MB disk0s3 /dev/disk1 #: TYPE NAME SIZE IDENTIFIER 0: GUID_partition_scheme *1.0 TB disk1 1: EFI 209.7 MB disk1s1 2: Apple_RAID 999.9 GB disk1s2 3: Apple_Boot Boot OSX 134.2 MB disk1s3 /dev/disk2 #: TYPE NAME SIZE IDENTIFIER 0: GUID_partition_scheme *640.1 GB disk2 1: EFI 209.7 MB disk2s1 2: Apple_HFS Mac Disk 2 536.7 GB disk2s2 3: Microsoft Basic Data BOOTCAMP 103.1 GB disk2s3 /dev/disk3 #: TYPE NAME SIZE IDENTIFIER 0: Apple_HFS Mirror1 *639.8 GB disk3 -> diskutil appleraid list AppleRAID sets (1 found) =============================================================================== Name: Macintosh HD Unique ID: 1953F864-B474-4EB6-8E69-41834EBD0247 Type: Mirror Status: Online Size: 639.8 GB (639791038464 Bytes) Rebuild: manual Device Node: disk3 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- # Device Node UUID Status ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 0 disk1s2 25109BAE-5697-40EA-B612-0217851444F7 Online 1 disk0s2 11B83AB0-8148-4DB6-8761-DEF08C855F8D Online =============================================================================== Thanks in advance.

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• KVM Hosting: How to efficiently replicate guests

  - by javano

  I have three KVM servers each with 1 guest VM, running directly on it's local storage, (so they are essentially getting a dedicated box worth of computing power each). In the event of a host failure I would like the guests replicated to at least one of the other hosts so I can spin it up there, until the failing host is fixed. I am curious about KVM cloning. I can clone a VM live or when it's suspended/shutdown. Obivously suspended VMs will naturally be quicker to clone but these three VMs comprise three parts of a single solution, so I don't want to ever have any one of them shutdown. How can I efficiently clone these VMs between servers? I have had a couple of ideas, but are these insane or, is there a better method I have missed for my scenario? Set up a DRDB partition between box 1 and 2 where VM 1 runs from, and so is replicated between box1 and box 2, repeat between box 2 & 3, and box 3 & 1 (This could be insane, I have never used DRDB only read about it) Just use standard KVM CLI clone options to perform live clones (I'm dubious about this because I don't know how long it will take and what the performance impact will be during) Run a copy of each VM on at least one other host, and have the guest on one host export it's data to the matching guest on another host where it can import that data, scripting this on the guest) Some of other way? Ideas welcome! Side Note These servers have 4x15k SAS drives in a RAID 10 so they aren't rocketing fast, and as I mentioned, each VM runs from the host's local storage, no NAS or SAN etc. So that is why I am asking this question about guest replication. Also, this isn't about disaster recovery. Guests will be exporting their data to a NAS over a VPN, so I am looking at how I can have them quickly spun up in a host failure situation.

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• Trouble getting started with the STEALTH monitoring package

