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• Game of Thrones : l'arme secrète de George R. R. Martin contre les virus, un PC sous DOS avec Wordstar 4.0 et sans internet

  Game of Thrones : L'arme secrète de George R. R. Martin contre les virus George R. R. MARTIN, auteur de la saga Game of Thrones et co-producteur de la série du même nom a révélé à un Talk-show américain avoir une arme secrète contre les virus qui pourraient attaquer son ordinateur et détruire ses documents. Pour écrire ses livres, il se sert d'un ordinateur non relié à internet et qui fonctionne sous DOS et comme traitement de texte Wordstar 4,0 ! À la question « pourquoi rester avec ce vieux...

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• Silverlight and Encryption, how to store/generate they key/iv pair?

  - by cmaduro

  I have a Silverlight app that connects to a php webservice. I want to encrypt the communication between the webservice and the Silverlight client. I'm not relying on SSL. I'm encrypting/decrypting the POST string myself using AES 256bit Key and IV. The big questions then are: How do I generate a random unique key/iv pair in PHP. How do I share this key/iv pair between the web service and silverlight client in a secure way. It seems impossible without having some kind of hard coded key or iv on the client. Which would compromise security. This is a public website, there are no logins. Just the requirement of secure communication. I can hard code the seed for the key/iv (which is hashed with SHA256 with a time stamp salt and then assigned as the key or iv) in PHP source code, that's on the server so that is pretty safe. However on the client the seed for the key/iv pair would be visible, if it is hard coded. Further more using a time stamp as the basis for uniqueness/randomness is definitely not ok, since timestamps are predictable. It does however provide a common factor between the C# code and the PHP code. The only other option that I can think of would be to have a 3rd service involved that provides the key/iv to the Silverlight client, as well as the php webservice. This of course start the cycle anew, with the question of how to store the credentials for accessing the key/iv distribution service on the Silverlight client. Sounds like the solution is then asymmetric encryption, since sensitive data will be viewed only on the administrative back end of the website. Unfortunately Silverlight has no asymmetric encryption classes. The solution? Roll my own Diffie-Hellman key exchange! Plug that key into AES256!

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• Why is using a Non-Random IV with CBC Mode a vulnerability?

  - by The Rook

  I understand the purpose of an IV. Specifically in CBC mode this insures that the first block of of 2 messages encrypted with the same key will never be identical. But why is it a vulnerability if the IV's are sequential? According to CWE-329 NON-Random IV's allow for the possibility of a dictionary attack. I know that in practice protocols like WEP make no effort to hide the IV. If the attacker has the IV and a cipher text message then this opens the door for a dictionary attack against the key. I don't see how a random iv changes this. (I know the attacks against wep are more complex than this.) What security advantage does a randomized iv have? Is this still a problem with an "Ideal Block Cipher"? (A perfectly secure block cipher with no possible weaknesses.)

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• Do We Indeed Have a Future? George Takei on Star Wars.

  - by Bil Simser

  George Takei (rhymes with Okay), probably best known for playing Hikaru Sulu on the original Star Trek, has always had deep concerns for the present and the future. Whether on Earth or among the stars, he has the welfare of humanity very much at heart. I was digging through my old copies of Famous Monsters of Filmland, a great publication on monster and films that I grew up with, and came across this. This was his reaction to STAR WARS from issue 139 of Famous Monsters of Filmland and was written June 6, 1977. It is reprinted here without permission but I hope since the message is still valid to this day and has never been reprinted anywhere, nobody will mind me sharing it. STAR WARS is the most pre-posterously diverting galactic escape and at the same time the most hideously credible portent of the future yet.While I thrilled to the exploits that reminded me of the heroics of Errol Flynn as Robin Hood, Burt Lancaster as the Crimson Pirate and Buster Crabbe as Flash Gordon, I was at the same time aghast at the phantasmagoric violence technology can place at our disposal. STAR WARS raised in my mind the question - do we indeed have a future?It seems to me what George Lucas has done is to masterfully guide us on a journey through space and time and bring us back face to face with today's reality. STAR WARS is more than science fiction, I think it is science fictitious reality.Just yesterday, June 7, 1977, I read that the United States will embark on the production of a neutron bomb - a bomb that will kill people on a gigantic scale but will not destroy buildings. A few days before that, I read that the Pentagon is fearful that the Soviets may have developed a warhead that could neutralize ours that have a capacity for that irrational concept overkill to the nth power. Already, it seems we have the technology to realize the awesome special effects simulations that we saw in the film.The political scene of STAR WARS is that of government by force and power, of revolutions based on some unfathomable grievance, survival through a combination of cunning and luck and success by the harnessing of technology -  a picture not very much at variance from the political headlines that we read today.And most of all, look at the people; both the heroes in the film and the reaction of the audience. First, the heroes; Luke Skywalker is a pretty but easily led youth. Without any real philosophy to guide him, he easily falls under the influence of a mystical old man believed previously to be an eccentric hermit. Recognize a 1960's hippie or a 1970's moonie? Han Solo has a philosophy coupled with courage and skill. His philosophy is money. His proficiency comes for a price - the highest. Solo is a thoroughly avaricious mercenary. And the Princess, a decisive, strong, self-confident and chilly woman. The audience cheered when she wielded a gun. In all three, I missed qualities that could be called humane - love, kindness, yes, I missed sensuality. I also missed a sense of ideals and faith. In this regard the machines seemed more human. They demonstrated real affection for each other and an occasional poutiness. They exhibited a sense of fidelity and constancy. The machines were humanized and the humans conversely seemed mechanical.As a member of the audience, I was swept up by the sheer romantic escapsim of it all. The deering-dos, the rope swing escape across the pit, the ray gun battles and especially the swash buckle with the ray swords. Great fun!But I just hope that we weren't too intoxicated by the escapism to be able to focus on the recognizable. I hope the beauty of the effects didn't narcotize our sensitivity to violence. I hope the people see through the fantastically well done futuristic mirrors to the disquieting reflection of our own society. I hope they enjoy STAR WARS without being "purely entertained".

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• How do you save and retrieve a Key/IV pair securely?

  - by Shawn Steward

  I'm using VB.Net's RijndaelManaged (RM) to encrypt files, using the RM.GenerateKey and RM.GenerateIV methods to generate the Key and IV and encrypting the file using the CryptoStream class. I'm planning on saving this Key and IV to a file and want to make sure I'm doing it the right way. I am combining the IV+Key, and encrypting that with my RSA Public key and writing it out to a file. Then, to decrypt I use the RSA Private key on this file to get the IV+Key, split them up and set RM.Key and RM.IV to these values and run the decryptor. Is this the best method to accomplish this, or is there a preferred method for saving the IV & Key? Also, what's the best way to construct and deconstruct the byte array? I used the .Concat method to join them together and that seems to work well but I can't seem to find something as easy to deconstruct it. I played with the .Take method that takes the first x # of bytes and it works for the first part but can't find anything that gets the rest of it.

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• Why can't we just use a hash of passphrase as the encryption key (and IV) with symmetric encryption algorithms?

  - by TX_

  Inspired by my previous question, now I have a very interesting idea: Do you really ever need to use Rfc2898DeriveBytes or similar classes to "securely derive" the encryption key and initialization vector from the passphrase string, or will just a simple hash of that string work equally well as a key/IV, when encrypting the data with symmetric algorithm (e.g. AES, DES, etc.)? I see tons of AES encryption code snippets, where Rfc2898DeriveBytes class is used to derive the encryption key and initialization vector (IV) from the password string. It is assumed that one should use a random salt and a shitload of iterations to derive secure enough key/IV for the encryption. While deriving bytes from password string using this method is quite useful in some scenarios, I think that's not applicable when encrypting data with symmetric algorithms! Here is why: using salt makes sense when there is a possibility to build precalculated rainbow tables, and when attacker gets his hands on hash he looks up the original password as a result. But... with symmetric data encryption, I think this is not required, as the hash of password string, or the encryption key, is never stored anywhere. So, if we just get the SHA1 hash of password, and use it as the encryption key/IV, isn't that going to be equally secure? What is the purpose of using Rfc2898DeriveBytes class to generate key/IV from password string (which is a very very performance-intensive operation), when we could just use a SHA1 (or any other) hash of that password? Hash would result in random bit distribution in a key (as opposed to using string bytes directly). And attacker would have to brute-force the whole range of key (e.g. if key length is 256bit he would have to try 2^256 combinations) anyway. So either I'm wrong in a dangerous way, or all those samples of AES encryption (including many upvoted answers here at SO), etc. that use Rfc2898DeriveBytes method to generate encryption key and IV are just wrong.

