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• Audio not working in 12.10

  - by frampy

  I did a clean install of 12.10, when I open Sound Settings in gnome the only device in the list is "Dummy Output", and sound is not working. Sound worked fine out of the box in 12.04 I ran alsamixer, it says my card is "HDA Intel", and chip is "Realtek ALC880". The alsamixer playback output was set to mute at first, unmuting did not fix. I checked out the info at http://www.unixmen.com/2012003-howto-resolve-nosound-problem-on-ubuntu/ as suggested on a similar question, I've done everything there except installing the ubuntu audio dev team driver. Should I try install this? Edit: I've been reading the sound troubleshooting guide at https://help.ubuntu.com/community/SoundTroubleshooting It looks like Ubuntu is finding my audio device correctly. mike@wucade:~$ lspci -v | grep -A7 -i "audio" 00:1b.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation 82801FB/FBM/FR/FW/FRW (ICH6 Family) High Definition Audio Controller (rev 03) Subsystem: Albatron Corp. Device 2668 Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 40 Memory at d01c0000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=16K] Capabilities: Kernel driver in use: snd_hda_intel Kernel modules: snd-hda-intel Still stuck as to why this isn't working.

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• Cent OS upgrade PHP

  - by greggory.hz

  I'm in the midst of resolving a bunch of security issues on a clients server to get them compliant with credit card laws and such. The first order of business is getting php from 5.2.14 to 5.2.16. When I run yum update php, this is the output I get: Excluding Packages from CentOS-5 - Addons Finished Excluding Packages from CentOS-5 - Base Finished Excluding Packages from CentOS-5 - Extras Finished Excluding Packages from CentOS-5 - Updates Finished Setting up Update Process No Packages marked for Update I'm fairly new to CentOS, but with Debian/Ubuntu, you can add PPAs to allow new software packages. Is there something similar for CentOS? This output makes it look like it's ignoring all the main package repos as well.

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• Query for server DefaultData & DefaultLog folders

  - by jamiet

  Do you ever need to query for the DefaultData & DefaultLog folders for your SQL Server instance? Well, I just did and the following script enabled me to do that: DECLARE @HkeyLocal NVARCHAR(18),@MSSqlServerRegPath NVARCHAR(31),@InstanceRegPath SYSNAME; SELECT @HkeyLocal=N'HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE' SELECT @MSSqlServerRegPath=N'SOFTWARE\Microsoft\MSSQLServer' SELECT @InstanceRegPath=@MSSqlServerRegPath + N'\MSSQLServer' DECLARE @SmoDefaultFile NVARCHAR(512) EXEC MASTER.dbo.xp_instance_regread @HkeyLocal, @InstanceRegPath, N'DefaultData', @SmoDefaultFile OUTPUT DECLARE @SmoDefaultLog NVARCHAR(512) EXEC MASTER.dbo.xp_instance_regread @HkeyLocal, @InstanceRegPath, N'DefaultLog', @SmoDefaultLog OUTPUT SELECT ISNULL(@SmoDefaultFile,N'') AS [DefaultFile],ISNULL(@SmoDefaultLog,N'') AS [DefaultLog]' I haven’t done any rigorous testing or anything like that, all I can say is…it worked for me (on SQL Server 2012). Use as you see fit. Doubtless this information exists in a multitude of other places but nevertheless I’m putting it here so I know where to find it in the future. Just for fun I thought I’d try this out against SQL Azure Windows Azure SQL Database. Unsurprisingly it didn’t work there: Msg 40515, Level 15, State 1, Line 16 Reference to database and/or server name in 'MASTER.dbo.xp_instance_regread' is not supported in this version of SQL Server. @Jamiet

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• perform command substitution in MS-DOS

