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  • how to push a string address to stack with assembly, machine code

    - by Yigit
    Hi all, I am changing minesweeper.exe in order to have an understanding of how code injection works. Simply, I want the minesweeper to show a message box before starting. So, I find a "cave" in the executable and then define the string to show in messagebox and call the messagebox. Additionally of course, I have to change the value at module entry point of the executable and first direct it to my additional code, then continue its own code. So at the cave what I do; "hello starbuck",0 push 0 //arg4 of MessageBoxW function push the address of my string //arg3, must be title push the address of my string //arg2, must be the message push 0 //arg1 call MessageBoxW ... Now since the memory addresses of codes in the executable change everytime it is loaded in the memory, for calling the MessageBoxW function, I give the offset of the address where MessageBoxW is defined in Import Address Table. For instance, if MessageBoxW is defined at address1 in the IAT and the instruction just after call MessageBoxW is at address2 instead of writing call MessageBoxW, I write call address2 - address1. So my question is, how do I do it for pushing the string's address to the stack? For example, if I do these changes via ollydbg, I give the immediate address of "hello starbuck" for pushing and it works. But after reloading the executable or starting it outside of ollydbg, it naturally fails, since the immediate addresses change. Thanks in advance, Yigit.

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  • OOP 101 - quick question.

    - by R Bennett
    I've used procedural for sometime now and trying to get a better understanding of OOP in Php. Starting at square 1 and I have a quick question ot get this to gel. Many of the basic examples show static values ( $bob-name = "Robert";) when assigning a value, but I want to pass values... say from a form ( $name = $_POST['name']; ) class Person { // define properties public $name; public $weight; public $age; public function title() { echo $this->name . " has submitted a request "; } } $bob = new Person; // want to plug the value in here $bob->name = $name; $bob->title(); I guess I'm getting a little hung up in some areas as far as accessing variables from within the class, encapsulation & "rules", etc., can $name = $_POST['name']; reside anywhere outside of the class or am I missing an important point? Thanks

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  • SO what RDF database do i use for product attribute situation initially i thought about using EAV?

    - by keisimone
    Hi, i have a similar issue as espoused in http://stackoverflow.com/questions/695752/product-table-many-kinds-of-product-each-product-has-many-parameters i am convinced to use RDF now. only because of one of the comments made by Bill Karwin in the answer to the above issue but i already have a database in mysql and the code is in php. 1) So what RDF database should I use? 2) do i combine the approach? meaning i have a class table inheritance in the mysql database and just the weird product attributes in the RDF? I dont think i should move everything to a RDF database since it is only just products and the wide array of possible attributes and value that is giving me the problem. 3) what php resources, articles should i look at that will help me better in the creation of this? 4) more articles or resources that helps me to better understand RDF in the context of the above challenge of building something that will better hold all sorts of products' attributes and values will be greatly appreciated. i tend to work better when i have a conceptual understanding of what is going on. Do bear in mind i am a complete novice to this and my knowledge of programming and database is average at best.

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  • Serial.begin(speed, config) not compiling for Leonardo Board

    - by forgemo
    I would like to configure my serial communication to have no parity, 1 start- and 2 stop-bits. The documentation for Serial.begin(speed, config) states: (...) An optional second argument configures the data, parity, and stop bits. The default is 8 data bits, no parity, one stop bit. The documentation also lists the possible configuration-values. According to my (limited) understanding, I need SERIAL_7N2 or SERIAL_8N2 to meet my requirements. (I'm not sure how the data-bits relate to the the 1-start-bit that I need.) However, I can't even compile because I have no idea how to supply that config value to the begin method. (I don't have much Arduino/C++ experience) I've tried in my code the following two variants: Serial.begin(9600, SERIAL_8N2); Serial.begin(9600, "SERIAL_8N2"); Am I missing something? Additional Information: Serial.begin(speed, config) has been introduced with the latest Arduino 1.0.2 IDE version. The code defining/implementing the begin methods can be found here. HardwareSerial.h HardwareSerial.cpp Edit: According to the replies from PeterJ and borges, the following variant is correct. Serial.begin(9600, SERIAL_8N2); However, it's still not working. I found that the compile error doesn't occur if I change the configured board from my Arduino Leonardo to Arduino uno. Therefore, it could be a bug occurring only with a subset of boards ... or maybe it's not supported?!

