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• Shrinking TCP Window Size to 0 on Cisco ASA

  - by Brent

  Having an issue with any large file transfer that crosses our Cisco ASA unit come to an eventual pause. Setup Test1: Server A, FileZilla Client <- 1GBPS - Cisco ASA <- 1 GBPS - Server B, FileZilla Server TCP Window size on large transfers will drop to 0 after around 30 seconds of a large file transfer. RDP session then becomes unresponsive for a minute or two and then is sporadic. After a minute or two, the FTP transfer resumes, but at 1-2 MB/s. When the FTP transfer is over, the responsiveness of the RDP session returns to normal. Test2: Server C in same network as Server B, FileZilla Client <- local network - Server B, FileZilla Server File will transfer at 30+ MB/s. Details ASA: 5520 running 8.3(1) with ASDM 6.3(1) Windows: Server 2003 R2 SP2 with latest patches Server: VMs running on HP C3000 blade chasis FileZilla: 3.3.5.1, latest stable build Transfer: 20 GB SQL .BAK file Protocol: Active FTP over tcp/20, tcp/21 Switches: Cisco Small Business 2048 Gigabit running latest 2.0.0.8 VMware: 4.1 HP: Flex-10 3.15, latest version Notes All servers are VMs. Thoughts Pretty sure the ASA is at fault since a transfer between VMs on the same network will not show a shrinking Window size. Our ASA is pretty vanilla. No major changes made to any of the settings. It has a bunch of NAT and ACLs. Wireshark Sample No. Time Source Destination Protocol Info 234905 73.916986 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2 TCP ftp-data ivecon-port [ACK] Seq=1 Ack=131981791 Win=65535 Len=0 234906 73.917220 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234907 73.917224 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234908 73.917231 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2 TCP ftp-data ivecon-port [ACK] Seq=1 Ack=131984551 Win=64155 Len=0 234909 73.917463 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234910 73.917467 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234911 73.917469 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234912 73.917476 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2 TCP ftp-data ivecon-port [ACK] Seq=1 Ack=131988691 Win=60015 Len=0 234913 73.917706 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234914 73.917710 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234915 73.917715 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2 TCP ftp-data ivecon-port [ACK] Seq=1 Ack=131991451 Win=57255 Len=0 234916 73.917949 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234917 73.917953 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234918 73.917958 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2 TCP ftp-data ivecon-port [ACK] Seq=1 Ack=131994211 Win=54495 Len=0 234919 73.918193 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234920 73.918197 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234921 73.918202 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2 TCP ftp-data ivecon-port [ACK] Seq=1 Ack=131996971 Win=51735 Len=0 234922 73.918435 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234923 73.918440 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234924 73.918445 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2 TCP ftp-data ivecon-port [ACK] Seq=1 Ack=131999731 Win=48975 Len=0 234925 73.918679 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234926 73.918684 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234927 73.918689 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2 TCP ftp-data ivecon-port [ACK] Seq=1 Ack=132002491 Win=46215 Len=0 234928 73.918922 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234929 73.918927 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234930 73.918932 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2 TCP ftp-data ivecon-port [ACK] Seq=1 Ack=132005251 Win=43455 Len=0 234931 73.919165 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234932 73.919169 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234933 73.919174 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2 TCP ftp-data ivecon-port [ACK] Seq=1 Ack=132008011 Win=40695 Len=0 234934 73.919408 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234935 73.919413 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234936 73.919418 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2 TCP ftp-data ivecon-port [ACK] Seq=1 Ack=132010771 Win=37935 Len=0 234937 73.919652 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234938 73.919656 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234939 73.919661 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2 TCP ftp-data ivecon-port [ACK] Seq=1 Ack=132013531 Win=35175 Len=0 234940 73.919895 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234941 73.919899 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234942 73.919904 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2 TCP ftp-data ivecon-port [ACK] Seq=1 Ack=132016291 Win=32415 Len=0 234943 73.920138 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234944 73.920142 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234945 73.920147 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2 TCP ftp-data ivecon-port [ACK] Seq=1 Ack=132019051 Win=29655 Len=0 234946 73.920381 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234947 73.920386 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234948 73.920391 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2 TCP ftp-data ivecon-port [ACK] Seq=1 Ack=132021811 Win=26895 Len=0 234949 73.920625 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234950 73.920629 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234951 73.920632 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234952 73.920638 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2 TCP ftp-data ivecon-port [ACK] Seq=1 Ack=132025951 Win=22755 Len=0 234953 73.920868 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234954 73.920871 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234955 73.920876 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2 TCP ftp-data ivecon-port [ACK] Seq=1 Ack=132028711 Win=19995 Len=0 234956 73.921111 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234957 73.921115 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234958 73.921120 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2 TCP ftp-data ivecon-port [ACK] Seq=1 Ack=132031471 Win=17235 Len=0 234959 73.921356 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234960 73.921362 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234961 73.921370 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2 TCP ftp-data ivecon-port [ACK] Seq=1 Ack=132034231 Win=14475 Len=0 234962 73.921598 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234963 73.921606 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234964 73.921613 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2 TCP ftp-data ivecon-port [ACK] Seq=1 Ack=132036991 Win=11715 Len=0 234965 73.921841 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234966 73.921848 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234967 73.921855 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2 TCP ftp-data ivecon-port [ACK] Seq=1 Ack=132039751 Win=8955 Len=0 234968 73.922085 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234969 73.922092 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234970 73.922099 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2 TCP ftp-data ivecon-port [ACK] Seq=1 Ack=132042511 Win=6195 Len=0 234971 73.922328 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234972 73.922335 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234973 73.922342 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2 TCP ftp-data ivecon-port [ACK] Seq=1 Ack=132045271 Win=3435 Len=0 234974 73.922571 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234975 73.922579 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234976 73.922586 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2 TCP ftp-data ivecon-port [ACK] Seq=1 Ack=132048031 Win=675 Len=0 234981 75.866453 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 675 bytes 234985 76.020168 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2 TCP [TCP ZeroWindow] ftp-data ivecon-port [ACK] Seq=1 Ack=132048706 Win=0 Len=0 234989 76.771633 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 TCP [TCP ZeroWindowProbe] ivecon-port ftp-data [ACK] Seq=132048706 Ack=1 Win=65535 Len=1 234990 76.771648 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2 TCP [TCP ZeroWindowProbeAck] [TCP ZeroWindow] ftp-data ivecon-port [ACK] Seq=1 Ack=132048706 Win=0 Len=0 234997 78.279701 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 TCP [TCP ZeroWindowProbe] ivecon-port ftp-data [ACK] Seq=132048706 Ack=1 Win=65535 Len=1 234998 78.279714 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2 TCP [TCP ZeroWindowProbeAck] [TCP ZeroWindow] ftp-data ivecon-port [ACK] Seq=1 Ack=132048706 Win=0 Len=0