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• encfs error while decoding the data

  - by migrator

  I have installed encfs and started using it to secure all my personal & office data and it was working absolutely fine until 2 hours back. The setup is like this. I have a folder in Copy folder called OfficeData which gets synchronized with my Copy folder When I login into the system I use the command encfs ~/Copy/OfficeData ~/Documents/OfficeData Once my work is over I dismount with the command fusermount -u ~/Documents/OfficeData All this data get synchronized with my desktop and with my mobile phone (as a backup) Today when I mounted, the folder got mounted by no directories and files present in that folder. I was worried and read man encfs which gave me to run the command encfs -v -f ~/Copy/OfficeData ~/Documents/OfficeData 2> encfs-OfficeData-report.txt. The below is the output of the file encfs-OfficeData-report.txt. The directory "/home/sri/Documents/OfficeData" does not exist. Should it be created? (y,n) 13:16:26 (main.cpp:523) Root directory: /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:26 (main.cpp:524) Fuse arguments: (fg) (threaded) (keyCheck) encfs /home/sri/Documents/OfficeData -f -s -o use_ino -o default_permissions 13:16:26 (FileUtils.cpp:177) version = 20 13:16:26 (FileUtils.cpp:181) found new serialization format 13:16:26 (FileUtils.cpp:199) subVersion = 20100713 13:16:26 (Interface.cpp:165) checking if ssl/aes(3:0:2) implements ssl/aes(3:0:0) 13:16:26 (SSL_Cipher.cpp:370) allocated cipher ssl/aes, keySize 32, ivlength 16 13:16:26 (Interface.cpp:165) checking if ssl/aes(3:0:2) implements ssl/aes(3:0:0) 13:16:26 (SSL_Cipher.cpp:370) allocated cipher ssl/aes, keySize 32, ivlength 16 13:16:26 (FileUtils.cpp:1620) useStdin: 0 13:16:46 (Interface.cpp:165) checking if ssl/aes(3:0:2) implements ssl/aes(3:0:0) 13:16:46 (SSL_Cipher.cpp:370) allocated cipher ssl/aes, keySize 32, ivlength 16 13:16:49 (FileUtils.cpp:1628) cipher key size = 52 13:16:49 (Interface.cpp:165) checking if nameio/block(3:0:1) implements nameio/block(3:0:0) 13:16:49 (MACFileIO.cpp:75) fs block size = 1024, macBytes = 8, randBytes = 0 13:16:49 (FileNode.cpp:127) calling setIV on (null) 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:770) created FileNode for /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:134) getattr /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (MACFileIO.cpp:75) fs block size = 1024, macBytes = 8, randBytes = 0 13:16:49 (FileNode.cpp:127) calling setIV on (null) 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:770) created FileNode for /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:134) getattr /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (MACFileIO.cpp:75) fs block size = 1024, macBytes = 8, randBytes = 0 13:16:49 (FileNode.cpp:127) calling setIV on (null) 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:770) created FileNode for /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:134) getattr /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (MACFileIO.cpp:75) fs block size = 1024, macBytes = 8, randBytes = 0 13:16:49 (FileNode.cpp:127) calling setIV on (null) 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:770) created FileNode for /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:134) getattr /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (MACFileIO.cpp:75) fs block size = 1024, macBytes = 8, randBytes = 0 13:16:49 (FileNode.cpp:127) calling setIV on (null) 13:16:49 (RawFileIO.cpp:191) getAttr error on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/UWbT-M-UKk1JpvNfN5uvOhGn: No such file or directory 13:16:49 (CipherFileIO.cpp:105) in setIV, current IV = 0, new IV = 4188221457101129840, fileIV = 0 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:770) created FileNode for /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/UWbT-M-UKk1JpvNfN5uvOhGn 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:134) getattr /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/UWbT-M-UKk1JpvNfN5uvOhGn 13:16:49 (RawFileIO.cpp:191) getAttr error on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/UWbT-M-UKk1JpvNfN5uvOhGn: No such file or directory 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:138) getattr error: No such file or directory 13:16:49 (MACFileIO.cpp:75) fs block size = 1024, macBytes = 8, randBytes = 0 13:16:49 (FileNode.cpp:127) calling setIV on (null) 13:16:49 (RawFileIO.cpp:191) getAttr error on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/o94olxB3orqarqyFviHKZ,ZF: No such file or directory 13:16:49 (CipherFileIO.cpp:105) in setIV, current IV = 0, new IV = 16725694203599486310, fileIV = 0 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:770) created FileNode for /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/o94olxB3orqarqyFviHKZ,ZF 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:134) getattr /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/o94olxB3orqarqyFviHKZ,ZF 13:16:49 (RawFileIO.cpp:191) getAttr error on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/o94olxB3orqarqyFviHKZ,ZF: No such file or directory 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:138) getattr error: No such file or directory 13:16:49 (MACFileIO.cpp:75) fs block size = 1024, macBytes = 8, randBytes = 0 13:16:49 (FileNode.cpp:127) calling setIV on (null) 13:16:49 (RawFileIO.cpp:191) getAttr error on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/tVglci2rgp9o8qE-m9AvX6JNj1lQs-ER0OvnxfOb30Z,3,: No such file or directory 13:16:49 (CipherFileIO.cpp:105) in setIV, current IV = 0, new IV = 1354483141023495884, fileIV = 0 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:770) created FileNode for /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/tVglci2rgp9o8qE-m9AvX6JNj1lQs-ER0OvnxfOb30Z,3, 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:134) getattr /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/tVglci2rgp9o8qE-m9AvX6JNj1lQs-ER0OvnxfOb30Z,3, 13:16:49 (RawFileIO.cpp:191) getAttr error on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/tVglci2rgp9o8qE-m9AvX6JNj1lQs-ER0OvnxfOb30Z,3,: No such file or directory 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:138) getattr error: No such file or directory 13:16:49 (MACFileIO.cpp:75) fs block size = 1024, macBytes = 8, randBytes = 0 13:16:49 (FileNode.cpp:127) calling setIV on (null) 13:16:49 (RawFileIO.cpp:191) getAttr error on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/r1KIEqVkz-,7-6CobavHCSNn: No such file or directory 13:16:49 (CipherFileIO.cpp:105) in setIV, current IV = 0, new IV = 16720606331386655431, fileIV = 0 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:770) created FileNode for /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/r1KIEqVkz-,7-6CobavHCSNn 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:134) getattr /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/r1KIEqVkz-,7-6CobavHCSNn 13:16:49 (RawFileIO.cpp:191) getAttr error on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/r1KIEqVkz-,7-6CobavHCSNn: No such file or directory 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:138) getattr error: No such file or directory 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:213) getdir on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 208, 16, -192 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: eWJrLh2dRFAY-7Brbsc,mTqf 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: .encfs6.xml 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 218, 16, -202 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: pvph9DkZ0BMPg2vN4UcfwuNU 13:16:49 (MACFileIO.cpp:75) fs block size = 1024, macBytes = 8, randBytes = 0 13:16:49 (FileNode.cpp:127) calling setIV on (null) 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:770) created FileNode for /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:134) getattr /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:213) getdir on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 208, 16, -192 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: eWJrLh2dRFAY-7Brbsc,mTqf 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: .encfs6.xml 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 218, 16, -202 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: pvph9DkZ0BMPg2vN4UcfwuNU 13:16:49 (MACFileIO.cpp:75) fs block size = 1024, macBytes = 8, randBytes = 0 13:16:49 (FileNode.cpp:127) calling setIV on (null) 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:770) created FileNode for /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:134) getattr /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:213) getdir on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 208, 16, -192 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: eWJrLh2dRFAY-7Brbsc,mTqf 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: .encfs6.xml 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 218, 16, -202 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: pvph9DkZ0BMPg2vN4UcfwuNU 13:16:49 (MACFileIO.cpp:75) fs block size = 1024, macBytes = 8, randBytes = 0 13:16:49 (FileNode.cpp:127) calling setIV on (null) 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:770) created FileNode for /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:134) getattr /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:213) getdir on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 208, 16, -192 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: eWJrLh2dRFAY-7Brbsc,mTqf 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: .encfs6.xml 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 218, 16, -202 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: pvph9DkZ0BMPg2vN4UcfwuNU 13:16:49 (MACFileIO.cpp:75) fs block size = 1024, macBytes = 8, randBytes = 0 13:16:49 (FileNode.cpp:127) calling setIV on (null) 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:770) created FileNode for /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:134) getattr /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:213) getdir on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 208, 16, -192 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: eWJrLh2dRFAY-7Brbsc,mTqf 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: .encfs6.xml 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 218, 16, -202 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: pvph9DkZ0BMPg2vN4UcfwuNU 13:16:49 (MACFileIO.cpp:75) fs block size = 1024, macBytes = 8, randBytes = 0 13:16:49 (FileNode.cpp:127) calling setIV on (null) 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:770) created FileNode for /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:134) getattr /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:213) getdir on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 208, 16, -192 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: eWJrLh2dRFAY-7Brbsc,mTqf 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: .encfs6.xml 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 218, 16, -202 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: pvph9DkZ0BMPg2vN4UcfwuNU 13:16:49 (MACFileIO.cpp:75) fs block size = 1024, macBytes = 8, randBytes = 0 13:16:49 (FileNode.cpp:127) calling setIV on (null) 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:770) created FileNode for /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:134) getattr /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:213) getdir on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 208, 16, -192 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: eWJrLh2dRFAY-7Brbsc,mTqf 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: .encfs6.xml 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 218, 16, -202 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: pvph9DkZ0BMPg2vN4UcfwuNU 13:16:49 (MACFileIO.cpp:75) fs block size = 1024, macBytes = 8, randBytes = 0 13:16:49 (FileNode.cpp:127) calling setIV on (null) 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:770) created FileNode for /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:134) getattr /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:213) getdir on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 208, 16, -192 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: eWJrLh2dRFAY-7Brbsc,mTqf 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: .encfs6.xml 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 218, 16, -202 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: pvph9DkZ0BMPg2vN4UcfwuNU 13:16:49 (MACFileIO.cpp:75) fs block size = 1024, macBytes = 8, randBytes = 0 13:16:49 (FileNode.cpp:127) calling setIV on (null) 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:770) created FileNode for /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:134) getattr /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:213) getdir on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 208, 16, -192 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: eWJrLh2dRFAY-7Brbsc,mTqf 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: .encfs6.xml 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 218, 16, -202 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: pvph9DkZ0BMPg2vN4UcfwuNU 13:16:49 (MACFileIO.cpp:75) fs block size = 1024, macBytes = 8, randBytes = 0 13:16:49 (FileNode.cpp:127) calling setIV on (null) 