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  • How to store a list in a column of a database table.

    - by John Berryman
    Howdy! So, per Mehrdad's answer to a related question, I get it that a "proper" database table column doesn't store a list. Rather, you should create another table that effectively holds the elements of said list and then link to it directly or through a junction table. However, the type of list I want to create will be composed of unique items (unlike the linked question's fruit example). Furthermore, the items in my list are explicitly sorted - which means that if I stored the elements in another table, I'd have to sort them every time I accessed them. Finally, the list is basically atomic in that any time I wish to access the list, I will want to access the entire list rather than just a piece of it - so it seems silly to have to issue a database query to gather together pieces of the list. AKX's solution (linked above) is to serialize the list and store it in a binary column. But this also seems inconvenient because it means that I have to worry about serialization and deserialization. Is there any better solution? If there is no better solution, then why? It seems that this problem should come up from time to time. ... just a little more info to let you know where I'm coming from. As soon as I had just begun understanding SQL and databases in general, I was turned on to LINQ to SQL, and so now I'm a little spoiled because I expect to deal with my programming object model without having to think about how the objects are queried or stored in the database. Thanks All! John

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  • How to handle Lightbox with Capybara , Selenium and Cucumber framework?

    - by Sushil
    Im trying to run test suite that will handle the jquery light-box. Light box contains a text-area and a submit button. Before Light box appears both of these fields are hidden. But selenium framework not understanding the visibility of these element in Light box. It just shows following error. And I fill comment box with "Text !!" # features/step_definitions/web_steps.rb:333 Element is not currently visible and so may not be interacted with (Selenium::WebDriver::Error::ElementNotVisibleError) [remote server] file:///tmp/webdriver-profile20120403-6182-1rd9z23/extensions/[email protected]/components/command_processor.js:9509:in `unknown' [remote server] file:///tmp/webdriver-profile20120403-6182-1rd9z23/extensions/[email protected]/components/command_processor.js:10510:in `unknown' [remote server] file:///tmp/webdriver-profile20120403-6182-1rd9z23/extensions/[email protected]/components/command_processor.js:10529:in `unknown' [remote server] file:///tmp/webdriver-profile20120403-6182-1rd9z23/extensions/[email protected]/components/command_processor.js:10534:in `unknown' [remote server] file:///tmp/webdriver-profile20120403-6182-1rd9z23/extensions/[email protected]/components/command_processor.js:10482:in `unknown' (eval):2:in `send' (eval):2:in `fill_in' ./features/step_definitions/web_steps.rb:335:in `/^I fill comment box with "([^"]*)"$/' features/courses_flow.feature:21:in `And I fill comment box with "Text !!"'

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  • Subsonic, child records, and collections

    - by Dane
    Hi, I've been working with subsonic for a few weeks now, and it is working really well. However, I've just run into an issue with child objects with additional partial properties. Some of it is probably me just not understanding the .Net object lifecycle. I have an object - search. This has a few properties like permissions and stuff, and it links to a child table called search_options. In my Asp.Net app, it loops through these search options and creates controls. Then on postback, it grabs the values and assigns it back to a "value" property on the search_option. This value property is a simple string that's defined in a partial class. I then want to create a method on the search object, called PerformSearch. This then loops through the child search_options, and performs a custom query based on the "value" property. However, even though I assign the "value" property to the child search_option, when I access it later via the search.search_options collection, it is null. I'm guessing that maybe because it's accessing it in two different places, it performs another lazy load from the DB and the value is lost? Is there a way to tell the class that it's already loaded or something? or a way to access it so it's not reloaded from the DB? Code is below (shitty pseudocode, not full version) : ASP.Net page, loading back the values from postback : dim obj_search as search = new subsonic.query.select().......' retrieves the search object for each opt as search_option in obj_search.search_options opt.Value = Ctype(FindControl("search_option_" + opt.search_option_id),Textbox).Text debug.print(opt.Value) ' value is correct next for each opt as search_option in obj_search.search_options debug.print(opt.Value) 'this is nothing next Now, the partial class : public partial class search_option private m_value as string public property Value() as string get return m_value end get set( byval value as string) m_value = value end set end property end class

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  • Handling XMLHttpRequest to call external application

