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RAID administration in Debian Lenny

- by Siim K

I've got an old box that I don't want to scrap yet because it's got a nice working 5-disk RAID assembly. I want to create 2 arrays: RAID 1 with 2 disks and RAID 5 with the other 3 disks. The RAID card is Intel SRCU31L. I can create the RAID 1 volume in the console that you access with Ctrl+C at startup. But it only allows for creation of one volume so I can't do anything with the 3 remaining disks. I installed Debian Lenny on the RAID 1 volume and it worked out nicely. What utilites could I now use to create/manage the RAID volumes in Debian Linux? I installed the raidutils package but get an error when trying to fetch a list: #raidutil -L controller or #raidutil -L physical # raidutil -L controller osdOpenEngine : 11/08/110-18:16:08 Fatal error, no active controller device files found. Engine connect failed: Open What could I try to get this thing working? Can you suggest any other tools? Command #lspci -vv gives me this about the controller: 00:06.1 I2O: Intel Corporation Integrated RAID (rev 02) (prog-if 01) Subsystem: Intel Corporation Device 0001 Control: I/O- Mem+ BusMaster+ SpecCycle- MemWINV+ VGASnoop- ParErr- Step ping- SERR+ FastB2B- DisINTx- Status: Cap+ 66MHz- UDF- FastB2B+ ParErr- DEVSEL=medium >TAbort- <TAbort - <MAbort- >SERR- <PERR- INTx- Latency: 64, Cache Line Size: 32 bytes Interrupt: pin A routed to IRQ 26 Region 0: Memory at f9800000 (32-bit, prefetchable) [size=8M] [virtual] Expansion ROM at 30020000 [disabled] [size=64K] Capabilities: <access denied> Kernel driver in use: PCI_I2O Kernel modules: i2o_core

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Grub hangs at "Starting up ..." when USB flash card reader is plugged in (on Ubuntu Hardy)

- by Laurence Gonsalves

I have a PC with Ubuntu Hardy installed. The machine boots fine unless my USB flash card reader (one of those N-in-1 readers by MediaGear) is plugged in at startup. If the reader is plugged in, the boot process proceeds as normal until it gets to the screen that says "Starting up ...". At that point it just hangs forever. To work around this I currently leave the reader unplugged when booting, and then plug it back in after I see that Ubuntu is actually starting. This is annoying though, especially when I reboot the machine (typically for updates), forget to unplug the reader, and walk away only to come back hours later to find the machine hung. My guess is that the presence of the reader is confusing Grub about where to find the kernel. The weird thing is that Grub is on the same drive as the kernel I want it to boot so clearly the drive is still readable even when the flash card reader is plugged in. Is there some way I can tell Grub to never go looking on the flash card reader?

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L2TP over IPSec VPN with OpenSwan and XL2TPD can't connect, timeout on Centos 6

- by Disco

I'm setting up LT2p over IPSec on my Centos 6.3 fresh install. I have iptables flushed, permit all. Whenever I try to connect, i get a 'no reply from vpn' and nothi Here's my ipsec.conf file (Server is 1.2.3.4) : config setup nat_traversal=yes virtual_private=%v4:10.0.0.0/8,%v4:192.168.0.0/16,%v4:172.16.0.0/12 oe=off protostack=netkey conn L2TP-PSK-NAT rightsubnet=vhost:%priv also=L2TP-PSK-noNAT conn L2TP-PSK-noNAT authby=secret pfs=no auto=add keyingtries=3 rekey=no ikelifetime=8h keylife=1h type=transport left=1.2.3.4 leftprotoport=17/1701 right=%any rightprotoport=17/%any My /etc/ipsec.secrets 1.2.3.4 %any: PSK "password" My sysctl.conf (appened lines) net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1 net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 0 net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects = 0 net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects = 0 net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians = 0 net.ipv4.conf.default.log_martians = 0 net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0 net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects = 0 net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects = 0 net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses = 1 Here's what 'ipsec verify' gives: # ipsec verify Checking your system to see if IPsec got installed and started correctly: Version check and ipsec on-path [OK] Linux Openswan U2.6.32/K2.6.32-279.19.1.el6.x86_64 (netkey) Checking for IPsec support in kernel [OK] SAref kernel support [N/A] NETKEY: Testing for disabled ICMP send_redirects [OK] NETKEY detected, testing for disabled ICMP accept_redirects [OK] Checking that pluto is running [OK] Pluto listening for IKE on udp 500 [OK] Pluto listening for NAT-T on udp 4500 [OK] Checking for 'ip' command [OK] Checking /bin/sh is not /bin/dash [WARNING] Checking for 'iptables' command [OK] Opportunistic Encryption Support [DISABLED] And I see xl2tpd is listening on 1701/udp : udp 0 0 1.2.3.4:1701 0.0.0.0:* 2096/xl2tpd

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How do I ensure a process is running, even if it kills itself? (it needs to be restarted then)

- by le_me

I'm using linux. I want a process (an irc bot) to run every time I start the computer. But I've got a problem: The network is bad and it disconnects often, so I need to manually restart the bot a few times a day. How do I automate that? Additional information: The bot creates a pid file, called bot.pid The bot reconnects itself, but only a few times. The network is too bad, so the bot kills itself sometimes because it gets no response. What I do currently (aka my approach ;) ) I have a cron job executing startbot.rb every 5 minutes. (The script itself is in the same directory as the bot) The script: #!/usr/bin/ruby require 'fileutils' if File.exists?(File.expand_path('tmp/bot.pid')) @pid = File.read(File.expand_path('tmp/bot.pid')).chomp!.to_i begin raise "ouch" if Process.kill(0, @pid) != 1 rescue puts "Removing abandoned pid file" FileUtils.rm(File.expand_path('tmp/bot.pid')) puts "Starting the bot!" Kernel.exec(File.expand_path('./bot.rb')) else puts "Bot up and running!" end else puts "Starting the bot!" Kernel.exec(File.expand_path('./bot.rb')) end What this does: It checks if the pid file exists, if that's true it checks if kill -s 0 BOT_PID == 1 (if the bot's running) and starts the bot if one of the two checks fail/are not true. My approach seems to be quite dirty so how do I do it better?