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• Redirect TS Gateway Authentication to RADIUS Server

  - by Brent

  Hi All, I'm trying to set up an environment for my TS gateway server where the authentication for the initial login to the TS gateway server is handled by a RADIUS server (as determined by NPS), then the user uses standard Windows Auth to log in to their destination machine. I have the server successfully passing the auth to the RADIUS server, but only after it does a Windows auth first. The credentials will not match between the Windows Server and the RADIUS server, so the RADIUS auth always fails, and the TS Gateway server will not forward the request to the RADIUS server unless the Windows Auth succeeds. Does anyone know how to disable the Windows Auth requirement on a TS Gateway server? This is a pretty vanilla SBS 2008 box.

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• Shrinking Windows Size to 0 on Cisco ASA

  - by Brent

  Having an issue with any large file transfer that crosses our Cisco ASA unit come to an eventual pause. Setup Test1: Server A, FileZilla Client <- 1GBPS - Cisco ASA <- 1 GBPS - Server B, FileZilla Server TCP Window size on large transfers will drop to 0 after around 30 seconds of a large file transfer. RDP session then becomes unresponsive for a minute or two and then is sporadic. After a minute or two, the FTP transfer resumes, but at 1-2 MB/s. When the FTP transfer is over, the responsiveness of the RDP session returns to normal. Test2: Server C in same network as Server B, FileZilla Client <- local network - Server B, FileZilla Server File will transfer at 30+ MB/s. Details ASA: 5520 running 8.3(1) with ASDM 6.3(1) Windows: Server 2003 R2 SP2 with latest patches Server: VMs running on HP C3000 blade chasis FileZilla: 3.3.5.1, latest stable build Transfer: 20 GB SQL .BAK file Protocol: Active FTP over tcp/20, tcp/21 Switches: Cisco Small Business 2048 Gigabit running latest 2.0.0.8 VMware: 4.1 HP: Flex-10 3.15, latest version Notes All servers are VMs. Thoughts Pretty sure the ASA is at fault since a transfer between VMs on the same network will not show a shrinking Window size. Our ASA is pretty vanilla. No major changes made to any of the settings. It has a bunch of NAT and ACLs. Wireshark Sample No. Time Source Destination Protocol Info 234905 73.916986 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2 TCP ftp-data ivecon-port [ACK] Seq=1 Ack=131981791 Win=65535 Len=0 234906 73.917220 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234907 73.917224 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234908 73.917231 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2 TCP ftp-data ivecon-port [ACK] Seq=1 Ack=131984551 Win=64155 Len=0 234909 73.917463 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234910 73.917467 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234911 73.917469 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234912 73.917476 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2 TCP ftp-data ivecon-port [ACK] Seq=1 Ack=131988691 Win=60015 Len=0 234913 73.917706 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234914 73.917710 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234915 73.917715 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2 TCP ftp-data ivecon-port [ACK] Seq=1 Ack=131991451 Win=57255 Len=0 234916 73.917949 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234917 73.917953 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234918 73.917958 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2 TCP ftp-data ivecon-port [ACK] Seq=1 Ack=131994211 Win=54495 Len=0 234919 73.918193 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234920 73.918197 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234921 73.918202 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2 TCP ftp-data ivecon-port [ACK] Seq=1 Ack=131996971 Win=51735 Len=0 234922 73.918435 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234923 73.918440 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234924 73.918445 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2 TCP ftp-data ivecon-port [ACK] Seq=1 Ack=131999731 Win=48975 Len=0 234925 73.918679 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234926 73.918684 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234927 73.918689 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2 TCP ftp-data ivecon-port [ACK] Seq=1 Ack=132002491 Win=46215 Len=0 234928 73.918922 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234929 73.918927 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234930 73.918932 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2 TCP ftp-data ivecon-port [ACK] Seq=1 Ack=132005251 Win=43455 Len=0 234931 73.919165 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234932 73.919169 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234933 73.919174 