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• How to resize / enlarge / grow a non-LVM ext4 partition

  - by Mischa

  I have already searched the forums, but couldnt find a good suitable answer: I have an Ubuntu Server 10.04 as KVM Host and a guest system, that also runs 10.04. The host system uses LVM and there are three logical volumes, which are provided to the guest as virtual block devices - one for /, one for /home and one for swap. The guest had been partitioned without LVM. I have already enlarged the logical volume in the host system - the guest successfully sees the bigger virtual disk. However, this virtual disk contains one "good old" partition, which still has the old small size. The output of fdisk -l is me@produktion:/$ LC_ALL=en_US sudo fdisk -l Disk /dev/vda: 32.2 GB, 32212254720 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 3916 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x000c8ce7 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/vda1 * 1 3917 31455232 83 Linux Disk /dev/vdb: 2147 MB, 2147483648 bytes 244 heads, 47 sectors/track, 365 cylinders Units = cylinders of 11468 * 512 = 5871616 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x000f2bf7 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/vdb1 1 366 2095104 82 Linux swap / Solaris Partition 1 has different physical/logical beginnings (non-Linux?): phys=(0, 32, 33) logical=(0, 43, 28) Partition 1 has different physical/logical endings: phys=(260, 243, 47) logical=(365, 136, 44) Disk /dev/vdc: 225.5 GB, 225485783040 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 27413 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00027f25 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/vdc1 1 9138 73398272 83 Linux The output of parted print all is Model: Virtio Block Device (virtblk) Disk /dev/vda: 32.2GB Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B Partition Table: msdos Number Start End Size Type File system Flags 1 1049kB 32.2GB 32.2GB primary ext4 boot Model: Virtio Block Device (virtblk) Disk /dev/vdb: 2147MB Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B Partition Table: msdos Number Start End Size Type File system Flags 1 1049kB 2146MB 2145MB primary linux-swap(v1) Model: Virtio Block Device (virtblk) Disk /dev/vdc: 225GB Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B Partition Table: msdos Number Start End Size Type File system Flags 1 1049kB 75.2GB 75.2GB primary ext4 What I want to achieve is to simply grow or resize the partition /dev/vdc1 so that it uses the whole space provided by the virtual block device /dev/vdc. The problem is, that when I try to do that with parted, it complains: (parted) select /dev/vdc Using /dev/vdc (parted) print Model: Virtio Block Device (virtblk) Disk /dev/vdc: 225GB Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B Partition Table: msdos Number Start End Size Type File system Flags 1 1049kB 75.2GB 75.2GB primary ext4 (parted) resize 1 WARNING: you are attempting to use parted to operate on (resize) a file system. parted's file system manipulation code is not as robust as what you'll find in dedicated, file-system-specific packages like e2fsprogs. We recommend you use parted only to manipulate partition tables, whenever possible. Support for performing most operations on most types of file systems will be removed in an upcoming release. Start? [1049kB]? End? [75.2GB]? 224GB Error: File system has an incompatible feature enabled. Compatible features are has_journal, dir_index, filetype, sparse_super and large_file. Use tune2fs or debugfs to remove features. So what can I do? This is a headless production system. What is a safe way to grow this partition? I CAN unmount it, though - so this is not the problem.

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• Gvim on Windows 7: ALT codes not working

  - by John Sonderson

  I would like to be able to enter ALT codes in Gvim on Windows 7 as documented on the following site: Alt Codes On Windows (Windows 7 in my case), to generate a character via an ALT code you make sure that the NumLock key on your keypad is toggled on, hold down the ALT key, enter the keycode on the numeric keypad, and then release the ALT key. However this does not work in Gvim on Windows (which ignores the fact that I am pressing the ALT key and just prints to entered keypad key directly onto the screen). How can I get these keystroke combinations to work in Gvim as well? Thanks. EDIT: As the answer below points out, the way to insert non-ASCII characters for which you do not have entries on your keyboard without changing the keyboard layout is as follows: Make sure you are in insert mode, and then type CTRL-V followed by the Unicode character code of interest, for instance: CTRL-V u00E0 (generates à) CTRL-V u00C8 (generates È) CTRL-V u00E8 (generates è) CTRL-V u00E9 (generates é) CTRL-V u00EC (generates ì) CTRL-V u00F2 (generates ò) etc... See for instance http://unicode-table.com/ for a full list of Unicode character codes. The following list of Unicode characters by language may also be useful: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Unicode_characters In some cases such as this one, though, there might be an easier way to enter special characters (see :help digraphs and :digraphs). For example, while in insert mode you may be able to type the following: CTRL-K E! (yields É) CTRL-K a' (yields á) Note that as the following page shows: http://code.google.com/p/vim/source/browse/runtime/doc/digraph.txt Gvim 7.4 contains an even wider set of default digraphs than Gvim 7.3, thus providing convenience to an even broader set of languages. Regards.

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• How does eMail encryption work?