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Disabling Laptop (PB TJ-75) faulty card reader Linux

- by Gab

My problem comes from that my laptop [PB TJ-75] has a faulty Alcor card reader. It’s 100% sure, the device is dead and unusable whatever the OS is. It cannot be disabled in BIOS [latest: Vendor: Phoenix Technologies LTD Version: V1.26 Release Date: 05/04/2010]. If I could take it apart from the main board easily, and if with that, the system would never look again for it, I’ll be very happy! Is it possible, has anyone ever tried this? Or maybe, replacing the BIOS with a more open one, which let you disable the card reader. Does this exists? Here's what I've tried to disable it so far. In Win7, I choose ‘disable’ in device manager and that’s ok. If not, the device keeps on appearing and disappearing and lot of resources are used. In Lubuntu 13.04, I got extra boot time, with the msg:'sdb, assuming drive cache, etc.’ I tried other distros (isos booted by grub). I can boot Puppy, Gparted, and Redobackup apparently without any problem. I cannot boot Debian, live or install + tried Crunchbang and Tails. I got a loop :’usb device, scsi n+1 blabla‘. I tried "nousb", no result, I have blacklisted EHCI, no result, then usb_storage module, better boot time in Lubuntu, with just the message "...data transfer failed", better shutdown time too. But, no way to use usb storage medias. In Debian, it ends with BusyBox prompt. Is it possible to just disable that Alcor card reader? Does it have a specific module? Is there a special kernel boot option that I missed? Does it have something to do with kernel recompiling, and if yes, how to do with isos? Programming a driver which says everything is ok (out of my comprehension for the moment)? Disabling device by vendor id? What is the best way?

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Hugepages not utilized by MySQL 5.0, CentOS 5

- by TechZilla

I've set up Hugepages, but i'm not seeing any of them reserved. Have I missed a step, or for some particular reason, is MySQL is unable to utilize the Hugepages? I have not created a mount of hugetlbfs, although from what I read, MySQL would not call pages in such a manner. If I'm wrong, please let me know, as that would be a trivial solution. Almost all my MySQL tables are using InnoDB. NOTE: I created a hugetlbfs, no change as expected. Is it possible that rebooting would rectify this situation? I would not want to go through the procedure, as this is high availability, but would do so if necessary. This is the configurations, which I believe are relevant. /etc/sysctl.conf ... ## Huge Pages vm.nr_hugepages = 4096 vm.hugetlb_shm_group = 27 ## SHM kernel.shmmax = 34359738368 kernel.shmall = 8589934592 ... /etc/security/limits.conf ... mysql soft nofile 12888 mysql hard nofile 51552 @mysql soft memlock unlimited @mysql hard memlock unlimited /etc/my.cnf [mysqld] large-pages ... grep Huge /proc/meminfo HugePages_Total: 4096 HugePages_Free: 4096 HugePages_Rsvd: 0 Hugepagesize: 2048 kB id mysql uid=27(mysql) gid=27(mysql) groups=27(mysql) context=root:system_r:unconfined_t:SystemLow-SystemHigh tail -6 /var/log/mysqld.log InnoDB: HugeTLB: Warning: Failed to allocate 1342193664 bytes. errno 12 InnoDB HugeTLB: Warning: Using conventional memory pool 120808 15:49:25 InnoDB: Started; log sequence number 0 1729804158 120808 15:49:25 [Note] /usr/libexec/mysqld: ready for connections. Version: '5.0.95' socket: '/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock' port: 3306 Source distribution I would really appreciate any help, I'm completely out of ideas. If I missed any more relevant configs, or diagnostics, please comment and I'll add it to the question.

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Transparent proxying leaves sockets with SYN_RCVD in MacOS X 10.6 Snow Leopard (and maybe FreeBSD)

- by apenwarr

I'm trying to create a transparent proxy on my MacOS machine in order to port the sshuttle ssh-based transproxy VPN from Linux. I think I almost have it working, but sadly, almost is not 100%. Short version is this. In one window, start something that listens on port 12300: $ while :; do nc -l 12300; done Now enable proxying: # sysctl -w net.inet.ip.forwarding=1 # sysctl -w net.inet.ip.fw.enable=1 # ipfw add 1000 fwd 127.0.0.1,12300 log tcp from any to any And now test it out: $ telnet localhost 9999 # any port number will do # this works; type stuff and you'll see it in the nc window $ telnet google.com 80 # any host/port will do # this *doesn't* work! After the latter experiment, I see lines like this in netstat: $ netstat -tn | grep ^tcp4 tcp4 0 0 66.249.91.104.80 192.168.1.130.61072 SYN_RCVD tcp4 0 0 192.168.1.130.61072 66.249.91.104.80 SYN_SENT The second socket belongs to my telnet program; the first is more suspicious. SYN_RCVD implies that my SYN packet was correctly captured by the firewall and taken in by the kernel, but apparently the SYNACK was never sent back to telnet, because it's still in SYN_SENT. On the other hand, if I kill the nc server, I get this: $ telnet google.com 80 Trying 66.249.81.104... telnet: connect to address 66.249.81.104: Connection refused telnet: Unable to connect to remote host ...which is as expected: my proxy server isn't running, so ipfw redirects my connection to port 12300, which has nobody listening on it, ie. connection refused. My uname says this: $ uname -a Darwin mean.local 10.2.0 Darwin Kernel Version 10.2.0: Tue Nov 3 10:37:10 PST 2009; root:xnu-1486.2.11~1/RELEASE_I386 i386 Does anybody see any different results? (I'm especially interested in Snow Leopard vs Leopard results, as there seem to be some internet rumours that transproxy is broken in Snow Leopard version) Any advice for how to fix?