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2 TCP ftp-data ivecon-port [ACK] Seq=1 Ack=132008011 Win=40695 Len=0 234934 73.919408 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234935 73.919413 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234936 73.919418 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2 TCP ftp-data ivecon-port [ACK] Seq=1 Ack=132010771 Win=37935 Len=0 234937 73.919652 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234938 73.919656 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234939 73.919661 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2 TCP ftp-data ivecon-port [ACK] Seq=1 Ack=132013531 Win=35175 Len=0 234940 73.919895 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234941 73.919899 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234942 73.919904 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2 TCP ftp-data ivecon-port [ACK] Seq=1 Ack=132016291 Win=32415 Len=0 234943 73.920138 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234944 73.920142 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234945 73.920147 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2 TCP ftp-data ivecon-port [ACK] Seq=1 Ack=132019051 Win=29655 Len=0 234946 73.920381 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234947 73.920386 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234948 73.920391 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2 TCP ftp-data ivecon-port [ACK] Seq=1 Ack=132021811 Win=26895 Len=0 234949 73.920625 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234950 73.920629 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234951 73.920632 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234952 73.920638 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2 TCP ftp-data ivecon-port [ACK] Seq=1 Ack=132025951 Win=22755 Len=0 234953 73.920868 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234954 73.920871 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234955 73.920876 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2 TCP ftp-data ivecon-port [ACK] Seq=1 Ack=132028711 Win=19995 Len=0 234956 73.921111 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234957 73.921115 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234958 73.921120 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2 TCP ftp-data ivecon-port [ACK] Seq=1 Ack=132031471 Win=17235 Len=0 234959 73.921356 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234960 73.921362 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234961 73.921370 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2 TCP ftp-data ivecon-port [ACK] Seq=1 Ack=132034231 Win=14475 Len=0 234962 73.921598 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234963 73.921606 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234964 73.921613 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2 TCP ftp-data ivecon-port [ACK] Seq=1 Ack=132036991 Win=11715 Len=0 234965 73.921841 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234966 73.921848 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234967 73.921855 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2 TCP ftp-data ivecon-port [ACK] Seq=1 Ack=132039751 Win=8955 Len=0 234968 73.922085 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234969 73.922092 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234970 73.922099 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2 TCP ftp-data ivecon-port [ACK] Seq=1 Ack=132042511 Win=6195 Len=0 234971 73.922328 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234972 73.922335 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234973 73.922342 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2 TCP ftp-data ivecon-port [ACK] Seq=1 Ack=132045271 Win=3435 Len=0 234974 73.922571 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234975 73.922579 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 1380 bytes 234976 73.922586 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2 TCP ftp-data ivecon-port [ACK] Seq=1 Ack=132048031 Win=675 Len=0 234981 75.866453 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 FTP-DATA FTP Data: 675 bytes 234985 76.020168 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2 TCP [TCP ZeroWindow] ftp-data ivecon-port [ACK] Seq=1 Ack=132048706 Win=0 Len=0 234989 76.771633 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 TCP [TCP ZeroWindowProbe] ivecon-port ftp-data [ACK] Seq=132048706 Ack=1 Win=65535 Len=1 234990 76.771648 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2 TCP [TCP ZeroWindowProbeAck] [TCP ZeroWindow] ftp-data ivecon-port [ACK] Seq=1 Ack=132048706 Win=0 Len=0 234997 78.279701 2.2.2.2 1.1.1.1 TCP [TCP ZeroWindowProbe] ivecon-port ftp-data [ACK] Seq=132048706 Ack=1 Win=65535 Len=1 234998 78.279714 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2 TCP [TCP ZeroWindowProbeAck] [TCP ZeroWindow] ftp-data ivecon-port [ACK] Seq=1 Ack=132048706 Win=0 Len=0

