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• Maximum Length Of IP Address: 15 (IPv4) & 39(IPv6)

  - by Gopinath

  Problem You are designing a database table for a web application that requires to store IP address of users who visits the site. The IP address is required to be stored a character data in the table. To define size of the character column you need to know maximum length of IP address. So, what is the maximum length of an IP address? Solution The IPv4 version of IP address is in the following format 255.255.255.255 To store IPv4 address we require 15 characters. The IPv6 version of IP address is grouped into sets of 4 hex digits separated by colons, like the below 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334 To store IPv6 address you require a 39 characters long column. Conclusion As IPv4 and IPv6 are the commonly use protocols, you better define a column with 39 characters length so that both the format address are saved in to the table without any issues. This article titled,Maximum Length Of IP Address: 15 (IPv4) & 39(IPv6), was originally published at Tech Dreams. Grab our rss feed or fan us on Facebook to get updates from us.

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• Gearman too many processes issue

  - by Roman Newaza

  I use Net_Gearman from PECL, Gearmand 1.1.11 and Gearman Manager. Every time I add background job, I can see new worker listed with no Function, nor Id in Ggearman-Monitor: If I add many messages in the bash loop, after some time it becomes very slow. for i in $(seq 0 9999); do php Client.php && echo $i; done Yesterday, the situation was even worse - I had many error messages in Gearmand log regarding Too many open files and once I added --file-descriptors=49152 as an option and swithched to 1.1.11 from 1.0.6, these errors gone. Here is lsof -p $(cat /var/run/gearman/gearmand.pid) output: COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME gearmand 2020 gearman cwd DIR 8,2 4096 2 / gearmand 2020 gearman rtd DIR 8,2 4096 2 / gearmand 2020 gearman txt REG 8,2 3852472 3672962 /opt/sbin/gearmand gearmand 2020 gearman mem REG 8,2 52120 9961752 /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libnss_files-2.15.so gearmand 2020 gearman mem REG 8,2 47680 9961756 /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libnss_nis-2.15.so gearmand 2020 gearman mem REG 8,2 97248 9961768 /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libnsl-2.15.so gearmand 2020 gearman mem REG 8,2 35680 9961750 /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libnss_compat-2.15.so gearmand 2020 gearman mem REG 8,2 92720 9964871 /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libz.so.1.2.3.4 gearmand 2020 gearman mem REG 8,2 109288 11014600 /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libsasl2.so.2.0.25 gearmand 2020 gearman mem REG 8,2 1030512 9961759 /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libm-2.15.so gearmand 2020 gearman mem REG 8,2 1930616 9964982 /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.0.0 gearmand 2020 gearman mem REG 8,2 382896 9964977 /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libssl.so.1.0.0 gearmand 2020 gearman mem REG 8,2 1815224 9961748 /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc-2.15.so gearmand 2020 gearman mem REG 8,2 88384 9964865 /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libgcc_s.so.1 gearmand 2020 gearman mem REG 8,2 962656 11014043 /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.16 gearmand 2020 gearman mem REG 8,2 199600 11016157 /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libmemcached.so.11.0.0 gearmand 2020 gearman mem REG 8,2 31752 9961755 /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/librt-2.15.so gearmand 2020 gearman mem REG 8,2 14768 9961763 /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libdl-2.15.so gearmand 2020 gearman mem REG 8,2 414280 9183971 /usr/lib/libboost_program_options.so.1.46.1 gearmand 2020 gearman mem REG 8,2 283832 9183656 /usr/lib/libevent-2.0.so.5.1.4 gearmand 2020 gearman mem REG 8,2 664504 11014432 /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libsqlite3.so.0.8.6 gearmand 2020 gearman mem REG 8,2 135366 9961757 /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libpthread-2.15.so gearmand 2020 gearman mem REG 8,2 3534240 9175810 /usr/lib/libmysqlclient.so.18.1.0 gearmand 2020 gearman mem REG 8,2 149280 9961760 /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/ld-2.15.so gearmand 2020 gearman 0u CHR 1,3 0t0 1029 /dev/null gearmand 2020 gearman 1u CHR 1,3 0t0 1029 /dev/null gearmand 2020 gearman 2u CHR 1,3 0t0 1029 /dev/null gearmand 2020 gearman 3w REG 8,2 9381897 3409366 /var/log/gearman-job-server/gearman.log gearmand 2020 gearman 4r FIFO 0,8 0t0 38869143 pipe gearmand 2020 gearman 5w FIFO 0,8 0t0 38869143 pipe gearmand 