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How can I enable pid and ppid fields in psacct dump-acct?

- by annavt

I am currently using the psacct package on Centos to perform accounting on processes run by users. The info file1 suggests that it is possible to output pid and ppid depending on what information your operating system provides in it's struct acct. pid and ppid are listed in /usr/include/linux/acct.h on my system: struct acct_v3 { char ac_flag; /* Flags */ char ac_version; /* Always set to ACCT_VERSION */ __u16 ac_tty; /* Control Terminal */ __u32 ac_exitcode; /* Exitcode */ __u32 ac_uid; /* Real User ID */ __u32 ac_gid; /* Real Group ID */ __u32 ac_pid; /* Process ID */ __u32 ac_ppid; /* Parent Process ID */ ... But pid and ppid are not output when I run dump-acct: # dump-acct /var/account/pacct.1 | tail awk | 0.0| 0.0| 81.0| 0| 0|8792.0|Thu Nov 24 04:03:04 2011 tmpwatch | 0.0| 0.0| 1.0| 0| 0|3816.0|Thu Nov 24 04:03:04 2011 cups | 0.0| 0.0| 4.0| 0| 0|8728.0|Thu Nov 24 04:03:04 2011 awk | 0.0| 0.0| 4.0| 0| 0|8792.0|Thu Nov 24 04:03:04 2011 runlevel | 0.0| 0.0| 0.0| 0| 0|3804.0|Thu Nov 24 04:03:04 2011 chkconfig | 0.0| 0.0| 0.0| 0| 0|3840.0|Thu Nov 24 04:03:04 2011 inn-cron-expire | 0.0| 0.0| 0.0| 0| 0|8728.0|Thu Nov 24 04:03:04 2011 awk | 0.0| 0.0| 0.0| 0| 0|8792.0|Thu Nov 24 04:03:04 2011 gzip | 5.0| 0.0| 9.0| 0| 0|4044.0|Thu Nov 24 04:03:04 2011 accton | 0.0| 0.0| 1.0| 0| 0| 0.0|Thu Nov 24 04:03:04 2011 Is it likely that there is no support in my kernel for this feature or that my psacct version does not support this? How can I add pid and ppid to my accounting logs? CentOS release 5.6 Kernel 2.6.18-238.19.1.el5 psacct 6.3.2 Thanks in advance Anna

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Debian/Ubuntu - No network connection

- by leviathanus

I have a very weird situation on my Ubuntu 12.04 LTS Server. I can not access (ping) my gateway, although I believe my config is ok - I attach the outputs. Any hints where to look? (I changed the beginning of the IP to something different, just obfuscation) ping 5.9.10.129 PING 5.9.10.129 (5.9.10.129) 56(84) bytes of data. From 5.9.10.129 (5.9.10.129) icmp_seq=2 Destination Host Unreachable From 5.9.10.129 (5.9.10.129) icmp_seq=3 Destination Host Unreachable From 5.9.10.129 (5.9.10.129) icmp_seq=4 Destination Host Unreachable uname -r 3.2.0-29-generic ifconfig eth0 eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 3c:97:0e:0e:54:d7 inet addr:5.9.10.142 Bcast:5.9.10.159 Mask:255.255.255.224 inet6 addr: fe80::8e70:5aff:feda:c4ac/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:1216 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:490 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:107470 (107.4 KB) TX bytes:34344 (34.3 KB) Interrupt:17 Memory:d2500000-d2520000 ip route default via 5.9.10.129 dev eth0 metric 100 5.9.10.128/27 via 5.9.10.129 dev eth0 5.9.10.128/27 dev eth0 proto kernel scope link src 5.9.10.142 route -n Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface 0.0.0.0 5.9.10.129 0.0.0.0 UG 1000 0 0 eth0 5.9.10.128 5.9.10.129 255.255.255.224 UG 0 0 0 eth0 5.9.10.128 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.224 U 0 0 0 eth0 iptables -L Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination UPD: Eric, this is how routing information looks on a working server: 0.0.0.0 78.47.198.49 0.0.0.0 UG 100 0 0 eth0 78.47.198.48 78.47.198.49 255.255.255.240 UG 0 0 0 eth0 78.47.198.48 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.240 U 0 0 0 eth0 As I understand it, Hetzner tries to ensure security by this, so I can not take over an IP by changing my MAC. But this is another server, which has another netmask (255.255.255.240) UPD2: BatchyX, on the working server: 78.47.198.49 dev eth0 src 78.47.198.60 cache on the broken: 5.9.10.129 dev eth0 src 5.9.10.142 cache

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Creating an ec2 image on amazon fails at mkfs.ext3