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• Pros/Cons of switching from Exchange to GMail

  - by Brent

  We are a medium-large non-profit company, with around 1000 staff and volunteers, and have been using MS Exchange (currently 2003) for our mail system for years. I recently attended a Google conference where they were positing that "Cloud computing is the way of the future", and encouraging us to switch from doing our own email with Exchange, to using GMail and Google Apps for everything. Additionally, one of our departments has been pushing from inside to do this transition within their own department, if not throughout the entire organization. I can definitely see some benefits - such as: Archive space - we never seem to have the space our users want, and of course, the more we get, the more we have to back up OS Agnostic - Exchange is definitely built for windows, and with mac and linux users on the rise, these users increasingly demand better tools / support. Google offers this. Better archiving - potential of e-discovery, that doesn't exist in a practical way with our current setup. Switching would relieve us of a fair bit of server administration, give more options to our end users, and free up the server resources we are now using for Exchange. Our IT department wants to be perceived as providing up-to-date solutions to technical problems, and this change would definitely provide such an image. Google's infrastructure is obviously much more robust than ours, and they employ some of the world's best security and network experts. However, there are also some serious drawbacks: We would be essentially outsourcing one of our mission-critical systems to a 3rd party The switch would inevitably involve Google Apps and perhaps more as well. That means we would have a-lot more at the mercy of a single (potentially weak) password. (is there a way to make this more secure using a password plus physical key of some sort??) Our data would not remain under our roof - or even in our country (Canada). This obviously has plusses on the Disaster Recovery side, but I think there are potential negatives on the legal side. I can't imagine that somebody as large as Google would be as responsive as we would want with regard to non-critical issues such as tracing missing emails, etc. (not sure how much access we would have to basic mail logs - for instance) Can anyone help me evaluate this decision? What issues am I overlooking? What experiences have you had with this transition (or the opposite - gmail to Exchange) Can you add to the points I have already outlined?

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• Configure Thunderbird to never send (or even try to send) HTML emails

  - by Brent.Longborough

  Where can I set it to tell Thunderbird to always send as plain-text emails and never as HTML formatted messages? I hate HTML-based email, and always do everything possible to send my emails as plain text. Thunderbird is always pestering me with questions like "This recipient cannot receive HTML..." or "In order to sign this email, it needs to be converted to plain text..." Is there a way I can simply say to Thunderbird "Look, old chap, it's all plain text, so don't bother me any more, ever, again"?