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:770) created FileNode for /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:134) getattr /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:213) getdir on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 208, 16, -192 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: eWJrLh2dRFAY-7Brbsc,mTqf 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: .encfs6.xml 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 218, 16, -202 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: pvph9DkZ0BMPg2vN4UcfwuNU 13:16:49 (MACFileIO.cpp:75) fs block size = 1024, macBytes = 8, randBytes = 0 13:16:49 (FileNode.cpp:127) calling setIV on (null) 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:770) created FileNode for /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:134) getattr /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:213) getdir on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 208, 16, -192 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: eWJrLh2dRFAY-7Brbsc,mTqf 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: .encfs6.xml 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 218, 16, -202 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: pvph9DkZ0BMPg2vN4UcfwuNU 13:16:49 (MACFileIO.cpp:75) fs block size = 1024, macBytes = 8, randBytes = 0 13:16:49 (FileNode.cpp:127) calling setIV on (null) 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:770) created FileNode for /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:134) getattr /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:213) getdir on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 208, 16, -192 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: eWJrLh2dRFAY-7Brbsc,mTqf 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: .encfs6.xml 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 218, 16, -202 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: pvph9DkZ0BMPg2vN4UcfwuNU 13:16:49 (MACFileIO.cpp:75) fs block size = 1024, macBytes = 8, randBytes = 0 13:16:49 (FileNode.cpp:127) calling setIV on (null) 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:770) created FileNode for /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:134) getattr /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:213) getdir on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 208, 16, -192 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: eWJrLh2dRFAY-7Brbsc,mTqf 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: .encfs6.xml 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 218, 16, -202 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: pvph9DkZ0BMPg2vN4UcfwuNU 13:16:49 (MACFileIO.cpp:75) fs block size = 1024, macBytes = 8, randBytes = 0 13:16:49 (FileNode.cpp:127) calling setIV on (null) 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:770) created FileNode for /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:134) getattr /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:213) getdir on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 208, 16, -192 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: eWJrLh2dRFAY-7Brbsc,mTqf 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: .encfs6.xml 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 218, 16, -202 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: pvph9DkZ0BMPg2vN4UcfwuNU 13:16:49 (MACFileIO.cpp:75) fs block size = 1024, macBytes = 8, randBytes = 0 13:16:49 (FileNode.cpp:127) calling setIV on (null) 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:770) created FileNode for /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:134) getattr /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:213) getdir on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 208, 16, -192 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: eWJrLh2dRFAY-7Brbsc,mTqf 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: .encfs6.xml 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 218, 16, -202 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: pvph9DkZ0BMPg2vN4UcfwuNU 13:16:49 (MACFileIO.cpp:75) fs block size = 1024, macBytes = 8, randBytes = 0 13:16:49 (FileNode.cpp:127) calling setIV on (null) 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:770) created FileNode for /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:134) getattr /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:213) getdir on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 208, 16, -192 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: eWJrLh2dRFAY-7Brbsc,mTqf 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: .encfs6.xml 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 218, 16, -202 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: pvph9DkZ0BMPg2vN4UcfwuNU 13:16:49 (MACFileIO.cpp:75) fs block size = 1024, macBytes = 8, randBytes = 0 13:16:49 (FileNode.cpp:127) calling setIV on (null) 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:770) created FileNode for /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:134) getattr /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:213) getdir on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 208, 16, -192 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: eWJrLh2dRFAY-7Brbsc,mTqf 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: .encfs6.xml 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 218, 16, -202 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: pvph9DkZ0BMPg2vN4UcfwuNU 13:16:49 (MACFileIO.cpp:75) fs block size = 1024, macBytes = 8, randBytes = 0 13:16:49 (FileNode.cpp:127) calling setIV on (null) 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:770) created FileNode for /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:134) getattr /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:213) getdir on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 208, 16, -192 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: eWJrLh2dRFAY-7Brbsc,mTqf 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: .encfs6.xml 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 218, 16, -202 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: pvph9DkZ0BMPg2vN4UcfwuNU 13:16:49 (MACFileIO.cpp:75) fs block size = 1024, macBytes = 8, randBytes = 0 13:16:49 (FileNode.cpp:127) calling setIV on (null) 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:770) created FileNode for /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:134) getattr /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:213) getdir on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 208, 16, -192 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: eWJrLh2dRFAY-7Brbsc,mTqf 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: .encfs6.xml 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 218, 16, -202 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: pvph9DkZ0BMPg2vN4UcfwuNU 13:16:49 (MACFileIO.cpp:75) fs block size = 1024, macBytes = 8, randBytes = 0 13:16:49 (FileNode.cpp:127) calling setIV on (null) 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:770) created FileNode for /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:134) getattr /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:213) getdir on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 208, 16, -192 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: eWJrLh2dRFAY-7Brbsc,mTqf 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: .encfs6.xml 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 218, 16, -202 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: pvph9DkZ0BMPg2vN4UcfwuNU 13:16:49 (MACFileIO.cpp:75) fs block size = 1024, macBytes = 8, randBytes = 0 13:16:49 (FileNode.cpp:127) calling setIV on (null) 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:770) created FileNode for /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:134) getattr /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (MACFileIO.cpp:75) fs block size = 1024, macBytes = 8, randBytes = 0 13:16:49 (FileNode.cpp:127) calling setIV on (null) 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:770) created FileNode for /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:134) getattr /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:213) getdir on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 208, 16, -192 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: eWJrLh2dRFAY-7Brbsc,mTqf 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: .encfs6.xml 13:16:49 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 218, 16, -202 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: pvph9DkZ0BMPg2vN4UcfwuNU 13:16:49 (MACFileIO.cpp:75) fs block size = 1024, macBytes = 8, randBytes = 0 13:16:49 (FileNode.cpp:127) calling setIV on (null) 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:770) created FileNode for /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:134) getattr /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:16:49 (MACFileIO.cpp:75) fs block size = 1024, macBytes = 8, randBytes = 0 13:16:49 (FileNode.cpp:127) calling setIV on (null) 13:16:49 (RawFileIO.cpp:191) getAttr error on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/r1KIEqVkz-,7-6CobavHCSNn: No such file or directory 13:16:49 (CipherFileIO.cpp:105) in setIV, current IV = 0, new IV = 16720606331386655431, fileIV = 0 13:16:49 (DirNode.cpp:770) created FileNode for /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/r1KIEqVkz-,7-6CobavHCSNn 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:134) getattr /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/r1KIEqVkz-,7-6CobavHCSNn 13:16:49 (RawFileIO.cpp:191) getAttr error on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/r1KIEqVkz-,7-6CobavHCSNn: No such file or directory 13:16:49 (encfs.cpp:138) getattr error: No such file or directory 13:19:31 (MACFileIO.cpp:75) fs block size = 1024, macBytes = 8, randBytes = 0 13:19:31 (FileNode.cpp:127) calling setIV on (null) 13:19:31 (DirNode.cpp:770) created FileNode for /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:19:31 (encfs.cpp:134) getattr /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:19:31 (encfs.cpp:685) doing statfs of /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData 13:19:32 (MACFileIO.cpp:75) fs block size = 1024, macBytes = 8, randBytes = 0 13:19:32 (FileNode.cpp:127) calling setIV on (null) 13:19:32 (RawFileIO.cpp:191) getAttr error on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/LuT8R,DlpRnNH9b,fjWiKHKc: No such file or directory 13:19:32 (CipherFileIO.cpp:105) in setIV, current IV = 0, new IV = 13735228085838055696, fileIV = 0 13:19:32 (DirNode.cpp:770) created FileNode for /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/LuT8R,DlpRnNH9b,fjWiKHKc 13:19:32 (encfs.cpp:134) getattr /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/LuT8R,DlpRnNH9b,fjWiKHKc 13:19:32 (RawFileIO.cpp:191) getAttr error on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/LuT8R,DlpRnNH9b,fjWiKHKc: No such file or directory 13:19:32 (encfs.cpp:138) getattr error: No such file or directory 13:19:32 (encfs.cpp:685) doing statfs of /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData 13:19:32 (MACFileIO.cpp:75) fs block size = 1024, macBytes = 8, randBytes = 0 13:19:32 (FileNode.cpp:127) calling setIV on (null) 13:19:32 (RawFileIO.cpp:191) getAttr error on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/UWbT-M-UKk1JpvNfN5uvOhGn: No such file or directory 13:19:32 (CipherFileIO.cpp:105) in setIV, current IV = 0, new IV = 4188221457101129840, fileIV = 0 13:19:32 (DirNode.cpp:770) created FileNode for /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/UWbT-M-UKk1JpvNfN5uvOhGn 13:19:32 (encfs.cpp:134) getattr /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/UWbT-M-UKk1JpvNfN5uvOhGn 13:19:32 (RawFileIO.cpp:191) getAttr error on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/UWbT-M-UKk1JpvNfN5uvOhGn: No such file or directory 13:19:32 (encfs.cpp:138) getattr error: No such file or directory 13:19:32 (MACFileIO.cpp:75) fs block size = 1024, macBytes = 8, randBytes = 0 13:19:32 (FileNode.cpp:127) calling setIV on (null) 13:19:32 (RawFileIO.cpp:191) getAttr error on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/o94olxB3orqarqyFviHKZ,ZF: No such file or directory 13:19:32 (CipherFileIO.cpp:105) in setIV, current IV = 0, new IV = 16725694203599486310, fileIV = 0 13:19:32 (DirNode.cpp:770) created FileNode for /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/o94olxB3orqarqyFviHKZ,ZF 13:19:32 (encfs.cpp:134) getattr /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/o94olxB3orqarqyFviHKZ,ZF 13:19:32 (RawFileIO.cpp:191) getAttr error on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/o94olxB3orqarqyFviHKZ,ZF: No such file or directory 13:19:32 (encfs.cpp:138) getattr error: No such file or directory 13:19:32 (encfs.cpp:213) getdir on /home/sri/Copy/OfficeData/ 13:19:32 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 208, 16, -192 13:19:32 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: eWJrLh2dRFAY-7Brbsc,mTqf 13:19:32 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: .encfs6.xml 13:19:32 (BlockNameIO.cpp:185) padding, _bx, finalSize = 218, 16, -202 13:19:32 (DirNode.cpp:132) error decoding filename: pvph9DkZ0BMPg2vN4UcfwuNU 13:24:10 (openssl.cpp:48) Allocating 41 locks for OpenSSL Please help me Thanks in advance.

