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Composite primary keys in N-M relation or not?

- by BerggreenDK

Lets say we have 3 tables (actually I have 2 at the moment, but this example might illustrate the thought better): [Person] ID: int, primary key Name: nvarchar(xx) [Group] ID: int, primary key Name: nvarchar(xx) [Role] ID: int, primary key Name: nvarchar(xx) [PersonGroupRole] Person_ID: int, PRIMARY COMPOSITE OR NOT? Group_ID: int, PRIMARY COMPOSITE OR NOT? Role_ID: int, PRIMARY COMPOSITE OR NOT? Should any of the 3 ID's in the relation PersonGroupRole be marked as PRIMARY key or should they all 3 be combined into one composite?? whats the real benefit of doing it or not? I can join anyways as far as I know, so Person JOIN PersonGroupRole JOIN Group gives me which persons are in which Groups etc. I will be using LINQ/C#/.NET on top of SQL-express and SQL-server, so if there is any reasons regarding language/SQL that might make the choice more clear, thats the platform I ask about. Looking forward to see what answers pops up, as I have thought of these primary keys/indexes many times when making combined ones.

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Fastest way to find the rotation of a vector

- by kriss

I have two 2D vectors, say u and v, defined by cartesian coordinates. Imagine that vectors are needles of a clock. I'm looking for the fastest way to find out, using python, if v is after or before u (or in other words find out in wich half plane is v, regarding to position of u). For the purpose of the problem if vectors are aligned answer should be before. It seems easy using some trigonometry, but I believe there should be a faster way using coordinates only. My test case: def after(u, v): """code here""" after((4,2), (6, 1)) : True after((4,2), (3, 3)) : False after((4,2), (2, 1)) : False after((4,2), (3, -3)) : True after((4,2), (-2, -5)) : True after((4,2), (-4, -2)) : False

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To create new DB connection or not?

- by Yeti

I'm running a cron job (every 15 minutes) which takes about a minute to execute. It makes lots of API calls and stores data to the database. Right now I create a mysql connection at the beginning and use the same connection through out the code. Most of the time is spent making the API calls. Will it be more efficient to create a new database connection only when it's time to store the data (below)? Kill the last connection Wait for API call to complete Create new DB connection Execute query Goto 1

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Defined variables and arrays vs functions in php

- by Frank Presencia Fandos

Introduction I have some sort of values that I might want to access several times each page is loaded. I can take two different approaches for accessing them but I'm not sure which one is 'better'. Three already implemented examples are several options for the Language, URI and displaying text that I describe here: Language Right now it is configured in this way: lang() is a function that returns different values depending on the argument. Example: lang("full") returns the current language, "English", while lang() returns the abbreviation of the current language, "en". There are many more options, like lang("select"), lang("selectact"), etc that return different things. The code is too long and irrelevant for the case so if anyone wants it just ask for it. Url The $Url array also returns different values depending on the request. The whole array is fully defined in the beginning of the page and used to get shorter but accurate links of the current page. Example: $Url['full'] would return "http://mypage.org/path/to/file.php?page=1" and $Url['file'] would return "file.php". It's useful for action="" within the forms and many other things. There are more values for $Url['folder'], $Url['file'], etc. Same thing about the code, if wanted, just request it. Text [You can skip this section] There's another array called $Text that is defined in the same way than $Url. The whole array is defined at the beginning, making a mysql call and defining all $Text[$i] for current page with a while loop. I'm not sure if this is more efficient than multiple calls for a single mysql cell. Example: $Text['54'] returns "This is just a test array!" which this could perfectly be implemented with a function like text(54). Question With the 3 examples you can see that I use different methods to do almost the same function (no pun intended), but I'm not sure which one should become the standard one for my code. I could create a function called url() and other called text() to output what I want. I think that working with functions in those cases is better, but I'm not sure why. So I'd really appreciate your opinions and advice. Should I mix arrays and functions in the way I described or should I just use funcions? Please, base your answer in this: The source needs to be readable and reusable by other developers Resource consumption (processing, time and memory). The shorter the code the better. The more you explain the reasons the better. Thank you PS, now I know the differences between $Url and $Uri.