  - by Dummy Derp

  I have been going over YouTube watching videos on eMail encryption and everyone seems to explain it from a different perspective. Some do it for a CompTIA exam while others just provide a primer. Here is what I understood: Step1: You compose an email that you want to send. Without encryption, it will be simple ASCII text that will be visible to anyone along the way. Step2: You generate a digital signature to make sure that nobody gets to re-transmit your email and claim it was you. Digital Signature is generated using Sender's private key which is usually a hash of the password and is then combined with the original message to form one long hash string. These signatures are one-time-use-only and a new one is calculated for every email. Step 3: You encrypt the compose of your email using Receiver's public key so that the only person who can read it is the intended receiver using their private key Step 4: When you hit the send the email, what is transmitted now is gibberish to everyone apart from the intended receiver who will decrypt is using their private key And there are various ways to do it like PEM, PGP, etc. Correct me where I am wrong or refine where necessary.

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• mutt, smime, decrypt with one of two different keys

  - by munin

  This is an odd one. We want to have an encrypted e-mail list. There are a few ways to do this, but in the interim what we've done is created a public/private keypair via openssl for our e-mail list ([email protected]) and then distributed the public/private keypair amongst the list participants (ugh). When someone posts to the list, they encrypt using the lists public key, and everyone has the private key (ugh) so it 'works'. MUAs like Outlook and Thunderbird work with this setup. Mutt has a problem though - it seems to only decrypt a SMIME message with a private key that is specified by your e-mail. So when someone sends an e-mail to the list e-mail, my MUA won't decrypt it. How can I tell Mutt about this second private key?

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• Multiple client connecting to master MySQL over SSL

  - by Bastien974

  I successfully configured a MySQL replication over SSL between 2 servers accross the internet. Now I want a second server in the same location as the replication slave, to open a connection to the master db over ssl. I used the same command found here http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/secure-create-certs.html to generate a new set of client-cert.pem and client-key.pem with the same master db ca-cert/key.pem and I also used a different Common Name. When I try to initiate a connection between this new server and the master db, it fails : mysql -hmasterdb -utestssl -p --ssl-ca=/var/lib/mysql/newcerts/ca-cert.pem --ssl-cert=/var/lib/mysql/newcerts/client-cert.pem --ssl-key=/var/lib/mysql/newcerts/client-key.pem ERROR 2026 (HY000): SSL connection error It's working without SSL.

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• Connection closed by remote host

  - by kidrobot

  I'm trying to connect to a server using a private key generated through cPanel and stored on my local machine, but I am getting the "Connection closed by remote host". Any ideas? XXXXX-computer-2:~ XXXX$ ssh -v -i /path/to/private/key [email protected] OpenSSH_5.1p1, OpenSSL 0.9.7l 28 Sep 2006 debug1: Reading configuration data /etc/ssh_config debug1: Connecting to xxx.com XX.XX.XX.XX] port 22. debug1: Connection established. debug1: identity file /path/to/private/key type -1 ssh_exchange_identification: Connection closed by remote host

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• Restoring Windows 2008 Server X86 and X64

  - by rihatum

  Restoring Windows 2008 Server (Domain Controller) We are using Backup Exec System Recovery 2010 to Image our DC. Now this software has a feature to convert the backup into a vmware or hyper-v VM I have also used disk2vhd to convert one of our dc's to a vhd and when I connected it into Hyper-V, it booted fine, I can login - BUT :-) As soon as I login, I get the activation error, that change product key, this product key isn't good for this machine etc. Question is : When in a real recovery situation, what would be the procedure to restore it either virtual or onto a physical box but be able to login and change product key etc ? In this scenario its just locked down and I cant' do anything, if this is the case, how would I replicate my production environment via these tools ? Any Ideas ? Will be grateful for some real world examples here. Same thing happens with our exchange backup / test restore either physical or virtual, can login but nothing else. Now we don't have the keys as they are OEM keys and just wondering what will happen in a real scenario, would we be purchasing another KEY or using the OEM key on our new server ? This is a test environment I am trying to create by restoring our backups either into hyper-v or physical test machines. Also, If I build up a machine (Server 2008) in a VM (Hyper-V), How can I restore just the system state backup of my DC into it ? will that give me the activation error too ? even though I would use the TRIAL ISOs provided by Microsoft ? Kind regards

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• Deleting a row from self-referencing table

