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• How does btrfs RAID work in degraded mode?

  - by turbo

  My idea was that (using loopback devices) it works like this Create the raid array sudo mkfs.btrfs -m raid1 -d raid1 /dev/loop1 /dev/loop2 You mount them sudo mount /dev/loop1 /mnt and mark them touch goodcondition You unmount and simulate disk failure (remove disk or delete loopback device loop2 in my case) You mount degraded -o degraded and mark again touch degraded You add the bad disk again sudo btrfs dev add /dev/loop2 You rebalance sudo btrfs fi ba /mnt And Raid 1 should work again. But that's not the case. sudo btrfs fi show: Total devices 3 FS bytes used 28.00KB devid 3 size 4.00GB used 264.00MB path /dev/loop1 devid 2 size 4.00GB used 272.00MB path /dev/loop2 *** Some devices missing The file degraded lives on loop1 but not on loop2 when loop2 is mounted in degraded mode. Why is that?

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• Reasonable size for "filesystem reserved blocks" for non-OS disks?

  - by j-g-faustus

  When creating a file system ( mkfs ...) the file system reserves 5% of the space for its own use because, according to man tune2fs: Reserving some number of filesystem blocks for use by privileged processes is done to avoid filesystem fragmentation, and to allow system daemons, such as syslogd(8), to continue to function correctly after non-privileged processes are prevented from writing to the filesystem. But with large drives 5% is quite a lot of space. I have 4x1.5 TB drives for data storage (the OS runs on a separate disk), so the default setting would reserve 300 GB, which is an order of magnitude more than the the entire OS drive. The reserved space can be tweaked, but what is a reasonable size for a data disk? Can I set it to zero, or could that lead to issues with fragmentation?

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• How to correctly create a virtual file system?

  - by Paul

  A task in my homework assignment asks me to create a virtual file system, mount it, and perform some operations on it. I am supposed to create a file of 10 MB whose bits are all set to 0, format it as ext3 and mount it. This is how I've done that: dd if=/dev/zero of=~/filesyst bs=10485760 count=1 sudo mkfs.ext3 ~/filesyst sudo mount –o loop ~/filesyst /media/fuse Even though I've used /dev/sero, the file i still full of gibberish characters (mostly at-signs). The permissions on /media/fuse are drw-rw-rw- (which are alright), but the permissions on the files inside it are something like this: d????????? ? ? ? ? ? lost+found -????????? ? ? ? ? ? secret_bin Where have I gone wrong?

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• filesystem mounting problem

  - by user306988

  Hello, A DAS box is attached to my linux box using LSI SCSI HBA. Volume is properly detected on the linux box and filesystem is created using mkfs.ext2 /dev/sdc #No partition table I can not mount the volume using mount/dev/sdc /mnt/temp -t ext3 But I can mount it using mount /dev/sdc /mnt/temp -t ext3 -o loop Can anybody please tell me what "-o loop" option does internally? Has anybody faced this option before? Thanks in advance, prashant

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• mounting ext4 fs with block size of 65536

