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  • Choosing the right and learning assembler for compiler-writing

    - by X A
    I'm writing a compiler and I have gone through all the steps (tokenizing, parsing, syntax tree structures, etc.) that they show you in all the compiler books. (Please don't comment with the link to the "Resources for writing a compiler" question!). I have chosen to use NASM together with alink as my backend. Now my problem is: I just can't find any good resources for learning NASM and assembly in general. The wikibook (german) on x86 assembly is horrible. They don't even explain the code they write there, I currently can't even get simple things like adding 1 to 2 and outputting the result working. Where can I learn NASM x86 assembly?

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  • gdb + nasm debug info not being created

    - by cpowel2
    I am relatively new to assembly language programming and am trying to debug a small .asm file that I wrote in Ubuntu. I am however running into an issue where my symbol table is not being loaded and was looking for some help. I am compiling my program as follows. nasm -f elf -g -F dwarf bs.asm gcc -m32 -g bs.o -o bs which produces the executable bs when I run gdb bs I get a message that says no debugging symbols and when I try to set a break point by b main it says function not defined even though its in the file and I can run it using ./bs I read a couple posts that suggested adding the -F dwarf when assembling but that didn't help if anyone has any insight I would greatly appreciated your input. Thanks in advance

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  • Problem with bootstrap loader and kernel

    - by dboarman-FissureStudios
    We are working on a project to learn how to write a kernel and learn the ins and outs. We have a bootstrap loader written and it appears to work. However we are having a problem with the kernel loading. I'll start with the first part: bootloader.asm: [BITS 16] [ORG 0x0000] ; ; all the stuff in between ; ; the bottom of the bootstrap loader datasector dw 0x0000 cluster dw 0x0000 ImageName db "KERNEL SYS" msgLoading db 0x0D, 0x0A, "Loading Kernel Shell", 0x0D, 0x0A, 0x00 msgCRLF db 0x0D, 0x0A, 0x00 msgProgress db ".", 0x00 msgFailure db 0x0D, 0x0A, "ERROR : Press key to reboot", 0x00 TIMES 510-($-$$) DB 0 DW 0xAA55 ;************************************************************************* The bootloader.asm is too long for the editor without causing it to chug and choke. In addition, the bootloader and kernel do work within bochs as we do get the message "Welcome to our OS". Anyway, the following is what we have for a kernel at this point. kernel.asm: [BITS 16] [ORG 0x0000] [SEGMENT .text] ; code segment mov ax, 0x0100 ; location where kernel is loaded mov ds, ax mov es, ax cli mov ss, ax ; stack segment mov sp, 0xFFFF ; stack pointer at 64k limit sti mov si, strWelcomeMsg ; load message call _disp_str mov ah, 0x00 int 0x16 ; interrupt: await keypress int 0x19 ; interrupt: reboot _disp_str: lodsb ; load next character or al, al ; test for NUL character jz .DONE mov ah, 0x0E ; BIOS teletype mov bh, 0x00 ; display page 0 mov bl, 0x07 ; text attribute int 0x10 ; interrupt: invoke BIOS jmp _disp_str .DONE: ret [SEGMENT .data] ; initialized data segment strWelcomeMsg db "Welcome to our OS", 0x00 [SEGMENT .bss] ; uninitialized data segment Using nasm 2.06rc2 I compile as such: nasm bootloader.asm -o bootloader.bin -f bin nasm kernel.asm -o kernel.sys -f bin We write bootloader.bin to the floppy as such: dd if=bootloader.bin bs=512 count=1 of/dev/fd0 We write kernel.sys to the floppy as such: cp kernel.sys /dev/fd0 As I stated, this works in bochs. But booting from the floppy we get output like so: Loading Kernel Shell ........... ERROR : Press key to reboot Other specifics: OpenSUSE 11.2, GNOME desktop, AMD x64 Any other information I may have missed, feel free to ask. I tried to get everything in here that would be needed. If I need to, I can find a way to get the entire bootloader.asm posted somewhere. We are not really interested in using GRUB either for several reasons. This could change, but we want to see this boot successful before we really consider GRUB.