    - by Ian
    I need a simple way to use XMLHttpRequest as a way for a web client to access applications in an embedded device. I'm getting confused trying to figure out how to make something thin and light that handles the XMLHttpRequests coming to the web server and can translate those to application calls. The situation: The web client using Ajax (ExtJS specifically) needs to send and receive asynchronously to an existing embedded application. This isn't just to have a thick client/thin server, the client needs to run background checking on the application status. The application can expose a socket interface, with a known set of commands, events, and configuration values. Configuration could probably be transmitted as XML since it comes from a SQLite database. In between the client and app is a lighttpd web server running something that somehow handles the translation. This something is the problem. What I think I want: Lighttpd can use FastCGI to route all XMLHttpRequest to an external process. This process will understand HTML/XML, and translate between that and the application's language. It will have custom logic to simulate pushing notifications to the client (receive XMLHttpRequest, don't respond until the next notification is available). C/C++. I'd really like to avoid installing Java/PHP/Perl on an embedded device. So I'll need more low level understanding. How do I do this? Are there good C++ libraries for interpreting the CGI headers and HTML so that I don't have to do any syntax processing, I can just deal with the request/response contents? Are there any good references to exactly what goes on, server side, when handling the XMLHttpRequest and CGI interfaces? Is there any package that does most of this job already, or will I have to build the non-HTTP/CGI stuff from scratch? Thanks for any help! I am really having trouble learning about the server side of these technologies.

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  • In C#, are event handler arguments contravariant?

    - by Roger Lipscombe
    If I have a class that raises an event, with (e.g.) FrobbingEventArgs, am I allowed to handle it with a method that takes EventArgs? Here's some code: class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { Frobber frobber = new Frobber(); frobber.Frobbing += FrobberOnFrobbing; frobber.Frob(); } private static void FrobberOnFrobbing(object sender, EventArgs e) { // Do something interesting. Note that the parameter is 'EventArgs'. } } internal class Frobber { public event EventHandler<FrobbingEventArgs> Frobbing; public event EventHandler<FrobbedEventArgs> Frobbed; public void Frob() { OnFrobbing(); // Frob. OnFrobbed(); } private void OnFrobbing() { var handler = Frobbing; if (handler != null) handler(this, new FrobbingEventArgs()); } private void OnFrobbed() { var handler = Frobbed; if (handler != null) handler(this, new FrobbedEventArgs()); } } internal class FrobbedEventArgs : EventArgs { } internal class FrobbingEventArgs : EventArgs { } The reason I ask is that ReSharper seems to have a problem with (what looks like) the equivalent in XAML, and I'm wondering if it's a bug in ReSharper, or a mistake in my understanding of C#.

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  • iPhone OS: Why is my managedModelObject not complying with Key Value Coding?

    - by nickthedude
    Ok so I'm trying to build this stat tracker for my app and I have built a data model object called statTracker that keeps track of all the stuff I want it to. I can set and retrieve values using the selectors, but if I try and use KVC (ie setValue: forKey: ) everything goes bad and says my StatTracker class is not KVC compliant: valueForUndefinedKey:]: the entity StatTracker is not key value coding-compliant for the key "timesLauched".' 2010-05-18 15:55:08.573 here's the code that is triggering it: NSArray *statTrackerArray = [[NSArray alloc] init]; statTrackerArray = [[CoreDataSingleton sharedCoreDataSingleton] getStatTracker]; NSNumber *number1 = [[NSNumber alloc] init]; number1 = [NSNumber numberWithInt:(1 + [[(StatTracker *)[statTrackerArray objectAtIndex:0] valueForKey:@"timesLauched"] intValue])]; [(StatTracker *)[statTrackerArray objectAtIndex:0] setValue:number1 forKey:@"timesLaunched" ]; NSError *error; if (![[[CoreDataSingleton sharedCoreDataSingleton] managedObjectContext] save:&error]) { NSLog(@"error writing to db"); } Not sure if this is enough code for you folks let me know what you need if you do need more. This would be so sweet if I could use KVC because I could then abstract all this stat tracking stuff into a single method call with a string argument for the value in question. At least that is what I hope to accomplish here. I'm actually now understanding the power of KVC but now I'm just trying to figure out how to make it work. Thanks! Nick

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  • Merging sql queries to get different results by date