- by Dave Orr

I'm trying to create an image of my ec2 instance in Amazon's cloud. It's been a bit of an adventure so far. I did manage to install Amazon's ec2-api-tools, which was harder than it seemed like it should have been. Then I ran: ec2-bundle-vol -d /mnt -k pk-{key}.pem -c cert-{cert}.pem -u {uid} -s 1536 Which returned: Copying / into the image file /mnt/image... Excluding: /sys/kernel/debug /sys/kernel/security /sys /proc /dev/pts /dev /dev /media /mnt /proc /sys /etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-net.rules /etc/udev/rules.d/z25_persistent-net.rules /mnt/image /mnt/img-mnt 1+0 records in 1+0 records out 1048576 bytes (1.0 MB) copied, 0.00677357 s, 155 MB/s mkfs.ext3: option requires an argument -- 'L' Usage: mkfs.ext3 [-c|-l filename] [-b block-size] [-f fragment-size] [-i bytes-per-inode] [-I inode-size] [-J journal-options] [-G meta group size] [-N number-of-inodes] [-m reserved-blocks-percentage] [-o creator-os] [-g blocks-per-group] [-L volume-label] [-M last-mounted-directory] [-O feature[,...]] [-r fs-revision] [-E extended-option[,...]] [-T fs-type] [-U UUID] [-jnqvFKSV] device [blocks-count] ERROR: execution failed: "mkfs.ext3 -F /mnt/image -U 1c001580-9118-4a50-9a25-dcf02be6d25f -L " So mkfs.ext3 wants -L, which is a volume name. But ec2-bundle-vol doesn't seem to take in a volume name as an argument, and the docs (http://docs.amazonwebservices.com/AmazonEC2/gsg/2006-06-26/creating-an-image.html) don't seem to think one should be needed. Certainly their sample command: # ec2-bundle-vol -d /mnt -k ~root/pk-HKZYKTAIG2ECMXYIBH3HXV4ZBZQ55CLO.pem -u 495219933132 -s 1536 doesn't specify anything. So... any help? What am I missing?

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How to extend a Linux PV partition online after virtual disk growth

- by Yves Martin

VMware allows to extend the size of a virtual disk online - when the VM is running. The next expected steps for Linux system are: extend the partition: delete and create a larger one with fdisk extend the PV size with pvresize use free extents for lvresize operations and then resize2fs for file system But I am stuck on the first step: fdisk and sfdisk still display the old size for the disk. My disk is a SCSI virtual disk connected thanks to the virtual LSI Logic controller. How to refresh the virtual disk size and partition table information available in Linux kernel without reboot ? As far as I know all that steps are possible for a running Windows, without reboot and even without any user actions thanks to VMWare tools. On Linux, I expects to do all steps online too and I already know steps 2, 3 and 4 work online. But the first one - change partition size declared in the partition table (still) seems to require a reboot. Update: My system is a Debian Lenny with kernel 2.6.26 and the disk I have extended is the main disk with a large PV containing the "root" LV for "/".

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Server stops responding, can't find issue?

- by Corey W

I've had a pretty basic server up and running CentOS with webserver/database, and have noticed that it has locked up a few times in the middle of the night. It seems to happen randomly. When it locks up I can ssh in, (although it seems to hang once connected), but can't access cpanel/whm and have to reboot the server to get everything back up. Checking the messages log I see the below like clockwork every 5minutes 1 second, and then it just stops logging anything until I reboot. I can't seem to find any log showing any issue? Is there somewhere I can check to try to figure out what is happening? Could this be caused by CPU being maxed? Nov 17 08:01:35 s1 pure-ftpd: (__cpanel__service__auth__ftpd__Q13SKrtaCJCHjBezTfU8Iqmsi@127.0.0.1) [INFO] Logout. Nov 17 08:06:36 s1 pure-ftpd: ([email protected]) [INFO] New connection from 127.0.0.1 Nov 17 08:06:36 s1 pure-ftpd: ([email protected]) [INFO] __cpanel__service__auth__ftpd__mxidFBSnQXmR0QzqSxlqrXLIH0CmJ0GPh9bZ5V3 is now l ogged in Nov 17 08:06:37 s1 pure-ftpd: (__cpanel__service__auth__ftpd__mxidBDaCgnqSxlqrXLIH0CmJ0GPh9bZ5V3@127.0.0.1) [INFO] Logout. Nov 17 08:11:37 s1 pure-ftpd: ([email protected]) [INFO] New connection from 127.0.0.1 Nov 17 08:11:38 s1 pure-ftpd: ([email protected]) [INFO] __cpanel__service__auth__ftpd__T4B7F71acf1dsdJSeJHdqKNcbOdpzNnN_GttgcM is now l ogged in Nov 17 08:11:38 s1 pure-ftpd: (__cpanel__service__auth__ftpd__T4B7F71acf1KNcbOdpzNnN_GttgcM@127.0.0.1) [INFO] Logout. Nov 17 08:16:38 s1 pure-ftpd: ([email protected]) [INFO] New connection from 127.0.0.1 Nov 17 08:16:38 s1 pure-ftpd: ([email protected]) [INFO] __cpanel__service__auth__ftpd__W5C1RzumtaNwe4cU8Lt1 is now logged in Nov 17 08:16:38 s1 pure-ftpd: ([email protected]) [INFO] Logout. Nov 17 09:10:58 s1 kernel: imklog 4.6.2, log source = /proc/kmsg started. Nov 17 09:10:58 s1 rsyslogd: [origin software="rsyslogd" swVersion="4.6.2" x-pid="1094" x-info="http://www.rsyslog.com"] (re)start Nov 17 09:10:58 s1 kernel: Initializing cgroup subsys cpuset

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Where is '/host' declared for mount in Wubi (Ubuntu 9.10)?