  - by wiggin200

  I wonder how you can make in MS-DOS a command substitution Command substitution is a very powerful concept of the UNIX shell. It is used to insert the output of one command into a second command. E.g. with an assignment: $ today=$(date) # starts the "date" command, captures its output $ echo "$today" Mon Jul 26 13:16:02 MEST 2004 This can also be used with other commands besides assignments: $ echo "Today is $(date +%A), it's $(date +%H:%M)" Today is Monday, it's 13:21 This calls the date command two times, the first time to print the week-day, the second time for the current time. I need to know to do that in MS-DOS, (I already know that there is a way to perform something like that using as part of the for command, but this way is much more obfuscated and convoluted

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• How to change the setting for a network device reported by ethtool, specifically Speed, on VM?

  - by Ramadheer Singh

  This is related to these two questions, although they don't answer my question. The machines are RHEL6. 1.ethtool not showing all the properties 2.changing network speed to 1000Mb/s Output on VM: [root@foo ~]# ethtool eth0 Settings for eth0: Current message level: 0x00000007 (7) Link detected: yes Output on Real Hardware: (interested in Speed) # ethtool eth0 Settings for eth0: Supported ports: [ TP ] Supported link modes: 10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full 100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full 1000baseT/Full Supports auto-negotiation: Yes Advertised link modes: 10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full 100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full 1000baseT/Full Advertised auto-negotiation: Yes ***Speed: 1000Mb/s*** Duplex: Full Port: Twisted Pair PHYAD: 1 Transceiver: internal Auto-negotiation: on Supports Wake-on: d Wake-on: d Link detected: yes if there's anyway I can set this in VM, please suggest.

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• Wired connection not working

  - by YokoBlac

  I am using a Acer Aspire One. Here is the Ubuntu Wiki Page about my computer. I have a working wireless connection however when I plug a cat5 (Ethernet) cable in the lights flicker on the computer, but then nothing happens. Output of iconfig: eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:1e:68:96:1a:6b inet6 addr: fe80::21e:68ff:fe96:1a6b/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:43 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:12 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:2622 (2.6 KB) TX bytes:936 (936.0 B) Interrupt:28 Base address:0xe000 lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 RX packets:8 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:8 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:480 (480.0 B) TX bytes:480 (480.0 B) wlan0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:22:68:92:7f:36 inet addr:192.168.1.6 Bcast:192.168.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::222:68ff:fe92:7f36/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:5702 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:5284 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:4117327 (4.1 MB) TX bytes:936709 (936.7 KB) Any understanding of this output is greatly appreciated.

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• how to get a decent emacs setup on linux

  - by Hersheezy

  I am currently interested in switching from vim to emacs. One of the more compelling reasons for this is the smooth integration with a unix environment. The most experienced emacs users I have seen have a bash prompt at the bottom of their window, with stdout going to a buffer right above it. They then interact with the output of programs such as grep in interesting ways. I am on Ubuntu 10.04 and the default emacs environment does not seem to do much for me in the way of integration. For example, in the M-x shell mode, output from basic commands like ls produce lots of strange characters and hitting the up arrow does not go to previous commands. Any recommendations on a good direction to go in?

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• Is there a way to catch cmd.exe windows into tabs?

  - by user55542

  I use an editor that allows me to type in a command to run. In order to see the output without having to redirect it to a file, I precede the command with "cmd /k," which leaves an open cmd.exe window. So I'd like to find a way to move catch the call to cmd.exe and give it to an application that tabifies cmd.exe, a terminal emulator as it's called. The desired result would be similar to what happens in a tabbed editor, when that editor is to open some file, it does so in another tab, and not in another window. While in a given situation it may be easier to modify the command to redirect output to display in the editor itself, in general it would be more helpful if I could find a way to catch all such calls into one window.