  - by dlanced

  Is anyone here familiar with the Linux-based STEALTH package (for monitoring FS integrity of client systems)? I'm trying to get started with a very simple configuration, but I'm running into trouble (this is running under Ubuntu 14.04): Config line `USE BASE/root/stealth/10.0.0.79' invalid STEALTH (2.11.02) started at Fri, 30 May 2014 15:25:00 +0000 Program terminated due to non-zero exit value for -type f -exec /usr/bin/sha1sum {} \; (EOC Fri May 30 15:25:00 2014 127) Stealth is creating a binary tmp file in the Stealth server root and generating a "report" file in the start directory, but not much else. Regarding the "USE BASE...invalid" error, and just to be sure, I manually created the directories in /root, but it didn't help. And, by the way, I am running stealth with sudo. Everything seems to be configured correctly: I'm able to ssh into root@client from the stealth machine without a password Here's my "policy" file (I've removed the email directives just for simplicity): DEFINE SSHCMD /usr/bin/ssh [email protected] -T -q exec /bin/bash --noprofile DEFINE EXECSHA1 -xdev -perm +u+s,g+s ( -user root -or -group root ) \ -type f -exec /usr/bin/sha1sum {} \; USE BASE/root/stealth/10.0.0.79 USE SSH ${SSHCMD} USE DD /bin/dd USE DIFF /usr/bin/diff USE PIDFILE /var/run/stealth- USE REPORT report USE SH /bin/sh GET /usr/bin/sha1sum /root/tmp LABEL \nchecking the client's /usr/bin/find program CHECK LOG = remote/binfind /usr/bin/sha1sum /usr/bin/find LABEL \nsuid/sgid/executable files uid or gid root on the / partition CHECK LOG = remote/setuidgid /usr/bin/find / ${EXECSHA1} LABEL \nconfiguration files under /etc CHECK LOG = remote/etcfiles \ /usr/bin/find /etc -type f -not -perm /6111 \ -not -regex "/etc/(adjtime\|mtab)"\ -exec /usr/bin/sha1sum {} \; Any ideas? Thanks,

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• How can I add a second hard drive to a previously configured UEFI/ACHI Windows 8 machine?

  - by pflyer

  Recently purchased a new Windows 8 PC. It came with one hard drive. I want to a second hard drive to it. This second hard drive is my data hard drive from my previous computer. However, I have run into issues when the system accesses it. The drive is found in the BIOS. But is not seen by Explorer or Disk Management. I have added the drive to the next available SATA slot: SATA 2. The machine is a UEFI/ACHI based machine. In my reading I have found people documenting the following: 1) adding multiple partitioned hard drives (like mine is) to UEFI based machines is not possible 2) I have seen it suggested that you can only add blank hard drives to UEFI based machines. However, in doing so, I did not have success. I tried to add it as a hard drive with unallocated space and then as a hard drive with a single simple partition. Both attempts failed. My ultimate question: What is the proper procedure for adding a second hard drive to a UEFI/ACHI machine? I do not want to reinstall the OS and start from scratch as I have seen suggested elsewhere. There has to be a way to accomplish this without all that hassle. Thanks in advance for your help.

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• OS X won't boot up unless I hold down option key

  - by Gazzer

  I have a strange issue on an early 2008 Mac Pro running OS 10.6: if I restart the computer it restarts normally if I shutdown and boot, it stops at the grey screen just before the boot process if I shutdown and boot but hold down the option key, I can select the boot disk and all is good. I've just cloned the disk, and the same thing happens. The disk is a SAMSUNG HD154UI The disk is partitioned (the second partition holds a clone of the Snow Leopard Install disk) One weird thing on the original disk was one of the partitions said 'EFI Boot' in a non-aliased font rather than the name of the disk when the disks are listed upon holding down option. Solution: it seems that there was a problem with the disk. Part of the difficulty in finding the solution was that you need to remove the disk from the computer completely. For example, a good disk in Bay 3, wouldn't boot up if the bad disk was in Bay 2. So for ages I thought the problem was hardware related in Bay 3. So if you think you have a dodgy disk remove it totally if you are testing the hardware with a 'clean' disk. Cleaning the PRAM helped to get the new disk to work too.

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• Backup data from RAID 1 disk out of its server