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  • Makefile won't copy .o to obj/ and target to bin/ folders

    - by about blank
    I'm trying to write a Makefile which will copy its target and objects to bin/ and obj/ directories, respectively. Yet, when I try to run it I get the following error: nasm -f elf64 -g -F stabs main.asm -l spacelander.lst ld -o spacelander obj/main.o ld: cannot find obj/main.o: No such file or directory make: *** [spacelander] Error 1 Why is this happening? Update I noticed when I posted the error that it was due to white spacing errors. After taking care of those, I still get the new error I replaced with the old one I mentioned prior. What is this?? Update 2 Posted -d flag output below Makefile source. Source ASM := nasm ARGS := -f FMT := elf64 OPT := -g -F stabs SRC := main.asm OBJDIR := obj TARGETDIR := bin OBJ := $(addprefix $(OBJDIR)/,$(patsubst %.asm, %.o, $(wildcard *.asm))) TARGET := spacelander .PHONY: all clean all: $(OBJDIR) $(TARGET) $(OBJDIR): mkdir $(OBJDIR) $(OBJDIR)/%.o: $(SRC) $(ASM) $(ARGS) $(FMT) $(OPT) $(SRC) -l $(TARGET).lst $(TARGET): $(OBJ) ld -o $(TARGET) $(OBJ) clean: @rm -f $(TARGET) $(wildcard *.o) @rm -rf $(OBJDIR) make -d Output - NOTE: output is too many characters for body, thus is pastebinned http://pastebin.com/3bctGJxs

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  • Good assembly tutorial for windows with eiter fasm or nasm

    - by The new guy
    I have spent the last 3 hours google and bing for a good asm tutorial(x86 variety). I have been on this site for many of these results. Non have really been sufficient. Mainly because while i like learning theory, i learn it best via practice, while for example pc-asm has about 20-30 pages of theroy before anything practical. I was wondering if there was a tutorial or online pdf (or cheap book(<£20)) that i could use that suits my style of learning. Please state if this is not possibke Thank you for your time

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  • How can I create an Assembly program WITHOUT using libraries?

    - by Newbie
    Hello. I've literally only just started looking to learn Assembly language. I'm using the NASM assembler on Windows Vista. Usually, when I begin to learn a new language, I'll copy someone else's Hello World code and try to understand it line-by-line. However, I'm finding it suprisingy difficult to find a Hello World program that doesn't reference other libraries! You see, there's no point trying to understand each line of the code if it is closely linked with a whole library of additional code! One of the reasons I want to learn Assembly is so that I can have near complete control over the programs I write. I don't want to be depending on any libraries. And so my question is this: Can anyone give me NASM-compatible Assembly code to a completely stand-alone Hello World program that can output to the Windows Vista console? Alternatively, I appreciate that a library may be required to tell the pogram WHERE to print the output (ie. the Windows console). Other than that, I can't see why any libraries should be required. Am I overlooking anything?

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  • Order of the [BITS 16] and [ORG 0x0000] directives

    - by dboarman-FissureStudios
    I am beginning some experimentation in writing a kernel and having fun doing it. I have the basic boot-loader done and the following directives: [BITS 16] [ORG 0x0000] In the kernel tutorial, however, it starts with: [ORG 0x0000] [BITS 16] I was wondering if the order in which these directives are given makes a difference? I am using NASM version 2.06rc2, OpenSUSE 11.2

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  • Windows API calls from assembly while minimizing program size

    - by takteek
    I'm trying to write a program in assembly and make the resulting executable as small as possible. Some of what I'm doing requires windows API calls to functions such as WriteProcessMemory. I've had some success with calling these functions, but after compiling and linking, my program comes out in the range of 14-15 KB. (From a source of less than 1 KB) I was hoping for much, much less than that. I'm very new to doing low level things like this so I don't really know what would need to be done to make the program smaller. I understand that the exe format itself takes up quite a bit of space. Can anything be done to minimize that? I should mention that I'm using NASM and GCC but I can easily change if that would help.

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  • assembler - understanding of some lines

    - by user1571682
    with the help of some tutorials, i wrote a little piece of code, to display me a string, after booting from my floppy. my problem is now, that dont understand some lines, were i hope u can help me, or just tell me, if im right. code: mov ax, 07C0h add ax, 288 ; (512 + 4096) / 16 = 288 mov ss, ax mov sp, 4096 mov ax, 07C0h mov ds, ax line: start the program @ the adress 07C0h (could i change this?) Add space for 288 paragraphs to ax ? Space of 4096 bytes for my program (to store variables and stuff?) Go to the start adress ? thanks for your help.