- by Pedro

Hi! I'm using Wubi (ubuntu 9.10), and I couldn't find where '/host' mountpoint is declared for mounting. There's no entry in fstab, but it's listed in /proc/mount and mounted at boot time. Any ideas? pedroel@ubuntu:~$ cat /proc/mounts rootfs / rootfs rw 0 0 none /sys sysfs rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0 none /proc proc rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0 udev /dev tmpfs rw,relatime,mode=755 0 0 /dev/sda1 /host fuseblk rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,user_id=0,group_id=0,allow_other,blksize=4096 0 0 /dev/loop0 / ext4 rw,relatime,errors=remount-ro,barrier=1,data=ordered 0 0 none /sys/kernel/security securityfs rw,relatime 0 0 none /sys/fs/fuse/connections fusectl rw,relatime 0 0 none /sys/kernel/debug debugfs rw,relatime 0 0 none /dev/pts devpts rw,nosuid,noexec,relatime,gid=5,mode=620,ptmxmode=000 0 0 none /dev/shm tmpfs rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime 0 0 none /var/run tmpfs rw,nosuid,relatime,mode=755 0 0 none /var/lock tmpfs rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0 none /lib/init/rw tmpfs rw,nosuid,relatime,mode=755 0 0 /dev/loop1 /home/pedroel/Downloads ext4 rw,relatime,errors=remount-ro,barrier=1,data=ordered 0 0 binfmt_misc /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc binfmt_misc rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0 gvfs-fuse-daemon /home/pedroel/.gvfs fuse.gvfs-fuse-daemon rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,user_id=1000,group_id=1000 0 0 /dev/mapper/isw_efhafcifi_RAID_Volume01 /media/RAID_D fuseblk rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,user_id=0,group_id=0,default_permissions,allow_other,blksize=4096 0 0 pedroel@ubuntu:~$ cat /etc/fstab # /etc/fstab: static file system information. # # Use 'blkid -o value -s UUID' to print the universally unique identifier # for a device; this may be used with UUID= as a more robust way to name # devices that works even if disks are added and removed. See fstab(5). # # proc /proc proc defaults 0 0 /host/ubuntu/disks/root.disk / ext4 loop,errors=remount-ro 0 1 /host/ubuntu/disks/pedro.disk /home/pedroel/Downloads ext4 loop,errors=remount-ro 0 1 /host/ubuntu/disks/swap.disk none swap loop,sw 0 0 /dev/fd0 /media/floppy0 auto rw,user,noauto,exec,utf8 0 0 Thanks in advance, Pedro

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CentOS iscsi initiator has session but there is no block device

- by jcalfee314

I have installed the scsi-target-utils package on CentOS and I used it to perform a discovery. The discovery did give me an active session. I restarted the iscsi service but I do not see any new devices (fdisk -l). I see in /var/log/messages that my connection is operational now. I'm not sure how to debug this further. Can someone direct me into fixing this? discovery: iscsiadm -m discovery -t sendtargets -p 192.168.0.155 returns: 192.168.0.155:3260,-1 iqn.2009-02.com.twinstrata:cloudarray:sn-1d07c1b62d4ec8f3 Just to verify it actually worked: iscsiadm -m session returns tcp: [1] 192.168.0.155:3260,1 iqn.2009-02.com.twinstrata:cloudarray:sn-1d07c1b62d4ec8f3 restarting as the directions say to do: service iscsi restart output written to /var/log/message Stopping iscsi: Sep 20 12:14:22 localhost kernel: connection1:0: detected conn error (1020) [ OK ] Starting iscsi: Sep 20 12:14:22 localhost kernel: scsi1 : iSCSI Initiator over TCP/IP Sep 20 12:14:22 localhost iscsid: Connection1:0 to [target: iqn.2009-02.com.twinstrata:cloudarray:sn-1d07c1b62d4ec8f3, portal: 192.168.0.155,3260] through [iface: default] is shutdown. Sep 20 12:14:22 localhost iscsid: Could not set session2 priority. READ/WRITE throughout and latency could be affected. [ OK ] [root@db iscsi]# Sep 20 12:14:23 localhost iscsid: Connection2:0 to [target: iqn.2009-02.com.twinstrata:cloudarray:sn-1d07c1b62d4ec8f3, portal: 192.168.0.155,3260] through [iface: default] is operational now Ran a login command: iscsiadm -m node -T iqn.2009-02.com.twinstrata:cloudarray:sn-1d07c1b62d4ec8f3 -p 192.168.0.155 -l No errors, no logging occurred. Next I compared the output from "fdisk -l|egrep dev" both with the iscsi session and without. There is no difference. I suppose I could just look in /etc/mtab. Any ideas on how I can get an iscsi device?