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• VBoxManage modifyhd --resize doesn't exist?

  - by George Korac

  I'm trying to increase the size of a VirtualBox Win7 .vdi disk on Ubuntu 10.04 but when I try executing VBoxManage modifyhd /path/disk.vdi --resize 15360 it returns Syntax error: unknown option: --resize. I'm unsure as to why this is happening because I've used it before and it's still listed under valid options for VBoxManage modifyhd in the VirualBox User Manual . Cheers, George @maniat1k george@george-laptop:~$ VBoxManage modifyhd '/home/george/.VirtualBox/HardDisks/Windows 7 64bit.vdi' --resize 15360 Sun VirtualBox Command Line Management Interface Version 3.1.6_OSE (C) 2005-2010 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All rights reserved. Usage: VBoxManage modifyhd | [--type normal|writethrough|immutable] [--autoreset on|off] [--compact] Syntax error: unknown option: --resize

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• Building a project in VS that depends on a static and dynamic library

  - by fg nu

  Noob noobin'. I would appreciate some very careful handholding in setting up an example in Visual Studio 2010 Professional where I am trying to build a project which links: a previously built static library, for which the VS project folder is "C:\libjohnpaul\" a previously built dynamic library, for which the VS project folder is "C:\libgeorgeringo\" These are listed as Recipes 1.11, 1.12 and 1.13 in the C++ Cookbook. The project fails to compile for me with unresolved dependencies (see details below), and I can't figure out why. Project 1: Static Library The following are the header and source files that were compiled in this project. I was able to compile this project fine in VS2010, to the named standard library "libjohnpaul.lib" which lives in the folder ("C:/libjohnpaul/Release/"). // libjohnpaul/john.hpp #ifndef JOHN_HPP_INCLUDED #define JOHN_HPP_INCLUDED void john( ); // Prints "John, " #endif // JOHN_HPP_INCLUDED // libjohnpaul/john.cpp #include <iostream> #include "john.hpp" void john( ) { std::cout << "John, "; } // libjohnpaul/paul.hpp #ifndef PAUL_HPP_INCLUDED #define PAUL_HPP_INCLUDED void paul( ); // Prints " Paul, " #endif // PAUL_HPP_INCLUDED // libjohnpaul/paul.cpp #include <iostream> #include "paul.hpp" void paul( ) { std::cout << "Paul, "; } // libjohnpaul/johnpaul.hpp #ifndef JOHNPAUL_HPP_INCLUDED #define JOHNPAUL_HPP_INCLUDED void johnpaul( ); // Prints "John, Paul, " #endif // JOHNPAUL_HPP_INCLUDED // libjohnpaul/johnpaul.cpp #include "john.hpp" #include "paul.hpp" #include "johnpaul.hpp" void johnpaul( ) { john( ); paul( ); Project 2: Dynamic Library Here are the header and source files for the second project, which also compiled fine with VS2010, and the "libgeorgeringo.dll" file lives in the directory "C:\libgeorgeringo\Debug". // libgeorgeringo/george.hpp #ifndef GEORGE_HPP_INCLUDED #define GEORGE_HPP_INCLUDED void george( ); // Prints "George, " #endif // GEORGE_HPP_INCLUDED // libgeorgeringo/george.cpp #include <iostream> #include "george.hpp" void george( ) { std::cout << "George, "; } // libgeorgeringo/ringo.hpp #ifndef RINGO_HPP_INCLUDED #define RINGO_HPP_INCLUDED void ringo( ); // Prints "and Ringo\n" #endif // RINGO_HPP_INCLUDED // libgeorgeringo/ringo.cpp #include <iostream> #include "ringo.hpp" void ringo( ) { std::cout << "and Ringo\n"; } // libgeorgeringo/georgeringo.hpp #ifndef GEORGERINGO_HPP_INCLUDED #define GEORGERINGO_HPP_INCLUDED // define GEORGERINGO_DLL when building libgerogreringo.dll # if defined(_WIN32) && !defined(__GNUC__) # ifdef GEORGERINGO_DLL # define GEORGERINGO_DECL _ _declspec(dllexport) # else # define GEORGERINGO_DECL _ _declspec(dllimport) # endif # endif // WIN32 #ifndef GEORGERINGO_DECL # define GEORGERINGO_DECL #endif // Prints "George, and Ringo\n" #ifdef __MWERKS__ # pragma export on #endif GEORGERINGO_DECL void georgeringo( ); #ifdef __MWERKS__ # pragma export off #endif #endif // GEORGERINGO_HPP_INCLUDED // libgeorgeringo/ georgeringo.cpp #include "george.hpp" #include "ringo.hpp" #include "georgeringo.hpp" void georgeringo( ) { george( ); ringo( ); } Project 3: Executable that depends on the previous libraries Lastly, I try to link the aforecompiled static and dynamic libraries into one project called "helloBeatlesII" which has the project directory "C:\helloBeatlesII" (note that this directory does not nest the other project directories). The linking process that I did is described below: To the "helloBeatlesII" solution, I added the solutions "libjohnpaul" and "libgeorgeringo"; then I changed the properties of the "helloBeatlesII" project to additionally point to the include directories of the other two projects on which it depends ("C:\libgeorgeringo\libgeorgeringo" & "C:\libjohnpaul\libjohnpaul"); added "libgeorgeringo" and "libjohnpaul" to the project dependencies of the "helloBeatlesII" project and made sure that the "helloBeatlesII" project was built last. Trying to compile this project gives me the following unsuccessful build: 1------ Build started: Project: helloBeatlesII, Configuration: Debug Win32 ------ 1Build started 10/13/2012 5:48:32 PM. 1InitializeBuildStatus: 1 Touching "Debug\helloBeatlesII.unsuccessfulbuild". 1ClCompile: 1 helloBeatles.cpp 1ManifestResourceCompile: 1 All outputs are up-to-date. 1helloBeatles.obj : error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol "void __cdecl georgeringo(void)" (?georgeringo@@YAXXZ) referenced in function _main 1helloBeatles.obj : error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol "void __cdecl johnpaul(void)" (?johnpaul@@YAXXZ) referenced in function _main 1E:\programming\cpp\vs-projects\cpp-cookbook\helloBeatlesII\Debug\helloBeatlesII.exe : fatal error LNK1120: 2 unresolved externals 1 1Build FAILED. 1 1Time Elapsed 00:00:01.34 ========== Build: 0 succeeded, 1 failed, 2 up-to-date, 0 skipped ========== At this point I decided to call in the cavalry. I am new to VS2010, so in all likelihood I am missing something straightforward.