  - by Doomsday

  I'm facing with a pretty easy problem in my opinion. I've extracted a working disk from a RAID1 and I'm looking to copy only data (FS and RAID configuration doesn't matter) into another location (another FS). My problem is I'm not able to mount properly this disk into another linux. I've first looked the partition table : # fdisk -l /dev/sdc Disk /dev/sdc: 640.1 GB, 640135028736 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 77825 cylinders, total 1250263728 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdc1 63 1249535699 624767818+ fd Linux raid autodetect /dev/sdc2 1249535700 1250017649 240975 fd Linux raid autodetect /dev/sdc3 1250017650 1250258624 120487+ 82 Linux swap / Solaris I've understood I should use dmraid tools. Once installed : # cat /proc/mdstat Personalities : md0 : inactive sdc1[1](S) 624767744 blocks unused devices: <none> And some other informations : # mdadm --examine /dev/sdc1 /dev/sdc1: Magic : a92b4efc Version : 0.90.00 UUID : 8f292f54:7e5aef72:7e5ab5fd:b348fd05 Creation Time : Mon Jun 2 03:39:41 2008 Raid Level : raid1 Used Dev Size : 624767744 (595.82 GiB 639.76 GB) Array Size : 624767744 (595.82 GiB 639.76 GB) Raid Devices : 2 Total Devices : 2 Preferred Minor : 0 Update Time : Tue Feb 7 22:34:59 2012 State : clean Active Devices : 2 Working Devices : 2 Failed Devices : 0 Spare Devices : 0 Checksum : a505b324 - correct Events : 15148 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State this 1 8 1 1 active sync /dev/sda1 0 0 8 17 0 active sync /dev/sdb1 1 1 8 1 1 active sync /dev/sda1 From here, I've tried to mount but I'm not comfortable with dmtools and how it's working. # mount /dev/sdc1 /mnt/sdc1 mount: unknown filesystem type 'linux_raid_member' # mount /dev/md0 /mnt/sdc1 mount: /dev/md0: can't read superblock I've seen some options to alter RAID array with mdadm but I only want to copy data on its filesystem before wiping them... Anyone has a clue ?

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• FreeNAS pool configuration - RAID1 + other drives

  - by trnelson

  Simple questions, really. I found this answer with a similar setup, but not sure it answers my question. If it does, I'm curious why since the answer seems a bit unsure: ZFS Hard Drive Configuration in FreeNAS I'm building a server which will be used primarily for backup, plus some media streaming, possibly with Plex. I seem to understand most everything I need, but I'm still a bit confused on how pools work, and how to configure them for my scenario. I will have 2x 2TB WD Red drives, which I plan on using in a mirrored set up (RAID1). This would be for backup, and I'd also like to do offsite backup to my CrashPlan account from this array. I also have a few other drives: 1.5TB, 320GB, 250GB. I'm not sure exactly what to do with them yet, but looking for options. FreeNAS OS will be running from a 16GB USB Flash drive. Would it be wise to use the 1.5TB as a backup-backup, essentially as a mirror or perhaps for snapshots of the 2TB RAID1? I'm still learning about snapshots. Should the 2TB mirrored drives be in their own pool? Should the other drives be set up in their own pools as well, or should they be JBOD in a single pool? They may or may not get much use since the 2TB array is plenty for me. Does a dataset basically mimic the idea of a partition or a network share? In other words, I would map \SERVER\Share to X: on my laptop? Let's say I wanted to use the 250GB drive as an encrypted drive to store all of my cat pictures. Would it have to be in its own pool? If I use jails apps, should they go in the backup RAID1, or in another place? Thank you!

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• GRUB having problems with my sda1 UUID

  - by Igoru

  I was having trouble trying to setup triple boot on my computer... (Take a look at this thread if you think it would help). I ended up by having a GRUB menu that has Ubuntu entries and "Windows" entry, that calls an EasyBCD menu to choose between Windows 7 and XP. Everything would be fine if, only if, GRUB was set up correctly. I can't find why, but it throws me this when I try to open Ubuntu: I've already tried to remove the menu.lst and do a grub-update, and a grub-install too. I tried to create a symlink to /dev/sda1 at /dev/disk/by-uuid/<<uuid that is there>>, just like the other UUIDs that were there... But I couldn't find that symlink at that busybox that opened when it thrown me the error. Any ideas? [UPDATE] This is the GRUB entry with problems: title Ubuntu 9.04, kernel 2.6.28-15-generic uuid b1ed36e5-4d84-4eb8-86ef-6f1135ffc238 kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.28-15-generic root=UUID=b1ed36e5-4d84-4eb8-86ef-6f1135ffc238 ro quiet splash initrd /boot/initrd.img-2.6.28-15-generic quiet And this my /dev/disk/by-uuid folder: 04DCBCFBDCBCE856 - ../../sdb1 (NTFS backup disk) 4434E77734E769FE - ../../sda4 (NTFS WinXP) ACB09F0DB09EDCE0 - ../../sda2 (NTFS Win7) b5311be8-a853-4fdd-aed5-d65974b3c0c4 - ../../sda5 (EXT4 home) C04B-4D97 - ../../sdc (FAT32 live-pendrive from which i'm running) D28447F68447DB9B - ../../sda6 (NTFS files partition) e0e88f38-d815-423a-9d5e-64b9c74a8b92 - ../../sda7 (swap)