2020 gearman 6u 0000 0,9 0 6826 anon_inode gearmand 2020 gearman 7u unix 0xffff880230fdf500 0t0 38869144 socket gearmand 2020 gearman 8u unix 0xffff880230fdde40 0t0 38869145 socket gearmand 2020 gearman 9u IPv4 38869146 0t0 TCP localhost:4730 (LISTEN) gearmand 2020 gearman 10r FIFO 0,8 0t0 38869147 pipe gearmand 2020 gearman 11w FIFO 0,8 0t0 38869147 pipe gearmand 2020 gearman 12u 0000 0,9 0 6826 anon_inode gearmand 2020 gearman 13u unix 0xffff880230fde4c0 0t0 38869148 socket gearmand 2020 gearman 14u unix 0xffff880230fdeb40 0t0 38869149 socket gearmand 2020 gearman 15r FIFO 0,8 0t0 38869150 pipe gearmand 2020 gearman 16w FIFO 0,8 0t0 38869150 pipe gearmand 2020 gearman 17u 0000 0,9 0 6826 anon_inode gearmand 2020 gearman 18u 0000 0,9 0 6826 anon_inode gearmand 2020 gearman 19u unix 0xffff880230fdb400 0t0 38869151 socket gearmand 2020 gearman 20u unix 0xffff880230fdaa40 0t0 38869152 socket gearmand 2020 gearman 21r FIFO 0,8 0t0 38869153 pipe gearmand 2020 gearman 22w FIFO 0,8 0t0 38869153 pipe gearmand 2020 gearman 23u unix 0xffff880203cfce00 0t0 38868290 socket gearmand 2020 gearman 24u unix 0xffff880203cfdb00 0t0 38868291 socket gearmand 2020 gearman 25r FIFO 0,8 0t0 38868292 pipe gearmand 2020 gearman 26w FIFO 0,8 0t0 38868292 pipe gearmand 2020 gearman 27u 0000 0,9 0 6826 anon_inode gearmand 2020 gearman 28u unix 0xffff880203cf9040 0t0 38868293 socket gearmand 2020 gearman 29u unix 0xffff880203cfaa40 0t0 38868294 socket gearmand 2020 gearman 30r FIFO 0,8 0t0 38868295 pipe gearmand 2020 gearman 31w FIFO 0,8 0t0 38868295 pipe gearmand 2020 gearman 32u IPv4 38868324 0t0 TCP localhost:4730->localhost:57954 (ESTABLISHED) gearmand 2020 gearman 33u IPv4 38868325 0t0 TCP localhost:4730->localhost:57955 (ESTABLISHED) gearmand 2020 gearman 34u IPv4 38901247 0t0 TCP localhost:4730->localhost:38594 (ESTABLISHED) gearmand 2020 gearman 35u IPv4 38868327 0t0 TCP localhost:4730->localhost:57957 (ESTABLISHED) gearmand 2020 gearman 36u IPv4 38867483 0t0 TCP localhost:4730->localhost:57959 (ESTABLISHED) gearmand 2020 gearman 37u IPv4 38867484 0t0 TCP localhost:4730->localhost:57958 (ESTABLISHED) gearmand 2020 gearman 38u IPv4 38901248 0t0 TCP localhost:4730->localhost:38595 (CLOSE_WAIT) gearmand 2020 gearman 39u IPv4 38901249 0t0 TCP localhost:4730->localhost:38597 (ESTABLISHED) gearmand 2020 gearman 40u IPv4 38869201 0t0 TCP localhost:4730->localhost:57979 (ESTABLISHED) gearmand 2020 gearman 41u IPv4 38900437 0t0 TCP localhost:4730->localhost:38599 (ESTABLISHED) gearmand 2020 gearman 42u IPv4 38900438 0t0 TCP localhost:4730->localhost:38602 (ESTABLISHED) gearmand 2020 gearman 43u IPv4 38868375 0t0 TCP localhost:4730->localhost:57987 (ESTABLISHED) gearmand 2020 gearman 44u IPv4 38900468 0t0 TCP localhost:4730->localhost:38606 (CLOSE_WAIT) gearmand 2020 gearman 45u IPv4 38868381 0t0 TCP localhost:4730->localhost:57999 (ESTABLISHED) gearmand 2020 gearman 46u IPv4 38868388 0t0 TCP localhost:4730->localhost:58007 (ESTABLISHED) gearmand 2020 gearman 47u IPv4 38868393 0t0 TCP localhost:4730->localhost:58011 (ESTABLISHED) gearmand 2020 gearman 48u IPv4 38903950 0t0 TCP localhost:4730->localhost:38609 (ESTABLISHED) gearmand 2020 gearman 49u IPv4 38870276 0t0 TCP localhost:4730->localhost:58019 (ESTABLISHED) gearmand 2020 gearman 50u IPv4 38903955 0t0 TCP localhost:4730->localhost:38613 (ESTABLISHED) gearmand 2020 gearman 51u IPv4 38900477 0t0 TCP localhost:4730->localhost:38617 (CLOSE_WAIT) gearmand 2020 gearman 52u IPv4 38867630 0t0 TCP localhost:4730->localhost:58031 (ESTABLISHED) gearmand 2020 gearman 53u IPv4 38867633 0t0 TCP localhost:4730->localhost:58035 (ESTABLISHED) gearmand 2020 gearman 54u IPv4 38867636 0t0 TCP localhost:4730->localhost:58039 (ESTABLISHED) gearmand 2020 gearman 55u IPv4 38900536 0t0 TCP localhost:4730->localhost:38619 (ESTABLISHED) gearmand 2020 gearman 56u IPv4 38868419 0t0 TCP localhost:4730->localhost:58047 (ESTABLISHED) gearmand 2020 gearman 57u IPv4 38869263 0t0 TCP localhost:4730->localhost:58051 (ESTABLISHED) gearmand 2020 gearman 58u IPv4 38900537 0t0 TCP localhost:4730->localhost:38621 (ESTABLISHED) gearmand 2020 gearman 59u IPv4 38869271 0t0 TCP localhost:4730->localhost:58059 (ESTABLISHED) gearmand 2020 gearman 60u IPv4 38900538 0t0 TCP localhost:4730->localhost:38623 (ESTABLISHED) gearmand 2020 gearman 61u IPv4 38870319 0t0 TCP localhost:4730->localhost:58067 (ESTABLISHED) gearmand 2020 gearman 62u IPv4 38900540 0t0 TCP localhost:4730->localhost:38628 (ESTABLISHED) gearmand 2020 gearman 63u IPv4 38869289 0t0 TCP localhost:4730->localhost:58075 (ESTABLISHED) ... gearmand 2020 gearman 2229u IPv4 38903885 0t0 TCP localhost:4730->localhost:38572 (ESTABLISHED) gearmand 2020 gearman 2230u IPv4 38901211 0t0 TCP localhost:4730->localhost:38576 (ESTABLISHED) gearmand 2020 gearman 2234u IPv4 38901237 0t0 TCP localhost:4730->localhost:38588 (ESTABLISHED)