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• How to set up multiple DNS servers on an intranet

  - by Brent

  We have an Active Directory network, with a mixture of Windows DNS, linux BIND servers, and want to use OpenDNS as our external DNS provider. I am wondering What is the best way to set up these servers (regarding forwarders, recursion, etc.)? Active Directory is our main internal DNS for our domain, and has 3 redundant servers. DHCP and all our servers use these as their DNS servers. Then we have a legacy AD server from an old network that is still authoritative for a bunch of domains. Finally, we have a couple of Linux Bind servers that are authoritative for a bunch of websites we host. Should our main AD servers point to our legacy AD server, which points to one of our BIND servers, which points to the other BIND server, which finally points out to openDNS? Or should our main AD servers point to all of these directly? - or is there a better option? What happens if a domain is listed in 2 places? Does DNS process the forwarders in order? What about root servers - if I want to use OpenDNS for "everything else", do I just list them as the last forwarders, and delete the root servers from all my DNS servers? How does recursion work - in this scenario, should I be using recursion or not?

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• How do I tell Thunderbird **never** to send (or even try to send) html emails?

  - by Brent.Longborough

  I hate html-based email, and always do everything possible to send my emails as plain text. My email client is Thunderbird, and it's always pestering me with questions like "This recipient cannot receive html..." or "In order to sign this email, it needs to be converted to plain text..." Is there a way I can simply say to Thunderbird "Look, old chap, it's all plain text, so don't bother me any more, ever, again"?

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• Which Linux distribution for vehicle LCD instrument panel

  - by Brent

  I will be designing an instrument panel for a vehicle to display the common gauges that you would find in a car - (speedometer, rpm, fuel level, oil pressure, etc.). We have selected a 7" LCD and are in the process of narrowing down the hardware (This will use an ARM processor). The idea is to read these values off of the CAN Bus and update the UI with those values. This needs to have a fairly quick boot time, 5-10 seconds would be acceptable from the time the ignigtion is turned on to the time the UI is running. I have been doing a lot of research on which linux distribution to use, but I wanted to ask the question here to get the community's suggestions. I have been a .NET programmer for years, so linux is a new world to me. Here is what I have found so far... Tizen is geared for In-Vehicle Infotainment (IVI) (plus some others). However, this project is not an IVI, and I do not need the phone dialer, navigation, etc. Meego is dead, and Tizen seems to be the replacement Angstrom, Debian... would either of these be useful? I am not tied to a particular programming language or IDE. Any help and direction is appreciated!

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• server will not reply (syn -ack)

  - by Brent

  I like to use the following commands to manage 'TIME_WAIT', in the hope to free up resources. echo 20 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_fin_timeout sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse=1 sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle=1 I found something interesting while doing a tcpdump. Sometimes if a client makes a connection (syn), the server will not reply (syn -ack). My question is, could it be because of the top three commands.

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• Varnish configuration, NamevirtualHosts, and IP Forwarding

  - by Brent

  I currently have a bunch of NameVirtualHost based websites, load balanced between 3 apache2 servers using ldirectord. I would like to insert varnish as a reverse-web-proxy between ldirectord and apache in the following way: a request comes in to ldirectord it is then load balanced between the 3 apache2 servers and varnish, with a weight of 1 for the webservers, and 99 for varnish (so if varnish is rebooted, the webservers will take over seamlessly) varnish will then load balance its requests between my apache2 servers. However, the varnish part is not working. I wonder whether this has to do with the fact that my apache servers use x.x.x.x:80 for their NameVirtualHosts, instead of *:80? (they have to do this, since each server hosts multiple IP addresses) Or perhaps it has to do with the need for IP Forwarding to be set up on the varnish server? (I did echo 1 /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward on this server, is that sufficient?) How can I debug this problem? ldirectord doesn't produce logs of what it does with each request (and if it did, I would be overwhelmed with information since I'm serving hundreds of requests per second) varnish log shows the ldirectord server connecting to it every 5 seconds, but nothing else. I have set up a test site using this configuration, but it fails - no apache access logs, no applicable varnish logs.