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• Drive letter not appearing after heat-related crash

  - by NickAldwin

  I recently had my old PC (has 3 physical hard drives partitioned into 6 partitions) off while on vacation. When I came back, I turned it on. I hadn't realized the room was warmer than it usually is due to hot weather while I was away. The computer was extremely slow to start up, then it crashed. When i rebooted, it got halfway through chkdsk on one of the non-system partitions, then crashed again. I opened it up and felt the hard drives and immediately shut down the computer and moved it to my basement to cool down because it was so hot. I left it there for a length of time while I reinstalled the A/C. I have now turned it on again. It is working fine, and every drive except for the one with the partition that was being checked has appeared in Windows. I scheduled chkdsk for all of the other partitions anyway, just in case, but I'm worried about that drive. I'm pretty sure the drive itself hasn't broken but that crashing in the middle of a chkdsk repair may have corrupted the data. What would you do in this situation? Most of the data on that drive was backed up, so it's not a huge deal if I lost it, but I'd like to get it back if I could. I also would love to regain usability of the drive, even if I have to wipe it -- but that's a last-resort sort of thing. What do you suggest I do?

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• Having trouble with a workaround, for booting from a usb stick, using grub and a minimal linux kernel to load usb drivers

  - by s hanley

  I'm trying to boot from a usb stick. I formatted it to fat32, and later to ext2, and installed dsl on it using unetbootin, and later the usb install guide on dsl wiki (http://www.damnsmalllinux.org/wiki/index.php/Install_to_USB_From_within_Linux). The bios doesn't have a setting for booting from usb. Grub doesn't "see" the usb drive when I use the root and find commands, explained in (http://www.damnsmalllinux.org/wiki/index.php/USB_Booting). This happens even when I set boot from floppy at the top of the boot order. However, my usb keyboard is recognised by the bios and by grub. How can it recognise the keyboard but not the usb drive? Also, the usb led does flash even before grub starts up, so surely something must be happening usb-wise? I am now following an ubuntu guide to booting from a USB stick, using a hdd-based, minimal linux kernel to supply the usb drivers. But I'm having difficulty adapting it to other OSes (slax/dsl/aptosid). I believe I have to alter the initrd.gz file to include usb drivers and then copy that file along with vmlinuz to a partition on my hdd. But, what's the grub command for the kernel line supposed to look like? From the ubuntu example it's: title USB FLASH DRIVE root (hd0,6) kernel /boot/usb-boot/vmlinuz file=/cdrom/preseed/ubuntu.seed boot=casper noprompt cdrom-detect/try-usb=true persistent initrd /boot/usb-boot/initrd.lz boot Should mine just be: title USB FLASH DRIVE root (hd0,6) kernel /boot/usb-boot/vmlinuz cdrom-detect/try-usb=true initrd /boot/usb-boot/initrd.lz boot

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• A very peculiar problem with an old pc and a newer laptop...