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• Proxy / Squid 2.7 / Debian Wheezy 6.7 / lots of TCP Timed-out

  - by Maroon Ibrahim

  i'm facing a lot of TCP timed-out on a busy cache server and here below my sysctl.conf configuration as well as an output of "netstat -st" Kernel 3.2.0-4-amd64 #1 SMP Debian 3.2.57-3 x86_64 GNU/Linux Any advice or help would be highly appreciated #################### Sysctl.conf cat /etc/sysctl.conf net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse = 1 net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle = 1 fs.file-max = 65536 net.ipv4.tcp_low_latency = 1 net.core.wmem_max = 8388608 net.core.rmem_max = 8388608 net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 1024 65000 fs.aio-max-nr = 131072 net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout = 10 net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time = 60 net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_intvl = 10 net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_probes = 3 kernel.threads-max = 131072 kernel.msgmax = 32768 kernel.msgmni = 64 kernel.msgmnb = 65536 kernel.shmmax = 68719476736 kernel.shmall = 4294967296 net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1 net.ipv4.tcp_timestamps = 0 net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects = 0 net.ipv4.tcp_window_scaling = 1 net.ipv4.tcp_sack = 0 net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1 net.ipv4.ip_dynaddr = 1 vm.swappiness = 0 vm.drop_caches = 3 net.ipv4.tcp_moderate_rcvbuf = 1 net.ipv4.tcp_no_metrics_save = 1 net.ipv4.tcp_ecn = 0 net.ipv4.tcp_max_orphans = 131072 net.ipv4.tcp_orphan_retries = 1 net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 0 net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0 net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 32768 net.core.netdev_max_backlog = 131072 net.ipv4.tcp_mem = 6085248 16227328 67108864 net.ipv4.tcp_wmem = 4096 131072 33554432 net.ipv4.tcp_rmem = 4096 174760 33554432 net.core.rmem_default = 33554432 net.core.rmem_max = 33554432 net.core.wmem_default = 33554432 net.core.wmem_max = 33554432 net.core.somaxconn = 10000 # ################ Netstat results /# netstat -st IcmpMsg: InType0: 2 InType3: 233754 InType8: 56251 InType11: 23192 OutType0: 56251 OutType3: 437 OutType8: 4 Tcp: 20680741 active connections openings 63642431 passive connection openings 1126690 failed connection attempts 2093143 connection resets received 13059 connections established 2649651696 segments received 2195445642 segments send out 183401499 segments retransmited 38299 bad segments received. 14648899 resets sent UdpLite: TcpExt: 507 SYN cookies sent 178 SYN cookies received 1376771 invalid SYN cookies received 1014577 resets received for embryonic SYN_RECV sockets 4530970 packets pruned from receive queue because of socket buffer overrun 7233 packets pruned from receive queue 688 packets dropped from out-of-order queue because of socket buffer overrun 12445 ICMP packets dropped because they were out-of-window 446 ICMP packets dropped because socket was locked 33812202 TCP sockets finished time wait in fast timer 622 TCP sockets finished time wait in slow timer 573656 packets rejects in established connections because of timestamp 133357718 delayed acks sent 23593 delayed acks further delayed because of locked socket Quick ack mode was activated 21288857 times 839 times the listen queue of a socket overflowed 839 SYNs to LISTEN sockets dropped 41 packets directly queued to recvmsg prequeue. 79166 bytes directly in process context from backlog 24 bytes directly received in process context from prequeue 2713742130 packet headers predicted 84 packets header predicted and directly queued to user 1925423249 acknowledgments not containing data payload received 877898013 predicted acknowledgments 16449673 times recovered from packet loss due to fast retransmit 17687820 times recovered from packet loss by selective acknowledgements 5047 bad SACK blocks received Detected reordering 11 times using FACK Detected reordering 1778091 times using SACK Detected reordering 97955 times using reno fast retransmit Detected reordering 280414 times using time stamp 839369 congestion windows fully recovered without slow start 4173098 congestion windows partially recovered using Hoe heuristic 305254 congestion windows recovered without slow start by DSACK 933682 congestion windows recovered without slow start after partial ack 77828 TCP data loss events TCPLostRetransmit: 5066 2618430 timeouts after reno fast retransmit 2927294 timeouts after SACK recovery 3059394 timeouts in loss state 75953830 fast retransmits 11929429 forward retransmits 51963833 retransmits in slow start 19418337 other TCP timeouts 2330398 classic Reno fast retransmits failed 2177787 SACK retransmits failed 742371590 packets collapsed in receive queue due to low socket buffer 13595689 DSACKs sent for old packets 50523 DSACKs sent for out of order packets 4658236 DSACKs received 175441 DSACKs for out of order packets received 880664 connections reset due to unexpected data 346356 connections reset due to early user close 2364841 connections aborted due to timeout TCPSACKDiscard: 1590 TCPDSACKIgnoredOld: 241849 TCPDSACKIgnoredNoUndo: 1636687 TCPSpuriousRTOs: 766073 TCPSackShifted: 74562088 TCPSackMerged: 169015212 TCPSackShiftFallback: 78391303 TCPBacklogDrop: 29 TCPReqQFullDoCookies: 507 TCPChallengeACK: 424921 TCPSYNChallenge: 170388 IpExt: InBcastPkts: 351510 InOctets: -609466797 OutOctets: -1057794685 InBcastOctets: 75631402 #