  - by seaquest

  I am doing some benchmarking on EXT4 performance on Compact Flash media. I have created an ext4 fs with block size of 65536. however I can not mount it on ubuntu-10.10-netbook-i386. (it is already mounting ext4 fs with 4096 bytes of block sizes) According to my readings on ext4 it should allow such big block sized fs. I want to hear your comments. root@ubuntu:~# mkfs.ext4 -b 65536 /dev/sda3 Warning: blocksize 65536 not usable on most systems. mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) mkfs.ext4: 65536-byte blocks too big for system (max 4096) Proceed anyway? (y,n) y Warning: 65536-byte blocks too big for system (max 4096), forced to continue Filesystem label= OS type: Linux Block size=65536 (log=6) Fragment size=65536 (log=6) Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks 19968 inodes, 19830 blocks 991 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user First data block=0 1 block group 65528 blocks per group, 65528 fragments per group 19968 inodes per group Writing inode tables: done Creating journal (1024 blocks): done Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done This filesystem will be automatically checked every 37 mounts or 180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override. root@ubuntu:~# tune2fs -l /dev/sda3 tune2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) Filesystem volume name: <none> Last mounted on: <not available> Filesystem UUID: 4cf3f507-e7b4-463c-be11-5b408097099b Filesystem magic number: 0xEF53 Filesystem revision #: 1 (dynamic) Filesystem features: has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype extent flex_bg sparse_super large_file huge_file uninit_bg dir_nlink extra_isize Filesystem flags: signed_directory_hash Default mount options: (none) Filesystem state: clean Errors behavior: Continue Filesystem OS type: Linux Inode count: 19968 Block count: 19830 Reserved block count: 991 Free blocks: 18720 Free inodes: 19957 First block: 0 Block size: 65536 Fragment size: 65536 Blocks per group: 65528 Fragments per group: 65528 Inodes per group: 19968 Inode blocks per group: 78 Flex block group size: 16 Filesystem created: Sat Feb 5 14:39:55 2011 Last mount time: n/a Last write time: Sat Feb 5 14:40:02 2011 Mount count: 0 Maximum mount count: 37 Last checked: Sat Feb 5 14:39:55 2011 Check interval: 15552000 (6 months) Next check after: Thu Aug 4 14:39:55 2011 Lifetime writes: 70 MB Reserved blocks uid: 0 (user root) Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root) First inode: 11 Inode size: 256 Required extra isize: 28 Desired extra isize: 28 Journal inode: 8 Default directory hash: half_md4 Directory Hash Seed: afb5b570-9d47-4786-bad2-4aacb3b73516 Journal backup: inode blocks root@ubuntu:~# mount -t ext4 /dev/sda3 /mnt/ mount: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /dev/sda3, missing codepage or helper program, or other error In some cases useful info is found in syslog - try dmesg | tail or so

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• Lustre - issues with simple setup

  - by ethrbunny

  Issue: I'm trying to assess the (possible) use of Lustre for our group. To this end I've been trying to create a simple system to explore the nuances. I can't seem to get past the 'llmount.sh' test with any degree of success. What I've done: Each system (throwaway PCs with 70Gb HD, 2Gb RAM) is formatted with CentOS 6.2. I then update everything and install the Lustre kernel from downloads.whamcloud.com and add on the various (appropriate) lustre and e2fs RPM files. Systems are rebooted and tested with 'llmount.sh' (and then cleared with 'llmountcleanup.sh'). All is well to this point. First I create an MDS/MDT system via: /usr/sbin/mkfs.lustre --mgs --mdt --fsname=lustre --device-size=200000 --param sys.timeout=20 --mountfsoptions=errors=remount-ro,user_xattr,acl --param lov.stripesize=1048576 --param lov.stripecount=0 --param mdt.identity_upcall=/usr/sbin/l_getidentity --backfstype ldiskfs --reformat /tmp/lustre-mdt1 and then mkdir -p /mnt/mds1 mount -t lustre -o loop,user_xattr,acl /tmp/lustre-mdt1 /mnt/mds1 Next I take 3 systems and create a 2Gb loop mount via: /usr/sbin/mkfs.lustre --ost --fsname=lustre --device-size=200000 --param sys.timeout=20 --mgsnode=lustre_MDS0@tcp --backfstype ldiskfs --reformat /tmp/lustre-ost1 mkdir -p /mnt/ost1 mount -t lustre -o loop /tmp/lustre-ost1 /mnt/ost1 The logs on the MDT box show the OSS boxes connecting up. All appears ok. Last I create a client and attach to the MDT box: mkdir -p /mnt/lustre mount -t lustre -o user_xattr,acl,flock luster_MDS0@tcp:/lustre /mnt/lustre Again, the log on the MDT box shows the client connection. Appears to be successful. Here's where the issues (appear to) start. If I do a 'df -h' on the client it hangs after showing the system drives. If I attempt to create files (via 'dd') on the lustre mount the session hangs and the job can't be killed. Rebooting the client is the only solution. If I do a 'lctl dl' from the client it shows that only 2/3 OST boxes are found and 'UP'. [root@lfsclient0 etc]# lctl dl 0 UP mgc MGC10.127.24.42@tcp 282d249f-fcb2-b90f-8c4e-2f1415485410 5 1 UP lov lustre-clilov-ffff880037e4d400 00fc176e-3156-0490-44e1-da911be9f9df 4 2 UP lmv lustre-clilmv-ffff880037e4d400 00fc176e-3156-0490-44e1-da911be9f9df 4 3 UP mdc lustre-MDT0000-mdc-ffff880037e4d400 00fc176e-3156-0490-44e1-da911be9f9df 5 4 UP osc lustre-OST0000-osc-ffff880037e4d400 00fc176e-3156-0490-44e1-da911be9f9df 5 5 UP osc lustre-OST0003-osc-ffff880037e4d400 00fc176e-3156-0490-44e1-da911be9f9df 5 Doing a 'lfs df' from the client shows: [root@lfsclient0 etc]# lfs df UUID 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on lustre-MDT0000_UUID 149944 16900 123044 12% /mnt/lustre[MDT:0] OST0000 : inactive device OST0001 : Resource temporarily unavailable OST0002 : Resource temporarily unavailable lustre-OST0003_UUID 187464 24764 152636 14% /mnt/lustre[OST:3] filesystem summary: 187464 24764 152636 14% /mnt/lustre Given that each OSS box has a 2Gb (loop) mount I would expect to see this reflected in available size. There are no errors on the MDS/MDT box to indicate that multiple OSS/OST boxes have been lost. EDIT: each system has all other systems defined in /etc/hosts and entries in iptables to provide access. SO: I'm clearly making several mistakes. Any pointers as to where to start correcting them?