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I'm doing a lot of lists and dictionary sorting...and this is causing memory errors in Python websit

- by alex

I retrieved data from the log table in my database. Then I started finding unique users, comparing/sorting lists, etc. In the end I got down to this. stats = {'2010-03-19': {'date': '2010-03-19', 'unique_users': 312, 'queries': 1465}, '2010-03-18': {'date': '2010-03-18', 'unique_users': 329, 'queries': 1659}, '2010-03-17': {'date': '2010-03-17', 'unique_users': 379, 'queries': 1845}, '2010-03-16': {'date': '2010-03-16', 'unique_users': 434, 'queries': 2336}, '2010-03-15': {'date': '2010-03-15', 'unique_users': 390, 'queries': 2138}, '2010-03-14': {'date': '2010-03-14', 'unique_users': 460, 'queries': 2221}, '2010-03-13': {'date': '2010-03-13', 'unique_users': 507, 'queries': 2242}, '2010-03-12': {'date': '2010-03-12', 'unique_users': 629, 'queries': 3523}, '2010-03-11': {'date': '2010-03-11', 'unique_users': 811, 'queries': 4274}, '2010-03-10': {'date': '2010-03-10', 'unique_users': 171, 'queries': 1297}, '2010-03-26': {'date': '2010-03-26', 'unique_users': 299, 'queries': 1617}, '2010-03-27': {'date': '2010-03-27', 'unique_users': 323, 'queries': 1310}, '2010-03-24': {'date': '2010-03-24', 'unique_users': 352, 'queries': 2112}, '2010-03-25': {'date': '2010-03-25', 'unique_users': 330, 'queries': 1290}, '2010-03-22': {'date': '2010-03-22', 'unique_users': 329, 'queries': 1798}, '2010-03-23': {'date': '2010-03-23', 'unique_users': 329, 'queries': 1857}, '2010-03-20': {'date': '2010-03-20', 'unique_users': 368, 'queries': 1693}, '2010-03-21': {'date': '2010-03-21', 'unique_users': 329, 'queries': 1511}, '2010-03-29': {'date': '2010-03-29', 'unique_users': 325, 'queries': 1718}, '2010-03-28': {'date': '2010-03-28', 'unique_users': 340, 'queries': 1815}, '2010-03-30': {'date': '2010-03-30', 'unique_users': 329, 'queries': 1891}} It's not a big dictionary. But when I try to do one last thing...it craps out on me. for k, v in stats: mylist.append(v) too many values to unpack What the heck does that mean??? TOO MANY VALUES TO UNPACK.

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Where does the compiler store methods for C++ classes?

- by Mashmagar

This is more a curiosity than anything else... Suppose I have a C++ class Kitty as follows: class Kitty { void Meow() { //Do stuff } } Does the compiler place the code for Meow() in every instance of Kitty? Obviously repeating the same code everywhere requires more memory. But on the other hand, branching to a relative location in nearby memory requires fewer assembly instructions than branching to an absolute location in memory on modern processors, so this is potentially faster. I suppose this is an implementation detail, so different compilers may perform differently. Keep in mind, I'm not considering static or virtual methods here.

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How computer multiplies 2 numbers?

- by ckv

How does a computer perform a multiplication on 2 numbers say 100 * 55. My guess was that the computer did repeated addition to achieve multiplication. Of course this could be the case for integer numbers. However for floating point numbers there must be some other logic. Note: This was asked in an interview.

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Performance considerations of a large hard-coded array in the .cs file

- by terence

I'm writing some code where performance is important. In one part of it, I have to compare a large set of pre-computed data against dynamic values. Currently, I'm storing that pre-computed data in a giant array in the .cs file: Data[] data = { /* my data set */ }; The data set is about 90kb, or roughly 13k elements. I was wondering if there's any downside to doing this, as opposed to loading it in from an external file? I'm not entirely sure how C# works internally, so I just wanted to be aware of any performance issues I might encounter with this method.

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How can I get a COUNT(col) ... GROUP BY to use an index?