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• Mac OS X web server memory depletion issues

  - by Ali

  I have a Mac mini ram 4GB setup as a web server which has low traffic - it is running single WordPress instance and a forum. Why is available memory dropping to ~20MB after a while, bringing the whole server down? I see httpd processes climbing more and more, and the only thing I can do is to restart the server and everything will work fine again. Anybody with the same issues to share their thought about this?

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• What should a hosting company do to prepare for IPv6?

  - by Josh

  At the time of writing The IPv4 Depletion Site estimates there are 300 days remaining before all IPv4 addresses have been allocated. I've been following the depletion of IPv4 addresses for some time and realize the "crisis" has been going on for many years and IPv4 addresses have lasted longer than expected, however... As the systems administrator for a small SaaS / website hosting company, what steps should I be taking to prepare for IPv6? We run a handful of CentOS and Ubuntu Linux systems on managed hardware in a remote datacenter. All our servers have IPv6 addresses but they appear to be link local addresses. Our primary business function is website hosting on a proprietary website CMS system. One of my concerns is SSL certificates; at the moment every customer with an SSL certificate gets a dedicated IPv4 IP address. What else should I be concerned about / what action should I take to be prepared for IPv4 depletion?

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• Is gethostbyname guaranteed to return hostent structures with IPv4 addresses?

  - by Robert

  I cannot use getaddrinfo(...) for resolving hostnames and therefore must stick to gethostbyname(...) Is the gethostbyname(...) function guaranteed to return hostent structures that contain only IPv4 (AF_INET) addresses on success, so that the following code would always lead to an IPv4 address: int resolve(const char *name, struct in_addr *addr) { struct hostent *he = gethostbyname(name); if (!he) return 1; memcpy(addr,he->h_addr_list[0],4); return 0; }

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• Hardening network with sysctl settings made Wi-fi downloading speed extremely slow

  - by Rohit Bansal

  I just followed up following steps to harden network security The /etc/sysctl.conf file contain all the sysctl settings. Prevent source routing of incoming packets and log malformed IP's enter the following in a terminal window: sudo vi /etc/sysctl.conf Edit the `/etc/sysctl.conf` file and un-comment or add the following lines : # IP Spoofing protection net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter = 1 net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 1 # Ignore ICMP broadcast requests net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts = 1 # Disable source packet routing net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route = 0 net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_source_route = 0 net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0 net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0 # Ignore send redirects net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects = 0 net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects = 0 # Block SYN attacks net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1 net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 2048 net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries = 2 net.ipv4.tcp_syn_retries = 5 # Log Martians net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians = 1 net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses = 1 # Ignore ICMP redirects net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects = 0 net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_redirects = 0 net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects = 0 net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_redirects = 0 # Ignore Directed pings net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_all = 1 To reload sysctl with the latest changes, enter: sudo sysctl -p But, after applying the changes I found "Wi-fi" downloading speed and terminal downloading speed extremely slow (less than 1KB/s) however surfing speed through browser was good. But, using direct ethernet cable was giving a good speed. Then, I reverted back the above changes and things fall back in line once again.... Could you please let me know what possibly in above script is affecting such behaviour [and why] ? How could I still maintain hardening of network security without disturbing Wi-fi downloading speed ?