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• “Disk /dev/xvda1 doesn't contain a valid partition table”

  - by Simpanoz

  Iam newbie to EC2 and Ubuntu 11 (EC2 Free tier Ubuntu). I have made following commands. sudo mkfs -t ext4 /dev/xvdf6 sudo mkdir /db sudo vim /etc/fstab /dev/xvdf6 /db ext4 noatime,noexec,nodiratime 0 0 sudo mount /dev/xvdf6 /db fdisk -l I got following output. Can some one guide me what I am doing wrong and how it can be rectified. Disk /dev/xvda1: 8589 MB, 8589934592 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1044 cylinders, total 16777216 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Disk /dev/xvda1 doesn't contain a valid partition table Disk /dev/xvdf6: 6442 MB, 6442450944 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 783 cylinders, total 12582912 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Disk /dev/xvdf6 doesn't contain a valid partition table.

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• Cannot format SD memory card

  - by cool

  Hello everyone I have a SD memory card which is of local manufacturer it allows to read & copy from it but not write as it is now write-protected so i want to format that card but could not. To format this card I have tried 1) DD command 2) mkfs -f vfat command 3) creating registry entry under storage device policy in window with write value 0 4) disk part command in window to clear attributes in which it show all attributes are clear ie no write protection 5) I format card in windows through control panel - administrative tools- computer management - disk management, then it show as formatted but when I tried to create new partition it give CYCLIC REDUNDANCY CHECK error 6) I downloaded a format utility from transcend site and formatted first it shows write protected again doing format it formats and tells to remove and reinsert after reinsertion it shows the previous data as it is

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• zram trimming by writing zero pages

  - by qdot

  I'm using ZRAM as a backing block device for /tmp filesystem in the following manner: echo 8000000000 > /sys/block/zram0/disksize mkfs.ext4 -O dir_nlink,extent,extra_isize,flex_bg,^has_journal,uninit_bg -m0 \ -b 4096 -L "zram0" /dev/zram0 mount -o barrier=0,commit=240,noatime,nodev,nosuid /dev/zram0 /tmp chmod aogu+rwx /tmp It works out reasonably well for me - however, there is an issue here - when files are removed, they are not zero'ed, so the ZRAM does not remote the compressed pages. Obviously running dd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/ZERO bs=1M count={free-space-some-rest}; rm /tmp/ZERO clears it up in the ZRAM - it gets notified of zero-pages and shrinks the store. How can I get ext4 to zero used pages on delete? Also, any other suggestions on how to optimize it?