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• Converting massive images to PDF, without crashing applications

  - by BloodyIron

  I'm trying to work with a large-format scanner, and we are scanning very long documents. Example, one of our documents we cut into two pieces, and one of those pieces is 3633x82486 in resolution. My application, Scanning Master 21+, which comes with the device (Graphtec CSX300-09) can output PDF, however when I try to save to PDF it complains about file being too large. I can successfully output to BMP however. GIMP can even open this BMP, after taking a while to load it. The resulting files range from 200MB - 1.2GB in size. Acrobat refuses to open the BMP format, saying it isn't supported or is damaged (which I know is not true). As I mentioned, the PDF plugin for GIMP crashes when I try to export to PDF. I'm really not sure what is the best tool for this job. So what is the best tool to produce PDF documents of very large images?

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• In Linux, is it possible to get a listing of drives' disk space usage that also shows volume labels?

  - by DavidH

  I know about df, of course, but df does not output volume labels. I have 5 USB hard drives plugged into my NAS box, and would love to know which is which. Current df output: Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sda1 27G 2.2G 24G 9% / none 56M 476K 55M 1% /dev none 60M 0 60M 0% /dev/shm none 60M 332K 59M 1% /var/run none 60M 0 60M 0% /var/lock none 60M 0 60M 0% /lib/init/rw /dev/sde1 150G 102G 48G 68% /media/usb0 /dev/sdb1 299G 196G 103G 66% /media/usb1 /dev/sdc1 233G 183G 51G 79% /media/usb2 /dev/sdd1 233G 209G 25G 90% /media/usb3 /dev/sdf1 150G 101G 49G 68% /media/usb4

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• Do I have a bad video card?

  - by zooropa

  I think this is the right spot to post this question. Please don't flame me if it isn't. My work computer is a Dell Prescision M6400 laptop. I use the VGA output to a second monitor. There is something wrong with my second monitor's output. Here is a screenshot of my desktop. You can see fragments of the right side of a Windows File Explorer window in the image. Is this a bad video card?

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• Text File Cannot read by Batch File

  - by Typowarrior

  I have the problem where TXT file that batch create can't be read. it turns to ECHO OFF Result. Here is 1st code need to be run. echo. wmic /output:huhu.txt Path CIM_DataFile WHERE Name='C:\\Users\\uJaNbaTus\\Desktop\\HyperTerminal.exe' Get Version echo. Then I create another .bat file with this code and run it. echo. setlocal ENABLEDELAYEDEXPANSION set revision= for /f "delims=" %%a in (huhu.txt) do ( set line=%%a if "x!line:~0,8!"=="xVersion " ( set revision=!line:~8! ) ) echo !revision! echo. endlocal When I run this .bat file the result Showing ECHO off. Btw if I create another file using notepad and replace (huhu.txt) I didn't get any error and the output come from txt file.

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• How do I force the system to look for new sound devices?

  - by John Zeringue

  I have a small flat screen TV (Toshiba) that I often connect via HDMI to my laptop (an HP Pavilion dv4) and use as a computer monitor. When I do this, I prefer to use the TV's speakers, particularly when I'm watching video, because the sound quality is much better. However, when I connect the HDMI cable after turning on my computer (rather than having it plugged in before booting up), Sound Settings does not list the TV as an output device, and I am forced to reboot. I was curious if there is an easier solution to this, perhaps a CLI command to check for new sound outputs. Does anyone know of something like this or have another solution? To clarify, I believe this is a software problem. The HDMI always works, and I can switch my desktop over to the TV at any time. The issue is that, if the HDMI wasn't connected during start up, the TV will not appear as an output option in the Sound Settings GUI. So, unless I'm mistaken, my question is not HDMI specific, but rather a general usage question about manipulating sound settings from the command line.

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• DELL U2410 Monitor(Display Port) & Graphic card

  - by Anj

  I was looking for a 24" monitor and bought the Dell 24" inch ultra sharp monitor which has DisplayPort( new keyword for me) seems it is equivalent to HDMI. Now I would like to enhance the display capabilities for my laptop and desktop(both have VGA output as of now). Couple of questions in mind: Is there a single HD graphic card which i could use for both desktop and laptop? I understand it has to be external but if its costly then I would stick on internal graphic card for my desktop. Please recommend external if its cost effective else I would go for internal one(Budget is around $70 or Rs 4000. Is there a HD card which I could use for both HD video and 5.1 channel audio output? I generally use the computer for office work/ listening music and watching movies, not gaming.