  - by user553492

  I got my old pc ( 248mb ram , 80 GB ) repaired and the tech people put XP in it .My newer laptop has UBUNTU 10.04 .now I only have one cable and one usb cord .So I connected my modem (with only one CAT5 port and 4 usb ports ) to laptop with CAT5 cable .Th internet is working fine . I also wanted to use net on older pc so I installed the usb drivers for win and it worked. But I got fed up of win xp and made a separate partition for FreeBSD which I planned to install .During the install I screwd up sumthing and now freebsd starts with a boot option with a ? mark in place of win xp .If I click on that it gives me a "NTLDR missing " msg. I tried connecting CAT5 cable between old and new pc and tried connecting my laptop with USB cable but nothing happend and then I realozed the modem doesnt have a WORKING usb driver for LINUX :( .FCUK ! .Freebsd doesnt` even detect the LAN cable if I use it for old pc . So basically I have a old pc that has FREEBSD which I can olny start and stare at the blank terminal console but works perfectly otherwise .FREEBSD was supposed to detect the LAN cable ??.And I have a laptop that has LINUX which only works if I connect it with a CAT5 cable .wtf . So what can I do with my old pc ??? any local server (if possible :( ) or some such thing ? or can u suggest any use .Im 18 and im into learning programming , coding .So I can practice it .Thankx !

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• How to reinstall bootloader after migration to SSD

  - by hijarian

  I must say, it was difficult to name this question. Basically, I need to properly reinstall the bootloader on my system, because I already have the working system disks for my OSes. The long story is this: I had the large slow HDD with Windows7 & Debian Wheezy dual-boot on it, perfectly bootable. Then, I ordered the SSD drive and prepared my system partitions to fit onto the much smaller SSD. I wanted the following schema: 128 GB Windows 24 GB / on Debian 86 GB /home on Debian Strange size for /home because there's no such thing as true 256GB disk drive. So, I've prepared such a partitions on my initial HDD and installed the new SSD and then I loaded the GParted live USB (can't remember now how it was really named), and then just copypasted the partitions from HDD to SSD. So, now I have the following partitions across the physical disks: SSD 128 GB copy of original Windows partition 24 GB copy of presumably Debian / 86 GB copy of presumably Debian /home HDD 128 GB Windows 24 GB / on Debian 86 GB /home on Debian ... several other partitions with non-system data ... And the behavior of the system right after the Ctrl+C, Ctrl+V in GParted was as follows: no GRUB, system boots right into the Windows on HDD. In BIOS settings are to boot from SSD first. I managed to create the Debian Testing installation USB and loaded it into the rescue mode, found that it identified my SSD as /dev/sda and installed the GRUB to the /dev/sda. Now my system loads the GRUB which lists both Windows and Debian. From HDD. So, I am now back into initial position. Please, how I should set up the GRUB so it'll load the OSes correctly from SSD? Should I fire up my Debian, fiddle with the GRUB's config and reinstall it again to the same place (at SSD)?

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• Decrease in disk performance after partitioning and encryption, is this much of a drop normal?

  - by Biohazard

  I have a server that I only have remote access to. Earlier in the week I repartitioned the 2 disk raid as follows: Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/sda1_crypt 363G 1.8G 343G 1% / tmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /lib/init/rw udev 2.0G 140K 2.0G 1% /dev tmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /dev/shm /dev/sda5 461M 26M 412M 6% /boot /dev/sda7 179G 8.6G 162G 6% /data The raid consists of 2 x 300gb SAS 15k disks. Prior to the changes I made, it was being used as a single unencrypted root parition and hdparm -t /dev/sda was giving readings around 240mb/s, which I still get if I do it now: /dev/sda: Timing buffered disk reads: 730 MB in 3.00 seconds = 243.06 MB/sec Since the repartition and encryption, I get the following on the separate partitions: Unencrypted /dev/sda7: /dev/sda7: Timing buffered disk reads: 540 MB in 3.00 seconds = 179.78 MB/sec Unencrypted /dev/sda5: /dev/sda5: Timing buffered disk reads: 476 MB in 2.55 seconds = 186.86 MB/sec Encrypted /dev/mapper/sda1_crypt: /dev/mapper/sda1_crypt: Timing buffered disk reads: 150 MB in 3.03 seconds = 49.54 MB/sec I expected a drop in performance on the encrypted partition, but not that much, but I didn't expect I would get a drop in performance on the other partitions at all. The other hardware in the server is: 2 x Quad Core Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5405 @ 2.00GHz and 4gb RAM $ cat /proc/scsi/scsi Attached devices: Host: scsi0 Channel: 00 Id: 32 Lun: 00 Vendor: DP Model: BACKPLANE Rev: 1.05 Type: Enclosure ANSI SCSI revision: 05 Host: scsi0 Channel: 02 Id: 00 Lun: 00 Vendor: DELL Model: PERC 6/i Rev: 1.11 Type: Direct-Access ANSI SCSI revision: 05 Host: scsi1 Channel: 00 Id: 00 Lun: 00 Vendor: HL-DT-ST Model: CD-ROM GCR-8240N Rev: 1.10 Type: CD-ROM ANSI SCSI revision: 05 I'm guessing this means the server has a PERC 6/i RAID controller? The encryption was done with default settings during debian 6 installation. I can't recall the exact specifics and am not sure how I go about finding them? Thanks

