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  • Don't understand the typing of Scala's delimited continuations (A @cps[B,C])

    - by jkff
    I'm struggling to understand what precisely does it mean when a value has type A @cps[B,C] and what types of this form should I assign to my values when using the delimited continuations facility. I've looked at some sources: http://lamp.epfl.ch/~rompf/continuations-icfp09.pdf http://www.scala-lang.org/node/2096 http://dcsobral.blogspot.com/2009/07/delimited-continuations-explained-in.html http://blog.richdougherty.com/2009/02/delimited-continuations-in-scala_24.html but they didn't give me much intuition into this. In the last link, the author tries to give an explicit explanation, but it is not clear enough anyway. The A here represents the output of the computation, which is also the input to its continuation. The B represents the return type of that continuation, and the C represents its "final" return type—because shift can do further processing to the returned value and change its type. I don't understand the difference between "output of the computation", "return type of the continuation" and "final return type of the continuation". They sound like synonyms.

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  • Why is Haskell used so little in the industry?

    - by bugspy.net
    It is a wonderful, very fast, mature and complete language. It exists for a very long time and has a big set of libraries. Yet, it appears not to be widely used. Why ? I suspect it is because it is pretty rough and unforgiving for beginners, and maybe because its lazy execution makes it even harder

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  • Function syntax puzzler in scalaz

    - by oxbow_lakes
    Following watching Nick Partidge's presentation on deriving scalaz, I got to looking at this example, which is just awesome: import scalaz._ import Scalaz._ def even(x: Int) : Validation[NonEmptyList[String], Int] = if (x % 2 ==0) x.success else "not even: %d".format(x).wrapNel.fail println( even(3) <|*|> even(5) ) //prints: Failure(NonEmptyList(not even: 3, not even: 5)) I was trying to understand what the <|*|> method was doing, here is the source code: def <|*|>[B](b: M[B])(implicit t: Functor[M], a: Apply[M]): M[(A, B)] = <**>(b, (_: A, _: B)) OK, that is fairly confusing (!) - but it references the <**> method, which is declared thus: def <**>[B, C](b: M[B], z: (A, B) => C)(implicit t: Functor[M], a: Apply[M]): M[C] = a(t.fmap(value, z.curried), b) So I have a few questions: How come the method appears to take a monad of one type parameter (M[B]) but can get passed a Validation (which has two type paremeters)? How does the syntax (_: A, _: B) define the function (A, B) => C which the 2nd method expects? It doesn't even define an output via =>

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  • What is a 'Closure'?

    - by Ben
    I asked a question about Currying and closures where mentioned. What is a closure? How does it relate to currying? Additional: Kyle's answer is great but to my poor procedural/OO mind Ben Childs answer is really useful.

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  • Screen Resolutions

    - by JPJedi
    I am testing an application and need to test it with different screen resolutions with windows form applications. What is the common resolution tested for now days?

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  • Testing devise with shoulda

    - by cristian
    Hello, I'm having some difficulties in testing devise with shoulda: 2) Error: test: handle :index logged as admin should redirect to Daily page. (Admin::DailyClosesControllerTest): NoMethodError: undefined method `env' for nil:NilClass devise (1.0.6) [v] lib/devise/test_helpers.rb:52:in `setup_controller_for_warden' I have this in my test_helper: include Devise::TestHelpers Thoughts ? Thanks in advance, Cristi

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  • How do I make a module in PLT Scheme?

    - by kunjaan
    I tried doing this: #lang scheme (module duck scheme/base (provide num-eggs quack) (define num-eggs 2) (define (quack n) (unless (zero? n) (printf "quack\n") (quack (sub1 n))))) But I get this error: module: illegal use (not at top-level) in: (module duck scheme/base (provide num-eggs quack) (define num-eggs 2) (define (quack n) (unless (zero? n) (printf "quack\n") (quack (sub1 n))))) what is the correct way?