- by thecoop

I've got a table (col1, col2, ...) with an index on (col1, col2, ...). The table has got millions of rows in it, and I want to run a query: SELECT col1, COUNT(col2) WHERE col1 NOT IN (<couple of exclusions>) GROUP BY col1 Unfortunately, this is resulting in a full table scan of the table, which takes upwards of a minute. Is there any way of getting oracle to use the index on the columns to return the results much faster?

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Anything wrong with this MySQL quert? takes 10 seconds+ to load

- by user345426

I have a search that is taking 10 seconds+ to execute! Keep in mind it is also searching over 200,000 products in the database. I posted the explain and MySQL query here. 1 SIMPLE p ref PRIMARY,products_status,prod_prodid_status,product... products_status 1 const 9048 Using where; Using temporary; Using filesort 1 SIMPLE v ref PRIMARY,vendors_id,vendors_vendorid vendors_vendorid 4 rhinomar_rhinomartnew.p.vendors_id 1 1 SIMPLE s ref products_id products_id 4 rhinomar_rhinomartnew.p.products_id 1 1 SIMPLE pd ref PRIMARY,products,prod_desc_prodid_prodname prod_desc_prodid_prodname 4 rhinomar_rhinomartnew.p.products_id 1 1 SIMPLE p2c ref PRIMARY,ptc_catidx PRIMARY 4 rhinomar_rhinomartnew.p.products_id 1 Using where; Using index 1 SIMPLE c eq_ref PRIMARY PRIMARY 4 rhinomar_rhinomartnew.p2c.categories_id 1 Using where MySQL Query: select p.products_id, p.products_image, p.products_price, p.products_weight, p.products_unit_quantity, s.specials_new_products_price, s.status, pd.products_name, pd.products_img_alt from products p left join vendors v ON v.vendors_id = p.vendors_id left join specials s on s.products_id = p.products_id left join products_description pd on pd.products_id = p.products_id left join products_to_categories p2c on p2c.products_id = p.products_id left join categories c on c.categories_id = p2c.categories_id where ( ( pd.products_name like '%apparel%' ) or p2c.categories_id IN (773, 132, 135, 136, 119, 122, 124, 125, 126, 1749, 1753, 1747, 123, 127, 130, 131, 178, 137, 140, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 832, 2045 ) or p.products_id = 'apparel' or p.products_model = 'apparel' or CONCAT(v.vendors_prefix, '-') = 'apparel' or CONCAT( v.vendors_prefix, '-', p.products_id ) = 'apparel' ) and p.products_status = '1' and c.categories_status = '1' group by p.products_id order by pd.products_name

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How to make if-elif-else statement in python more space-saving?

- by Neverland

I have a lot of if-elif-else statements in my code if message == '0' or message == '3' or message == '5' or message == '7': ... elif message == '1' or message == '2' or message == '4' or message == '6' or message == '8': ... else: ... Is it possible to format this in a more space-saving way? I tried it this way: if message == '0' or '3' or '5' or '7': ... elif message == '1' or '2' or '4' or '6' or '8': ... else: ... But without success.

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Thin down jQuery

- by Taylor Satula

Hi, I have been optimizing my website but the one problem that stands in my way is all the jQuery functions that I do not use. The only ones that I use are for a smooth page scroller. It just seems like such a waste of download time. My question is: Is there any script or program that will remove the jQuery code that I do not need and leave the 1 or 2 functions that I do need.

