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  • Python: why can't descriptors be instance variables?

    - by Continuation
    Say I define this descriptor: class MyDescriptor(object): def __get__(self, instance, owner): return self._value def __set__(self, instance, value): self._value = value def __delete__(self, instance): del(self._value) And I use it in this: class MyClass1(object): value = MyDescriptor() >>> m1 = MyClass1() >>> m1.value = 1 >>> m2 = MyClass1() >>> m2.value = 2 >>> m1.value 2 So value is a class attribute and is shared by all instances. Now if I define this: class MyClass2(object) value = 1 >>> y1 = MyClass2() >>> y1.value=1 >>> y2 = MyClass2() >>> y2.value=2 >>> y1.value 1 In this case value is an instance attribute and is not shared by the instances. Why is it that when value is a descriptor it can only be a class attribute, but when value is a simple integer it becomes an instance attribute?

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  • Python built-in id() not consistent:

    - by Dannellyz
    Hoping someone can explain the following discrepancy: >>> s1 = "Cyber security" >>> s2 = "Cyber security" >>> id(s1) == id(s1) True >>> id(s1) == id(s2) False >>> s1 = "cyber" >>> s2 = "cyber" >>> id(s1) == id(s2) True >>> s2 = "cyber " >>> s2 = "cyber " >>> id(s1) == id(s2) False Why does the space make the id() False, yet different variables with no spaces are True?

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  • Manipulating Directory Paths in Python

    - by G Ullman
    Basically I've got this current url and this other key that I want to merge into a new url, but there are three different cases. Suppose the current url is localhost:32401/A/B/foo if key is bar then I want to return localhost:32401/A/B/bar if key starts with a slash and is /A/bar then I want to return localhost:32401/A/bar finally if key is its own independent url then I just want to return that key = htt p://foo.com/bar - http://foo.com/bar I assume there is a way to do at least the first two cases without manipulating the strings manually, but nothing jumped out at me immediately in the os.path module.

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  • Python script not working when run from browser directly

    - by splatterdash
    I'm trying to run this script: import re, os def build_pool(cwd): global xtn_pool, file_pool xtn, xtn_pool = re.compile('\\.[0-9a-zA-Z]{1,4}$'), [] file_pool = [files for files in os.listdir(cwd) if os.path.isfile(files) and xtn.search(files)] # Lists all the file extension in the folder for file in file_pool: if not xtn_pool.__contains__(xtn.search(file).group()): xtn_pool.append(xtn.search(file).group()) return xtn_pool.sort(), file_pool if __name__ == '__main__': import sys #if path is given, change working directory to path if len(sys.argv) >= 2: os.chdir(sys.argv[1]) build_pool(os.getcwd()) #if no path is given when running, do renaming in current folder else: build_pool(os.getcwd()) print('The folder contains the following extensions: ') for i in range(0, len(xtn_pool)): print(repr(i+1) + '. ' + xtn_pool[i][1:]) opt = int(input('Which one would you like to replace? ')) xtn_pick = xtn_pool[opt-1] # Lists all the file with the chosen extension xtn_file_pool = [file for file in file_pool if file.endswith(xtn_pick)] print('There are {0} files with the {1} extension.'.format(len(xtn_file_pool), xtn_pick)) xtn_new = input('Input replacement extension: ') # The actual renaming process for file in xtn_file_pool: os.rename(file, file[:-len(xtn_pick)+1] + xtn_new) directly from my file browser (Nautilus), but for some reason it's not working. When I run it from terminal (python3 scriptname.py) it works fine as intended. But when I just click the script file in Nautilus, choose 'Run in Terminal', it always stops after asking 'Input replacement extension: '. How can I make this script run without using the terminal?

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  • Python: How should I make instance variables available?

    - by swisstony
    Suppose I have: class myclass: def __init__(self): self.foo = "bar" where the value of foo needs to be available to users of myclass. Is it OK to just read the value of foo directly from an instance of myclass? Should I add a get_foo method to myclass or perhaps add a foo property? What's the best practice here?