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  • Confused over behavior of List.mapi in F#

    - by James Black
    I am building some equations in F#, and when working on my polynomial class I found some odd behavior using List.mapi Basically, each polynomial has an array, so 3*x^2 + 5*x + 6 would be [|6, 5, 3|] in the array, so, when adding polynomials, if one array is longer than the other, then I just need to append the extra elements to the result, and that is where I ran into a problem. Later I want to generalize it to not always use a float, but that will be after I get more working. So, the problem is that I expected List.mapi to return a List not individual elements, but, in order to put the lists together I had to put [] around my use of mapi, and I am curious why that is the case. This is more complicated than I expected, I thought I should be able to just tell it to make a new List starting at a certain index, but I can't find any function for that. type Polynomial() = let mutable coefficients:float [] = Array.empty member self.Coefficients with get() = coefficients static member (+) (v1:Polynomial, v2:Polynomial) = let ret = List.map2(fun c p -> c + p) (List.ofArray v1.Coefficients) (List.ofArray v2.Coefficients) let a = List.mapi(fun i x -> x) match v1.Coefficients.Length - v2.Coefficients.Length with | x when x < 0 -> ret :: [((List.ofArray v1.Coefficients) |> a)] | x when x > 0 -> ret :: [((List.ofArray v2.Coefficients) |> a)] | _ -> [ret]

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  • What are the most interesting equivalences arising from the Curry-Howard Isomorphism?

    - by Tom
    I came upon the Curry-Howard Isomorphism relatively late in my programming life, and perhaps this contributes to my being utterly fascinated by it. It implies that for every programming concept there exists a precise analogue in formal logic, and vice versa. Here's an "obvious" list of such analogies, off the top of my head: program/definition | proof type/declaration | proposition inhabited type | theorem function | implication function argument | hypothesis/antecedent function result | conclusion/consequent function application | modus ponens recursion | induction identity function | tautology non-terminating function | absurdity tuple | conjunction (and) disjoint union | exclusive disjunction (xor) parametric polymorphism | universal quantification So, to my question: what are some of the more interesting/obscure implications of this isomorphism? I'm no logician so I'm sure I've only scratched the surface with this list. For example, here are some programming notions for which I'm unaware of pithy names in logic: currying | "((a & b) => c) iff (a => (b => c))" scope | "known theory + hypotheses" And here are some logical concepts which I haven't quite pinned down in programming terms: primitive type? | axiom set of valid programs? | theory ? | disjunction (or)

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  • Bubble sort algorithm implementations (Haskell vs. C)

    - by kingping
    Hello. I have written 2 implementation of bubble sort algorithm in C and Haskell. Haskell implementation: module Main where main = do contents <- readFile "./data" print "Data loaded. Sorting.." let newcontents = bubblesort contents writeFile "./data_new_ghc" newcontents print "Sorting done" bubblesort list = sort list [] False rev = reverse -- separated. To see rev2 = reverse -- who calls the routine sort (x1:x2:xs) acc _ | x1 > x2 = sort (x1:xs) (x2:acc) True sort (x1:xs) acc flag = sort xs (x1:acc) flag sort [] acc True = sort (rev acc) [] False sort _ acc _ = rev2 acc I've compared these two implementations having run both on file with size of 20 KiB. C implementation took about a second, Haskell — about 1 min 10 sec. I have also profiled the Haskell application: Compile for profiling: C:\Temp ghc -prof -auto-all -O --make Main Profile: C:\Temp Main.exe +RTS -p and got these results. This is a pseudocode of the algorithm: procedure bubbleSort( A : list of sortable items ) defined as: do swapped := false for each i in 0 to length(A) - 2 inclusive do: if A[i] > A[i+1] then swap( A[i], A[i+1] ) swapped := true end if end for while swapped end procedure I wonder if it's possible to make Haskell implementation work faster without changing the algorithm (there's are actually a few tricks to make it work faster, but neither implementations have these optimizations)

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  • Why is the Clojure Hello World program so slow compared to Java and Python?