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Asus K50I sound issues

- by MrStatic

I have an Asus K50IJ (Bestbuy) laptop and have issues with my sound. Speakers themselves work fine but when I plug into the headphone jack it auto mutes the front channel and no sounds comes out of either the speakers or the headphones. If I then unmute the channel I get sound from both the speakers and the headphones. alsamixer shows the Headphone channel as all grayed out. /etc/modprobe.d/alsa-base.conf I have tried snd-hda-intel model="asus-laptop" and snd-hda-intel model="asus" In Sound Preferences I have gone to output and changed the Connector to 'Analog Headphones' that results in no sound from either speakers or headphones. As one forum suggested I tried to comment out blacklist snd_pcsp in the blacklist.conf which resulted in no change. lspci -v shows: 00:1b.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation 82801I (ICH9 Family) HD Audio Controller (rev 03) Subsystem: Santa Cruz Operation Device 1043 Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 45 Memory at fe9f4000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=16K] Capabilities: [50] Power Management version 2 Capabilities: [60] MSI: Enable+ Count=1/1 Maskable- 64bit+ Capabilities: [70] Express Root Complex Integrated Endpoint, MSI 00 Capabilities: [100] Virtual Channel Capabilities: [130] Root Complex Link Kernel driver in use: HDA Intel Kernel modules: snd-hda-intel

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Routing table on Linux not respected

- by MRHaarmann

I have a very specific problem, building a Linux VPN endpoint (with external VPN Gateway), which should route certain networks over the tunnel, others via default gateway. The Linux VPN should do a NAT on the outgoing connections for the VPN peers. Setup is as following: Internet gateway LAN 192.168.25.1/24 VPN Gateway LAN 10.45.99.2/24 (VPN tunnel 10.45.99.1 to net 87.115.17.40/29, separate connection to Internet) Linux VPN Router eth0 192.168.25.71/24 eth0:503 10.45.99.1/24 Default 192.168.25.1 route to 87.115.17.40/29 via 10.45.99.2 (send_redirects disabled, ip_forward enabled) Linux clients (multiple): eth0 192.168.25.x/24 Default 192.168.25.1 route to 87.115.17.40/29 via 192.168.25.71 Ping to the machines via tunnel from the VPN Router is working. Now I want to establish a routing from my clients over the VPN gateway and the client packet gets routed to 192.168.25.1 ! traceroute output shows the packets get routed to 192.168.25.71, but then to 192.168.25.1. So the route is not respected in forward ! IPTables and Routing: ip route show 87.115.17.40/29 via 10.45.99.2 dev eth0 10.45.99.0/24 dev eth0 proto kernel scope link src 10.45.99.1 192.168.25.0/24 dev eth0 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.25.71 default via 192.168.25.1 dev eth0 iptables -A INPUT -i eth0:503 -j REJECT iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0:503 -j MASQUERADE iptables -A FORWARD -i eth0:503 -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT iptables -A FORWARD -s 192.168.25.0/24 -o eth0:503 -j ACCEPT So what is wrong with my setup ? The route is chosen correctly from localhost, but all the clients get forwarded to the Internet GW. thanks for helping, Marcus

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How can I switch from a custom linux network namespace back to the default one?

- by Martin

With ip netns exec you can execute a command in a custom network namespace - but is there also a way to execute a command in the default namespace? For example, after executing these two commands: sudo ip netns add test_ns sudo ip netns exec test_ns bash How can the newly created bash execute programs in the default network namespace? There is no ip netns exec default or anything similar as far as I've found. My scenario is: I want to run a SSH server in a separate network namespace (to keep the rest of the system unaware of the network connection, as the system is used for network testing), but want to be able to execute programs in the default network namespace via the SSH connection. What I've found out so far: Created network namespaces are listed as files under /var/run/netns (but there is no file for the default namespace) The ip netns exec code can be found here: http://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/shemminger/iproute2.git/tree/ip/ipnetns.c#n132 - I haven't grasped everything that it is doing yet, but it doesn't look very promising. ip netns identify $$ as suggested by Howto query and change network namespace on linux? returns nothing when in the default network namespace

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Sudden problems with iptables not running

- by Fourjays

I've got a sudden issue with iptables not running on my CentOS 5.8/DirectAdmin XenVPS. All I have done today is install PHP APC and run an update (although I admittedly didn't pay much attention today - I usually do). Iptables has been running fairly smoothly since I installed it over 6 months ago. Basically when I try to run iptables -L it tells me: iptables v1.3.5: can't initialize iptables table `filter': iptables who? (do you need to insmod?) Perhaps iptables or your kernel needs to be upgraded. I've looked around and tried a few things and it appears that maybe my kernel doesn't have the modules loaded? I've been reading this and tried the two commands they suggest to no avail. Except there does appear to be a mismatch on one bit of output: -bash-3.2# cd /lib/modules -bash-3.2# ls 2.6.18-194.32.1.el5xen 2.6.18-238.5.1.el5xen 2.6.18-274.7.1.el5xen 2.6.39.1-cs-domU 2.6.18-238.12.1.el5xen 2.6.18-238.9.1.el5xen 2.6.37.2-cs-domU 3.0.1-cs-domU -bash-3.2# depmod -a WARNING: Couldn't open directory /lib/modules/2.6.18-274.18.1.el5xen: No such file or directory FATAL: Could not open /lib/modules/2.6.18-274.18.1.el5xen/modules.dep.temp for writing: No such file or directory Does this mean the versions are out of sync? If so, what are my next steps to getting this fixed? As you can probably tell I am still learning how to manage my server so please be very clear in all advice. Many thanks :)

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Where is '/host' declared for mount in Wubi (Ubuntu 9.10)?