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• Why can't windows see mmcblk0p3? [closed]

  - by jacknad

  The partition is created on the embedded linux target like this # n - new # p - partition # 3 - partition 3 # 66 - starting cylinder # <blank> - maximum size for the ending cylinder # t - set file system type # 3 - partition 3 # c - set to windows vfat # w - write partition table and exit echo -e "n\np\n3\n66\n\nt\n3\nc\nw" | fdisk /dev/mmcblk0 The file system is then formatted on the embedded linux target as MS-DOS like this # -n volume-name # -F FAT-size mkfs.vfat -n DB -F 32 /dev/mmcblk0p3 A linux host can mount and access files in mmcblk0p3 without issue. Why can't windows? Edit: Although the default number of FATS is 2 I tried adding -f 2 [number-of-FATs] since this is actually being done by busybox on an embedded platform but this didn't help. I understand the Linux MS-DOS file system does not support more than 2 FATs but there are only 2 on this target (the boot is also FAT which is visible), along with and EXT3 (on p2) for the root file system.

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• Disk is apparently in use by the system

  - by Shaun

  I've just fitted two disks to my home server. I'm trying to format and then raid them but I'm getting a problem that hours of Googling hasn't resolved this. The error that I'm getting is: # mkfs.ext3 /dev/sdb1 mke2fs 1.39 (29-May-2006) /dev/sdb1 is apparently in use by the system; will not make a filesystem here! # df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sda1 4.0G 1.9G 2.0G 49% / none 380M 0 380M 0% /dev/shm /opt/xensource/packages/iso/XenCenter.iso 51M 51M 0 100% /var/xen/xc-install # mount -t ext3 /dev/sdb1 /mnt/b mount: /dev/sdb1 already mounted or /mnt/b busy I'm new to this and it's got me beat. I wouldn't ask if I hadn't done my research first. Thanks.

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• Formatting a disk for Macintosh using Linux

  - by Ken Bloom

  I've been asked to move data from an old external hard drive to a new one, and to make the new one compatible with the Macintosh. (The old drive's USB connection has died, and I'm connecting to old the drive using a PC card that provieds an eSATA to the drive. The recipient's Macintosh doesn't have a PC card slot, so she can't access the old drive anymore. Hence, the new drive.) Naturally, I'm doing this data transfer using Linux. I've discovered that I can format the drive as HFS+ using mkfs.hfsplus from the hfsprogs package. But I need to know: do I need to do anything special with the partition table? Is there a special Macintosh partition table format that I need to format this disk to? If so, what tools can I use to get the right format for the partition table?

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• How to create a filesystem mountable by windows in linux?

  - by wcoenen

  I have attached an external USB disk to my debian gnu/linux system. The disk showed up as device /dev/sdc, and I prepared it like this: created a single partition with fdisk /dev/sdc (and some more commands in the interactive session that follows) formatted the partition with mkfs.msdos /dev/sdc1 If I then attach the USB disk to a Windows XP or Vista system, then no new drive becomes available. The disk and its partition show up fine in the disk managment tool under "computer management", but apparently the file system in the partition is not recognized. How do I create a FAT32 file system which can actually be used in windows? edit: I've given up on this and went with a NTFS file system created by windows. In debian lenny this can be mounted read-write but apparently it requires you to install the "ntfs-3g" package and explicitly pass the -t ntfs-3g option to the mount command.

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• NTFS write speed really slow (<15MB/s)

  - by Zulakis

  I got a new Seagate 4TB harddrive formatted with ntfs using parted /dev/sda > mklabel gpt > mkpart pri 1 -1 mkfs.ntfs /dev/sda1 When copying files or testing writespeed with dd, the max writespeed I can get is about 12MB/s. The harddrive should be capable of atleast 100MB/s. top shows high cpu usage for the mount.ntfs process. The system has a AMD dualcore. This is the output of parted /dev/sda unit s print: Model: ATA ST4000DM000-1F21 (scsi) Disk /dev/sda: 7814037168s Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/4096B Partition Table: gpt Number Start End Size File system Name Flags 1 2048s 7814035455s 7814033408s pri The used kernel is 3.5.0-23-generic. The ntfs-3g versions I tried are ntfs-3g 2012.1.15AR.1 (ubuntu 12.04 default) and the newest version ntfs-3g 2013.1.13AR.2. When formatted with ext4 I get good write speeds with about 140MB/s. How can I fix the writespeed?