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• LAN full of public ipv4 addresses - How to filter it?

  - by sparc86

  The answer to my question maybe is not that hard but anyways, I do not know what to do. So, I just got in a new job in a Univerisity and I found out that the network (the LAN) is full of public IP addresses. Seriously, the whole LAN (probably more than 150 hosts) has it' own internet IP address and I don't know how to manage it. I have a very good experience using iptables (Linux firewall) in a NAT'ed environment. But then how should I proceed in an environment where all my LAN is working with a bunch of public IP addresses? Should I just use the "forward" rules and ignore the NAT rules or is there any other issue in such environment which I should take care? Can I add a firewall between the router and the LAN in order to produce packet filtering for these public IP addresses in my LAN or will this just not work? Thanks!

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• Why do the interfaces show ipv6 address along with ipv4

  - by nixnotwin

  I have manually specified only ipv4 address for my interfaces. But all the interfaces automatically show inet6 address as well. Does it mean that ubuntu starts an ipv6 tunnel by default. If it does, isn't it dangerous, as ipv6 assigns public ips for all LAN clients. I only have a firewall on my NAT router, and my clients, who's interfaces show ipv6 address, do not have firewalls. Here is a screenshot: eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 34:dc:47:2e:ad:13 inet6 addr: fe80::28cf:38ff:fb7b:da19/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:5783 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:6098 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:1 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:2961324 (2.9 MB) TX bytes:1573757 (1.5 MB) Interrupt:46 Note: For privacy reasons I have modified the HWaddr and inet6 addr values.

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• Tunneling over IPv4 network

  - by JoesyXHN

  Hi, Most of the articles I have read about Tunneling. It describes that the tunneling supports for communication between 2 IPv6 networks over (crossing) an Ipv4 network. For example: TUNNEL A (IPv6) ==> INTERNET NETWORK (IPv4) => TUNNEL B (IPv6) Would it be doable for: TUNNEL A (IPv4) ==> INTERNET NETWORK (IPv6) => TUNNEL B (IPv4) Please give me an answer with elaborate explanation. Thanks in advance.

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• Which software could I use to setup a 4in6 IP tunnel (RFC 2473) on GNU/Linux

  - by Mildred

  Here is my problem. I have a server A that has two IP addresses. One public IPv4 and one IPv6. Server B has only one IPv6 address. I want to host most of my services on server B (because I have more disk space on it, I can control it better) but I need the IPv4 of the server A. I would like to set up a 4in6 tunnel (RFC 2473) between A and B so that I can transfer the traffic from the IPv4 address in A to B. If needed, I can request another IPv4 address on the server A, but I'd prefer not to. My question is: which software use to do the 4in6 tunnelling? I suppose OpenVPN can do the thing, but is there any implementation of the 4in6 protocol on Linux? A little more challenging: the IPv4 address comes from a venet interface, which cannot be bridged. How could I transfer ownership of this address I don't use on server A to the server B? Thank you

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• How to convert an IPv4 address into a integer in C#?

  - by GateKiller

  I was going to attempt to write this function myself but I thought that someone on SO might know the answer :) I'm basically looking for a function that will convert a standard IPv4 address into an Integer. Bonus points available for a function that will do the opposite. Solution should be in C#.net.

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• What is the total amount of public IPv4 addresses?

  - by Earlz

  Yes, I am needing to know what the total number possible IPs in the public IPv4 space. I'm not sure where to even get a neat list of all the IP address ranges, so could someone point me to a resource to calculate this myself or calculate the total number of IPs for me? Also, by Public IPs I mean not counting reserved or private-range IP addresses.. Only the ones that can be access through the internet.

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• NATing IPv4 while routing IPv6

  - by Hugo

  I've the following setup: client(s) <---> (eth0) router (eth1) <---> wan I have a static IPv4 address and a /48 IPv6 address block. I need to connect all the clients to (wan). Each client will have it's own public IPv6. Meanwhile, I need to NAT those same clients over to (wan). Everything IPv4-related and the NAT are working fine. The IPv6 communication to/from (eth0)<-(clients) works fine, as does the IPv6 communication from (eth1)<-(wan) works fine. To provide IPv6 to all my clients, I've thought of too choices: Having the router as a gateway, which different IP on each interface. This sounds like I need to tell my ISP to route the entire block through that single IP, so it's not really an option. Transparently pass IPv6 packets to/from eth0<-eth1, so all clients can communicate with the upstream gateway (I would actually have a switch here if it weren't for the need to remain IPv4 compatible). So, since I've opted for the second choice, I'm in doubt: How can I pass all IPv6 traffic from eth0 to eth1 transparently? What I need is a level 3 bridge, but linux's bridgeutils create a level 2 bridge (which would bridge ipv4 as well, and I can't have that). This is a DD-WRT device, but it's pretty much an embeded linux, so most suggestions that would work on linux are welcome. Thanks.

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• How do I get the IPv4 subnetmask on interface with both v4 and v6 address?