    - by pedalpete
    I am trying to build a 'recent events' feed and can't seem to get either my query correct, or figure out how to possible merge the results from two queries to sort them by date. One table holds games/, and another table holds the actions of these games/. I am trying to get the recent events to show users 1) the actions taken on games that are publicly visible (published) 2) when a new game is created and published. So, my actions table has actionId, gameid, userid, actiontype, lastupdate My games table has gameid, startDate, createdby, published, lastupdate I currently have a query like this (simplified for easy understanding I hope). SELECT actionId, actions.gameid, userid, actiontype, actions.lastupdate FROM actions JOIN ( SELECT games.gameid, startDate, createdby, published, games.lastupdate FROM games WHERE published=1 AND lastupdate>today-2 ) publishedGames on actions.gameid=games.gameid WHERE actions.type IN (0,4,5,6,7) AND actions.lastupdate>games.lastupdate and published=1 OR games.lastupdate>today-2 AND published=1 This query is looking for actions from published games where the action took place after the game was published. That pretty much takes care of the first thing that needs to be shown. However, I also need to get the results of the SELECT games.gameid, startDate, createdby, published, games.lastupdate FROM games WHERE published=1 AND startDate>today-2 so I can include in the actions list, when a new game has been published. When I run the query as I've got it written, I get all the actionids, and their gameids, but I don't get a row which shows the gameid when it was published. I understand that it may be possible that I need to run two seperate queries, and then somehow merge the results afterword with php, but I'm completely lost on where to start with that as well.

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  • How can I create a finger scrollable Textbox in WM 6.5?

    - by Papajohn
    Hi everybody. I just noticed something weird in WM 6.5 emulators. Unlike 6.1 where finger panning kind of worked, the only way to scroll a Textbox appears to be through scrollbars. This behaviour is in contrast to what they have done for comboboxes: they are now gesture-friendly without the programmer's intervention. I.e. the user can select a choice from a standard drop down menu by panning and scrolling. Previously, you had to use the embedded scrollbar. The combobox's case implies that MS took some measures to provide standard gesture support for classic finger gestures, yet I cannot see something similar for textboxes. This makes me ask the following: Is there anything that can be done to make textboxes finger scrollabe easily? Note that I refer to managed .NET CF development. It is my understanding that in native development I could use the new Gestures API to achieve the scrolling effect. Yet, I am not sure if there is an easier and more straightforward method that I have missed.

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  • MySQL GIS and Spatial Extensions - how to map regions and query against them

    - by chibineku
    I am trying to make a smartphone app which will return a list of users within a certain proximity, say 100m. It's easy to get the coordinates of my BlackBerry and write them to a database, but in order to return a list of other users within 100m, I need to pull every other record from the database and compare the distance between the two points, checking to see if it's within range, before outputting that user's information. This is going to be time consuming if there are many users involved. So I would like to map areas (countries, cities, I'm not yet sure of the resolution I'll need) so that I can first target a smaller subset of all users. This will save on processing time. I have read the basics of GIS and spatial querying on the mysql website but to be honest the query is over my head and I hate copying and pasting code without understanding it. Plus it only checks for proximity - I want to first check if a coordinate falls within a certain area. Does anyone have any experience of such matters and feel like giving me some pointers? Resources such as any preexisting databases of points describing countries as polygons would be really helpful too. Many thanks to anyone who takes the time :)

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  • PHP: Aggregate Model Classes or Uber Model Classes?

    - by sunwukung
    In many of the discussions regarding the M in MVC, (sidestepping ORM controversies for a moment), I commonly see Model classes described as object representations of table data (be that an Active Record, Table Gateway, Row Gateway or Domain Model/Mapper). Martin Fowler warns against the development of an anemic domain model, i.e. a class that is nothing more than a wrapper for CRUD functionality. I've been working on an MVC application for a couple of months now. The DBAL in the application I'm working on started out simple (on account of my understanding - oh the benefits of hindsight), and is organised so that Controllers invoke Business Logic classes, that in turn access the database via DAO/Transaction Scripts pertinent to the task at hand. There are a few "Entity" classes that aggregate these DAO objects to provide a convenient CRUD wrapper, but also embody some of the "behaviour" of that Domain concept (for example, a user - since it's easy to isolate). Taking a look at some of the code, and thinking along refactoring some of the code into a Rich Domain Model, it occurred to me that were I to try and wrap the CRUD routines and behaviour of say, a Company into a single "Model" class, that would be a sizeable class. So, my question is this: do Models represent domain objects, business logic, service layers, all of the above combined? How do you go about defining the responsibilities for these components?