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• ext4 loopback device, Buffer I/O Error on reboot

  - by cvb

  I am trying to mount a loopback device on my ext4 formatted ssd drive. I get these errors when I reboot on Linux kernel 2.6.38.8 Buffer I/O error on device loop1, logical block 0 Here is what I do: dd if=/dev/zero of=/mnt/s/lodev bs=4096 count=250000 mkfs.ext4 /mnt/s/lodev mount -n -o loop,rw /mnt/s/lodev /mnt/test The loopback mount is successful, but on reboot I get errors as mentioned above. Even mouting with 'sync','data=writeback' does not help. I tried to losetup a device, but see the same behavior. I also reformatted the base device and created the loopback device and mounted as above, I still see these errors. I do not see them when I format them as vfat. Appreciate any suggestions on this problem.

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• Bootstrapped Ubuntu 12.04 EC2 instance. Where to find log?

  - by nocode

  So I bootstrapped a shell script to install and run a bunch of tasks. Looks like the it ran for the most part, but I added one part and that was formatting an extra EBS volume. Pretty straightforward: mkfs.ext4 /dev/xvdf mkdir –m 000 /vol01 echo “/dev/xvdf /vol01 auto noatime 0 0” | sudo tee –a /etc/fstab sudo mount /vol01 I was able to install MongoDB, NGINX and Forever. I selected to use /dev/xdvf in the AWS console and see it. The 3rd line is not in fstab either. I've searched through various logs in /var/log/ but I don't really see much indicating the execution of the bootstrap. Logs that I see and looked through: auth.log boot.log dmesg dpkg.log syslog udev

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• How to calculate proper amount of inode/block sizes for a linux filesystem.

  - by Donatello

  I have an old reiser filesystem which I'm going to convert to Ext3. The problem I have is to determine the proper block- and inode-sizes for this partition. The partition is 44 GB large and has to hold 3,000,000+ files of sizes between 1 kb and 10kb, how can I figure out the best ratio of inodes and blocksize? The below is something I tried which seems OK but makes the copying files incredibly slow. mkfs.ext3 -t ext3 -c -c -b 1024 -i 4096 -I 128 -v -j -O sparse_super,filetype,has_journal /dev/sdb1 Thanks.

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• How to avoid loop limitation in a openvz container?

  - by mat.viguier

  On a openVZ containing Deb7 I need to lock the maximum size of a folder, which is used to upload on a php based web server. The directory is synced, so I have to lock the maxsize. MAXSIZE should be upgradable by adding some physical disk later ... I want to use a file as a block device for a file system. So I have done : dd if=/dev/zero of=/disk2/filesystem.dat bs=1M count=100 Then, I made the filesystem on it mkfs.ext4 filesystem.dat Then I tried to mount it : mkdir /opt/filesystem ; mount /disk2/filesystem.dat /opt/filesystem My OpenVZ (it is on a VPS) has no loop module in the kernerl. So I got Could not find any loop device as usual under OpenVz So i think I have to use FUSE, but I really do not know HOW .... Any idea on locking the size of directory under OpenVZ ?

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• How do I align my partition table properly?