    - by viksit
    Hi all, I'm reading "Programming Clojure" and I was comparing some languages I use for some simple code. I noticed that the clojure implementations were the slowest in each case. For instance, Python - hello.py def hello_world(name): print "Hello, %s" % name hello_world("world") and result, $ time python hello.py Hello, world real 0m0.027s user 0m0.013s sys 0m0.014s Java - hello.java import java.io.*; public class hello { public static void hello_world(String name) { System.out.println("Hello, " + name); } public static void main(String[] args) { hello_world("world"); } } and result, $ time java hello Hello, world real 0m0.324s user 0m0.296s sys 0m0.065s and finally, Clojure - hellofun.clj (defn hello-world [username] (println (format "Hello, %s" username))) (hello-world "world") and results, $ time clj hellofun.clj Hello, world real 0m1.418s user 0m1.649s sys 0m0.154s Thats a whole, garangutan 1.4 seconds! Does anyone have pointers on what the cause of this could be? Is Clojure really that slow, or are there JVM tricks et al that need to be used in order to speed up execution? More importantly - isn't this huge difference in performance going to be an issue at some point? (I mean, lets say I was using Clojure for a production system - the gain I get in using lisp seems completely offset by the performance issues I can see here). The machine used here is a 2007 Macbook Pro running Snow Leopard, a 2.16Ghz Intel C2D and 2G DDR2 SDRAM. BTW, the clj script I'm using is from here and looks like, #!/bin/bash JAVA=/System/Library/Frameworks/JavaVM.framework/Versions/1.6/Home/bin/java CLJ_DIR=/opt/jars CLOJURE=$CLJ_DIR/clojure.jar CONTRIB=$CLJ_DIR/clojure-contrib.jar JLINE=$CLJ_DIR/jline-0.9.94.jar CP=$PWD:$CLOJURE:$JLINE:$CONTRIB # Add extra jars as specified by `.clojure` file if [ -f .clojure ] then CP=$CP:`cat .clojure` fi if [ -z "$1" ]; then $JAVA -server -cp $CP \ jline.ConsoleRunner clojure.lang.Repl else scriptname=$1 $JAVA -server -cp $CP clojure.main $scriptname -- $* fi

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  • Practical Scheme Programming

    - by Ixmatus
    It's been a few months since I've touched Scheme and decided to implement a command line income partitioner using Scheme. My initial implementation used plain recursion over the continuation, but I figured a continuation would be more appropriate to this type of program. I would appreciate it if anyone (more skilled with Scheme than I) could take a look at this and suggest improvements. I'm that the multiple (display... lines is an ideal opportunity to use a macro as well (I just haven't gotten to macros yet). (define (ab-income) (call/cc (lambda (cc) (let ((out (display "Income: ")) (income (string->number (read-line)))) (cond ((<= income 600) (display (format "Please enter an amount greater than $600.00~n~n")) (cc (ab-income))) (else (let ((bills (* (/ 30 100) income)) (taxes (* (/ 20 100) income)) (savings (* (/ 10 100) income)) (checking (* (/ 40 100) income))) (display (format "~nDeduct for bills:---------------------- $~a~n" (real->decimal-string bills 2))) (display (format "Deduct for taxes:---------------------- $~a~n" (real->decimal-string taxes 2))) (display (format "Deduct for savings:-------------------- $~a~n" (real->decimal-string savings 2))) (display (format "Remainder for checking:---------------- $~a~n" (real->decimal-string checking 2)))))))))) Invoking (ab-income) asks for input and if anything below 600 is provided it (from my understanding) returns (ab-income) at the current-continuation. My first implementation (as I said earlier) used plain-jane recursion. It wasn't bad at all either but I figured every return call to (ab-income) if the value was below 600 kept expanding the function. (please correct me if that apprehension is incorrect!)

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  • Generics and Constrained Polymorphism versus Subtyping

    - by Rahul G
    Hullo all. In this (Warning: PDF) presentation on Haskell Type Classes, on slide #54, there's this question: Open Question: In a language with generics and constrained polymorphism, do you need subtyping too? My questions are: How do generics and constrained polymorphism make subtyping unnecessary? If generics and constrained polymorphism make subtyping unnecessary, why does Scala have subtyping?

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  • How do I profile in DrScheme?

    - by kunjaan
    How Do I profile my functions using DrScheme? (require profile) (define (factorial n) (cond ((= n 1) 1) (else (* n (factorial (- n 1)))))) (profile factorial) The above code returns Profiling results ----------------- Total cpu time observed: 0ms (out of 0ms) Number of samples taken: 0 (once every 0ms) ==================================== Caller Idx Total Self Name+srcLocal% ms(pct) ms(pct) Callee ==================================== > I tried: - (profile (factorial 100)) - (profile factorial) (factorial 100) But it gives me the same result. What am I doing wrong?

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  • State Monad, why not a tuple?