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  • How can I fix this clang warning: "Object with +0 retain counts returned to caller where +1 (owning)

    - by mipadi
    I have a piece of Objective-C code that looks like the following: - (NSString *)copyData:(NSData *)data { NSString *path = [[[self outputDirectory] stringByAppendingPathComponent:@"archive"] stringByAppendingPathExtension:@"zip"]; NSLog(@"Copying data to %@", path); [data writeToFile:path atomically:NO]; return path; } The code is called from an initializer that looks like this: - (id)initWithData:(NSData *)data { if ((self = [super init]) != nil) { NSString *path = [self copyData:data]; // Line 41 (referenced in warning, shown below) return [self initWithContentsOfFile:path]; } return self; } When running the clang static analyzer, I get the following warnings for the path variable: Potential leak of an object allocated on line 41 and stored into 'path' Object with +0 retain counts returned to caller where +1 (owning) retain count is expected I'm confused. My understanding is that stringByAppendingPathComponent should not return an autoreleased string, so it should have a net retain count of 0. (Obviously I don't want to retain it.) I've tried altering copyData: to return the following, but it didn't get rid of the warning: return [[path retain] autorelease]; So what's the deal with this warning?

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  • Perceptron Classification and Model Training

    - by jake pinedo
    I'm having an issue with understanding how the Perceptron algorithm works and implementing it. cLabel = 0 #class label: corresponds directly with featureVectors and tweets for m in range(miters): for point in featureVectors: margin = answers[cLabel] * self.dot_product(point, w) if margin <= 0: modifier = float(lrate) * float(answers[cLabel]) modifiedPoint = point for x in modifiedPoint: if x != 0: x *= modifier newWeight = [modifiedPoint[i] + w[i] for i in range(len(w))] w = newWeight self._learnedWeight = w This is what I've implemented so far, where I have a list of class labels in answers and a learning rate (lrate) and a list of feature vectors. I run it for the numbers of iterations in miter and then get the final weight at the end. However, I'm not sure what to do with this weight. I've trained the perceptron and now I have to classify a set of tweets, but I don't know how to do that. EDIT: Specifically, what I do in my classify method is I go through and create a feature vector for the data I'm given, which isn't a problem at all, and then I take the self._learnedWeight that I get from the earlier training code and compute the dot-product of the vector and the weight. My weight and feature vectors include a bias in the 0th term of the list so I'm including that. I then check to see if the dotproduct is less than or equal to 0: if so, then I classify it as -1. Otherwise, it's 1. However, this doesn't seem to be working correctly.

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  • protecting COM interfaces from exceptions

    - by rmeador
    I have several dozen objects exposed through COM interfaces, each of which with many methods, totaling a few hundred methods. These interfaces expose business objects from my app to a scripting engine. I have been given the task of protecting every single one of these methods from exceptions being thrown (to catch them and return an error using COM's Error() function, which incidentally I can find no documentation on because it's impossible to google). To my understanding, this requires that I add a try/catch around the guts of each one of these methods. The catch blocks are going to be similar or identical for each and every one of these hundreds of methods, which strongly smells of a problem (massively violates the DRY principle), but I can't think of any way to avoid changing every method. As far as I can tell, these methods are invoked directly by COM, with no intervening code that I can hook into to catch the exceptions. My current best idea is to make a macro for the catch block, but that has it's own sort of code-smell. Can anyone come up with a better approach? BTW, my app's exceptions do not derive from std::exception, so if there is some way of COM automatically handling standard exceptions, it won't help. And I sadly cannot change the existing exceptions to derive from std::exception.