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  • linux kernel booting from my bootloader

    - by sp3tsnaz
    hi , i wish to load linux using my own bootloader .. preliminary research and google told me that i ll have to use start_kerne() function .. i want to ask how can i call start_kernel() from assembly .. i have already formatted my usb into ext3 and pasted the compiled kernel there .. now how can i start the linux kernel ? any help is welcome // Thankyou in advance Mohsin .

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  • Segmentation Fault when using "mov" in Assembly

    - by quithakay207
    I am working on a simple assembly program for a class, and am encountering an odd segmentation fault. It's a pretty simple program to convert bytes into kilobytes. However, within the function that does the conversion, I get a segmentation fault when I try to move the value 1024 into the ebx register. I've never had this kind of problem before when working with registers. Does someone know what could be causing this? I imagine it is something simple that I'm overlooking. Thank you! asm_main: enter 0,0 pusha mov eax, 0 mov ebx, 0 call read_int push eax call functionA popa mov leave ret functionA: mov eax, [esp + 4] call print_int call print_nl mov ebx, 1024 ;segmentation fault occurs here div ebx call print_int ret UPDATE: One interesting discovery is that if I delete the lines interacting with the stack, push eax and mov eax, [esp + 4], there is no longer a segmentation fault. However, I get a crazy result in eax after performing div ebx.

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  • Assembly: Why does jumping to a label that returns via ret cause a segmentation fault?

    - by Terribad
    Linux Assembly Tutorial states: there is one very important thing to remember: If you are planning to return from a procedure (with the RET instruction), don't jump to it! As in "never!" Doing that will cause a segmentation fault on Linux (which is OK – all your program does is terminate), but in DOS it may blow up in your face with various degrees of terribleness. But I cannot understand why does it causes a segmentation fault. it sounds just like returning from a function. I have a situation where I need to implement the logic "If X happens, call procedure A. Otherwise, call procedure B." Is there any other way than jumping around like a kangaroo weaving spaghetti code?

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  • Assembly load and execute issue

    - by Jean Carlos Suárez Marranzini
    I'm trying to develop Assembly code allowing me to load and execute(by input of the user) 2 other Assembly .EXE programs. I'm having two problems: -I don't seem to be able to assign the pathname to a valid register(Or maybe incorrect syntax) -I need to be able to execute the other program after the first one (could be either) started its execution. This is what I have so far: mov ax,cs ; moving code segment to data segment mov ds,ax mov ah,1h ; here I read from keyboard int 21h mov dl,al cmp al,'1' ; if 1 jump to LOADRUN1 JE LOADRUN1 popf cmp al,'2' ; if 1 jump to LOADRUN2 JE LOADRUN2 popf LOADRUN1: MOV AH,4BH MOV AL,00 LEA DX,[PROGNAME1] ; Not sure if it works INT 21H LOADRUN2: MOV AH,4BH MOV AL,00 LEA DX,[PROGNAME2] ; Not sure if it works INT 21H ; Here I define the bytes containing the pathnames PROGNAME1 db 'C:\Users\Usuario\NASM\Adding.exe',0 PROGNAME2 db 'C:\Users\Usuario\NASM\Substracting.exe',0 I just don't know how start another program by input in the 'parent' program, after one is already executing. Thanks in advance for your help! Any additional information I'll be more than happy to provide. -I'm using NASM 16 bits, Windows 7 32 bits.

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  • Making money from a custom built interpreter?

    - by annoying_squid
    I have been making considerable progress lately on building an interpreter. I am building it from NASM assembly code (for the core engine) and C (cl.exe the Microsoft compiler for the parser). I really don't have a lot of time but I have a lot of good ideas on how to build this so it appeals to a certain niche market. I'd love to finish this but I need to face reality here ... unless I can make some good monetary return on my investment, there is not a lot of time for me to invest. So I ask the following questions to anyone out there, especially those who have experience in monetizing their programs: 1) How easy is it for a programmer to make good money from one design? (I know this is vague but it will be interesting to hear from those who have experience or know of others' experiences). 2) What are the biggest obstacles to making money from a programming design? 3) For the parser, I am using the Microsoft compiler (no IDE) I got from visual express, so will this be an issue? Will I have to pay royalties or a license fee? 4) As far as I know NASM is a 2-clause BSD licensed application. So this should allow me to use NASM for commericial development unless I am missing something? It's good to know these things before launching into the meat and potatoes of the project.