    - by thr
    I've just wrapped my head around monads (at least I'd like to think I have) and more specifically the state monad, which some people that are way smarter then me figured out, so I'm probably way of with this question. Anyway, the state monad is usually implemented with a M<'a as something like this (F#): type State<'a, 'state> = State of ('state -> 'a * 'state) Now my question: Is there any reason why you couldn't use a tuple here? Other then the possible ambiguity between MonadA<'a, 'b> and MonadB<'a, 'b> which would both become the equivalent ('a * 'b) tuple. Edit: Added example for clarity type StateMonad() = member m.Return a = (fun s -> a, s) member m.Bind(x, f) = (fun s -> let a, s_ = x s in f a s_) let state = new StateMonad() let getState = (fun s -> s, s) let setState s = (fun _ -> (), s) let execute m s = m s |> fst

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  • Automate Testing on future only items business rules

    - by Titan
    I currently have a business object with a validation business rule, which is it can only be created for the future, tomorrow onwards, and I cannot create new items for today. I have a process, which runs the non-future business objects through some steps.. Because I have to set things up today, and test tomorrow, and when it fails, I can only create a new object tomorrow and test the following day. Are there any easy ways to automate this process in any testing frameworks? I think our testers are using the visual studio 2010 test manager. How do you guys manage situations like this? Cheers

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  • Confusion regarding laziness

    - by Abhinav Kaushik
    I have a function myLength = foldl (\ x _ -> x + 1) 0 which fails with stack overflow with input around 10^6 elements (myLength [1..1000000] fails). I believe that is due to the thunk build up since when I replace foldl with foldl', it works. So far so good. But now I have another function to reverse a list : myReverse = foldl (\ acc x -> x : acc) [] which uses the lazy version foldl (instead of foldl') When I do myLength . myReverse $ [1.1000000]. This time it works fine. I fail to understand why foldl works for the later case and not for former?

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  • seperating interface and implemention with normal functions

    - by ace
    this seems like it should be pretty simple, im probably leaving something simple out. this is the code im trying to run. it is 3 files, 2*cpp and 1*header. -------------lab6.h ifndef LAB6_H_INCLUDED define LAB6_H_INCLUDED int const arraySize = 10; int array1[arraySize]; int array2[arraySize]; void generateArray(int[], int ); void displayArray(int[], int[], int ); void reverseOrder(int [],int [], int); endif // LAB6_H_INCLUDED -----------------lab6.cpp include using std::cout; using std::endl; include using std::rand; using std::srand; include using std::time; include using std::setw; include "lab6.h" void generateArray(int array1[], int arraySize) { srand(time(0)); for (int i=0; i<10; i++) { array1[i]=(rand()%10); } } void displayArray(int array1[], int array2[], int arraySize) { cout<<endl<<"Array 1"<<endl; for (int i=0; i<arraySize; i++) { cout<<array1[i]<<", "; } cout<<endl<<"Array 2"<<endl; for (int i=0; i<arraySize; i++) { cout<<array2[i]<<", "; } } void reverseOrder(int array1[],int array2[], int arraySize) { for (int i=0, j=arraySize-1; i<arraySize;j--, i++) { array2[j] = array1[i]; } } ------------and finally main.cpp include "lab6.h" int main() { generateArray(array1, arraySize); reverseOrder(array1, array2, arraySize); displayArray(array1, array2, arraySize); return 0; }

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  • Naming Suggestions For A Function Providing Method Chaining In A Different Way

    - by sid3k
    I've coded an experimental function which makes passed objects chainable by using high order functions. It's name is "chain" for now, and here is a usage example; chain("Hello World") (print) // evaluates print function by passing "Hello World" object. (console.log,"Optional","Parameters") (returnfrom) // returns "Hello World" It looks lispy but behaves very different since it's coded in a C based language, I don't know if there is a name for this idiom and I couldn't any name more suitable than "chain". Any ideas, suggestions?

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  • Are there any tools for performing static analysis of Scala code?

    - by Roman Kagan
    Are there any tools for performing static analysis of Scala code, similar to FindBugs and PMD for Java or Splint for C/C++? I know that FindBugs works on the bytecode produced by compiling Java, so I'm curious as to how it would work on Scala. Google searches (as of 27 October 2009) reveal very little. Google searches (as of 01 February 2010) reveal this question.

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