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• Optimizing AES modes on Solaris for Intel Westmere

  - by danx

  Optimizing AES modes on Solaris for Intel Westmere Review AES is a strong method of symmetric (secret-key) encryption. It is a U.S. FIPS-approved cryptographic algorithm (FIPS 197) that operates on 16-byte blocks. AES has been available since 2001 and is widely used. However, AES by itself has a weakness. AES encryption isn't usually used by itself because identical blocks of plaintext are always encrypted into identical blocks of ciphertext. This encryption can be easily attacked with "dictionaries" of common blocks of text and allows one to more-easily discern the content of the unknown cryptotext. This mode of encryption is called "Electronic Code Book" (ECB), because one in theory can keep a "code book" of all known cryptotext and plaintext results to cipher and decipher AES. In practice, a complete "code book" is not practical, even in electronic form, but large dictionaries of common plaintext blocks is still possible. Here's a diagram of encrypting input data using AES ECB mode: Block 1 Block 2 PlainTextInput PlainTextInput | | | | \/ \/ AESKey-->(AES Encryption) AESKey-->(AES Encryption) | | | | \/ \/ CipherTextOutput CipherTextOutput Block 1 Block 2 What's the solution to the same cleartext input producing the same ciphertext output? The solution is to further process the encrypted or decrypted text in such a way that the same text produces different output. This usually involves an Initialization Vector (IV) and XORing the decrypted or encrypted text. As an example, I'll illustrate CBC mode encryption: Block 1 Block 2 PlainTextInput PlainTextInput | | | | \/ \/ IV >----->(XOR) +------------->(XOR) +---> . . . . | | | | | | | | \/ | \/ | AESKey-->(AES Encryption) | AESKey-->(AES Encryption) | | | | | | | | | \/ | \/ | CipherTextOutput ------+ CipherTextOutput -------+ Block 1 Block 2 The steps for CBC encryption are: Start with a 16-byte Initialization Vector (IV), choosen randomly. XOR the IV with the first block of input plaintext Encrypt the result with AES using a user-provided key. The result is the first 16-bytes of output cryptotext. Use the cryptotext (instead of the IV) of the previous block to XOR with the next input block of plaintext Another mode besides CBC is Counter Mode (CTR). As with CBC mode, it also starts with a 16-byte IV. However, for subsequent blocks, the IV is just incremented by one. Also, the IV ix XORed with the AES encryption result (not the plain text input). Here's an illustration: Block 1 Block 2 PlainTextInput PlainTextInput | | | | \/ \/ AESKey-->(AES Encryption) AESKey-->(AES Encryption) | | | | \/ \/ IV >----->(XOR) IV + 1 >---->(XOR) IV + 2 ---> . . . . | | | | \/ \/ CipherTextOutput CipherTextOutput Block 1 Block 2 Optimization Which of these modes can be parallelized? ECB encryption/decryption can be parallelized because it does more than plain AES encryption and decryption, as mentioned above. CBC encryption can't be parallelized because it depends on the output of the previous block. However, CBC decryption can be parallelized because all the encrypted blocks are known at the beginning. CTR encryption and decryption can be parallelized because the input to each block is known--it's just the IV incremented by one for each subsequent block. So, in summary, for ECB, CBC, and CTR modes, encryption and decryption can be parallelized with the exception of CBC encryption. How do we parallelize encryption? By interleaving. Usually when reading and writing data there are pipeline "stalls" (idle processor cycles) that result from waiting for memory to be loaded or stored to or from CPU registers. Since the software is written to encrypt/decrypt the next data block where pipeline stalls usually occurs, we can avoid stalls and crypt with fewer cycles. This software processes 4 blocks at a time, which ensures virtually no waiting ("stalling") for reading or writing data in memory. Other Optimizations Besides interleaving, other optimizations performed are Loading the entire key schedule into the 128-bit %xmm registers. This is done once for per 4-block of data (since 4 blocks of data is processed, when present). The following is loaded: the entire "key schedule" (user input key preprocessed for encryption and decryption). This takes 11, 13, or 15 registers, for AES-128, AES-192, and AES-256, respectively The input data is loaded into another %xmm register The same register contains the output result after encrypting/decrypting Using SSSE 4 instructions (AESNI). Besides the aesenc, aesenclast, aesdec, aesdeclast, aeskeygenassist, and aesimc AESNI instructions, Intel has several other instructions that operate on the 128-bit %xmm registers. Some common instructions for encryption are: pxor exclusive or (very useful), movdqu load/store a %xmm register from/to memory, pshufb shuffle bytes for byte swapping, pclmulqdq carry-less multiply for GCM mode Combining AES encryption/decryption with CBC or CTR modes processing. Instead of loading input data twice (once for AES encryption/decryption, and again for modes (CTR or CBC, for example) processing, the input data is loaded once as both AES and modes operations occur at in the same function Performance Everyone likes pretty color charts, so here they are. I ran these on Solaris 11 running on a Piketon Platform system with a 4-core Intel Clarkdale processor @3.20GHz. Clarkdale which is part of the Westmere processor architecture family. The "before" case is Solaris 11, unmodified. Keep in mind that the "before" case already has been optimized with hand-coded Intel AESNI assembly. The "after" case has combined AES-NI and mode instructions, interleaved 4 blocks at-a-time. « For the first table, lower is better (milliseconds). The first table shows the performance improvement using the Solaris encrypt(1) and decrypt(1) CLI commands. I encrypted and decrypted a 1/2 GByte file on /tmp (swap tmpfs). Encryption improved by about 40% and decryption improved by about 80%. AES-128 is slighty faster than AES-256, as expected. The second table shows more detail timings for CBC, CTR, and ECB modes for the 3 AES key sizes and different data lengths. » The results shown are the percentage improvement as shown by an internal PKCS#11 microbenchmark. And keep in mind the previous baseline code already had optimized AESNI assembly! The keysize (AES-128, 192, or 256) makes little difference in relative percentage improvement (although, of course, AES-128 is faster than AES-256). Larger data sizes show better improvement than 128-byte data. Availability This software is in Solaris 11 FCS. It is available in the 64-bit libcrypto library and the "aes" Solaris kernel module. You must be running hardware that supports AESNI (for example, Intel Westmere and Sandy Bridge, microprocessor architectures). The easiest way to determine if AES-NI is available is with the isainfo(1) command. For example, $ isainfo -v 64-bit amd64 applications pclmulqdq aes sse4.2 sse4.1 ssse3 popcnt tscp ahf cx16 sse3 sse2 sse fxsr mmx cmov amd_sysc cx8 tsc fpu 32-bit i386 applications pclmulqdq aes sse4.2 sse4.1 ssse3 popcnt tscp ahf cx16 sse3 sse2 sse fxsr mmx cmov sep cx8 tsc fpu No special configuration or setup is needed to take advantage of this software. Solaris libraries and kernel automatically determine if it's running on AESNI-capable machines and execute the correctly-tuned software for the current microprocessor. Summary Maximum throughput of AES cipher modes can be achieved by combining AES encryption with modes processing, interleaving encryption of 4 blocks at a time, and using Intel's wide 128-bit %xmm registers and instructions. References "Block cipher modes of operation", Wikipedia Good overview of AES modes (ECB, CBC, CTR, etc.) "Advanced Encryption Standard", Wikipedia "Current Modes" describes NIST-approved block cipher modes (ECB,CBC, CFB, OFB, CCM, GCM)