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• Routing for Two Hosts Behind a IPSec Tunnel

  - by Brent

  Network A 10.110.15.0/24 Firewall is .1 Host A is .2 Network B 10.110.16.0/24 Firewall is .1 Host B is .2 Two Cisco ASA's. IPSec tunnel with a crypo map that secures 10.110.15.0/24 <- 10.110.16.0/24. Let's say two hosts, 10.110.15.2 and 10.110.16.2 need to talk to each other. Normally I have to enter a persistent static route on a each host along the lines of: route add 10.110.16.0 mask 255.255.255.0 10.110.15.1 metric 1 -p (on the "A" box) I also have to enter another persistent static route on the .16 host in order for the traffic to know how to get back to the .15 network. Note that the default for each machine IS the firewall, so .1. I have no problem adding persistent routes on Windows/ESX/*nux machines but what about a smart switch in the .16 network that I want to manage from the .15 network. Do I need to run a routing protocol? Do I need to have Reverse Route Injection enabled on both ends of the IPSec tunnel? Should I add a route on the firewall? If so, how do you formulate it? Does it get a metric of 1 and my default route 0.0.0.0 get a metric of 2?

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• ASA Slow IPSec Performance with Inconsistent Window Size

  - by Brent

  I have a IPSec link between two sites over ASA 5520s running 8.4(3) and I am getting extremely poor performance when traffic passes over the IPSec VPN. CPU on the devices is ~13%, Memory at 408 MB, and active VPN sessions 2. The load on both of the the devices is particularly low. Latency between the two sites is ~40ms. Screenshot of wireshark file transfer between the two hosts over the firewall IPSec VPN performing at 10MBPS. Note the changing window size. http://imgur.com/wGTB8Cr Screenshot of wireshark file transfer between the two hosts over the firewall not going over IPSec performing at 55MBPS. Constant window size. http://imgur.com/EU23W1e I'm showing an inconsistent window size when transferring over the IPSec VPN ranging in 46,796 to 65535. When performing at 55+MBPS, the window size is consistently 65,535. Does this show a problem in my configuration of the IPSec VPN in the ASA or a Layer1/2 issue? Using ping xxxxxx -f -l I finally get a non-fragment at 1418 bytes so 1418+28 for IP/ICMP headers = 1446. I know that I have 1500 set on the ASA and Ethernet. I do have "Force Maximum segment size for TCP proxy connection to be" "1380" bytes set under Configuration Advanced TCP Options on the ASA. Using IPERF, I am getting a "TCP Window Full" every few seconds and ~3 MBPS performance. http://imgur.com/elRlMpY Show Run on the ASA http://pastebin.com/uKM4Jh76 Show cry accelerator stats http://pastebin.com/xQahnqK3

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• Perl script segfaulting after 64-bit upgrade

  - by Brent

  I recently upgraded a 32-bit Debian server to 64-bit by re-installing, and copying my data into place. After this I have a perl script that repeats the following, and is segfaulting on the tell line: seek(FIN,$ps,0); tell(FIN, $ps); $line=<FIN>; I don't speak perl, so I'm not sure exactly what is going on here. I can get the script to run (apparently successfully) by commenting every occurrence of tell, but this is obviously not the best solution. I suspect that tell is calling a 32-bit binary or something, and that is the cause of the segfault - but I don't know. Can someone explain what tell does, and if it is indeed a separate binary, what package it belongs to (or how it is installed ie. cpan)? Or perhaps I am on the wrong track?

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• Is span monitoring on Cisco ASA 5520 possible?

  - by Brent

  From what I have read, you can use the switchport monitor command on ASA 5505's to setup a Span port due to the back of the ASA actually being a switch. On my 5520, I do not see the switchport command listed when issuing a ? via the CLI. How do people monitor traffic on non-5505's? My goal is to connect our IDS/IPS device that is running is promiscuous mode to a Ethernet port on the 5520 to monitor WAN traffic. I do not want to have to pass the WAN traffic through a switch as it would require me to get two (for redundancy) STP/switchport capable switches. Guide to setting up switchport access on a 5505: http://www.wr-mem.com/?p=66

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• Multi-Domain Root Administrator

  - by Brent Pabst

  We have a new domain structure we are planning on rolling out in the next few months. Essentially there is a single top level and forest domain controller "mydomain.lan" and two children "us.mydomain.lan" and "pl.mydomain.lan". We want to configure an administrator account or two at the top level domain that then has full administrator permissions on the sub domains. By default the top level administrator cannot access or login to machines on the sub-domains. Running W2K8R2. Ideas?