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• SEO Blog Indexing : Dot Wordpress Versus a Registered Domain?

  - by rumspringa00

  I've used Wordpress for a few of my client's sites, mostly small businesses and ecommerce sites. I have found through Google Analytics as well as the All in One Webmaster plugin that when it comes to social media, using Wordpress is a surefire way of getting your site indexed by Google and occasionally Bing and Yahoo. Since I am a heavy WP user, I'd like to contribute by registering a dot Wordpress domain for my portfolio. When using a WP installation concurrently with a WP domain, e.g. myportfolio.wordpress.com, will the site be more or less likely to be indexed rather a generic myportfolio.com domain? I've seen mixed opinions where people seem to favor a WP domain for URL output where others say that it's a moot point, and that Google will not favor a WP domain over a dot com domain as long as your meta tags are updated and content is keyword optimized. I tend to disagree and believe a WP domian would more likely be indexed and output more URLs over an individual, laconic domain like myportfolio.com. Am I wrong? Thanks in advance!

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• How can I continue audio playback even after switching user?

  - by klyonrad

  I just tested it with iTunes; after switching the user account (only after logging into another account, to be precise) the audio playback from the account "A" stops. However iTunes continues playing in the background; which I realized after switching back to account "A". Very frustrating because it kind-of is a deal-breaker for me; the other person should be able to have some personalized settings; while it is still my computer, and the main account has all the music obviously. The ideal solution would be audio output continuing running while user still has the ability to manually pause it... EDIT: I tested a bit more: "Desktop" apps like VLC don't output sound but continue running; the stock Music.app in Metro pauses the music and continues playing when switching back.

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• ffmpeg - join / merge on top of each other

  - by AisIceEyes

  I'm trying to join together two videos on top of each other. I already did these two ffmpeg commands ffmpeg -i 2_Out_of_Control.VOB -aspect 16:9 \ -vf "yadif=0:-1:0,crop=w=714:h=476:x=6:y=0,scale=1280:720,boxblur=lp=13" \ -c:v libx264 -preset medium \ -c:a copy \ '2(blurred)Out_of_Control.mp4' ffmpeg -i 2_Out_of_Control.VOB \ -vf "yadif=0:-1:0,crop=w=714:h=476:x=6:y=0,scale=1080:720" \ -c:v libx264 -preset medium \ -c:a copy \ '2(clear)Out_of_Control.mp4' I'm currently stuck on making the "clear" version on top of the "blurred" version. I'm not sure how to do that. Can anybody help please? Been googling for around 2 days already. Only achieved it by using OpenShot but yeah, would prefer if there is an ffmpeg command to merge the two videos on top of each other. Edit: I want the "clear" video to be at the center at the top of the "blurred" video Edit2: console output would be the same as above: ffmpeg -i 2(blurred)Out_of_Control.mp4 \ -i 2(clear)Out_of_Control.mp4 \ -aspect 16:9 \ -vf <just something that will join the two together: the blurred at the bottom, clear at top that is centered> \ -c:v libx264 -preset medium \ -c:a copy \ '2_Out_of_Control_VOB.mp4' Edit3: here is the output when I used ffmpeg -i 2_Out_of_Control.VOB $ ffmpeg -i 2_Out_of_Control.VOB ffmpeg version git-2013-10-03-c7fe2a3 Copyright (c) 2000-2013 the FFmpeg developers built on Oct 4 2013 05:22:06 with gcc 4.6 (Ubuntu/Linaro 4.6.3-1ubuntu5) configuration: --prefix=/home/username/ffmpeg_build --extra-cflags=-I/home/username/ffmpeg_build/include --extra-ldflags=-L/home/username/ffmpeg_build/lib --bindir=/home/username/bin --extra-libs=-ldl --enable-gpl --enable-libass --enable-libfdk-aac --enable-libmp3lame --enable-libopus --enable-libtheora --enable-libvorbis --enable-libvpx --enable-libx264 --enable-nonfree --enable-x11grab libavutil 52. 46.100 / 52. 46.100 libavcodec 55. 34.100 / 55. 34.100 libavformat 55. 19.100 / 55. 19.100 libavdevice 55. 3.100 / 55. 3.100 libavfilter 3. 88.101 / 3. 88.101 libswscale 2. 5.100 / 2. 5.100 libswresample 0. 17.103 / 0. 17.103 libpostproc 52. 3.100 / 52. 3.100 Input #0, mpeg, from '2_Out_of_Control.VOB': Duration: 00:05:00.01, start: 0.500000, bitrate: 4574 kb/s Stream #0:0[0x1e0]: Video: mpeg2video (Main), yuv420p(tv, smpte170m), 720x480 [SAR 8:9 DAR 4:3], max. 9334 kb/s, 29.97 fps, 29.97 tbr, 90k tbn, 59.94 tbc Stream #0:1[0x80]: Audio: ac3, 48000 Hz, stereo, fltp, 384 kb/s At least one output file must be specified $