  - by Per Fagrell

  I have an InterfaceAddress that returns an ipv4 address (4 octets). However the network prefix length seems to be for the ipv6 address associated with the interface (it's returning as 128). How do I find the correct network prefix length? Enumeration<NetworkInterface> NetworkInterface.getNetworkInterfaces() for (; interfaces.hasMoreElements();) { final List<InterfaceAddress>interfaceAddresses = interfaces.nextElement().getInterfaceAddresses(); for (final InterfaceAddress address : interfaceAddresses) { assert(address.getAddress().getAddress().length == 4); // [sic] assert(address.getNetworkPrefixLength() < 32); // <- Fails. Actually equals 128 } }

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• IPV6 - using tunnel broker / dns to provide ipv4 compatibility

  - by Bgnt44

  I've a tunnel broker from he.net associate with a IPV6 /64 subnet As a newby to ipv6, i've just discovered that its not reliable to only set a subdomain to a AAAA entry : because most of ISP will not be able to reach it Considering i got 3 vm, each with ipv6 ip , i would like to know if there any way to set up my dns to handle that ? I only got one IPV4 which is binded on the firewall maybe the tunnel can resolve hostname/ipv4 to ipv6 ? Thank you

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• Application stuck in TCP retransmit

  - by SandeepJ

  I am running Linux kernel 3.13 (Ubuntu 14.04) on two Virtual Machines each of which operates inside two different servers running ESXi 5.1. There is a zeromq client-server application running between the two VMs. After running for about 10-30 minutes, this application consistently hangs due to inability to retransmit a lost packet. When I run the same setup over Ubuntu 12.04 (Linux 3.11), the application never fails If you notice below, "ss" (socket statistics) shows 1 packet lost, sk_wmem_queued of 14110 (i.e. w14110) and a high rto (120000). State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port ESTAB 0 12350 192.168.2.122:41808 192.168.2.172:55550 timer:(on,16sec,10) uid:1000 ino:35042 sk:ffff880035bcb100 <- skmem:(r0,rb648720,t0,tb1164800,f2274,w14110,o0,bl0) ts sack cubic wscale:7,7 rto:120000 rtt:7.5/3 ato:40 mss:8948 cwnd:1 ssthresh:21 send 9.5Mbps unacked:1 retrans:1/10 lost:1 rcv_rtt:1476 rcv_space:37621 Since this has happened so consistently, I was able to capture the TCP log in wireshark. I found that the packet which is lost does get retransmitted and even acknowledged by the TCP in the other OS (the sequence number is seen in the ACK), but the sender doesn't seem to understand this ACK and continues retransmitting. MTU is 9000 on both virtual machines and througout the route. The packets being sent are large in size. As I said earlier, this does not happen on Ubuntu 12.04 (kernel 3.11). So I did a diff on the TCP config options (seen via "sysctl -a |grep tcp ") between 14.04 and 12.04 and found the following differences. I also noticed that net.ipv4.tcp_mtu_probing=0 in both configurations. Left side is 3.11, right side is 3.13 <<net.ipv4.tcp_abc = 0 <<net.ipv4.tcp_cookie_size = 0 <<net.ipv4.tcp_dma_copybreak = 4096 14c11 << net.ipv4.tcp_early_retrans = 2 --- >> net.ipv4.tcp_early_retrans = 3 17c14 << net.ipv4.tcp_fastopen = 0 >> net.ipv4.tcp_fastopen = 1 20d16 << net.ipv4.tcp_frto_response = 0 26,27c22 << net.ipv4.tcp_max_orphans = 16384 << net.ipv4.tcp_max_ssthresh = 0 >> net.ipv4.tcp_max_orphans = 4096 29,30c24,25 << net.ipv4.tcp_max_tw_buckets = 16384 << net.ipv4.tcp_mem = 94377 125837 188754 >> net.ipv4.tcp_max_tw_buckets = 4096 >> net.ipv4.tcp_mem = 23352 31138 46704 34a30 >> net.ipv4.tcp_notsent_lowat = -1 My question to the networking experts on this forum : Are there any other debugging tools or options I can install/enable to dig further into why this TCP retransmit failure is occurring so consistently ? Are there any configuration changes which might account for this weird behaviour.

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• IPv4 private address assignment

  - by helloworld922

  I'm working on a private network which uses static IPv4 addresses as well as DHCP addressing for the physical LAN network. At a previous company I worked at they would assign static addresses in the 10.*.*.* space and all DHCP/LAN addresses were assigned in the 192.168.*.* space. Both of these address spaces are defined in the IPv4 private address space and there were never any internal conflicts. From personal experience at home, school, at work, and pretty much any other machine I've dealt with extensively (Windows and a few Linux distros), the DHCP server would always by default choose an address from the 192.168.*.* address space. Now my question is can I rely on this behavior? Do DHCP servers always by default assign from the 192.168.*.* pool (or any pool other than the 10.*.*.* pool), leaving the 10.*.*.* pool free for private static addressing? If not, under what conditions might a DHCP server choose an address in the 10.*.*.* address space?

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• 4in6 tunneling (via OpenVPN?)