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• Is it a good Idea to switch to a SSD to use less battery?

  - by Walter Maier-Murdnelch

  I am thinking of buying a SSD for my laptop, mainly for the purpose of extended operating time when running on battery. At the moment I use a Hitachi HTS545032B9A300 (320GB) (Datasheet) as main drive and a Seagate Momentus 5400.3 120GB as secondary drive. I dualboot Windows and Linux but I don't need the windows partition any longer, a 120GB SDD would be more than sufficient space-wise. Speed is not an issue for me, I make heavy use of tmpfs (ramdrive) within Linux and transfers of bigger files are mainly through some network filesystem anyways, thus a cheaper SSD should do. For the purpose of comparison I chose the OCZ Vertex Plus 120GB. Power consumption always is a big promotional thing the industry uses to make me want to buy their SSDs, some sheet on the OCZ page provides an astonishing comparison of desktop HDDS and SSDs. The numbers I got comparing my laptop HDD and their SSD were not really astonishing any longer. Hitachi 320GB HDD: Startup (W, peak, max.) 4.5 Seek (W, avg.) 1.7 Read / Write (W, avg.) 1.4 Performance idle (W, avg.) 1.3 Active idle (W, avg.) 0.8 Low power idle (W, avg.) 0.5 Standby (W, avg.) 0.2 Sleep 0.1 OCZ 120GB SSD: 1.5W active 0.3W standby I see that there are differences, but actually they don't seem that high as I though they were. And compared to the power consuption of the rest of my system I wonder if it makes a difference at all. Have I just taken the wrong look at the whole thing or may I be better off to buy another battery for my laptop?

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• How can I boot from .iso images stored on the harddrive ?

  - by user29701

  I want to put a .iso file of a bootable linux CD on the harddrive of my computer. I want to have it boot using grub (or lilo), and have it boot from the .iso file as if the .iso was a real CD in the CDROM drive. Here is a page that makes reference to doing this, but instead of a .iso file it is a .img file of a floppy or a whole harddisk installation: http://grub4dos.sourceforge.net/wiki/index.php/Grub4dos%5Ftutorial That page makes reference to "cdrom emulation is not supported", but I don't know if it is not supported in grub, or if what want to do is completely impossible. Apparently Epidemic Linux (and maybe Knoppix ?) have a "bootfrom" parameter: "Using the parameter “bootfrom=/partition/path” you can start Epidemic from an ISO image located anywhere on the HD without having to create a DVD. This is very handy for testing the system." (From www.epidemiclinux.org/ ) Drew P.S. I am NOT interested in installing the CD on the harddrive. If I could have a dozen .iso's on the harddrive, I would like to be able to select them from grub and boot each of them.