  - by Jorge Castro

  I am in the process of building my first RAID5 array. I've used mdadm to create the following set up: root@bondigas:~# mdadm --detail /dev/md1 /dev/md1: Version : 00.90 Creation Time : Wed Oct 20 20:00:41 2010 Raid Level : raid5 Array Size : 5860543488 (5589.05 GiB 6001.20 GB) Used Dev Size : 1953514496 (1863.02 GiB 2000.40 GB) Raid Devices : 4 Total Devices : 4 Preferred Minor : 1 Persistence : Superblock is persistent Update Time : Wed Oct 20 20:13:48 2010 State : clean, degraded, recovering Active Devices : 3 Working Devices : 4 Failed Devices : 0 Spare Devices : 1 Layout : left-symmetric Chunk Size : 64K Rebuild Status : 1% complete UUID : f6dc829e:aa29b476:edd1ef19:85032322 (local to host bondigas) Events : 0.12 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State 0 8 16 0 active sync /dev/sdb 1 8 32 1 active sync /dev/sdc 2 8 48 2 active sync /dev/sdd 4 8 64 3 spare rebuilding /dev/sde While that's going I decided to format the beast with the following command: root@bondigas:~# mkfs.ext4 /dev/md1p1 mke2fs 1.41.11 (14-Mar-2010) /dev/md1p1 alignment is offset by 63488 bytes. This may result in very poor performance, (re)-partitioning suggested. Filesystem label= OS type: Linux Block size=4096 (log=2) Fragment size=4096 (log=2) Stride=16 blocks, Stripe width=48 blocks 97853440 inodes, 391394047 blocks 19569702 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user First data block=0 Maximum filesystem blocks=0 11945 block groups 32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group 8192 inodes per group Superblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208, 4096000, 7962624, 11239424, 20480000, 23887872, 71663616, 78675968, 102400000, 214990848 Writing inode tables: ^C 27/11945 root@bondigas:~# ^C I am unsure what to do about "/dev/md1p1 alignment is offset by 63488 bytes." and how to properly partition the disks to match so I can format it properly.

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• Programming concepts taken from the arts and humanities

  - by Joey Adams

  After reading Paul Graham's essay Hackers and Painters and Joel Spolsky's Advice for Computer Science College Students, I think I've finally gotten it through my thick skull that I should not be loath to work hard in academic courses that aren't "programming" or "computer science" courses. To quote the former: I've found that the best sources of ideas are not the other fields that have the word "computer" in their names, but the other fields inhabited by makers. Painting has been a much richer source of ideas than the theory of computation. — Paul Graham, "Hackers and Painters" There are certainly other, much stronger reasons to work hard in the "boring" classes. However, it'd also be neat to know that these classes may someday inspire me in programming. My question is: what are some specific examples where ideas from literature, art, humanities, philosophy, and other fields made their way into programming? In particular, ideas that weren't obviously applied the way they were meant to (like most math and domain-specific knowledge), but instead gave utterance or inspiration to a program's design and choice of names. Good examples: The term endian comes from Gulliver's Travels by Tom Swift (see here), where it refers to the trivial matter of which side people crack open their eggs. The terms journal and transaction refer to nearly identical concepts in both filesystem design and double-entry bookkeeping (financial accounting). mkfs.ext2 even says: Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done Off-topic: Learning to write English well is important, as it enables a programmer to document and evangelize his/her software, as well as appear competent to other programmers online. Trigonometry is used in 2D and 3D games to implement rotation and direction aspects. Knowing finance will come in handy if you want to write an accounting package. Knowing XYZ will come in handy if you want to write an XYZ package. Arguably on-topic: The Monad class in Haskell is based on a concept by the same name from category theory. Actually, Monads in Haskell are monads in the category of Haskell types and functions. Whatever that means...

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• ext4 jbd2 journaling active even on empty filesystem

  - by Paul

  I have been having several issues with my ext4 filesystems that seem to be due to jbd2 journaling. I made a related post here and am rephrasing it with the hope that someone may be able to help. For a minimal example, I start with an empty 8gb USB stick and use gparted to create one ext4 partition. The command used by gparted when creating the ext4 file system is: mkfs.ext4 -j -O extent -L DataTraveler8gb /dev/sde1 I check the filesystem with gparted: e2fsck -f -y -v /dev/sde1 and I mount it: sudo mount /dev/sde1 /media/test The disk is empty, but the journaling is very active on this disk (/dev/sde1). The other disks are ext4 SSDs formatted similarly. A snapshot of iotop: % sudo iotop -oPa Total DISK READ: 0.00 B/s | Total DISK WRITE: 2027.21 K/s PID PRIO USER DISK READ DISK WRITE SWAPIN IO COMMAND 262 be/3 root 0.00 B 56.00 K 0.00 % 0.18 % [jbd2/sda1-8] 29069 be/3 root 0.00 B 0.00 B 0.00 % 0.16 % [jbd2/sde1-8] 891 be/3 root 0.00 B 4.00 K 0.00 % 0.03 % [jbd2/sdc1-8] What is jbd2 doing with /dev/sde1? If I follow the same steps with a larger 2Tb disk, iotop indicates this empty disk is constantly being written to by jbd2 at the rate of Mb/s as soon as I mount it. On the other disks, which have the OS and /home, I have tried to find if any files are being modified by processes to cause this behavior but couldn't find any. I also moved many of the disk intensive process to use a tmpfs. And used noatime. I have another non-SSD hard disk on this machine, /dev/sdb, that is also ext4 but was not formatted by gparted (given to me by a coworker). It does not appear in iotop. So I am assuming there an issue with gparted. Any suggestions are appreciated. Also any tips on how to modify existing partitions to fix the issue without having to start from scratch would be great. There are some posts related to jbd2 but they didn't help (eg. here).