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  • Replace special characters in python

    - by Marcos Placona
    Hi, I have some text coming from the web as such: £6.49 Obviously I would like this to be displayed as: £6.49 I have tried the following so far: s = url['title'] s = s.encode('utf8') s = s.replace(u'Â','') And a few variants on this (after finding it on this very same forum) But still no luck as I keep getting: UnicodeDecodeError: 'ascii' codec can't decode byte 0xc3 in position 100: ordinal not in range(128) Could anyone help me getting this right? UPDATE: Adding the reppr examples and content type u'Star Trek XI &#xA3;3.99' u'Oscar Winners Best Pictures Box Set \xc2\xa36.49' Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8 Thanks in advance

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  • change values in a list - python

    - by ariel
    I have this code: a=[['a','b','c'],['a','f','c'],['a','c','d']] for x in a: for y in x: if 'a' in x: x.replace('a','*')` but the result is: a=[['a','b','c'],['a','f','c'],['a','c','d']] and bot a=[['b','c'],['f','c'],['c','d']] What should I do so the changes will last?

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  • Python/Django: log to console under runserver, log to file under Apache

    - by Justin Grant
    How can I send trace messages to the console (like print) when I'm running my Django app under manage.py runserver, but have those messages sent to a log file when I'm running the app under Apache? I reviewed Django logging and although I was impressed with its flexibility and configurability for advanced uses, I'm still stumped with how to handle my simple use-case. My apologies for not being able to find the answer elsewhere-- this is a newbie question I know.

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  • Python: How to transfer varrying length arrays over a network connection

    - by Devin
    Hi, I need to transfer an array of varying length in which each element is a tuple of two integers. As an example: path = [(1,1),(1,2)] path = [(1,1),(1,2),(2,2)] I am trying to use pack and unpack, however, since the array is of varying length I don't know how to create a format such that both know the format. I was trying to turn it into a single string with delimiters, such as: msg = 1&1~1&2~ sendMsg = pack("s",msg) or sendMsg = pack("s",str(msg)) on the receiving side: path = unpack("s",msg) but that just prints 1 in this case. I was also trying to send 4 integers as well, which send and receive fine, so long as I don't include the extra string representing the path. sendMsg = pack("hhhh",p.direction[0],p.direction[1],p.id,p.health) on the receive side: x,y,id,health = unpack("hhhh",msg) The first was for illustration as I was trying to send the format "hhhhs", but either way the path doesn't come through properly. Thank-you for your help. I will also be looking at sending a 2D array of ints, but I can't seem to figure out how to send these more 'complex' structures across the network. Thank-you for your help.

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  • python convert 12 bit image encoded in a string to 8 bit png

    - by ks
    I have a string that is read from a usb apogee camera that is a 12-bit grayscale image with the 12-bits each occupying the lowest 12 bits of 16-bits words. I want to create a 8-bit png from this string by ignoring the lowest 4 bits. I can convert it to a 16-bit image where the highest 4 bits are always zero using PIL with import Image imageStr is the image string imageSize is the image size img=Image.fromstring("I", imageSize, imageStr, "raw", "I;16", 0,1) img.save("MyImage.png", "PNG") Anyway I can do something similar to create a 8-bit image without completely unpacking the string doing arithmetic and making a new string?

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  • Serialize the @property methods in a Python class.

    - by ashchristopher
    Is there a way to have any @property definitions passed through to a json serializer when serializing a Django model class? example: class FooBar(object.Model) name = models.CharField(...) @property def foo(self): return "My name is %s" %self.name Want to serialize to: [{ 'name' : 'Test User', 'foo' : 'My name is Test User', },]

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  • python: importing modules with incorrect import statements => unexhaustive info from resulting Impor

    - by bbb
    Hi there, I have a funny problem I'd like to ask you guys ('n gals) about. I'm importing some module A that is importing some non-existent module B. Of course this will result in an ImportError. This is what A.py looks like import B Now let's import A >>> import A Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> File "/tmp/importtest/A.py", line 1, in <module> import B ImportError: No module named B Alright, on to the problem. How can I know if this ImportError results from importing A or from some corrupt import inside A without looking at the error's string representation. The difference is that either A is not there or does have incorrect import statements. Hope you can help me out... Cheers bb

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  • undo or reverse argsort(), python

    - by Vincent
    Given an array 'a' I would like to sort the array by columns "a.sort(axis=0)" do some stuff to the array and then undo the sort. By that I don't mean re sort but basically reversing how each element was moved. I assume argsort() is what I need but it is not clear to me how to sort an array with the results of argsort() or more importantly apply the reverse/inverse of argsort() Here is a little more detail I have an array a, shape(a) = rXc I need to sort each column aargsort = a.argsort(axis=0) # May use this later aSort = a.sort(axis=0) now average each row aSortRM = asort.mean(axis=1) now replace each col in a row with the row mean. is there a better way than this aWithMeans = ones_like(a) for ind in range(r) # r = number of rows aWithMeans[ind]* aSortRM[ind] Now I need to undo the sort I did in the first step. ????