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  • Making alpha PNGs with PHP GD

    - by WiseDonkey
    Hello, I've got a problem making alpha PNGs with PHP GD. I don't have imageMagik etc. Though the images load perfectly well in-browser and in GFX programs, I'm getting problems with Flash AS3 (actionscript) understanding the files. It complains of being an unknown type. But, exporting these files from Fireworks to the same spec works fine. So I'm suggesting it's something wrong with the formatting in PHP GD. There seems to be a number of ways of doing this, with several similar functions; so maybe this isn't right? $image_p = imagecreatetruecolor($width_orig, $height_orig); $image = imagecreatefrompng($filename); imagealphablending($image_p, false); ImageSaveAlpha($image_p, true); ImageFill($image_p, 0, 0, IMG_COLOR_TRANSPARENT); imagealphablending($image_p, true); imagecopyresampled($image_p, $image, 0, 0, 0, 0, $width_orig, $height_orig, $width_orig, $height_orig); imagepng($image_p, "new2/".$filename, 0); imagedestroy($image_p); This just takes files it's given and puts them into new files with a specified width/height - for this example it's same as original but in production it resizes, which is why I'm resampling.

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  • sqlite3 delete does not delete everything?

    - by Skand
    Whats going on here? I would expect the following delete to delete everything from the table. Is there a fundamental mis-understanding of how sqlite3 behaves on my part? sqlite .schema CREATE TABLE ip_domain_table (ip_domain TEXT, answer TEXT, ttl INTEGER, PRIMARY KEY(ip_domain, answer, ttl)); sqlite select count(*) from ip_domain_table where ttl < 9999999999 ; 1605343 sqlite pragma cache_size=100000; delete from ip_domain_table where ttl < 9999999999; sqlite select count(*) from ip_domain_table where ttl < 9999999999 ; 258 Q: Why does the count show "258"? Shouldn't it be 0 instead? If I do this instead, it deletes all the entries as expected. sqlite select count(*) from ip_domain_table; 1605343 sqlite pragma cache_size=100000; delete from ip_domain_table; sqlite select count(*) from ip_domain_table; 0

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  • Updating join fields in an ORM command

    - by Jono
    I have a question about object relational updates on join fields. I am working on a project using codeigniter with datamapper dmz. But I think my problem is with general understanding of ORMs. So fell free to answer with any ORM you know. I have two tables, Goods and Tags. One good can have many tags. Everything is working, but I am looking for a way to merge tags. Meaning I decide I want to remove tag A and instead have everything that is tagged by it, now be tagged by tag B. I only have models for the goods and the tags. There is no separate model for the join relationship, as I believe these ORMs were designed to work. I know how to delete a tag. But I dont know how to reach into the join table to redirect the references since there is no model for the join table. I would rather use the ORM then issuing a raw SQL command.

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  • Returning searched results in an array in Java without ArrayList

    - by Crystal
    I started down this path of implementing a simple search in an array for a hw assignment without knowing we could use ArrayList. I realized it had some bugs in it and figured I'd still try to know what my bug is before using ArrayList. I basically have a class where I can add, remove, or search from an array. public class AcmeLoanManager { public void addLoan(Loan h) { int loanId = h.getLoanId(); loanArray[loanId - 1] = h; } public Loan[] getAllLoans() { return loanArray; } public Loan[] findLoans(Person p) { //Loan[] searchedLoanArray = new Loan[10]; // create new array to hold searched values searchedLoanArray = this.getAllLoans(); // fill new array with all values // Looks through only valid array values, and if Person p does not match using Person.equals() // sets that value to null. for (int i = 0; i < searchedLoanArray.length; i++) { if (searchedLoanArray[i] != null) { if (!(searchedLoanArray[i].getClient().equals(p))) { searchedLoanArray[i] = null; } } } return searchedLoanArray; } public void removeLoan(int loanId) { loanArray[loanId - 1] = null; } private Loan[] loanArray = new Loan[10]; private Loan[] searchedLoanArray = new Loan[10]; // separate array to hold values returned from search } When testing this, I thought it worked, but I think I am overwriting my member variable after I do a search. I initially thought that I could create a new Loan[] in the method and return that, but that didn't seem to work. Then I thought I could have two arrays. One that would not change, and the other just for the searched values. But I think I am not understanding something, like shallow vs deep copying???....

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  • when an autoreleased object is actually released?