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• How do I align my partition table properly?

  - by Jorge Castro

  I am in the process of building my first RAID5 array. I've used mdadm to create the following set up: root@bondigas:~# mdadm --detail /dev/md1 /dev/md1: Version : 00.90 Creation Time : Wed Oct 20 20:00:41 2010 Raid Level : raid5 Array Size : 5860543488 (5589.05 GiB 6001.20 GB) Used Dev Size : 1953514496 (1863.02 GiB 2000.40 GB) Raid Devices : 4 Total Devices : 4 Preferred Minor : 1 Persistence : Superblock is persistent Update Time : Wed Oct 20 20:13:48 2010 State : clean, degraded, recovering Active Devices : 3 Working Devices : 4 Failed Devices : 0 Spare Devices : 1 Layout : left-symmetric Chunk Size : 64K Rebuild Status : 1% complete UUID : f6dc829e:aa29b476:edd1ef19:85032322 (local to host bondigas) Events : 0.12 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State 0 8 16 0 active sync /dev/sdb 1 8 32 1 active sync /dev/sdc 2 8 48 2 active sync /dev/sdd 4 8 64 3 spare rebuilding /dev/sde While that's going I decided to format the beast with the following command: root@bondigas:~# mkfs.ext4 /dev/md1p1 mke2fs 1.41.11 (14-Mar-2010) /dev/md1p1 alignment is offset by 63488 bytes. This may result in very poor performance, (re)-partitioning suggested. Filesystem label= OS type: Linux Block size=4096 (log=2) Fragment size=4096 (log=2) Stride=16 blocks, Stripe width=48 blocks 97853440 inodes, 391394047 blocks 19569702 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user First data block=0 Maximum filesystem blocks=0 11945 block groups 32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group 8192 inodes per group Superblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208, 4096000, 7962624, 11239424, 20480000, 23887872, 71663616, 78675968, 102400000, 214990848 Writing inode tables: ^C 27/11945 root@bondigas:~# ^C I am unsure what to do about "/dev/md1p1 alignment is offset by 63488 bytes." and how to properly partition the disks to match so I can format it properly.

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• Accessing host LVM partition from Windows XP through Virt.manager 0.8.5 / Qemu / KVM