  - by Jake Rutherford

  Came across this the other day and thought “this would be a great interview question!” I’d created a table with a self-referencing foreign key. The application was calling a stored procedure I’d created to delete a row which caused but of course…a foreign key exception. You may say “why not just use a the cascade delete option?” Good question, easy answer. With a typical foreign key relationship between different tables which would work. However, even SQL Server cannot do a cascade delete of a row on a table with self-referencing foreign key. So, what do you do?…… In my case I re-wrote the stored procedure to take advantage of recursion:   -- recursively deletes a Foo ALTER PROCEDURE [dbo].[usp_DeleteFoo]      @ID int     ,@Debug bit = 0    AS     SET NOCOUNT ON;     BEGIN TRANSACTION     BEGIN TRY         DECLARE @ChildFoos TABLE         (             ID int         )                 DECLARE @ChildFooID int                        INSERT INTO @ChildFoos         SELECT ID FROM Foo WHERE ParentFooID = @ID                 WHILE EXISTS (SELECT ID FROM @ChildFoos)         BEGIN             SELECT TOP 1                 @ChildFooID = ID             FROM                 @ChildFoos                             DELETE FROM @ChildFoos WHERE ID = @ChildFooID                         EXEC usp_DeleteFoo @ChildFooID         END                                    DELETE FROM dbo.[Foo]         WHERE [ID] = @ID                 IF @Debug = 1 PRINT 'DEBUG:usp_DeleteFoo, deleted - ID: ' + CONVERT(VARCHAR, @ID)         COMMIT TRANSACTION     END TRY     BEGIN CATCH         ROLLBACK TRANSACTION         DECLARE @ErrorMessage VARCHAR(4000), @ErrorSeverity INT, @ErrorState INT         SELECT @ErrorMessage = ERROR_MESSAGE(), @ErrorSeverity = ERROR_SEVERITY(), @ErrorState = ERROR_STATE()         IF @ErrorState <= 0 SET @ErrorState = 1         INSERT INTO ErrorLog(ErrorNumber,ErrorSeverity,ErrorState,ErrorProcedure,ErrorLine,ErrorMessage)         VALUES(ERROR_NUMBER(), @ErrorSeverity, @ErrorState, ERROR_PROCEDURE(), ERROR_LINE(), @ErrorMessage)         RAISERROR (@ErrorMessage, @ErrorSeverity, @ErrorState)     END CATCH   This procedure will first determine any rows which have the row we wish to delete as it’s parent. It then simply iterates each child row calling the procedure recursively in order to delete all ancestors before eventually deleting the row we wish to delete.

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• WEP/WPA/WPA2 and wifi sniffing

  - by jcea

  Hi, I know that WEP traffic can be "sniffed" by any user of the WIFI. I know that WPA/WPA2 traffic is encrypted using a different link key for each user, so they can't sniff traffic... unless they capture the initial handshake. If you are using a PSK (preshared key) schema, then you recover the link key trivially from this initial handshake. If you don't know the PSK, you can capture the handshake and try to crack the PSK by bruteforce offline. Is my understanding correct so far?. I know that WPA2 has AES mode and can use "secure" tokens like X.509 certificates and such, and it is said to be secure against sniffing because capturing the handshake doesn't help you. So, is WPA2+AES secure (so far) against sniffing, and how it actually works?. That is, how is the (random) link key negociated?. When using X.509 certificates or a (private and personal) passphrase. Do WPA/WPA2 have other sniffer-secure modes beside WPA2+AES? How is broadcast traffic managed to be received by all the WIFI users, if each has a different link key?. Thanks in advance! :).

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• Using a script that uses Duplicity + S3 excluding large files

  - by Jason

  I'm trying to write an backup script that will exclude files over a certain size. If i run the script duplicity gives an error. However if I copy and paste the same command generated by the script everything works... Here is the script #!/bin/bash # Export some ENV variables so you don't have to type anything export AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID="accesskey" export AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY="secretaccesskey" export PASSPHRASE="password" SOURCE=/home/ DEST=s3+http://s3bucket GPG_KEY="gpgkey" # exclude files over 100MB exclude () { find /home/jason -size +100M \ | while read FILE; do echo -n " --exclude " echo -n \'**${FILE##/*/}\' | sed 's/\ /\\ /g' #Replace whitespace with "\ " done } echo "Using Command" echo "duplicity --encrypt-key=$GPG_KEY --sign-key=$GPG_KEY `exclude` $SOURCE $DEST" duplicity --encrypt-key=$GPG_KEY --sign-key=$GPG_KEY `exclude` $SOURCE $DEST # Reset the ENV variables. export AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID= export AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY= export PASSPHRASE= When the script is run I get the error; Command line error: Expected 2 args, got 6 Where am i going wrong??

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• SSH into remote server using Public-private keys

  - by maria

  Hi, I have recently setup ssh on two linux machines (lets call them server-a, client-b). I have generated two ssh auth files on client-b machine using ssh key gen and can see both public and private files in .ssh dir. I have named them 'example' and 'example.pub'. Then I have added example.pub to sever-a's auth file. When I try to ssh into server-a it still requests a password authentication where as I want a password less login (private key on client-b is setup without password). When I try to ssh with '-v' .. get the following output: debug1: Next authentication method: publickey debug1: Trying private key: /Users/abc/.ssh/identity debug1: Offering public key: /Users/abc/.ssh/id_rsa debug2: we sent a publickey packet, wait for reply debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,keyboard-interactive debug1: Offering public key: /Users/abc/.ssh/id_dsa debug2: we sent a publickey packet, wait for reply debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,keyboard-interactive debug2: we did not send a packet, disable method debug1: Next authentication method: keyboard-interactive debug2: userauth_kbdint debug2: we sent a keyboard-interactive packet, wait for reply debug2: input_userauth_info_req debug2: input_userauth_info_req: num_prompts 1 Password: Please help.