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  • Test assembly code on a mac

    - by happyCoding25
    Hello, A while back I was following some tutorials an assembly. I was running it all on a windows machine, compiling with NASM and then writing the compiled code to a floppy disk, then reboot and try the code. This process was long and time consuming and sadly was not on a mac. When I found out that Xcode for mac installed NASM I immediately tried to compile some code. The code compiled fine. The issue is testing it. On a mac I have no floppy (not like I want to use one) so Im not sure how to test this. I looked in to Q (kju) and found it would only emulate things on an ISO file. So I guess what Im asking is is it possible to install the compiled code on an ISO file for testing? (Note: the code when compiled forms a .bin file) Thanks for any help

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  • CodePlex Daily Summary for Thursday, June 21, 2012

    CodePlex Daily Summary for Thursday, June 21, 2012Popular ReleasesuComponents: uComponents v3.1.1: Continuing on from 84817, we are proud to announce our 3.1.1 release! The following issues have been resolved: 14640 14696 14704 14724 Please note: This release is not to be confused with the upcoming 80410 (which will support .NET 4.0)MVVM Light Toolkit: V4RTM (binaries only) including Windows 8 RP: This package contains all the latest DLLs for MVVM Light V4 RTM. It includes the DLLs for Windows 8 Release Preview. An updated Nuget package is also available at http://nuget.org/packages/MvvmLightLibs An installer with binaries, snippets and templates will follow ASAP.Weapsy - ASP.NET MVC CMS: 1.0.0: - Some changes to Layout and CSS - Changed version number to 1.0.0.0 - Solved Cache and Session items handler error in IIS 7 - Created the Modules, Plugins and Widgets Areas - Replaced CKEditor with TinyMCE - Created the System Info page - Minor changesAuto Proxy Configuration: Windows Proxy Setup V1.2: Bug FixesXDA ROM Hub: XDA ROM HUB v0.5: Added XRH Backup -- Backup & restore data, system and cache USE AT YOUR OWN RISK! - USE ONLY IN RECOVERY!AcDown????? - AcDown Downloader Framework: AcDown????? v3.11.7: ?? ●AcDown??????????、??、??????。????，????，?????????????????????????。???????????Acfun、????(Bilibili)、??、??、YouTube、??、???、??????、SF????、????????????。 ●??????AcPlay?????，??????、????????????????。 ● AcDown??????????????????，????????????????????????????。 ● AcDown???????C#??，????.NET Framework 2.0??。?????"Acfun?????"。 ????32??64? Windows XP/Vista/7/8 ??：????????Windows XP???,?????????.NET Framework 2.0???(x86)，?????"?????????"??? ??????????????，??????????： ??"AcDown?????"????????? ...Apex: Apex 1.4: Apex 1.4Apex 1.4 provides a framework for rapid MVVM development. Download Apex 1.4 to get the core binaries, Visual Studio Extensions, Project Templates, Samples and Documentation. The 1.4 Release provides a vast number of enhancements via the Apex Broker. The Apex Broker is an object that can be used to retrieve models, get the view for a view model and more, much like an IoC container. The new Zune Style application templates for WPF and Silverlight give a great starting point for makin...NShader - HLSL - GLSL - CG - Shader Syntax Highlighter AddIn for Visual Studio: NShader 1.3 - VS2010 + VS2012: This is a small maintenance release to support new VS2012 as well as VS2010. This release is also fixing the issue The "Comment Selection" include the first line after the selection If the new NShader version doesn't highlight your shader, you can try to: Remove the registry entry: HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\VisualStudio\11.0\FontAndColors\Cache Remove all lines using "fx" or "hlsl" in file C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio 11.0\Common7\IDE\CommonExtensions\Micr...JSON Toolkit: JSON Toolkit 4.0: Up to 2.5x performance improvement in stringify operations Up to 1.7x performance improvement in parse operations Improved error messages when parsing invalid JSON strings Extended support to .Net 2.0, .Net 3.5, .Net 4.0, Silverlight 4, Windows Phone, Windows 8 metro apps and Xbox JSON namespace changed to ComputerBeacon.Json namespaceXenta Framework - extensible enterprise n-tier application framework: Xenta Framework 1.8.0: System Requirements OS Windows 7 Windows Vista Windows Server 2008 Windows Server 2008 R2 Web Server Internet Information Service 7.0 or above .NET Framework .NET Framework 4.0 WCF Activation feature HTTP Activation Non-HTTP Activation for net.pipe/net.tcp WCF bindings ASP.NET MVC ASP.NET MVC 3.0 Database Microsoft SQL Server 2005 Microsoft SQL Server 2008 Microsoft SQL Server 2008 R2 Additional Deployment Configuration Started Windows Process Activation service Start...ASP.NET REST Services Framework: Release 1.3 - Standard version: The REST-services Framework v1.3 has important functional changes allowing to use complex data types as service call parameters. Such can be mapped to form or query string variables or the HTTP Message Body. This is especially useful when REST-style service URLs with POST or PUT HTTP method is used. Beginning from v1.1 the REST-services Framework is compatible with ASP.NET Routing model as well with CRUD (Create, Read, Update, and Delete) principle. These two are often important when buildin...NanoMVVM: a lightweight wpf MVVM framework: v0.10 stable beta: v0.10 Minor fixes to ui and code, added error example to async commands, separated project into various releases (mainly into logical wholes), removed expression blend satellite assembliesMFCMAPI: June 2012 Release: Build: 15.0.0.1034 