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• Why don't languages include implication as a logical operator?

  - by Maciej Piechotka

  It might be a strange question, but why there is no implication as a logical operator in many languages (Java, C, C++, Python Haskell - although as last one have user defined operators its trivial to add it)? I find logical implication much clearer to write (particularly in asserts or assert-like expressions) then negation with or: encrypt(buf, key, mode, iv = null) { assert (mode != ECB --> iv != null); assert (mode == ECB || iv != null); assert (implies(mode != ECB, iv != null)); // User-defined function }

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• Unable to install Konstruktor program

  - by George Barnick

  I've recently switched to Linux, having a good knowledge of how it works before switching, since I've had experience working with Ubuntu-based servers for several months. I've been trying to install a LEGO CAD program that I have found based on an open source library. Information on that is here. The program I'm looking at is called Konstruktor, and for the most part it should be working. One dependency however does not seem to be able to install. The missing dependency is "kdelibs5", which I know what it is and what it's for, but can't get it to install. When trying to install, I get this error: george@GEORGE-PC:~$ sudo apt-get install kdelibs5 Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done Package kdelibs5 is not available, but is referred to by another package. This may mean that the package is missing, has been obsoleted, or is only available from another source E: Package 'kdelibs5' has no installation candidate When trying to install the proper package of Konstruktor for my system, I get this error: george@GEORGE-PC:~$ sudo dpkg -i '/home/george/Downloads/konstruktor_0.9-beta1-2_amd64.deb' Selecting previously unselected package konstruktor. (Reading database ... 224684 files and directories currently installed.) Unpacking konstruktor (from .../konstruktor_0.9-beta1-2_amd64.deb) ... dpkg: dependency problems prevent configuration of konstruktor: konstruktor depends on kdelibs5 (>= 4:4.4.5); however: Package kdelibs5 is not installed. dpkg: error processing konstruktor (--install): dependency problems - leaving unconfigured Processing triggers for bamfdaemon ... Rebuilding /usr/share/applications/bamf-2.index... Processing triggers for desktop-file-utils ... Processing triggers for gnome-menus ... Processing triggers for mime-support ... Processing triggers for hicolor-icon-theme ... Processing triggers for shared-mime-info ... Unknown media type in type 'all/all' Unknown media type in type 'all/allfiles' Unknown media type in type 'uri/mms' Unknown media type in type 'uri/mmst' Unknown media type in type 'uri/mmsu' Unknown media type in type 'uri/pnm' Unknown media type in type 'uri/rtspt' Unknown media type in type 'uri/rtspu' Errors were encountered while processing: konstruktor I have tried updating and adding apt repositories for KDE packages, but I continuously get the same error. I tried the package "kdelibs5-dev", which installed fine, but "kdelibs5" won't, and Konstruktor still won't install. I am on Ubuntu 13.10 with GNOME shell on amd64 architecture. Any help would be much appreciated. (originally posted my issue here) Thanks ahead of time.

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• Rijndael managed: plaintext length detction

  - by sheepsimulator

  I am spending some time learning how to use the RijndaelManaged library in .NET, and developed the following function to test encrypting text with slight modifications from the MSDN library: Function encryptBytesToBytes_AES(ByVal plainText As Byte(), ByVal Key() As Byte, ByVal IV() As Byte) As Byte() ' Check arguments. If plainText Is Nothing OrElse plainText.Length <= 0 Then Throw New ArgumentNullException("plainText") End If If Key Is Nothing OrElse Key.Length <= 0 Then Throw New ArgumentNullException("Key") End If If IV Is Nothing OrElse IV.Length <= 0 Then Throw New ArgumentNullException("IV") End If ' Declare the RijndaelManaged object ' used to encrypt the data. Dim aesAlg As RijndaelManaged = Nothing ' Declare the stream used to encrypt to an in memory ' array of bytes. Dim msEncrypt As MemoryStream = Nothing Try ' Create a RijndaelManaged object ' with the specified key and IV. aesAlg = New RijndaelManaged() aesAlg.BlockSize = 128 aesAlg.KeySize = 128 aesAlg.Mode = CipherMode.ECB aesAlg.Padding = PaddingMode.None aesAlg.Key = Key aesAlg.IV = IV ' Create a decrytor to perform the stream transform. Dim encryptor As ICryptoTransform = aesAlg.CreateEncryptor(aesAlg.Key, aesAlg.IV) ' Create the streams used for encryption. msEncrypt = New MemoryStream() Using csEncrypt As New CryptoStream(msEncrypt, encryptor, CryptoStreamMode.Write) Using swEncrypt As New StreamWriter(csEncrypt) 'Write all data to the stream. swEncrypt.Write(plainText) End Using End Using Finally ' Clear the RijndaelManaged object. If Not (aesAlg Is Nothing) Then aesAlg.Clear() End If End Try ' Return the encrypted bytes from the memory stream. Return msEncrypt.ToArray() End Function Here's the actual code I am calling encryptBytesToBytes_AES() with: Private Sub btnEncrypt_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles btnEncrypt.Click Dim bZeroKey As Byte() = {&H0, &H0, &H0, &H0, &H0, &H0, &H0, &H0, &H0, &H0, &H0, &H0, &H0, &H0, &H0, &H0} PrintBytesToRTF(encryptBytesToBytes_AES(bZeroKey, bZeroKey, bZeroKey)) End Sub However, I get an exception thrown on swEncrypt.Write(plainText) stating that the 'Length of the data to encrypt is invalid.' However, I know that the size of my key, iv, and plaintext are 16 bytes == 128 bits == aesAlg.BlockSize. Why is it throwing this exception? Is it because the StreamWriter is trying to make a String (ostensibly with some encoding) and it doesn't like &H0 as a value?

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• SugarCRM - how to make users see only child users?

  - by John

  Hello, I want to change the behaviour of Sugar CRM community version. Here's what sugar currently does: 1) Admin logs into Sugar. 2) Admin clicks on Admin tab. 3) Admin creates a new user named George with admin access 4) Under user information section, Admin makes George report to Admin (in the database, it will show users.report_to_id is the admin's user_id) 5) Admin saves and logs out 6) George logs in with his password 7) George goes to admin tab. 8) George goes to list users page and sees all users, including Admin, the person he is supposed to report to. I want to change step 8 such that George is not allowed to see the user he reports to. Additionally, he is not allowed to see his grand parent user, great grand parent user, great great grand parent user etc... George should only be able to see users that he creates. How can I achieve this? Is this even possible?