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• mozilla browser hot keys?

  - by Roger22

  Hello, Where can i find the key combinations for some actions, in Mozilla Firefox? For example, Ctrl+L moves the cursor to the address bar. I wanna move the cursor in the Google search box, from the right-top position). Which key is associated with this? And some other key combinations? Thanks!

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• Directory Not Found Error

  - by noobguy

  I am trying to verify tails and when I get to the command prompt portion of the verification some difficulties seem to have arose. Below is the script: noob@noob-System-Product-Name:~$ cd [/media/noob/UUI] bash: cd: [/media/noob/UUI]: No such file or directory noob@noob-System-Product-Name:~$ gpg --keyid-format long --import tails-signing.key gpg: can't open `tails-signing.key': No such file or directory gpg: Total number processed: 0 Same thing happens when I try from download directory; noob@noob-System-Product-Name:~$ cd [/home/noob/Downloads] bash: cd: [/home/noob/Downloads]: No such file or directory noob@noob-System-Product-Name:~$ gpg --keyid-format long --import tails-signing.key gpg: can't open `tails-signing.key': No such file or directory gpg: Total number processed: 0 Any suggestions would be greatly appreciated.

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• Pygame: Save a list of objects/classes/surfaces

  - by Sam Tubb

  I am working on a game, in which you can create mazes. You place blocks on a 16x16 grid, while choosing from a variety of block to make the level with. Whenever you create a block, it adds this class: class Block(object): def __init__(self,x,y,spr): self.x=x self.y=y self.sprite=spr self.rect=self.sprite.get_rect(x=self.x,y=self.y) to a list called instances. I tried shelving it to a .bin file, but it returns some error dealing with surfaces. How can I go about saving and loading levels? Any help is appreciated! :) Here is the whole code for reference: import pygame from pygame.locals import * #initstuff pygame.init() screen=pygame.display.set_mode((640,480)) pygame.display.set_caption('PiMaze') instances=[] #loadsprites menuspr=pygame.image.load('images/menu.png').convert() b1spr=pygame.image.load('images/b1.png').convert() b2spr=pygame.image.load('images/b2.png').convert() currentbspr=b1spr curspr=pygame.image.load('images/curs.png').convert() curspr.set_colorkey((0,255,0)) #menu menuspr.set_alpha(185) menurect=menuspr.get_rect(x=-260,y=4) class MenuItem(object): def __init__(self,pos,spr): self.x=pos[0] self.y=pos[1] self.sprite=spr self.pos=(self.x,self.y) self.rect=self.sprite.get_rect(x=self.x,y=self.y) class Block(object): def __init__(self,x,y,spr): self.x=x self.y=y self.sprite=spr self.rect=self.sprite.get_rect(x=self.x,y=self.y) while True: #menu items b1menu=b1spr.get_rect(x=menurect.left+32,y=48) b2menu=b2spr.get_rect(x=menurect.left+64,y=48) menuitems=[MenuItem(b1menu,b1spr),MenuItem(b2menu,b2spr)] screen.fill((20,30,85)) mse=pygame.mouse.get_pos() key=pygame.key.get_pressed() placepos=((mse[0]/16)*16,(mse[1]/16)*16) if key[K_q]: if mse[0]<260: if menurect.right<255: menurect.right+=1 else: if menurect.left>-260: menurect.left-=1 else: if menurect.left>-260: menurect.left-=1 for e in pygame.event.get(): if e.type==QUIT: exit() if menurect.right<100: if e.type==MOUSEBUTTONUP: if e.button==1: to_remove = [i for i in instances if i.rect.collidepoint(placepos)] for i in to_remove: instances.remove(i) if not to_remove: instances.append(Block(placepos[0],placepos[1],currentbspr)) for i in instances: screen.blit(i.sprite,i.rect) if not key[K_q]: screen.blit(curspr,placepos) screen.blit(menuspr,menurect) for item in menuitems: screen.blit(item.sprite,item.pos) if item.rect.collidepoint(mse): if pygame.mouse.get_pressed()==(1,0,0): currentbspr=item.sprite pygame.draw.rect(screen, ((255,0,0)), item, 1) pygame.display.flip()

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• Basic OpenVPN setup not working