  - by Deshene

  I have a local network with internet access. But unfortunately IPv4 internet connection speed is limited to 1mbps, which is realy sad. Fortunately I have a native IPv6, and there is no connection speed limit over IPv6. So, in order to get a good internet connection I made a plan: connect to the VPN-service over IPv6, and pass all IPv4 traffic through IPv6 tunnel, or something like that, I think you get the idea. I suggested to use service like HideMyAss.com, but unfortunately they don't support IPv6. The question is: Is there any existing VPN service that will make my dreams come true, and is easy to use, which I could connect over PPTP or OpenVPN (I want to set up connection to VPN in my router settings). Edit: It seems like there are couple of VPN services that supports IPv6 (it's odd, but the biggest VPN services support only IPv4), and there is none providing 4in6 tunnels. So, I came to the following solution: rent a VPS with IPv6 address, and manually setup 4in6 tunnel. I'm not good at networking, never did things like that, and don't know where to start, and what should I do. The use case, as I undestand, should look like this: I connect from my home computer to the VPS via OpenVPN, and after that all my IPv4 traffic pass through IPv6 (server do the job). OpenVPN - because I want to configure VPN connection to server in my router (Asus RT-N16?). How can I achieve this?

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• XAMPP server giving 404 error when requested by ipv4 connection

  - by boyb

  This is in reference to a previous question that I asked and was answered by womble. http://serverfault.com/a/406280/127729 So, now we have the real DNS records, we can do some diagnosis. dig for both A and AAAA on akosiboybastos.broker.freenet6.net gives a valid response, with an appropriate address. Good. dig for both A and AAAA on bastosforum.strangled.net gives the same responses (with a CNAME response thrown in). Also good. This means that the problem is not DNS-related, as those records are in order. wget -6 bastosforum.strangled.net/ gives a 200 OK response. wget -4 bastosforum.strangled.net/ gives a 404 Not Found response. This means that your webserver is misconfigured so that it's not serving the response you desire on IPv4. Given that the initial DNS problem asked in this question has been solved, I would recommend posting a new question with relevant webserver-related configuration, if you can't determine the configuration error yourself. I am using XAMPP(latest version) running phpbb3.0.10 via ipv6 tunnel from freenet6 and my domain is akosiboybastos.broker.freenet6.com, nothing fancy with the installation just out of the box install(with a few cosmetic mod). Both ipv4 and ipv6 traffic can connect using that url, but when I try to put a CNAME record on my test domain which is bastosforum.strangled.net pointing it to akosiboybastos.broker.freenet6.com only ipv6 can connect. As suggested by womble, this is a misconfigured webserver. To be honest I don't know where to start checking on the server as it is fully working if you use the domain given by freenet6 (akosiboybastos.broker.freenet6.com), any info on how to go about this server issue is welcome as i'm really a noob when it comes to computers. regards boyb

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• OpenVPN IPv6 over IPv4 tunnel