- by Pedro

I'm using Wubi (ubuntu 9.10), and I couldn't find where '/host' mountpoint is declared for mounting. There's no entry in fstab, but it's listed in /proc/mount and mounted at boot time. Any ideas? pedroel@ubuntu:~$ cat /proc/mounts rootfs / rootfs rw 0 0 none /sys sysfs rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0 none /proc proc rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0 udev /dev tmpfs rw,relatime,mode=755 0 0 /dev/sda1 /host fuseblk rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,user_id=0,group_id=0,allow_other,blksize=4096 0 0 /dev/loop0 / ext4 rw,relatime,errors=remount-ro,barrier=1,data=ordered 0 0 none /sys/kernel/security securityfs rw,relatime 0 0 none /sys/fs/fuse/connections fusectl rw,relatime 0 0 none /sys/kernel/debug debugfs rw,relatime 0 0 none /dev/pts devpts rw,nosuid,noexec,relatime,gid=5,mode=620,ptmxmode=000 0 0 none /dev/shm tmpfs rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime 0 0 none /var/run tmpfs rw,nosuid,relatime,mode=755 0 0 none /var/lock tmpfs rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0 none /lib/init/rw tmpfs rw,nosuid,relatime,mode=755 0 0 /dev/loop1 /home/pedroel/Downloads ext4 rw,relatime,errors=remount-ro,barrier=1,data=ordered 0 0 binfmt_misc /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc binfmt_misc rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0 gvfs-fuse-daemon /home/pedroel/.gvfs fuse.gvfs-fuse-daemon rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,user_id=1000,group_id=1000 0 0 /dev/mapper/isw_efhafcifi_RAID_Volume01 /media/RAID_D fuseblk rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,user_id=0,group_id=0,default_permissions,allow_other,blksize=4096 0 0 pedroel@ubuntu:~$ cat /etc/fstab # /etc/fstab: static file system information. # # Use 'blkid -o value -s UUID' to print the universally unique identifier # for a device; this may be used with UUID= as a more robust way to name # devices that works even if disks are added and removed. See fstab(5). # # proc /proc proc defaults 0 0 /host/ubuntu/disks/root.disk / ext4 loop,errors=remount-ro 0 1 /host/ubuntu/disks/pedro.disk /home/pedroel/Downloads ext4 loop,errors=remount-ro 0 1 /host/ubuntu/disks/swap.disk none swap loop,sw 0 0 /dev/fd0 /media/floppy0 auto rw,user,noauto,exec,utf8 0 0 Thanks in advance, Pedro

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Multiple logins with pam_mount means multiple (redundant) mounts ...

- by Jamie

I've configured pam_mount.so to automagically mount a cifs share when users login; the problem is if a user logs into multiple times simultaneously, the mount command is repeated multiple times. This so far isn't a problem but it's messy when you look at the output of a mount command. # mount /dev/sda1 on / type ext4 (rw,errors=remount-ro) proc on /proc type proc (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev) none on /sys type sysfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev) none on /sys/fs/fuse/connections type fusectl (rw) none on /sys/kernel/debug type debugfs (rw) none on /sys/kernel/security type securityfs (rw) none on /dev type devtmpfs (rw,mode=0755) none on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,noexec,nosuid,gid=5,mode=0620) none on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev) none on /var/run type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,mode=0755) none on /var/lock type tmpfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev) none on /lib/init/rw type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,mode=0755) //srv1/UserShares/jrisk on /home/jrisk type cifs (rw,mand) //srv1/UserShares/jrisk on /home/jrisk type cifs (rw,mand) //srv1/UserShares/jrisk on /home/jrisk type cifs (rw,mand) I'm assuming I need to fiddle with either the pam.d/common-auth file or pam_mount.conf.xml to accomplish this. How can I instruct pam_mount.so to avoid duplicate mountings?

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Poor write performance on Debian server running NFS with 22TB exported JFS filesystem

- by user143546

I am currently running a debian server that is exporting a large JFS filesystem (22TB) over NFS (nfs-kernel-server.) When attempting to write to the NFS share, the performance is very poor. The 22TB disk is sitting on a NAS mounted using iSCSI. It will bust for a moment near expected line speed, and then sit idle for several seconds. Very little traffic measured in the low kb/sec. The wait peeks on write. When reading from the NFS mount, the system operates at expected speeds (11MB/sec). The issue does not occur when using SFTP, rsync, or local coping (non-nfs). The issue persists between stable and testing releases. On the same machine I have a 14TB ext4 filesystem using the exact same export configuration that does not share the issue. This share is not in regular use and thus not consuming resources. NFS Server: cat /etc/exports /data2 10.1.20.86(rw,no_subtree_check,async,all_squash) cat /sys/block/sdb/queue/scheduler noop [deadline] cfq cat /etc/default/nfs-kernel-server RPCNFSDCOUNT=8 RPCNFSDPRIORITY=0 RPCMOUNTDOPTS=--manage-gids NEED_SVCGSSD= RPCSVCGSSDOPTS= NFS Client: cat /etc/fstab 10.1.20.100:/data2 /root/incoming nfs rw,noatime,soft,intr,noacl 0 2 cat /sys/block/sdb/queue/scheduler noop [deadline] cfq cat /proc/mounts 10.1.20.100:/data2/ /root/incoming nfs4 rw,noatime,vers=4,rsize=262144,wsize=262144,namlen=255,soft,proto=tcp,port=0,timeo=600,retrans=2,sec=sys,clientaddr=10.1.20.86,minorversion=0,addr=10.1.20.100 0 0 This problem has me pretty stumped. Any help would be greatly welcomed. Thanks.