  - by WalterJ89

  I am attempting to connect 2 win7 (x64+ x32) computers (there will be 4 in total) using OpenVPN. Right now they are on the same network but the intention is to be able to access the client remotely regardless of its location. The Problem I am having is I am unable to ping or tracert between the two computers. They seem to be on different subnets even though I have the mask set to 255.255.255.0. The server ends up as 10.8.0.1 255.255.255.252 and the client 10.8.0.6 255.255.255.252. And a third ends up as 10.8.0.10. I don't know if this a Windows 7 problem or something I have wrong in my config. Its a very simple set up, I'm not connecting two LANs. this is the server config (removed all the extra lines because it was too ugly) port 1194 proto udp dev tun ca keys/ca.crt cert keys/server.crt key keys/server.key # This file should be kept secret dh keys/dh1024.pem server 10.8.0.0 255.255.255.0 ifconfig-pool-persist ipp.txt client-to-client duplicate-cn keepalive 10 120 comp-lzo persist-key persist-tun status openvpn-status.log verb 6 this is the client config client dev tun proto udp remote thisdomainis.random.com 1194 resolv-retry infinite nobind persist-key persist-tun ca keys/ca.crt cert keys/client.crt key keys/client.key ns-cert-type server comp-lzo verb 6 Is there anything I missed in this? keys are all correct and the vpn's connect fine, its just the subnet or route issue. Thank You EDIT it seems on the server the openvpn-status.log has the routes for the client SERVER OpenVPN CLIENT LIST Updated,Wed May 19 18:26:32 2010 Common Name,Real Address,Bytes Received,Bytes Sent,Connected Since client,192.168.10.102:50517,19157,20208,Wed May 19 17:38:25 2010 ROUTING TABLE Virtual Address,Common Name,Real Address,Last Ref 10.8.0.6,client,192.168.10.102:50517,Wed May 19 17:38:56 2010 GLOBAL STATS Max bcast/mcast queue length,0 END Also this is from the client.log file: Which seems to be correct C:\WINDOWS\system32\route.exe ADD 10.8.0.0 MASK 255.255.255.0 10.8.0.5 Another EDIT 'route print' on the server shows the route: Destination Mask Gateway Interface 10.8.0.0 255.255.255.0 10.8.0.2 10.8.0.1 the same on the client shows 10.8.0.0 255.255.255.0 10.8.0.5 10.8.0.6 So the routes are there.. what can the problem be? Is there anything wrong with my configs? Why would OpenVPN be having problems communicating?

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• Can't connect to EC2 instance Permission denied (publickey)

  - by Assad Ullah

  I got this when I tried to connect my new instace (UBUNTU 12.01 EC2) with my newly generated key sh-3.2# ssh ec2-user@**** -v ****.pem OpenSSH_5.6p1, OpenSSL 0.9.8r 8 Feb 2011 debug1: Reading configuration data /etc/ssh_config debug1: Applying options for * debug1: Connecting to **** [****] port 22. debug1: Connection established. debug1: permanently_set_uid: 0/0 debug1: identity file /var/root/.ssh/id_rsa type -1 debug1: identity file /var/root/.ssh/id_rsa-cert type -1 debug1: identity file /var/root/.ssh/id_dsa type -1 debug1: identity file /var/root/.ssh/id_dsa-cert type -1 debug1: Remote protocol version 2.0, remote software version OpenSSH_5.9p1 Debian-5ubuntu1 debug1: match: OpenSSH_5.9p1 Debian-5ubuntu1 pat OpenSSH* debug1: Enabling compatibility mode for protocol 2.0 debug1: Local version string SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_5.6 debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT sent debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT received debug1: kex: server->client aes128-ctr hmac-md5 none debug1: kex: client->server aes128-ctr hmac-md5 none debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_REQUEST(1024<1024<8192) sent debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_GROUP debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_INIT sent debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_REPLY debug1: Host '****' is known and matches the RSA host key. debug1: Found key in /var/root/.ssh/known_hosts:4 debug1: ssh_rsa_verify: signature correct debug1: SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS sent debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS debug1: SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS received debug1: Roaming not allowed by server debug1: SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_REQUEST sent debug1: SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_ACCEPT received debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey debug1: Next authentication method: publickey debug1: Trying private key: /var/root/.ssh/id_rsa debug1: Trying private key: /var/root/.ssh/id_dsa debug1: No more authentication methods to try.