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• Debian Wheezy (testing) df reported volume size

  - by TheRoadrunner

  I am a bit confused about the /dev/sda* references since I installed Wheezy instead of Squeeze on a testing box. fdisk -l returns: Disk /dev/sda: 250.1 GB, 250059350016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 30401 cylinders, total 488397168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x000e9623 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 2048 480278527 240138240 83 Linux /dev/sda2 480280574 488396799 4058113 5 Extended /dev/sda5 480280576 488396799 4058112 82 Linux swap / Solaris This seems correct. But df -h /dev/sda (and /dev/sda1 and /dev/sda2 and /dev/sda5) returns: Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on udev 10M 0 10M 0% /dev The same happens with every entry under /dev/disk/by-id and /dev/disk/by-path. Only one of two entries under /dev/disk/by-uuid returns the correct volume size: df -h /dev/disk/by-uuid/cacdbad6-7e6b-4e80-84ba-e3c77ef48796 Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/disk/by-uuid/cacdbad6-7e6b-4e80-84ba-e3c77ef48796 229G 22G 196G 11% / Contents of /etc/fstab: # /etc/fstab: static file system information. # # Use 'blkid' to print the universally unique identifier for a # device; this may be used with UUID= as a more robust way to name devices # that works even if disks are added and removed. See fstab(5). # # <file system> <mount point> <type> <options> <dump> <pass> # / was on /dev/sda1 during installation UUID=cacdbad6-7e6b-4e80-84ba-e3c77ef48796 / ext4 errors=remount-ro 0 1 # swap was on /dev/sda5 during installation UUID=45840d13-ee36-4e77-8e73-16cbdff25eb1 none swap sw 0 0 /dev/sr0 /media/cdrom0 udf,iso9660 user,noauto 0 0 /dev/fd0 /media/floppy0 auto rw,user,noauto 0 0 It seems all other references than the uuid points to the swap partition. Is this because Wheezy is in testing, and should it be reported as an error?

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• Relayout LVM Disk

  - by Tom

  I have an Ubuntu 11.10 system with two 500GB disks. The partition tables look like this: /dev/sda1 primary 465.52GB /dev/sda2 extended 243.17MB -> /dev/sda5 logical 243.14MB /dev/sdb1 primary 465.76GB sda1 and sdb1 are in a single LVM physical volume group containing a single logical volume containing a single logical filesystem which is mounted as /. sda5 is mounted as /boot. The problem comes when I want to upgrade to Ubuntu 12.04, which requires at least 247MB free on /boot. So I need to reduce the size of sda1 so that I can increase the size of sda2 and sda5. How the heck do I do that? I can find how to shrink the logical volume group, but I'm not at all clear on how to clear out the end part of sda1 so that I can reduce the physical volume group. Does pvresize just deal with this automagically? Or is that wild wishful thinking? I guess the alternatives are to back everything up onto something or other and recreate the thing from scratch or find out whether GRUB2 supports using LVM for /boot.

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• Can't remove zfs log device from pool

  - by netmano

  I run a FreeBSD 9.0 server with ZFS pool version 28 and ZFS version 5. I had two pools with a log on ssd's two partitions. These pools was created on FreeBSD 8.2 with ZFS pool version 15, and ZFS version 4. After I upgraded to the new zfs version, I tried to remove the SSD log device from both pools both command was successful (no error message). One of the pools was the log removed, but the other still there, I down the server removed the ssd physically, and hoped it will be forgot by the zpool. The zpool became degraded as ssd was missing. I tied to remove again. No error message, but the log device entry still there. After it, to became the pool online again, I created a file on the root UFS partition and replaced the missing to device to this file. It was successful, the pool again online. However I can't remove the log device from the pool. Where can I have to look for error messages? (in dmesg there is nothing about it, also the zfs remove doesn't have any error message, it's seem like it was successful.