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• Grub not loading after Windows 8 Install

  - by RazorXsr

  My system was configured to dual boot Ubuntu 12.04.1 LTS and Windows 7. Today I got my hands on the MSDN release of Windows 8 and I installed it over my Windows 7. Now the computer just boots to Windows 8 directly without loading the GRUB screen. So I followed the steps as suggested in: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/RecoveringUbuntuAfterInstallingWindows. Running this command: ls -l /dev/disk/by-label/ gives the following output: total 0 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Sep 11 07:51 Entertainment -> ../../sda2 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Sep 11 02:45 PENDRIVE -> ../../sdb1 Also fdisk -l command gives this as the output: Disk /dev/sda: 320.1 GB, 320072933376 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 38913 cylinders, total 625142448 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x1246aa23 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 2048 319582199 159790076 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda2 319582208 602906623 141662208 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda3 602908672 625135615 11113472 83 Linux Disk /dev/sdb: 1939 MB, 1939865600 bytes 64 heads, 63 sectors/track, 939 cylinders, total 3788800 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0xc3072e18 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 * 2248 3788799 1893276 c W95 FAT32 (LBA) So I assume that I have to run this: sudo grub-install /dev/sda3 to get GRUB up and running. But I am getting this error: /usr/sbin/grub-probe: error: cannot find a device for /boot/grub (is /dev mounted?). Can anyone please guide me in the right direction? The current Ubuntu installation is far too customized to my needs to lose it to a boot manager issue! Any help is much appreciated!

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• High system cpu load (%sys), system locks

  - by Mark

  For the last two weeks we are having intermittent severe spikes in system cpu usage (shown as %sys), which last for maybe half a minute, locking most processes, including ssh. I've been trying to figure this out, but atop doesn't show anything relevant (system usage for processes it shows is insignificant), spikes are intermittent and I could not reproduce the spike using any workload for the web application this webserver hosts. If you have any ideas on how to debug high %sys and (sometimes) %si CPU usage, please share them. System specs (don't know if any of this is relevant): Dedicated server, CentOS 6, core i7 950, consistent 4 to 8 GB RAM free at any time, hard drives are in RAID-1. Additional info: dmesg output doesn't change between spikes /var/log/messages doesn't change between spikes Here is cat /proc/vmstat Here is output of mpstat 1 during a typical spike Add 07.11.11: looks like simple reboot restored system state, and we might never know what caused the disturbance in first place.