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• Active Directory Password Formats

  - by Brent Pabst

  Hi, I'm working on an open source project that will manage active directory users. I am looking for feedback from Windows/Active Directory Admins on the formats of usernames they prefer or their organization uses. I want to make sure the software allows admins to use the most popular formats when new users are created. Here is the list I have so far: 1. <firstname><lastname> 2. <lastname><firstname> 3. <lastname><firstinitial> 4. <lastname><firstinitial><middleinitial> 5. <firstinitial><lastname> 6. <firstinitial><middleinitial><lastname> 7. <firstname><lastinitial> In addition how do you handle multiple identical names? So if two John Smith's exist do you append a numeric number, or interject a middle initial or name to solve the problem? Thanks for the feedback

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• What are the effects of the L root server now publishing DURZ?

  - by brent

  I'm curious what the actual effects of the L root server publishing DURZ today will be. On the nanog mailing list, someone said it's important to evaluate the systemic effects of root name servers publishing signed zones, even when not using DNSSEC. Meanwhile, RIPE's own published information on their changes to the K root server say there's no issue if your resolvers don't use DNSSEC. Can someone please clear this up? DNSSEC seems to be a messy, tangled web. If not enabling DNSSEC on my resolvers, do I have anything to worry about with the upcoming changes to the root servers?

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• IIS NLB Web Farm to front Single Tomcat Instance

  - by Brent Pabst

  I've got a single Tomcat 6 server that hosts a JSP app. We just spun up a new IIS 7.5 web farm to host our other internal apps. Currently the machine that hosts Tomcat is also running IIS 7 with the ISAPI filter loaded to provide front-end handling for the JSP app. I'd like to move the IIS portion to the web farm to consolidate our IIS presence and let the Tomcat server just serve and run Java and Tomcat. Has anyone done this, is it even possible while ensuring session state is properly maintained? I had it up and running using the IIS Tomcat Connector http://tomcatiis.riaforge.org/ but after a while the communication between the boxes slowed and pages would not load. In addition it seemed like some of our authentication tickets were timing out. Thanks for any ideas or reference material!

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• How to make emacs accept UTF-8 from the keyboard

  - by Brent.Longborough

  My friends have persuaded me to "try again" (about the 5th time in about 12 years) with emacs. I'm currently suffering a little, and need help with emacs + utf-8. I'm running the 23.3.1 emacs gui on Windows 7 with my own custom keyboard layout (built with MS Keyboard Layout Creator). The layout has a full ISO-8859-1 (Latin-1) character set, plus some additional characters from ISO-8859-9 (Latin-5, gis etc for Turkish) and w for Welsh (don't know where that one lives). In my .emacs, I have (blindly) added these lines: ;; key board / input method settings (setq locale-coding-system 'utf-8) (set-terminal-coding-system 'utf-8) (set-keyboard-coding-system 'utf-8) (set-language-environment 'UTF-8) ; prefer utf-8 for language settings Now, when I enter characters from ISO Latin-1 from the keyboard, they are accepted without problems, but characters from outside Latin-1 are "translated" to an approximate character in Latin-1. Thus, for example, Latin-5 "g" gets converted to a plain "g". Cutting and pasting, however, work fine. Can anyone tell me what I'm doing wrong? I should like to make everything I do with emacs utf-8 with BOM.