Full release notes at SGriffin's blog. If you just want to run the MFCMAPI or MrMAPI, get the executables. If you want to debug them, get the symbol files and the source. The 64 bit builds will only work on a machine with Outlook 2010 64 bit installed. All other machines should use the 32 bit builds, regardless of the operating system. Facebook BadgeMonoGame - Write Once, Play Everywhere: MonoGame 2.5.1: Release Notes The MonoGame team are pleased to announce that MonoGame v2.5.1 has been released. This release contains important bug fixes and minor updates. Recent additions include project templates for iOS and MacOS. The MonoDevelop.MonoGame AddIn also works on Linux. We have removed the dependency on the thirdparty GamePad library to allow MonoGame to be included in the debian/ubuntu repositories. There have been a major bug fix to ensure textures are disposed of correctly as well as some ...????: ????2.0.2: 1、???????????。 2、DJ???????10?，?????????10?。 3、??.NET 4.5(Windows 8)????????????。 4、???????????。 5、??????????????。 6、???Windows 8????。 7、?????2.0.1???????????????。 8、??DJ?????????。Azure Storage Explorer: Azure Storage Explorer 5 Preview 1 (6.17.2012): Azure Storage Explorer verison 5 is in development, and Preview 1 provides an early look at the new user interface and some of the new features. Here's what's new in v5 Preview 1: New UI, similar to the new Windows Azure HTML5 portal Support for configuring and viewing storage account logging Support for configuring and viewing storage account monitoring Uses the Windows Azure 1.7 SDK libraries Bug fixesCodename 'Chrometro': Developer Preview: Welcome to the Codename 'Chrometro' Developer Preview! This is the very first public preview of the app. Please note that this is a highly primitive build and the app is not even half of what it is meant to be. The Developer Preview sports the following: 1) An easy to use application setup. 2) The Assistant which simplifies your task of customization. 3) The partially complete Metro UI. 4) A variety of settings 5) A partially complete web browsing experience To get started, download the Ins...KangaModeling: Kanga Modeling 1.0: This is the public release 1.0 of Kanga Modeling. -Cosmos (C# Open Source Managed Operating System): Release 92560: Prerequisites Visual Studio 2010 - Any version including Express. Express users must also install Visual Studio 2010 Integrated Shell runtime VMWare - Cosmos can run on real hardware as well as other virtualization environments but our default debug setup is configured for VMWare. VMWare Player (Free). or Workstation VMWare VIX API 1.11AutoUpdaterdotNET : Autoupdate for VB.NET and C# Developer: AutoUpdater.NET 1.1: Release Notes New feature added that allows user to select remind later interval.New Projects.NET Heatmap: This is a simple project using C#, JQuery, and heatmap.js that allows you to create a heatmap for a web page using static data from a SQL database.Advanced Data Server: Advanced Data Server (ADS) is a library that enables you to create powerful server applications with little code.ARPAMISproject: This is an ambitious project that aims to provide an extensive business solution to schools, universities or any academic institutions alike. ArraySegments (by Stephen Cleary): Lightweight extension methods for ArraySegment<T>, particularly useful for byte arrays.Auto Proxy Configuration: This Tool sets proxy server automatically according to the DNSDomain.Bongiozzo Photosite: Simple photo site written using ASP.NET MVC 4.0 over Flickr API and Galleria image gallery framework. Cloud Media SharePoint Extension: With this extensions you can easily add media from the cloud like YouTube or Vimeo. Metadata from Vimeo or YouTube are also .and will be added tooContent Organizer Rule Manager SharePoint 2010: Create and manage content organizer rules faster for SharePoint 2010.Crm Customization Manager: Crm Customization Manager (CCM) by N.JL helps Dynamics CRM System Adiminstrators to easly Import Customisations and Treanslations with scheduling possibilitydemoHello: asp.net Ghost Puzzle: Protect your files with Ghost Puzzle.IonoWumpus: A simple Hunt the Wumpus implementation.LargeSky Personal Project: This a personal project, just for code place.Maze Game: Maze Game is a game for children/ computer beginners to practice the mouse movement with fun.NASM Develop IDE (The Open Source NASM Development Environment For Windows): A simple, light weight, all one in application that can help developers develop NASM applications in Windows without the need of remember fancy commands.Navigational: Gator brings navigation to projects built around life situations.Real Folders for Visual Studio: Real Folders for Visual Studio is a free plugin which makes Solution Folders map to real file system folders. With Real Folders you have the opportunity to organize your files in a simpler way than standard Visual Studio Solution Folders behave (completely uncommited to any folder on your file system). SaltFx: SaltFx is an N-Layered Domain Driven Design (DDD) framework for .NET development.SharePoint Location-Based Weather Webpart: Uses UPS information to display local weather for the user via the Yahoo Weather service.SharePoint Publishing: The Project is aimed at supplying Publishers with tools & design elements to provide a means of publishing through SharePoint.SpellLight - Lightweight Silverlight Spell Checker Library: SpellLight is a lightweight Silverlight Spell Check librarySUDOKU APP: NoneTrainer: This is an application used for logging runs, nutrition, weight, and other goals.weibospace: An ios projecct