  - by user66779

  Today I installed OpenVPN 2.3rc2 on both my windows 7 client machine and centos 6 server. This new version of OpenVPN provides full compatibility for IPv6. The Problem: I am currently able to connect to the server (through the IPv4 tunnel) and ping the IPv6 address which is assigned to my client and I can also ping the tun0 interface on the server. However, I cannot browse to any IPv6 websites. My vps provider has given me this: 2607:f840:0044:0022:0000:0000:0000:0000/64 is routed to this server (2607:f840:0:3f:0:0:0:eda). This is ifconfig after setup with OpenVPN running: eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:16:3E:12:77:54 inet addr:208.111.39.160 Bcast:208.111.39.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: 2607:f740:0:3f::eda/64 Scope:Global inet6 addr: fe80::216:3eff:fe12:7754/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:2317253 errors:0 dropped:7263 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:1977414 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:1696120096 (1.5 GiB) TX bytes:1735352992 (1.6 GiB) Interrupt:29 lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:0 (0.0 b) TX bytes:0 (0.0 b) tun0 Link encap:UNSPEC HWaddr 00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00 inet addr:10.8.0.1 P-t-P:10.8.0.2 Mask:255.255.255.255 inet6 addr: 2607:f740:44:22::1/64 Scope:Global UP POINTOPOINT RUNNING NOARP MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:739567 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:1218240 errors:0 dropped:1542 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:100 RX bytes:46512557 (44.3 MiB) TX bytes:1559930874 (1.4 GiB) So OpenVPN is sucessfully creating a tun0 interface and assigning clients IPv6 addresses using 2607:f840:44:22::/64. The first client to connect is getting 2607:f840:44:22::1000 and the second 2607:f840:44:22::1001, and so on... plus 1 each time. After connecting as the first client, I can ping from my windows client machine 2607:f740:44:22::1 and 2607:f740:44:22::1000. However, I have no access to IPv6 websites. I believe the problem is that the tun0 IPv6 addressees are not being forwarded to the eth0 interface. This is the firewall running on the server: #!/bin/sh # # iptables configuration script # # Flush all current rules from iptables # iptables -F iptables -t nat -F # # Allow SSH connections on tcp port 22 # iptables -A INPUT -i eth0 -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT iptables -A OUTPUT -o eth0 -p tcp --sport 22 -j ACCEPT # # Set access for localhost # iptables -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT # # Accept connections on 1195 for vpn access from client # iptables -A INPUT -i eth0 -p udp --dport 1195 -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT iptables -A OUTPUT -o eth0 -p udp --sport 1195 -m state --state ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT # # Apply forwarding for OpenVPN Tunneling # iptables -A FORWARD -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT iptables -A FORWARD -s 10.8.0.0/24 -j ACCEPT iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j SNAT --to 209.111.39.160 iptables -A FORWARD -j REJECT # # Enable forwarding # echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward # # Set default policies for INPUT, FORWARD and OUTPUT chains # iptables -P INPUT ACCEPT iptables -P FORWARD ACCEPT iptables -P OUTPUT ACCEPT # # IPv6 # IP6TABLES=/sbin/ip6tables $IP6TABLES -F INPUT $IP6TABLES -F FORWARD $IP6TABLES -F OUTPUT echo -n "1" >/proc/sys/net/ipv6/conf/all/forwarding echo -n "1" >/proc/sys/net/ipv6/conf/all/proxy_ndp echo -n "0" >/proc/sys/net/ipv6/conf/all/autoconf echo -n "0" >/proc/sys/net/ipv6/conf/all/accept_ra $IP6TABLES -A INPUT -i eth0 -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT $IP6TABLES -A INPUT -i eth0 -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT $IP6TABLES -A INPUT -i eth0 -p icmpv6 -j ACCEPT $IP6TABLES -P INPUT ACCEPT $IP6TABLES -P FORWARD ACCEPT $IP6TABLES -P OUTPUT ACCEPT Server.conf: server-ipv6 2607:f840:44:22::/64 server 10.8.0.0 255.255.255.0 port 1195 proto udp dev tun ca ca.crt cert server.crt key server.key dh dh2048.pem ifconfig-pool-persist ipp.txt push "redirect-gateway def1 bypass-dhcp" push "dhcp-option DNS 208.67.222.222" push "dhcp-option DNS 208.67.220.220" keepalive 10 60 tls-auth ta.key 0 cipher AES-256-CBC comp-lzo user nobody group nobody persist-key persist-tun status openvpn-status.log log-append openvpn.log verb 5 Client.conf: client dev tun nobind keepalive 10 60 hand-window 15 remote 209.111.39.160 1195 udp persist-key persist-tun ca ca.crt key client1.key cert client1.crt remote-cert-tls server tls-auth ta.key 1 comp-lzo verb 3 cipher AES-256-CBC I'm not sure where I am going wrong, it could be the firewall, or something missing from server or client.conf. This version of OpenVPN was only released yesterday, and there's little info on the internet about how to setup an IPv6 over IPv4 vpn tunnel. I've read the manual for this new version of OpenVPN (parts pertaining to IPv6) and it provides very little info too. Thanks for any help.

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• What constitutes valid justification for more IP addresses?

  - by David

  I host a small website with a well known VPS service. They provided me with one IPv4 address upon registering and said additional addresses would require justification. I requested one additional IPv4 address so as to have one for a production environment and one for a testing/QA environment. They said this was unnecessary as I could just use alternative TCP ports for the test environment. I can live with using a non-standard port for non-production hosting, but it got me thinking, what would be valid justification? (I asked them and they didn't want to answer). Is there an industry standard for what counts as "valid" justification for additional IPv4 addresses?

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• My Vista's nslookup returns an ipv4 address for an ipv6 site

  - by deo

  the command: nslookup ipv6.google.com doesn't work quite well. somtimes it returns an correct ipv6 address, sometimes it returns an ipv4 address. How can this happen? [im using OpenDNS] much thanks for help.

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• Same Zone - Different NS for IPv4 & IPv6

  - by lukec

  Running authoratative zone for example.com with the NS for the A records on an IPv4 accessable NS but having the AAAA records for the same zone running on a different NS accessable via IPv6 - is this possible - viable - sensible?

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• is it possible in this case to get two IPv6 networks to communicate over the IPv4 Internet?

  - by user239167

  I have a setup of a laptop connected to a cellular IPv4 network (3G usb dongle) and PC connected to another IPv4/IPv6 network. Both have been configured to run as IPv6 routers and each has its IPv6 network. The laptop connects to the Internet via the 3G network with IPv4 address (private one and it is mostly changing) on one interface and has the other interface on AP mode providing its own private IPv6 network (2001:db8:444::/64). The PC connects to the Internet via the organization network with both public IPv4 and IPv6 addresses on one interface and has the other interface on AP mode providing its own private IPv6 network (2001:db8:222::/64). Both running Linux Ubuntu. Is it possible to get the two IPv6 network (2001:db8:222::/64 and 2001:db8:444::/64) to communicate over the IPv4 Internet? Is openvpn of any good in this case to get IPv6 traffic over IPv4-IPv4 tunnel? Thanks for helping in advance

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