  - by Nico de Smidt

  Hi, requested use case is having a Windows XP SP3 guest running in 64bit Ubuntu. (Linux pcs 2.6.35-22-server #35-Ubuntu SMP Sat Oct 16 22:02:33 UTC 2010 x86_64 GNU/Linux) I want this guest to access an LVM LV on the Ubuntu disk. I've setup the following LVM config: --- Logical volume --- LV Name /dev/storage/sdc1 VG Name storage LV UUID Zg5IMC-OlqB-prL5-fgg4-3A9A-OgKP-oZ0QkJ LV Write Access read/write LV Status available # open 0 LV Size 1.01 GiB Current LE 259 Segments 1 Allocation inherit Read ahead sectors auto - currently set to 256 Block device 251:3 -- 1) I've setup a storage pool for /dev/storage 2) I've mkfs.vfat /dev/storage/sdc1 3) and made a virtual IDE disk in the virt-manager setup for the guest. Target device: IDE Disk 2 Source path: /dev/storage/sdc1 -- Now when running XP (guest) Windows sees a new disk in Disk Manager and want's to install a partition on it, since it believes the drive is empty. After formatting from within Windows I can put data on the new disk volume. -- Back in Ubuntu however I cannot access this this any more since it created a partition within an LVM Logical Volume. Running fdisk -l shows the following: root@pcs:/media# fdisk -l /dev/storage/sdc1 Disk /dev/storage/sdc1: 1086 MB, 1086324736 bytes 32 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1052 cylinders Units = cylinders of 2016 * 512 = 1032192 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x8d72e4f4 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/storage/sdc1p1 1 1050 1058368+ c W95 FAT32 (LBA) -- which seems fine to me, but when trying to mount /dev/storage/sdc1p1 I get the following error: mount /dev/storage/sdc1p1 /media/xp mount: special device /dev/storage/sdc1p1 does not exist which makes sense since in lvdisplay sdc1p1 does not exist Main question: I want to mount the vfat partition in both Ubuntu and XP What am I missing here????? regards, and thanks for your consideration. Nico

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• Cloned partition not seen correctly by disk utility & gparted

  - by enrico

  Some days ago I cloned my /dev/sda1 partition with clonezilla in partition-to-partition mode to /dev/sda3. It worked, but now that I've finished the setup of system in /dev/sda3, I wanna reinstall /dev/sda1 for other stuffs. This partition is NOT mounted, but ubuntu's DISK UTILITY thinks it is, while it doesn't see as mounted the currently active / partition /dev/sda3. This is the df- TH output : Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sda3 ext4 32G 6.2G 24G 21% / udev devtmpfs 2.2G 13k 2.2G 1% /dev tmpfs tmpfs 845M 906k 844M 1% /run none tmpfs 5.3M 0 5.3M 0% /run/lock none tmpfs 2.2G 115k 2.2G 1% /run/shm /dev/sdb1 fuseblk 321G 147G 174G 46% /Dati Gparted instead, sees /dev/sda1 as NOT mounted (checked with Information option), but it display the BOOT flag on this partition, while the real booted partition /dev/sda3, hasn't it. If I try to format the /dev/sda1 partition, it gives me this error : GParted 0.8.1 --enable-libparted-dmraid Libparted 2.3 Format /dev/sda1 as ext2 00:00:02 ( ERROR ) calibrate /dev/sda1 00:00:00 ( SUCCESS ) path: /dev/sda1 start: 2048 end: 62500863 size: 62498816 (29.80 GiB) set partition type on /dev/sda1 00:00:02 ( SUCCESS ) new partition type: ext2 create new ext2 file system 00:00:00 ( ERROR ) mkfs.ext2 -L "" /dev/sda1 mke2fs 1.41.14 (22-Dec-2010) /dev/sda1 is mounted; will not make a filesystem here! How is possible to correct this behaviour ? Is this due to some lacking option in clonezilla phase ? TIA Enrico

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• copying an lvm partition to a smaller disk, and renaming volume groups.

  - by dlamblin

  I was trying to shrink a vmdk (VMWare disk image) file to be as small as possible, and found two recommendations. The first is to cat /dev/zero into the fs then delete it, and run VMWare tools' shrink. This works okay. The second is to copy everything into a new vmdk. I went the second route. I did not use dd because I actaully want to use as few blocks as possible, instead of having a block-by-clok copy. Any unlinked files will still have blocks that aren't zeroed out. Secondly the centos image was mostly lvm, except for the boot partition, and my target was going to be 4gb instead of 8gb. I did use dd for the first 40mb to get the boot blocks and partition copied. I then used parted to create an identical primary boot, and smaller primary lvm. Then I used pvcreate on that device sdb2, vgcreate, and lvcreate to create a root and swap. I used mkfs.ext3fs on the root partition and then rsync -av / /2root excluding /proc /sys /2root /dev. So far everything went fine. My problem is that: The result is 2.7 GB while the source was 2.1 GB. This is weird to me. The second vgroup is called VolGroup01, while the original was called VolGroup00. How can I rename the VolGroup01 to VolGroup00 and swap it out after all this?

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