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• Putting indexes in separate filegroup kills our queries

  - by womp

  Can anyone shed some light on this? On our dev boxes, our database resides entirely in the PRIMARY filegroup, and everything works fine. On one of our production servers, recently upgraded from 2005 to 2008, we noticed it was performing slower than it should. On this machine, there are two filegroups - PRIMARY and INDEXES. Both filegroups contain 1 file per logical volume, one logical volume per CPU, (and each logical volume is a RAID 10 of 4 physical disks). We isolated a few queries that were performing fast on the dev boxes and slow (up to 40x slower) on the production machine. Turned out these queries were using the non-clustered indexes that resided in the INDEXES filegroup. Tweaking some of the queries to only use clustered indexes that were in the PRIMARY filegroup dropped their times back to normal. As a final confirmation, we redeployed the same database on the same machine to have everything in PRIMARY, and things went back to normal! Here's the statistics output of one of the queries, run identically on the machine with different filegroup configurations (table names changed to protect the innocent): FAST (everything in PRIMARY filegroup): (3 row(s) affected) Table '0'. Scan count 2, logical reads 14, ... Table '1'. Scan count 0, logical reads 0, ... Table '1'. Scan count 0, logical reads 0, ... Table '2'. Scan count 2, logical reads 7, ... Table '3'. Scan count 2, logical reads 1012, ... Table '4'. Scan count 1, logical reads 3, ... SQL Server Execution Times: CPU time = 437 ms, elapsed time = 445 ms. SLOW (indexes split into their own filegroup): (3 row(s) affected) Table '0'. Scan count 209, logical reads 428, ... Table '1'. Scan count 0, logical reads 0,... Table '2'. Scan count 1021, logical reads 9043,.... Table '3'. Scan count 209, logical reads 105754, .... Table '4'. Scan count 0, logical reads 0, .... Table '5'. Scan count 1, logical reads 695, ... **Table '#46DA8CA9'. Scan count 205, logical reads 205, ...** Table '6'. Scan count 6, logical reads 436, ... Table '7'. Scan count 1, logical reads 12,.... SQL Server Execution Times: CPU time = 17581 ms, elapsed time = 17595 ms. Notice the weird temp table and extra tables involved in the slow query. It seems clear that having a second file group is making SQL Server batty with choosing an execution plan. What the heck is going on?

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• "Half" ssh authorization to a server with git repository

  - by hsz

  Hello ! Currently I have purchased web hosting with ssh access. I have created a git repository on it and if I set my public key in ~/.ssh/authorized_keys file, I have access to that repo, I can push/pull data, etc. This solution allows access for every user that has his public key in authorized_keys file. But there is one thing that I want to avoid. Every user can login to the server too and has access to whole ssh account. Is it possible to create a blacklist of users' keys that will not have an access to ssh ? I see it that way: user logs in to a git - ok, allow for every one user logs in to ssh account ~/.profile file is hooked and called a custom script: check user's public key if public key is in ~/.ssh/blacklist_keys call bash exit/logout Is it possible in any way ?

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• Oracle GoldenGate Active-Active Part 1

  - by Nick_W

  My name is Nick Wagner, and I'm a recent addition to the Oracle Maximum Availability Architecture (MAA) product management team.  I've spent the last 15+ years working on database replication products, and I've spent the last 10 years working on the Oracle GoldenGate product.  So most of my posting will probably be focused on OGG.  One question that comes up all the time is around active-active replication with Oracle GoldenGate.  How do I know if my application is a good fit for active-active replication with GoldenGate?   To answer that, it really comes down to how you plan on handling conflict resolution.  I will delve into topology and deployment in a later blog, but here is a simple architecture: The two most common resolution routines are host based resolution and timestamp based resolution. Host based resolution is used less often, but works with the fewest application changes.  Think of it like this: any transactions from SystemA always take precedence over any transactions from SystemB.  If there is a conflict on SystemB, then the record from SystemA will overwrite it.  If there is a conflict on SystemA, then it will be ignored.  It is quite a bit less restrictive, and in most cases, as long as all the tables have primary keys, host based resolution will work just fine.  Timestamp based resolution, on the other hand, is a little trickier. In this case, you can decide which record is overwritten based on timestamps. For example, does the older record get overwritten with the newer record?  Or vice-versa?  This method not only requires primary keys on every table, but it also requires every table to have a timestamp/date column that is updated each time a record is inserted or updated on the table.  Most homegrown applications can always be customized to include these requirements, but it's a little more difficult with 3rd party applications, and might even be impossible for large ERP type applications.  If your database has these features - whether it’s primary keys for host based resolution, or primary keys and timestamp columns for timestamp based resolution - then your application could be a great candidate for active-active replication.  But table structure is not the only requirement.  The other consideration applies when there is a conflict; i.e., do I need to perform any notification or track down the user that had their data overwritten?  In most cases, I don't think it's necessary, but if it is required, OGG can always create an exceptions table that contains all of the overwritten transactions so that people can be notified. It's a bit of extra work to implement this type of option, but if the business requires it, then it can be done. Unless someone is constantly monitoring this exception table or has an automated process in dealing with exceptions, there will be a delay in getting a response back to the end user. Ideally, when setting up active-active resolution we can include some simple procedural steps or configuration options that can reduce, or in some cases eliminate the potential for conflicts.  This makes the whole implementation that much easier and foolproof.  And I'll cover these in my next blog. 