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• Kickstarting an Ubuntu Server 10.04 installation (DHCP fails)

  - by William

  I'm trying to automate the network installation of Ubuntu 10.04 LTS with an anaconda kickstart and everything seems to running except for the initial DHCP autoconfiguration. The installer attempts to configure the install via DHCP but fails on its first attempt. This brings me to a prompt where I can retry DHCP and it seems to always work on the second attempt. My issue is that this is not really automated if I have to hit retry for DHCP. Is there something I can add to the kickstart file so that it will automatically retry or better yet not fail the first time? Thanks. Kickstart: # System language lang en_US # Language modules to install langsupport en_US # System keyboard keyboard us # System mouse mouse # System timezone timezone America/New_York # Root password rootpw --iscrypted $1$unrsWyF2$B0W.k2h1roBSSFmUDsW0r/ # Initial user user --disabled # Reboot after installation reboot # Use text mode install text # Install OS instead of upgrade install # Use Web installation url --url=http://10.16.0.1/cobbler/ks_mirror/ubuntu-10.04-x86_64/ # System bootloader configuration bootloader --location=mbr # Clear the Master Boot Record zerombr yes # Partition clearing information clearpart --all --initlabel # Disk partitioning information part swap --size 512 part / --fstype ext3 --size 1 --grow # System authorization infomation auth --useshadow --enablemd5 %include /tmp/pre_install_ubuntu_network_config # Always install the server kernel. preseed --owner d-i base-installer/kernel/override-image string linux-server # Install the Ubuntu Server seed. preseed --owner tasksel tasksel/force-tasks string server # Firewall configuration firewall --disabled # Do not configure the X Window System skipx %pre wget "http://10.16.0.1/cblr/svc/op/trig/mode/pre/system/Test-D" -O /dev/null # Network information # Start pre_install_network_config generated code # Start of code to match cobbler system interfaces to physical interfaces by their mac addresses # Start eth0 # Configuring eth0 (00:1A:64:36:B1:C8) if ip -o link show | grep -i 00:1A:64:36:B1:C8 then IFNAME=$(ip -o link show | grep -i 00:1A:64:36:B1:C8 | cut -d" " -f2 | tr -d :) echo "network --device=$IFNAME --bootproto=dhcp" >> /tmp/pre_install_ubuntu_network_config fi # End pre_install_network_config generated code %packages openssh-server

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• What diagnostics are safe to run on an SSD drive?

  - by Peter Mounce

  I have a MacBook Pro (late 2010) with a Crucial RealSSD 256Gb in it; 60Gb is given to the Windows 7 x64 BootCamp partition. I have a USB-attached 500Gb drive for (most) data. In the last day or so, I've had a BSOD and several OS freezes (both Mac OSX 10.6.6 and Win7). The system in both cases will boot fine (at the moment!) and then run things fine, then some time later a program will stop responding, followed shortly thereafter by the system as a whole, forcing a reboot. This smacks to me of a storage problem. Given that I have an SSD and not a regular magnetic HDD, what are my next steps, in both OS'? I haven't seen anything pertinent in Windows' event-log. I'm not sure of the equivalent place to look in OSX; it's never given me issue to find out. What are my options for attempting to save my data from the SSD to another drive, given that after some small amount of time (eg half an hour), the OS stops responding? What are the recommended next steps?

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• Ubuntu inside VirtualBox is slow

  - by Kapsh

  I am running an Ubuntu instance on VirtualBox inside XP. Here are the details: Host: Windows XP Pro Guest: Ubuntu 8.10 Total RAM: 3GB RAM For VM: 1GB Total Video Memory: 128MB Video Memory for VM: 40MB Hard Drive: 200GB Hard Drive for VM: 30GB Processor: 2.80GHz Core Duo The problem is that whenever I am inside the virtual machine, things seem so much slower in general. For example Firefox, Eclipse take longer to load, dragging windows show a lag etc. I have tried running Ubuntu before (not inside a VM) and it seemed fantastically fast. So I am disappointed to have to deal with this situation. But I need access to the XP partition without having to reboot and hence the attempt. I am surprised with the perceived slowness since the whole world seems to be doing virtualization and I cannot imagine everyone works on slow systems knowingly. My question is - is there something I should be doing to boost performance? Am I doing something wrong? This is my home machine and I am not sure if this is the right forum to ask. Thanks.

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