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• Received a RAMPAGE IV FORMULA MOBO. Possible CPU Socket problems

  - by Tantan

  I recently received a Rampage IV Formula MOBO in a trade. From everything I read online this seems like a pretty nice piece of hardware. There's one thing I'm worried about though. It appears as though the socket where the CPU goes might have some bent/missing pins. I'm not exactly a computer expert and I wanted to know if this could be any sort of problem. I would post a picture but I apparently don't have enough rep for that... Also, if I did want to move my current rig onto the new MOBO would it even be worth it? MY CURRENT COMPUTER SPECS i3-3220 CPU 8GB DDR3 RAM GeForce GTX460 GPU With a Biostar MOBO!

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• For AES CBC encryption, whats the importance of the IV?

  - by Spines

  What is the security threat of always using all zeroes for the IV? If it allows the encrypted text to be deciphered, how could an attacker do that?

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• Characteristics of an Initialization Vector

  - by Jamie Chapman

  I'm by no means a cryptography expert, I have been reading a few questions around Stack Overflow and on Wikipedia but nothing is really 'clear cut' in terms of defining an IV and it's usage. Points I have discovered: An IV is pre-pended to a plaintext message in order to strengthen the encryption The IV is truely random Each message has it's own unique IV Timestamps and cryptographic hashes are sometimes used instead of random values, but these are considered to be insecure as timestamps can be predicted One of the weaknesses of WEP (in 802.11) is the fact that the IV will reset after a specific amount of encryptions, thus repeating the IV I'm sure there are many other points to be made, what have I missed? (or misread!)

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• Customer Support Spotlight: Clemson University

  - by cwarticki

  I've begun a Customer Support Spotlight series that highlights our wonderful customers and Oracle loyalists.  A week ago I visited Clemson University.  As I travel to visit and educate our customers, I provide many useful tips/tricks and support best practices (as found on my blog and twitter). Most of all, I always discover an Oracle gem who deserves recognition for their hard work and advocacy. Meet George Manley.  George is a Storage Engineer who has worked in Clemson's Data Center all through college, partially in the Hardware Architecture group and partially in the Storage group. George and the rest of the Storage Team work with most all of the storage technologies that they have here at Clemson. This includes a wide array of different vendors' disk arrays, with the most of them being Oracle/Sun 2540's.  He also works with SAM/QFS, ACSLS, and our SL8500 Tape Libraries (all three Oracle/Sun products). (pictured L to R, Matt Schoger (Oracle), Mark Flores (Oracle) and George Manley) George was kind enough to take us for a data center tour.  It was amazing.  I rarely get to see the inside of data centers, and this one was massive. Clemson Computing and Information Technology’s physical resources include the main data center located in the Information Technology Center at the Innovation Campus and Technology Park. The core of Clemson’s computing infrastructure, the data center has 21,000 sq ft of raised floor and is powered by a 14MW substation. The ITC power capacity is 4.5MW.  The data center is the home of both enterprise and HPC systems, and is staffed by CCIT staff on a 24 hour basis from a state of the art network operations center within the ITC. A smaller business continuance data center is located on the main campus.  The data center serves a wide variety of purposes including HPC (supercomputing) resources which are shared with other Universities throughout the state, the state's medicaid processing system, and nearly all other needs for Clemson University. Yes, that's no typo (14,256 cores and 37TB of memory!!! Thanks for the tour George and thank you very much for your time.  The tour was fantastic. I enjoyed getting to know your team and I look forward to many successes from Clemson using Oracle products. -Chris WartickiGlobal Customer Management

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• Using the Rijndael Object in VB.NET

  - by broke

  I'm trying out the Rijndael to generate an encrypted license string to use for our new software, so we know that our customers are using the same amount of apps that they paid for. I'm doing two things: Getting the users computer name. Adding a random number between 100 and 1000000000 I then combine the two, and use that as the license number(This probably will change in the final version, but I'm just doing something simple for demonstration purposes). Here is some sample codez: Private Sub Main_Load(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Load Dim generator As New Random Dim randomValue As Integer randomValue = generator.Next(100, 1000000000) ' Create a new Rijndael object to generate a key ' and initialization vector (IV). Dim RijndaelAlg As Rijndael = Rijndael.Create ' Create a string to encrypt. Dim sData As String = My.Computer.Name.ToString + randomValue.ToString Dim FileName As String = "C:\key.txt" ' Encrypt text to a file using the file name, key, and IV. EncryptTextToFile(sData, FileName, RijndaelAlg.Key, RijndaelAlg.IV) ' Decrypt the text from a file using the file name, key, and IV. Dim Final As String = DecryptTextFromFile(FileName, RijndaelAlg.Key, RijndaelAlg.IV) txtDecrypted.Text = Final End Sub That's my load event, but here is where the magic happens: Sub EncryptTextToFile(ByVal Data As String, ByVal FileName As String, ByVal Key() As Byte, ByVal IV() As Byte) Dim fStream As FileStream = File.Open(FileName, FileMode.OpenOrCreate) Dim RijndaelAlg As Rijndael = Rijndael.Create Dim cStream As New CryptoStream(fStream, _ RijndaelAlg.CreateEncryptor(Key, IV), _ CryptoStreamMode.Write) Dim sWriter As New StreamWriter(cStream) sWriter.WriteLine(Data) sWriter.Close() cStream.Close() fStream.Close() End Sub There is a couple things I don't understand. What if someone reads the text file and recognizes that it is Rijndael, and writes a VB or C# app that decrypts it? I don't really understand all of this code, so if you guys can help me out I will love you all forever. Thanks in advance

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• UIImageView and UIScrollView load lot of pictures

  - by Allan.Chen

  In my app, i use UIImageView and UIScrollView to show lot of pictures(Every time there are about 20 pictures and every pictures about 600px*500px and size is about 600KB ), i use for this code to do this function. Here is code: //Here is pictures Data; self.klpArry = self.pictureData; CGSize size = self.klpScrollView1.frame.size; for (int i=0; i < [klpArr count]; i++) { UIImageView *iv = [[UIImageView alloc] initWithFrame:CGRectMake((size.width * i)+300, 20, 546, 546)]; NSString *filePath = [[NSBundle mainBundle] pathForResource:[klpArr objectAtIndex:i] ofType:@"jpg"]; UIImage *imageData = [[UIImage alloc]initWithData:[NSData dataWithContentsOfFile:filePath]]; [iv setImage:imageData]; iv.backgroundColor = [UIColor grayColor]; [self.klpScrollView1 addSubview:iv]; imageData = nil; iv = nil; iv.image = nil; filePath = nil; [imageData release]; [filePath release]; [iv release]; } // show the picture in scrollview; [self.klpScrollView1 setContentSize:CGSizeMake(size.width * numImage, size.height)]; self.klpScrollView1.pagingEnabled = YES; self.klpScrollView1.showsHorizontalScrollIndicator = NO; self.klpScrollView1.backgroundColor = [UIColor grayColor]; But everytime i init this function, the memory will increase about 5MB, Actually i release UIImageView, UIimage and UIScrollView (vi.image=nil,[vi release]) but i doesn't work, it can't release the memory. BTW, i use my friend code first vi.image=nil then vi=nil; but the pictures not to show on scrollview. any one can help me ?? Thx ~~

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• PHP: Simple, Validate if string is hex?

  - by oni-kun

  I have no clue how to validate this string. I am simply supplying an IV for an encryption, but can find no "is_hex()" or similar function, I can't wrap my head around it! I read on a comment in the php documentation (user contrib. notes) this: if($iv == dechex(hexdec($iv))) { //True } else { //False } But that doesn't seem to work at all.. It only says false. If it helps my input of my IV would be this: 92bff433cc639a6d

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• is this aes encryption wrapper safe ? - yet another take...