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• windows 7 numlock issues with rdp causes machine to go crazy

  - by rphilli5

  After going through a few rdp sessions to xp machines, when I come back to my local machine it appears some setting has been tripped so every key I type is registered as one of the function/alt keys plus the key I type, causing windows to open and close windows randomly and other erratic behavior. Pressing windows key and numlock returns everything to normal. Any ideas what causes this. I have experienced this on multiple win 7 machines, but never in vista or xp.

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• Problem with script that excludes large files using Duplicity and Amazon S3

  - by Jason

  I'm trying to write an backup script that will exclude files over a certain size. If i run the script duplicity gives an error. However if i copy and paste the same command generated by the script everything works... Here is the script #!/bin/bash # Export some ENV variables so you don't have to type anything export AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID="accesskey" export AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY="secretaccesskey" export PASSPHRASE="password" SOURCE=/home/ DEST=s3+http://s3bucket GPG_KEY="gpgkey" # exclude files over 100MB exclude () { find /home/jason -size +100M \ | while read FILE; do echo -n " --exclude " echo -n \'**${FILE##/*/}\' | sed 's/\ /\\ /g' #Replace whitespace with "\ " done } echo "Using Command" echo "duplicity --encrypt-key=$GPG_KEY --sign-key=$GPG_KEY `exclude` $SOURCE $DEST" duplicity --encrypt-key=$GPG_KEY --sign-key=$GPG_KEY `exclude` $SOURCE $DEST # Reset the ENV variables. export AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID= export AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY= export PASSPHRASE= When the script is run I get the error; Command line error: Expected 2 args, got 6 Where am i going wrong??

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• SQL SERVER – Curious Case of Disappearing Rows – ON UPDATE CASCADE and ON DELETE CASCADE – T-SQL Example – Part 2 of 2

  - by pinaldave

  Yesterday I wrote a real world story of how a friend who thought they have an issue with intrusion or virus whereas the issue was really in the code. I strongly suggest you read my earlier blog post Curious Case of Disappearing Rows – ON UPDATE CASCADE and ON DELETE CASCADE – Part 1 of 2 before continuing this blog post as this is second part of the first blog post. Let me reproduce the simple scenario in T-SQL. Building Sample Data USE [TestDB] GO -- Creating Table Products CREATE TABLE [dbo].[Products]( [ProductID] [int] NOT NULL, [ProductDesc] [varchar](50) NOT NULL, CONSTRAINT [PK_Products] PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED ( [ProductID] ASC )) ON [PRIMARY] GO -- Creating Table ProductDetails CREATE TABLE [dbo].[ProductDetails]( [ProductDetailID] [int] NOT NULL, [ProductID] [int] NOT NULL, [Total] [int] NOT NULL, CONSTRAINT [PK_ProductDetails] PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED ( [ProductDetailID] ASC )) ON [PRIMARY] GO ALTER TABLE [dbo].[ProductDetails] WITH CHECK ADD CONSTRAINT [FK_ProductDetails_Products] FOREIGN KEY([ProductID]) REFERENCES [dbo].[Products] ([ProductID]) ON UPDATE CASCADE ON DELETE CASCADE GO -- Insert Data into Table USE TestDB GO INSERT INTO Products (ProductID, ProductDesc) SELECT 1, 'Bike' UNION ALL SELECT 2, 'Car' UNION ALL SELECT 3, 'Books' GO INSERT INTO ProductDetails ([ProductDetailID],[ProductID],[Total]) SELECT 1, 1, 200 UNION ALL SELECT 2, 1, 100 UNION ALL SELECT 3, 1, 111 UNION ALL SELECT 4, 2, 200 UNION ALL SELECT 5, 3, 100 UNION ALL SELECT 6, 3, 100 UNION ALL SELECT 7, 3, 200 GO Select Data from Tables -- Selecting Data SELECT * FROM Products SELECT * FROM ProductDetails GO Delete Data from Products Table -- Deleting Data DELETE FROM Products WHERE ProductID = 1 GO Select Data from Tables Again -- Selecting Data SELECT * FROM Products SELECT * FROM ProductDetails GO Clean up Data -- Clean up DROP TABLE ProductDetails DROP TABLE Products GO My friend was confused as there was no delete was firing over ProductsDetails Table still there was a delete happening. The reason was because there is a foreign key created between Products and ProductsDetails Table with the keywords ON DELETE CASCADE. Due to ON DELETE CASCADE whenever is specified when the data from Table A is deleted and if it is referenced in another table using foreign key it will be deleted as well. Workaround 1: Design Changes – 3 Tables Change the design to have more than two tables. Create One Product Mater Table with all the products. It should historically store all the products list in it. No products should be ever removed from it. Add another table called Current Product and it should contain only the table which should be visible in the product catalogue. Another table should be called as ProductHistory table. There should be no use of CASCADE keyword among them. Workaround 2: Design Changes - Column IsVisible You can keep the same two tables. 1) Products and 2) ProductsDetails. Add a column with BIT datatype to it and name it as a IsVisible. Now change your application code to display the catalogue based on this column. There should be no need to delete anything. Workaround 3: Bad Advices (Bad advises begins here) The reason I have said bad advices because these are going to be bad advices for sure. You should make necessary design changes and not use poor workarounds which can damage the system and database integrity further. Here are the examples 1) Do not delete the data – well, this is not a real solution but can give time to implement design changes. 2) Do not have ON CASCADE DELETE – in this case, you will have entry in productsdetails which will have no corresponding product id and later on there will be lots of confusion. 3) Duplicate Data – you can have all the data of the product table move to the product details table and repeat them at each row. Now remove CASCADE code. This will let you delete the product table rows without any issue. There are so many things wrong this suggestion, that I will not even start here. (Bad advises ends here)  Well, did I miss anything? Please help me with your suggestions. Reference: Pinal Dave (http://blog.sqlauthority.com) Filed under: PostADay, SQL, SQL Authority, SQL Query, SQL Server, SQL Tips and Tricks, T SQL, Technology