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OpenVPN + iptables / NAT routing

- by Mikeage

Hi, I'm trying to set up an OpenVPN VPN, which will carry some (but not all) traffic from the clients to the internet via the OpenVPN server. My OpenVPN server has a public IP on eth0, and is using tap0 to create a local network, 192.168.2.x. I have a client which connects from local IP 192.168.1.101 and gets VPN IP 192.168.2.3. On the server, I ran: iptables -A INPUT -i tap+ -j ACCEPT iptables -A FORWARD -i tap+ -j ACCEPT iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s 192.168.2.0/24 -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE On the client, the default remains to route via 192.168.1.1. In order to point it to 192.168.2.1 for HTTP, I ran ip rule add fwmark 0x50 table 200 ip route add table 200 default via 192.168.2.1 iptables -t mangle -A OUTPUT -j MARK -p tcp --dport 80 --set-mark 80 Now, if I try accessing a website on the client (say, wget google.com), it just hangs there. On the server, I can see $ sudo tcpdump -n -i tap0 tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode listening on tap0, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 96 bytes 05:39:07.928358 IP 192.168.1.101.34941 > 74.125.67.100.80: S 4254520618:4254520618(0) win 5840 <mss 1334,sackOK,timestamp 558838 0,nop,wscale 5> 05:39:10.751921 IP 192.168.1.101.34941 > 74.125.67.100.80: S 4254520618:4254520618(0) win 5840 <mss 1334,sackOK,timestamp 559588 0,nop,wscale 5> Where 74.125.67.100 is the IP it gets for google.com . Why isn't the MASQUERADE working? More precisely, I see that the source showing up as 192.168.1.101 -- shouldn't there be something to indicate that it came from the VPN? Edit: Some routes [from the client] $ ip route show table main 192.168.2.0/24 dev tap0 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.2.4 192.168.1.0/24 dev wlan0 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.1.101 metric 2 169.254.0.0/16 dev wlan0 scope link metric 1000 default via 192.168.1.1 dev wlan0 proto static $ ip route show table 200 default via 192.168.2.1 dev tap0

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Problem with ubuntu 10.10 running from USB drive

- by Surjya Narayana Padhi

I recently downloaded Ubuntu 10.10 and created an USB drive with that. I started to run the Ubuntu from that USB drive. But I am facing so much problem. I am thinking why its not so much easy like Windows to do all my job in ubuntu. Always I get some error message or to install something. This time I am getting the following errors. I am trying to download and install Aircrack-ng. So used the command sudo apt-get install aircrack-ng. But the installation stops with the following error : update-initramfs: deferring update (trigger activated) cp: cannot stat `/vmlinuz': No such file or directory dpkg: error processing bcmwl-kernel-source (--configure): subprocess installed post-installation script returned error exit status 1 Errors were encountered while processing: initramfs-tools bcmwl-kernel-source E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1) I don't even have the aptitude command installed till now. Are all these errors because of I am running the ubuntu from USB drive? Is there any simple and easy way to go to Ubuntu Software Center and download all the required essentials at one shot and then Aircrack-ng? I could not find the Aircrack-ng in Ubuntu Software Center Can anybody give me detail steps to solve all my problems above. I am frustrated searching for updates and installations. When something works and something does not work. Can anybody suggest me how I should proceed after installing ubuntu to run on a USB drive. So that I can use the OS like Windows. Like software download,wireless driver, sound, video, documents, C:, D: all things should be there. Please somebody help.

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Problem with ubuntu 10.10 running from USB drive

- by Surjya Narayana Padhi

Hi Geeks, I recently downloaded Ubuntu 10.10 and created an USB drive with that. I started to run the Ubuntu from that USB drive. But I am facing so much problem. I am thinking why its not so much easy like Windows to do all my job in ubuntu. Always I get some error message or to install something. This time I am getting the following errors. I am trying to download and install Aircrack-ng. So used the command sudo apt-get install aircrack-ng. But the installation stops with the following error : update-initramfs: deferring update (trigger activated) cp: cannot stat `/vmlinuz': No such file or directory dpkg: error processing bcmwl-kernel-source (--configure): subprocess installed post-installation script returned error exit status 1 Errors were encountered while processing: initramfs-tools bcmwl-kernel-source E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1) I don't even have the aptitude command installed till now. Are all these errors because of I am running the ubuntu from USB drive? Is there any simple and easy way to go to Ubuntu Software Center and download all the required essentials at one shot and then Aircrack-ng? I could not find the Aircrack-ng in Ubuntu Software Center Can anybody give me detail steps to solve all my problems above. I am frustrated searching for updates and installations. When something works and something does not work. Can anybody suggest me how I should proceed after installing ubuntu to run on a USB drive. So that I can use the OS like Windows. Like software download,wireless driver, sound, video, documents, C:, D: all things should be there. Please somebody help.

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Xen domU mem-set issue

- by Casper Langemeijer

I'm running into a problem on my xen 4.0.1 server (debian squeeze) My host has 32G of memory, Domain-0 has 2048 M assigned to it. (scaled down with xm mem-set Domain-0 2048) top in Domain-0 confirms this. I created a virtual machine config file (using xen-tools) with the following options: memory = '512' maxmem = '2048' Both host and guest machines are running the standard 2.6.32-5-xen-amd64 debian kernel. 'xm create' creates a virtual machine with 512MB of memory as expected. Then 'xm mem-set domU 1024' will not expand the memory to 1024MB running 'xm mem-set domU 400' does set the memory to about 400MB Then 'xm mem-set domU 1024' will expands the memory back to 512MB Based on this, you would say that xm ignores the maxmem and silently sets maxmem to 512, but in the output of xm top the MAXMEM column reads 2G. the MEM column will not go over 512M. The output of xm list tells another story, it shows 1024 when I 'xm mem-set domU 1024'. I've googled myself all away around the internet for this issue and found that most people don't scale back Domain-0. I know I've seen a bugreport about the issue I'm experiencing, but can't find it anymore. Does anyone see what I'm doing wrong here? Hmm.. I just upgraded my kernel to the one provided by debian backports. The issue has gone.

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