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• Text after Control Sequence

  - by SPAM SPAM SPAM SPAM

  I am trying to parse the output of a command that expects to be writing to the screen. It has data separated by move-to-origin control sequences (for the VT220, ESC[1;1H). I only need the last part (i.e. after the last move-to-origin). I have tried doing this multiple ways (primarily awk and sed), but the problem is always that parts of the control sequence have special meaning (to the program, not just to the shell), and I cannot quote them when I substitute tput's output. Any suggestions?

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• What's the best way to handle numerous recurring log entries in game loop?

  - by Kaa

  I have a custom logging system, use of which is scattered all over the engine and game. The system is linked to a "LogStore" that has an std::vector<string> logs[NUM_LOG_TYPES] - each vector corresponds with it's log type (info, error, debug, etc.). There's one extra std::vector that has "coordinates" to all log entries in the order they were received. Now, all the logging output is also displayed inside my development console in the game. The game console is handled by HTML-type GUI and therefore requires a new <p> element being added for each log output. My problem is that the log entries that are generated in the main loop each frame freeze the engine, because they continue to add elements to the in-game console, and if the console or guy generates a warning - that creates an infinite logging loop. I want to solve it by handling the recurring log entries in an elegant way that lets you know that something is critically wrong, but won't freeze the engine - like displaying the count of errors in the last 60 frames instead of displaying errors themselves. But how do you guys handle this? Does anyone know any nifty tricks to do this? I understand the question may sound vague, but if someone came across this type of issue I'm sure they would know exactly what's happening. Example problematic log entries: OpenGL warnings (I actually do check for errors every frame in many places) Really any prints anywhere in the main loop (may be debugging, may be warnings)

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• How do I get 12.04 to recognize swap partition so that I can hibernate?

  - by Kayla

  I justed installed 12.04 and used gparted to erase and enlarge my swap partition. When I rebooted, gparted said that the file partition for the swap was unknown. Gparted doesn't let me change the file partition to "linux-swap". It does let me change it to NTFS, but when I reboot, it goes back to "unknown". Thanks in advance for your help. Output from sudo swapon -s: Filename Type Size Used Priority /dev/mapper/cryptswap1 partition 9025532 0 -1 Output from sudo fdisk -l: Disk /dev/sda: 250.1 GB, 250059350016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 30401 cylinders, total 488397168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x9d63ac84 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 2048 2459647 1228800 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda2 2459648 197836472 97688412+ 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda3 466890752 488395119 10752184 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda4 197836798 466890751 134526977 5 Extended /dev/sda5 197836800 448837631 125500416 83 Linux /dev/sda6 448839680 466890751 9025536 82 Linux swap / Solaris Partition table entries are not in disk order Disk /dev/mapper/cryptswap1: 9242 MB, 9242148864 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1123 cylinders, total 18051072 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x951b7f53 Disk /dev/mapper/cryptswap1 doesn't contain a valid partition table

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• Path is present, Permissions are okay, but still getting error

  - by N e w B e e

  I recently installed pdftk using instruction provided at stack overflow I installed it, and run the commanded whereis pdftk the result was /usr/local/bin/pdftk /usr/bin/pdftk I have the powerpannel access and I saw it through it that pdftk actually exists at the location i run the command pdftk --version, it was okay but when in php i use <?php $command = "pdftk --help"; system("PATH=/usr/local/bin/ && $command",$response); if ($response===FALSE){ echo 'sorry error occured'; } else{ echo $response; } ?> the output is 127 the version i am using is 1.41 and the output '127' is something that i cant understand can somebody guide me?

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• Asterisk server firewall script allows 2-way audio from incoming calls, but not on outgoing?