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  • Testing variable types in Python

    - by Jasper
    Hello, I'm creating an initialising function for the class 'Room', and found that the program wouldn't accept the tests I was doing on the input variables. Why is this? def __init__(self, code, name, type, size, description, objects, exits): self.code = code self.name = name self.type = type self.size = size self.description = description self.objects = objects self.exits = exits #Check for input errors: if type(self.code) != type(str()): print 'Error found in module rooms.py!' print 'Error number: 110' elif type(self.name) != type(str()): print 'Error found in module rooms.py!' print 'Error number: 111' elif type(self.type) != type(str()): print 'Error found in module rooms.py!' print 'Error number: 112' elif type(self.size) != type(int()): print 'Error found in module rooms.py!' print 'Error number: 113' elif type(self.description) != type(str()): print 'Error found in module rooms.py!' print 'Error number: 114' elif type(self.objects) != type(list()): print 'Error found in module rooms.py!' print 'Error number: 115' elif type(self.exits) != type(tuple()): print 'Error found in module rooms.py!' print 'Error number: 116' When I run this I get this error: Traceback (most recent call last): File "/Users/Jasper/Development/Programming/MyProjects/Game Making Challenge/Europa I/rooms.py", line 148, in <module> myRoom = Room(101, 'myRoom', 'Basic Room', 5, '<insert description>', myObjects, myExits) File "/Users/Jasper/Development/Programming/MyProjects/Game Making Challenge/Europa I/rooms.py", line 29, in __init__ if type(self.code) != type(str()): TypeError: 'str' object is not callable

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  • Importing data from a text file using python

    - by Will
    I have a text file containing data in rows and columns (~17000 rows in total). Each column is a uniform number of characters long, with the 'unused' characters filled in by spaces. For example, the first column is 11 characters long, but the last four characters in that column are always spaces (so that it appears to be a nice column when viewed with a text editor). Sometimes it's more than four if the entry is less than 7 characters. The columns are not otherwise separated by commas, tabs, or spaces. They are also not all the same number of characters (the first two are 11, the next two are 8 and the last one is 5 - but again, some are spaces). What I want to do is import the entires (which are numbers) in the last two columns if the second column contains the string 'OW' somewhere in it. Any help would be greatly appreciated.

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  • regex in python, can this be improved upon?

    - by tipu
    I have this piece of code that finds words that begin with @ or #, p = re.findall(r'@\w+|#\w+', str) Now what irks me about this is repeating \w+. I am sure there is a way to do something like p = re.findall(r'(@|#)\w+', str) That will produce the same result but it doesn't, it instead returns only # and @. How can that regex be changed so that I am not repeating the \w+? This code comes close, p = re.findall(r'((@|#)\w+)', str) But it returns [('@many', '@'), ('@this', '@'), ('#tweet', '#')] (notice the extra '@', '@', and '#'.

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  • Python - alternative to list.remove(x)?

    - by Seafoid
    Hi, I wish to compare two lists. Generally this is not a problem as I usually use a nested for loop and append the intersection to a new list. In this case, I need to delete the intersection of A and B from A. A = [['ab', 'cd', 'ef', '0', '567'], ['ghy5'], ['pop', 'eye']] B = [['ab'], ['hi'], ['op'], ['ej']] My objective is to compare A and B and delete A intersection B from A, i.e., delete A[0][0] in this case. I tried: def match(): for i in A: for j in i: for k in B: for v in k: if j == v: A.remove(j) list.remove(x) throws a ValueError.

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  • Difference Between Two Lists with Many Duplicates in Python

    - by Paul
    I have several lists that contain many of the same items and many duplicate items. I want to check which items in one list are not in the other list. For example, I might have one list like this: l1 = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'b', 'c'] and one list like this: l2 = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'b'] Comparing these two lists I would want to return a third list like this: l3 = ['c'] I am currently using some terrible code that I made a while ago that I'm fairly certain doesn't even work properly shown below. def list_difference(l1,l2): for i in range(0, len(l1)): for j in range(0, len(l2)): if l1[i] == l1[j]: l1[i] = 'damn' l2[j] = 'damn' l3 = [] for item in l1: if item!='damn': l3.append(item) return l3 How can I better accomplish this task?

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