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MySQL query paralyzes site

- by nute

Once in a while, at random intervals, our website gets completely paralyzed. Looking at SHOW FULL PROCESSLIST;, I've noticed that when this happens, there is a specific query that is "Copying to tmp table" for a loooong time (sometimes 350 seconds), and almost all the other queries are "Locked". The part I don't understand is that 90% of the time, this query runs fine. I see it going through in the process list and it finishes pretty quickly most of the time. This query is being called by an ajax call on our homepage to display product recommendations based your browsing history (a la amazon). Just sometimes, randomly (but too often), it gets stuck at "copying to tmp table". Here is a caught instance of the query that was up 109 seconds when I looked: SELECT DISTINCT product_product.id, product_product.name, product_product.retailprice, product_product.imageurl, product_product.thumbnailurl, product_product.msrp FROM product_product, product_xref, product_viewhistory WHERE ( (product_viewhistory.productId = product_xref.product_id_1 AND product_xref.product_id_2 = product_product.id) OR (product_viewhistory.productId = product_xref.product_id_2 AND product_xref.product_id_1 = product_product.id) ) AND product_product.outofstock='N' AND product_viewhistory.cookieId = '188af1efad392c2adf82' AND product_viewhistory.productId IN (24976, 25873, 26067, 26073, 44949, 16209, 70528, 69784, 75171, 75172) ORDER BY product_xref.hits DESC LIMIT 10 Of course the "cookieId" and the list of "productId" changes dynamically depending on the request. I use php with PDO.

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Fast find object by string property

- by Andrew Kalashnikov

Hello, colleagues. I've got task to fast find object by its string property. Object: class DicDomain { public virtual string Id{ get; set; } public virtual string Name { get; set; } } For storing my object I use List[T] dictionary where T is DicDomain for now . I've got 5-10 such lists, which contain about 500-20000 at each one. Task is find objects by its Name. I use next code now: List<T> entities = dictionary.FindAll(s => s.Name.Equals(word, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)); I've got some questions: Is my search speed optimal. I think now. Data structure. It List good for this task. What about hashtable,sorted... Method Find. May be i should use string intern?? I haven't much exp at these tasks. Can u give me good advice for increase perfomance. Thanks

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Scalably processing large amount of comlpicated database data in PHP, many times a day.

- by Eph

I'm soon to be working on a project that poses a problem for me. It's going to require, at regular intervals throughout the day, processing tens of thousands of records, potentially over a million. Processing is going to involve several (potentially complicated) formulas and the generation of several random factors, writing some new data to a separate table, and updating the original records with some results. This needs to occur for all records, ideally, every three hours. Each new user to the site will be adding between 50 and 500 records that need to be processed in such a fashion, so the number will not be steady. The code hasn't been written, yet, as I'm still in the design process, mostly because of this issue. I know I'm going to need to use cron jobs, but I'm concerned that processing records of this size may cause the site to freeze up, perform slowly, or just piss off my hosting company every three hours. I'd like to know if anyone has any experience or tips on similar subjects? I've never worked at this magnitude before, and for all I know, this will be trivial to the server and not pose much of an issue. As long as ALL records are processed before the next three hour period occurs, I don't care if they aren't processed simultaneously (though, ideally, all records belonging to a specific user should be processed in the same batch), so I've been wondering if I should process in batches every 5 minutes, 15 minutes, hour, whatever works, and how best to approach this (and make it scalable in a way that is fair to all users)?

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Execute a method less times possible - PHP

- by serhio

I have a site in multiple languages. I have a method that returns me the today currencies in a array. I display that currencies in a table then. // --- en/index.php <?php include_once "../exchangeRates.php"; $currencies = ReadExchangeRates(); // --- fr/index.php <?php include_once "../exchangeRates.php"; $currencies = ReadExchangeRates(); ... // somewhere in the page <td><?php echo $currencies["eur"]["today"]; ?></td> So, every time I load, en/ or fr/ or other language, I request the exchange rates from a external site. Can I optimize this behavior (reading once per day or session)? maybe to store a global variable and check the update date?

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Which is faster in memory, ints or chars? And file-mapping or chunk reading?

- by Nick

Okay, so I've written a (rather unoptimized) program before to encode images to JPEGs, however, now I am working with MPEG-2 transport streams and the H.264 encoded video within them. Before I dive into programming all of this, I am curious what the fastest way to deal with the actual file is. Currently I am file-mapping the .mts file into memory to work on it, although I am not sure if it would be faster to (for example) read 100 MB of the file into memory in chunks and deal with it that way. These files require a lot of bit-shifting and such to read flags, so I am wondering that when I reference some of the memory if it is faster to read 4 bytes at once as an integer or 1 byte as a character. I thought I read somewhere that x86 processors are optimized to a 4-byte granularity, but I'm not sure if this is true... Thanks!