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• Small TCP Window on WAN between 2 Locations

  - by Brent

  Site A: Denver datacenter. 60MBPS. Site B: Chicago. 100MBPS. ICMP pings: Packets: Sent = 176, Received = 176, Lost = 0 (0% loss), Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds: Minimum = 74ms, Maximum = 94ms, Average = 75ms File transfer between sites that never goes past ~7MBPS: Windows Update download at 60MBPS+: Site to site: IPSec VPN using two Cisco 5520's. CPU at 3-4% and lots of memory to spare. The latency between to two sites is very acceptable so I can't see an issue why it is performing so slow when transferring between the two sites. I have found that any type of transfer (FTP, HTTP, Windows file shares) will never go above ~7MBPS. When the WAN was first setup, I was able to get transfers at 50-60MBPS, which is what is expected due to the WAN connection at the Site A at 60MBPS. Then a few days later, I was not able to get anything going faster than ~7MBPS. Is there a upstream router between Denver and Chicago causing this? I want to take the blame away from our setup as downloads from Windows Update go blazing fast and for the first few days after the site to site VPN came up, I was transferring VM images at 50-60MBPS. Our stack: HP P2000 MSA - HP C7000 Chassis - HP Flex-10 - Cisco Gigabit switch - Cisco ASA - WAN

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• Why the VPN Network Shake-Up?

  - by Brent Arias

  I can RDP to another machine on my home network, only if I'm not also hooked up to my employer's VPN with the Cisco VPN client. Indeed, I can't even ping the other machine by name in this mode, because ICMP suddenly thinks that ( ping myMachine ) now means ( ping myMachine.myEmployer.com ). Of course there is no machine by that latter name, and so it fails. Even weirder, once I disconnect from the VPN I can again ping myMachine successfully, but ICMP reports the machine by its MAC address instead of its IP address. I don't think I've ever seen ping identify another machine by its MAC address. So two questions: How can I access via RDP/ping the other machine BY NAME on my local network while also connected to the VPN? Why is ping identifying a MAC address for the machine on my home network, instead of an IP address? And how can I change this so that an IP address is reported instead? For question #1, I can indeed access the other machine on my home network by IP address. I suspect if I put the name-IP pair into my HOSTS file, then I would be able to access it even when connected to the VPN. But I wonder if there is another (more elegant) solution?

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• Control Targeted Browser Window

  - by Brent Arias

  When I have multiple browser windows open, I don't know how to control which is chosen to open a new link - when that link is selected in a non-browser application. For example, when I click a web link in OneNote or Word, the already-open browser that is chosen is whichever one of my Internet Explorer windows happens to have the least number of open browsing tabs. I would like to change that behavior. I'd like that each newly opened page, as selected from a non-browser app, always goes to the last internet explorer window I had active. Can this be done?

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• HDMI Sound for HTPC

  - by Brent Arias

  I have the (perhaps) the same problem as stated in this other HDMI sound to HTPC question. I tried the advice of clicking on the speaker in the system tray. I can see the HDMI audio device I want to use. That device claims to be functioning properly. But there is no sound, and it won't let me select it as the active audio device. When I click on the troubleshooter, it says that there are no speakers connected. I would think this is because my computer us unable to pipe sound through the video card (preventing the HDMI from carrying it), except that it truly claims that it has an HDMI sound device that is working correctly. So I'm not sure what is wrong at this point. Thoughts? My system is Windows 7 x64. In case it makes a difference, the video card I'm using is this GeForce GTX 560

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• Debian: SSH: "PermitRootLogin=forced-commands-only" stopped working

  - by Brent

  I have several servers running Debian Lenny. Just recently I discovered the PermitRootLogin=forced-commands-only directive for ssh, which allows me to run a scripted rsync as root with an ssl key, without enabling more generalized root ssh access. However, last week this stopped working - it appears on all of my servers - and I can't figure out why. Everything continues to work fine with PermitRootLogin=yes, but I would prefer to block root logins - especially via passwords. The day it stopped working, we reconfigured some of the ports on one of our switches (which we later reverted), but I can't see that affecting this, since it still works with PermitRootLogin set to yes. How can I diagnose why the forced-commands-only directive has apparently stopped working?

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• [Windows] How do I preserve folder shares on a USB external drive?

  - by Brent.Longborough

  I'm using a WD Passport external hard drive with my notebook, and have a folder on this drive I need to share on my Windows network. Occasionally, when the drive is not plugged in, Windows appears to lose the shares, and I have to go in and share again. Does anyone have a good way to avoid losing the shares? Environment: Vista Home Premium, SP2 WD MyPassport USB-powered portable hard drive

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