    - by psebos
    Hi, I am new in objective-c and I am trying to understand memory management to get it right. After reading the excellent Memory Management Programming Guide for Cocoa by apple my only concern is when actually an autoreleased object is released in an iphone/ipod application. My understanding is at the end of a run loop. But what defines a run loop in the application? So I was wondering whether the following piece of code is right. Assume an object @implementation Test - (NSString *) functionA { NSString *stringA; stringA = [[NSString alloc] initWithString:@"Hello" autorelease] return stringA; } - (NSString *) functionB { NSString *stringB; stringB = [self functionA]; return stringB; } - (NSString *) functionC { NSString *stringC; stringC = [self functionB]; return stringC; } - (void)viewDidLoad { [super viewDidLoad]; (NSString *) p = [self functionC]; NSLog(@"string is %@",p); } @end Is this code valid? From the apple text I understand that the NSString returned from functionA is valid in the scope of functionB. I am not sure whether it is valid in functionC and in viewDidLoad. Thanks!

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  • What are the alternatives to public fields?

    - by James
    I am programming a game in java, and as the question title suggestions i am using public fields in my classes. (for the time being) From what i have seen public fields are bad and i have some understanding why. (but if someone could clarify why you should not use them, that would be appreciated) The thing is that also from what i have seen, (and it seems logical) is that using private fields, but using getters and setters to access them is also not good as it defeats the point of using private fields in the first place. So, my question is, what are the alternatives? or do i really have to use private fields with getters and setters? For reference here is one of my classes, and some of its methods. I will elaborate more if needs be. //The player's fields. public double health; public String name; public double goldCount; public double maxWeight; public double currentWeight; public double maxBackPckSlts; public double usedBackPckSlts; // The current back pack slots in use public double maxHealth; // Maximum amount of health public ArrayList<String> backPack = new ArrayList<String>(); //This method happens when ever the player dynamically takes damage(i.e. when it is not scripted for the player to take damage. //Parameters will be added to make it dynamic so the player can take any spread of damage. public void beDamaged(double damage) { this.health -= damage; if (this.health < 0) { this.health = 0; } } public void gainHealth(double gainedHp) { this.health += gainedHp; if (this.health > this.maxHealth) { this.health = this.maxHealth; } }

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  • How to access a superclass's class attributes in Python?

    - by Brecht Machiels
    Have a look at the following code: class A(object): defaults = {'a': 1} def __getattr__(self, name): print('A.__getattr__') return self.get_default(name) @classmethod def get_default(cls, name): # some debug output print('A.get_default({}) - {}'.format(name, cls)) try: print(super(cls, cls).defaults) # as expected except AttributeError: #except for the base object class, of course pass # the actual function body try: return cls.defaults[name] except KeyError: return super(cls, cls).get_default(name) # infinite recursion #return cls.__mro__[1].get_default(name) # this works, though class B(A): defaults = {'b': 2} class C(B): defaults = {'c': 3} c = C() print('c.a =', c.a) I have a hierarchy of classes each with its own dictionary containing some default values. If an instance of a class doesn't have a particular attribute, a default value for it should be returned instead. If no default value for the attribute is contained in the current class's defaults dictionary, the superclass's defaults dictionary should be searched. I'm trying to implement this using the recursive class method get_default. The program gets stuck in an infinite recursion, unfortunately. My understanding of super() is obviously lacking. By accessing __mro__, I can get it to work properly though, but I'm not sure this is a proper solution. I have the feeling the answer is somewhere in this article, but I haven't been able to find it yet. Perhaps I need to resort to using a metaclass?

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  • How to use Festival Text To Speech C/C++ API

    - by Peeyush
    I want to use Festival TTS with my C++ programme. So i have downloaded all files form http://www.cstr.ed.ac.uk/downloads/festival/2.0.95/ then i start reading manual(http://www.cstr.ed.ac.uk/projects/festival/manual/festival_28.html) for C++ API but in manual they says that: In order to use Festival you must include festival/src/include/festival.h' which in turn will include the necessary other include files infestival/src/include' and speech_tools/include' you should ensure these are included in the include path for you your program. Also you will need to link your program withfestival/src/lib/libFestival.a', speech_tools/lib/libestools.a',speech_tools/lib/libestbase.a' and `speech_tools/lib/libeststring.a' as well as any other optional libraries such as net audio. " I am using UBUNTU 10.04(festival package is by default installed and i can use it form terminal by festival command) and GCC 4.4.3 but the problem is that i am new to GCC and i am not understanding which files i have to include in order to run my C++ code and i also don't know how to link libraries with my c++ code. So please tell me exactly which files i have to include and how to link with libraries if anyone already use festival tts with c++ then please post your code Thanks

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