  - by cappie

  I'm running an Asterisk PBX on a virtual machine directly connected to the Internet and I really want to prevent script kiddies, l33t h4x0rz and actual hackers access to my server. The basic way I protect my calling-bill now is by using 32 character passwords, but I would much rather have a way to protect The firewall script I'm currently using is stated below, however, without the established connection firewall rule (mentioned rule #1), I cannot receive incoming audio from the target during outgoing calls: #!/bin/bash # first, clean up! iptables -F iptables -X iptables -t nat -F iptables -t nat -X iptables -t mangle -F iptables -t mangle -X iptables -P INPUT ACCEPT iptables -P FORWARD DROP # we're not a router iptables -P OUTPUT ACCEPT # don't allow invalid connections iptables -A INPUT -m state --state INVALID -j DROP # always allow connections that are already set up (MENTIONED RULE #1) iptables -A INPUT -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT # always accept ICMP iptables -A INPUT -p icmp -j ACCEPT # always accept traffic on these ports #iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT # always allow DNS traffic iptables -A INPUT -p udp --sport 53 -j ACCEPT iptables -A OUTPUT -p udp --dport 53 -j ACCEPT # allow return traffic to the PBX iptables -A INPUT -p udp -m udp --dport 50000:65536 -j ACCEPT iptables -A INPUT -p udp -m udp --dport 10000:20000 -j ACCEPT iptables -A INPUT -p udp --destination-port 5060:5061 -j ACCEPT iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --destination-port 5060:5061 -j ACCEPT iptables -A INPUT -m multiport -p udp --dports 10000:20000 iptables -A INPUT -m multiport -p tcp --dports 10000:20000 # IP addresses of the office iptables -A INPUT -s 95.XXX.XXX.XXX/32 -j ACCEPT # accept everything from the trunk IP's iptables -A INPUT -s 195.XXX.XXX.XXX/32 -j ACCEPT iptables -A INPUT -s 195.XXX.XXX.XXX/32 -j ACCEPT # accept everything on localhost iptables -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT # accept all outgoing traffic iptables -A OUTPUT -j ACCEPT # DROP everything else #iptables -A INPUT -j DROP I would like to know what firewall rule I'm missing for this all to work.. There is so little documentation on which ports (incoming and outgoing) asterisk actually needs.. (return ports included). Are there any firewall/iptables specialists here that see major problems with this firewall script? It's so frustrating not being able to find a simple firewall solution that enabled me to have a PBX running somewhere on the Internet which is firewalled in such a way that it can ONLY allows connections from and to the office, the DNS servers and the trunk(s) (and only support SSH (port 22) and ICMP traffic for the outside world). Hopefully, using this question, we can solve this problem once and for all.

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• How can I get rid of the motd message "*** /dev/sdb1 will be checked for errors at next reboot ***"? [duplicate]

  - by kmm

  This question already has an answer here: Persistent “disk will be checked…” in the message of the day (motd) even after reboot 3 answers My motd persistently has: *** /dev/sdb1 will be checked for errors at next reboot *** The problem is that I don't have /dev/sdb1 on my system. I only have /dev/sdb2 (mouted as /) and /dev/sda1 which mounts to /media/backup. I delete that line from /etc/motd, but it reappears after reboot. Here's my df output: Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sdb2 73G 3.7G 66G 6% / udev 490M 4.0K 490M 1% /dev tmpfs 200M 760K 199M 1% /run none 5.0M 0 5.0M 0% /run/lock none 498M 0 498M 0% /run/shm /dev/sda1 1.9T 429G 1.4T 25% /media/backup Update Here is the output of sudo fdisk -l Disk /dev/sda: 2000.4 GB, 2000398934016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 243201 cylinders, total 3907029168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x0003dfc2 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 63 3907024064 1953512001 83 Linux Disk /dev/sdb: 80.0 GB, 80026361856 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 9729 cylinders, total 156301488 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00049068 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 152301568 156301311 1999872 82 Linux swap / Solaris /dev/sdb2 * 2048 152301567 76149760 83 Linux Partition table entries are not in disk order I guess /dev/sdb1 is my swap space.

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