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• can't ssh from mac to windows (running ssh server on cygwin)

  - by Denise

  I set up an ssh server on a fresh windows 7 machine using the latest version of cygwin. Disabled the firewall. I can ssh into it from itself, from a different windows box (using winssh), and from a linux vm. In spite of that, I tried to ssh in from two different macs, and neither would let me! This is the debug output: OpenSSH_5.1p1, OpenSSL 0.9.7l 28 Sep 2006 debug1: Reading configuration data /etc/ssh_config debug1: Connecting to 3dbuild [172.18.4.219] port 22. debug1: Connection established. debug1: identity file /Users/Denise/.ssh/identity type -1 debug1: identity file /Users/Denise/.ssh/id_rsa type 1 debug1: identity file /Users/Denise/.ssh/id_dsa type -1 debug1: Remote protocol version 2.0, remote software version OpenSSH_5.5 debug1: match: OpenSSH_5.5 pat OpenSSH* debug1: Enabling compatibility mode for protocol 2.0 debug1: Local version string SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_5.1 debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT sent debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT received debug1: kex: server->client aes128-cbc hmac-md5 none debug1: kex: client->server aes128-cbc hmac-md5 none debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_REQUEST(1024<1024<8192) sent debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_GROUP debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_INIT sent debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_REPLY debug1: Host '3dbuild' is known and matches the RSA host key. debug1: Found key in /Users/Denise/.ssh/known_hosts:43 debug1: ssh_rsa_verify: signature correct debug1: SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS sent debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS debug1: SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS received debug1: SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_REQUEST sent debug1: SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_ACCEPT received debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,password,keyboard-interactive debug1: Next authentication method: publickey debug1: Trying private key: /Users/Denise/.ssh/identity debug1: Offering public key: /Users/Denise/.ssh/id_rsa Connection closed by [ip] It shows the same output, and fails at the same place, whether I have put my public key on the ssh server or not. Any help would be appreciated-- hopefully someone has run into this before?

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• Backup script that excludes large files using Duplicity and Amazon S3

  - by Jason

  I'm trying to write an backup script that will exclude files over a certain size. My script gives the proper command, but when run within the script it outputs an an error. However if the same command is run manually everything works...??? Here is the script based on one easy found with google #!/bin/bash # Export some ENV variables so you don't have to type anything export AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID="accesskey" export AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY="secretaccesskey" export PASSPHRASE="password" SOURCE=/home/ DEST=s3+http://s3bucket GPG_KEY="7743E14E" # exclude files over 100MB exclude () { find /home/jason -size +100M \ | while read FILE; do echo -n " --exclude " echo -n \'**${FILE##/*/}\' | sed 's/\ /\\ /g' #Replace whitespace with "\ " done } echo "Using Command" echo "duplicity --encrypt-key=$GPG_KEY --sign-key=$GPG_KEY `exclude` $SOURCE $DEST" duplicity --encrypt-key=$GPG_KEY --sign-key=$GPG_KEY `exclude` $SOURCE $DEST # Reset the ENV variables. export AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID= export AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY= export PASSPHRASE= If run I recieve the error; Command line error: Expected 2 args, got 6 Enter 'duplicity --help' for help screen. Any help your could offer would be greatly appreciated.

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• Security when, ssh Private keys are lost

  - by Shree Mandadi

  Cant explain my problem enough with words, Let me take an example.. and please multiple the complexity by a 100 for the Solution. User-A has two ssh private keys, and over time has used this public key on a number of servers He lost one of them, and has created a new pair. How does User-A, inform me (Sys Admin), that he has lost his key, and How do I manage all the servers to which he had access to (I do not have a list, of all Servers that User-A has access to). In other words, How do I recall, the public key associated with this Private key. REF: In the LDAP based Authentication, All Servers would communicate with a single Server repository for Authentication, and If I remove acess or modify the password on the Server, all Systems that use this LDAP for Authentication are secured, when User-A loses his password..

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