  - by user393087

  After taking into accound answers for my questions here and here I created (well may-be) improved version of my wrapper. The key issue was what if an attacker is knowing what is encoded - he might then find the key and encode another messages. So I added XOR before encryption. I also in this version prepend IV to the data as was suggested. sha256 on key is only for making sure the key is as long as needed for the aes alg, but I know that key should not be plain text but calculated with many iterations to prevent dictionary attack function aes192ctr_en($data,$key) { $iv = mcrypt_create_iv(24,MCRYPT_DEV_URANDOM); $xor = mcrypt_create_iv(24,MCRYPT_DEV_URANDOM); $key = hash_hmac('sha256',$key,$iv,true); $data = $xor.((string)$data ^ (string)str_repeat($xor,(strlen($data)/24)+1)); $data = hash('md5',$data,true).$data; return $iv.mcrypt_encrypt('rijndael-192',$key,$data,'ctr',$iv); } function aes192ctr_de($data,$key) { $iv = substr($data,0,24); $data = substr($data,24); $key = hash_hmac('sha256',$key,$iv,true); $data = mcrypt_decrypt('rijndael-192',$key,$data,'ctr',$iv); $md5 = substr($data,0,16); $data = substr($data,16); if (hash('md5',$data,true)!==$md5) return false; $xor = substr($data,0,24); $data = substr($data,24); $data = ((string)$data ^ (string)str_repeat($xor,(strlen($data)/24)+1)); return $data; } $encrypted = aes192ctr_en('secret text','password'); echo $encrypted; echo aes192ctr_de($encrypted,'password'); another question is if ctr mode is ok in this context, would it be better if I use cbc mode ? Again, by safe I mean if an attacter could guess password if he knows exact text that was encrypted and knows above method. I assume random and long password here. Maybe instead of XOR will be safer to random initial data with another run of aes or other simpler alg like TEA or trivium ?

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• Start Firefox from Terminal on Mac OS X (Snow Leopard)

  - by George Francis

  This is what I get when I try to start the executable: Mac-Pro:MacOS george$ /Applications/Firefox.app/Contents/MacOS/firefox dyld: Library not loaded: /usr/lib/libsqlite3.dylib Referenced from: /System/Library/Frameworks/Security.framework/Versions/A/Security Reason: Incompatible library version: Security requires version 9.0.0 or later, but libsqlite3.dylib provides version 1.0.0 /Applications/Firefox.app/Contents/MacOS/run-mozilla.sh: line 131: 9870 Trace/BPT trap "$prog" ${1+"$@"} I also tried: MacOS george$ open -a /Applications/Firefox FSPathMakeRef(/Applications/Firefox) failed with error -43. Is there a particular way to start the application from the command line?

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• WP: AesManaged encryption vs. mcrypt_encrypt

  - by invalidusername

  I'm trying to synchronize my encryption and decryption methods between C# and PHP but something seems to be going wrong. In the Windows Phone 7 SDK you can use AESManaged to encrypt your data I use the following method: public static string EncryptA(string dataToEncrypt, string password, string salt) { AesManaged aes = null; MemoryStream memoryStream = null; CryptoStream cryptoStream = null; try { //Generate a Key based on a Password, Salt and HMACSHA1 pseudo-random number generator Rfc2898DeriveBytes rfc2898 = new Rfc2898DeriveBytes(password, Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(salt)); //Create AES algorithm with 256 bit key and 128-bit block size aes = new AesManaged(); aes.Key = rfc2898.GetBytes(aes.KeySize / 8); aes.IV = new byte[] { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 }; // rfc2898.GetBytes(aes.BlockSize / 8); // to check my results against those of PHP var blaat1 = Convert.ToBase64String(aes.Key); var blaat2 = Convert.ToBase64String(aes.IV); //Create Memory and Crypto Streams memoryStream = new MemoryStream(); cryptoStream = new CryptoStream(memoryStream, aes.CreateEncryptor(), CryptoStreamMode.Write); //Encrypt Data byte[] data = Encoding.Unicode.GetBytes(dataToEncrypt); cryptoStream.Write(data, 0, data.Length); cryptoStream.FlushFinalBlock(); //Return Base 64 String string result = Convert.ToBase64String(memoryStream.ToArray()); return result; } finally { if (cryptoStream != null) cryptoStream.Close(); if (memoryStream != null) memoryStream.Close(); if (aes != null) aes.Clear(); } } I solved the problem of generating the Key. The Key and IV are similar as those on the PHP end. But then the final step in the encryption is going wrong. here is my PHP code <?php function pbkdf2($p, $s, $c, $dk_len, $algo = 'sha1') { // experimentally determine h_len for the algorithm in question static $lengths; if (!isset($lengths[$algo])) { $lengths[$algo] = strlen(hash($algo, null, true)); } $h_len = $lengths[$algo]; if ($dk_len > (pow(2, 32) - 1) * $h_len) { return false; // derived key is too long } else { $l = ceil($dk_len / $h_len); // number of derived key blocks to compute $t = null; for ($i = 1; $i <= $l; $i++) { $f = $u = hash_hmac($algo, $s . pack('N', $i), $p, true); // first iterate for ($j = 1; $j < $c; $j++) { $f ^= ($u = hash_hmac($algo, $u, $p, true)); // xor each iterate } $t .= $f; // concatenate blocks of the derived key } return substr($t, 0, $dk_len); // return the derived key of correct length } } $password = 'test'; $salt = 'saltsalt'; $text = "texttoencrypt"; #$iv_size = mcrypt_get_iv_size(MCRYPT_RIJNDAEL_128, MCRYPT_MODE_CBC); #echo $iv_size . '<br/>'; #$iv = mcrypt_create_iv($iv_size, MCRYPT_RAND); #print_r (mcrypt_list_algorithms()); $iv = "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00"; $key = pbkdf2($password, $salt, 1000, 32); echo 'key: ' . base64_encode($key) . '<br/>'; echo 'iv: ' . base64_encode($iv) . '<br/>'; echo '<br/><br/>'; function addpadding($string, $blocksize = 32){ $len = strlen($string); $pad = $blocksize - ($len % $blocksize); $string .= str_repeat(chr($pad), $pad); return $string; } echo 'text: ' . $text . '<br/>'; echo 'text: ' . addpadding($text) . '<br/>'; // -- works till here $crypttext = mcrypt_encrypt(MCRYPT_RIJNDAEL_256, $key, $text, MCRYPT_MODE_CBC, $iv); echo '1.' . $crypttext . '<br/>'; $crypttext = base64_encode($crypttext); echo '2.' . $crypttext . '<br/>'; $crypttext = mcrypt_encrypt(MCRYPT_RIJNDAEL_256, $key, addpadding($text), MCRYPT_MODE_CBC, $iv); echo '1.' . $crypttext . '<br/>'; $crypttext = base64_encode($crypttext); echo '2.' . $crypttext . '<br/>'; ?> So to point out, the Key and IV look similar on both .NET and PHP, but something seems to be going wrong in the final call when executing mcrypt_encrypt(). The end result, the encrypted string, differs from .NET. Can anybody tell me what i'm doing wrong. As far as i can see everything should be correct. Thank you! EDIT: Additional information on the AESManaged object in .NET Keysize = 256 Mode = CBC Padding = PKCS7

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• mcrypt_decrypt return strange code

  - by Jin Yong

  I tried to encrypt an array then decrypt it back to string by calling a function, it's seem return the correct value if I does all encrypt and decrypt at once time in the function, however, if I return the encrypt value, then call the function again to decrypt it will return me some strange code. Exmaple: public main() { $dataArray = array("one"=>1, "two"=>2, "three"=>3); $a = $this->encryptDecryptInfo(json_encode($dataArray),$this->key); var_dump($a); } public function encryptDecryptInfo($text,$key) { $iv = mcrypt_create_iv(mcrypt_get_iv_size(MCRYPT_RIJNDAEL_256, $text= base64_encode(mcrypt_encrypt(MCRYPT_RIJNDAEL_256, $key, $text, MCRYPT_MODE_CFB, $iv)); return mcrypt_decrypt(MCRYPT_RIJNDAEL_256, $key, base64_decode($text), MCRYPT_MODE_CFB, $iv); } This will return me the correct value which is string(27) "{"one":1,"two":2,"three":3}" Exmaple 2: public main() { $dataArray = array("one"=>1, "two"=>2, "three"=>3); $a = $this->encryptDecryptInfo(json_encode($dataArray),$this->key,"encrypt"); $b = $this->encryptDecryptInfo($a,$this->key,"decrypt"); var_dump($b); } public function encryptDecryptInfo($text,$key,$type) { $iv = mcrypt_create_iv(mcrypt_get_iv_size(MCRYPT_RIJNDAEL_256, MCRYPT_MODE_CFB), MCRYPT_RAND); if($type == "encrypt") return base64_encode(mcrypt_encrypt(MCRYPT_RIJNDAEL_256, $key, $text, MCRYPT_MODE_CFB, $iv)); else return mcrypt_decrypt(MCRYPT_RIJNDAEL_256, $key, base64_decode($text), MCRYPT_MODE_CFB, $iv); } However if I do my code in this way, it will return me strange value which is like this string(27) "?ÔérôŸY éXgíœÈÐN*é౜CµÖ" .Deos anyone know why this is happen?

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