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How to get REALLY fast python over a simple loop

- by totallymike

I'm working on a spoj problem, INTEST. The goal is to specify the number of test cases (n) and a divisor (k), then feed your program n numbers. The program will accept each number on a newline of stdin and after receiving the nth number, will tell you how many were divisible by k. The only challenge in this problem is getting your code to be FAST because it k can be anything up to 10^7 and the test cases can be as high as 10^9. I'm trying to write it in python and having trouble speeding it up. Any ideas? import sys first_in = raw_input() thing = first_in.split() n = int(thing[0]) k = int(thing[1]) total = 0 i = 0 for line in sys.stdin: t = int(line) if t % k == 0: total += 1 print total

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Which way to store this data is effective?

- by Tattat

I am writing a game, which need a map, and I want to store the map. The first thing I can think of, is using a 2D-array. But the problem is what data should I store in the 2D-array. The player can tap different place to have different reaction. So, I am thinking store a 2D-array with objects, when player click some position, and I find it in the array, and use the object in that array to execute a cmd. But I have a concern that storing lots of object may use lots of memory. So, I am think storing char/int only. But it seems that not enough for me. I want to store the data like that: { Type:1 Color:Green } No matter what color is, if they are all type 1, the have same reactions in logic, but the visual effect is based on the color. So, it is not easy to store using a prue char/int data, unless I make something like this: 1-5 --> all type 1. 1=color green , 2=color red, 3 = color yellow.... ... 6-10 --> all type 2. 2 = color green, 2 = color red ... ... So, do you have any ideas on how to minimize the ram use, but also easy for me to read... ...thx

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Using Custom Generic Collection faster with objects than List

- by Kaminari

I'm iterating through a List<> to find a matching element. The problem is that object has only 2 significant values, Name and Link (both strings), but has some other values which I don't want to compare. I'm thinking about using something like HashSet (which is exactly what I'm searching for -- fast) from .NET 3.5 but target framework has to be 2.0. There is something called Power Collections here: http://powercollections.codeplex.com/, should I use that? But maybe there is other way? If not, can you suggest me a suitable custom collection?

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Java - Optimize finding a string in a list

- by Mark

I have an ArrayList of objects where each object contains a string 'word' and a date. I need to check to see if the date has passed for a list of 500 words. The ArrayList could contain up to a million words and dates. The dates I store as integers, so the problem I have is attempting to find the word I am looking for in the ArrayList. Is there a way to make this faster? In python I have a dict and mWords['foo'] is a simple lookup without looping through the whole 1 million items in the mWords array. Is there something like this in java? for (int i = 0; i < mWords.size(); i++) { if ( word == mWords.get(i).word ) { mLastFindIndex = i; return mWords.get(i); } }

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How do I know if my PHP application is using too much memory?

- by John

I'm working on a PHP web application that let's users network with each other, book events, message etc... I launched it a few months ago and at the moment, there's only about 100 users. I set up the application on a VPS with ubuntu 9.10, apache 2, mysql 5 and php 5. I had 360 Mb of RAM, but upgraded to 720 MB a few minutes ago. Lately, my web application has been experiencing outages due to excessive memory usage. From what I can tell in error logs, it seems the server automatically kills apache processes that consume too much memory. As a result, I upgraded memory from 360 MB to 720 MB as a stop-gap measure. So my question is, how do I go about resolving these outage issues? How do I know if my website's need for more memory is due to poor code or if it's part of the website's natural growth? What's the most efficient way to determine which PHP scripts consume the most memory?

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C++ pimpl idiom wastes an instruction vs. C style?

- by Rob

(Yes, I know that one machine instruction usually doesn't matter. I'm asking this question because I want to understand the pimpl idiom, and use it in the best possible way; and because sometimes I do care about one machine instruction.) In the sample code below, there are two classes, Thing and OtherThing. Users would include "thing.hh". Thing uses the pimpl idiom to hide it's implementation. OtherThing uses a C style – non-member functions that return and take pointers. This style produces slightly better machine code. I'm wondering: is there a way to use C++ style – ie, make the functions into member functions – and yet still save the machine instruction. I like this style because it doesn't pollute the namespace outside the class. Note: I'm only looking at calling member functions (in this case, calc). I'm not looking at object allocation. Below are the files, commands, and the machine code, on my Mac. thing.hh: class ThingImpl; class Thing { ThingImpl *impl; public: Thing(); int calc(); }; class OtherThing; OtherThing *make_other(); int calc(OtherThing *); thing.cc: #include "thing.hh" struct ThingImpl { int x; }; Thing::Thing() { impl = new ThingImpl; impl->x = 5; } int Thing::calc() { return impl->x + 1; } struct OtherThing { int x; }; OtherThing *make_other() { OtherThing *t = new OtherThing; t->x = 5; } int calc(OtherThing *t) { return t->x + 1; } main.cc (just to test the code actually works...) #include "thing.hh" #include <cstdio> int main() { Thing *t = new Thing; printf("calc: %d\n", t->calc()); OtherThing *t2 = make_other(); printf("calc: %d\n", calc(t2)); } Makefile: all: main thing.o : thing.cc thing.hh g++ -fomit-frame-pointer -O2 -c thing.cc main.o : main.cc thing.hh g++ -fomit-frame-pointer -O2 -c main.cc main: main.o thing.o g++ -O2 -o $@ $^ clean: rm *.o rm main Run make and then look at the machine code. On the mac I use otool -tv thing.o | c++filt. On linux I think it's objdump -d thing.o. Here is the relevant output: Thing::calc(): 0000000000000000 movq (%rdi),%rax 0000000000000003 movl (%rax),%eax 0000000000000005 incl %eax 0000000000000007 ret calc(OtherThing*): 0000000000000010 movl (%rdi),%eax 0000000000000012 incl %eax 0000000000000014 ret Notice the extra instruction because of the pointer indirection. The first function looks up two fields (impl, then x), while the second only needs to get x. What can be done?

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Whether to put method code in a VB.Net data storage class, or put it in a separate class?

- by Alan K

TLDR summary: (a) Should I include (lengthy) method code in classes which may spawn multiple objects at runtime, (b) does doing so cause memory usage bloat, (c) if so should I "outsource" the code to a class that is loaded only once and have the class methods call that, or alternatively (d) does the code get loaded only once with the object definition anyway and I'm worrying about nothing? ........ I don't know whether there's a good answer to this but if there is I haven't found it yet by searching in the usual places. In my VB.Net (2010 if it matters) WinForms project I have about a dozen or so class objects in an object model. Some of these are pretty simple and do little more than act as data storage repositories. The ones further up the object model, however, have an increasing number of methods. There can be a significant number of higher level objects in use though the exact number will be runtime dependent so I can't be more precise than that. As I was writing the method code for one of the top level ones I noticed that it was starting to get quite lengthy. Memory optimisation is something of a lost art given how much memory the average PC has these days but I don't want to make my application a resource hog. So my questions for anyone who knows .Net way better than I do (of which there will be many) are: Is the code loaded into memory with each instance of the class that's created? Alternatively is it loaded only once with the definition of the class, and all derived objects just refer to that definition? (I'm not really sure how that could be possible given that, for example, event handlers can be assigned dynamically, but no harm asking.) If the answer to the first one is yes, would it be more efficient to write the code in a "utility" object which is loaded only once and called from the real class' methods? Any thoughts appreciated.

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optimize a string.Format + replace.

- by acidzombie24

I have this function. The visual studio profile marked the line with string.Format as hot and were i spend much of my time. How can i write this loop more efficiently? public string EscapeNoPredicate(string sz) { var s = new StringBuilder(sz); s.Replace(sepStr, sepStr + sepStr); foreach (char v in IllegalChars) { string s2 = string.Format("{0}{1:X2}", seperator, (Int16)v); s.Replace(v.ToString(), s2); } return s.ToString(); }

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