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  • Creating a Hello World library function in assembly and calling it from C#

    - by Filip Ekberg
    Let's say we use NASM as they do in this answer: how to write hellow world in assembly under windows. I got a couple of thoughts and questions regarding assembly combined with c# or any other .net languages for that matter. First of all I want to be able to create a library that has the following function HelloWorld that takes this parameter: Name In C# the method signature would looke like this: void HelloWorld(string name) and it would print out something like Hello World from name I've searched around a bit but can't find that much good and clean material for this to get me started. I know some basic assembly from before mostly gasthough. So any pointers in the right direction is very much apprechiated. To sum it up Create a function in ASM ( NASM ) that takes one or more parameters Compile and create a library of the above functionality Include the library in any .net language Call the included library function Bonus features How does one handle returned values? Is it possible to write the ASM-method inline? When creating libraries in assembly or c, you do follow a certain "pre defined" way, the c calling convetion, correct?

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  • Why is my boot loader's stack segment at 0x3FF (end of Real Mode IVT)?

    - by Laurimann
    Title says it all. "address 0x500 is the last one used by the BIOS" - en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_boot_record "00000000-000003FF Real Mode IVT (Interrupt Vector Table)" - wiki.osdev.org/Memory_Map_%28x86%29 So can you tell me why NASM places my .com file's stack pointer to 0x3FF while my instruction pointer starts at 0x7c00? To me the most intuitive place for SP would be right below 0x7c00. Thanks.

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  • How to run boot loader in VMWare?

    - by Asim Haroon
    I am using Ubuntu as a virtual machine in VMWare. I have used this code to write a boot loader which would write Hello world on the screen. [BITS 16] [ORG 0x7C00] MOV SI, HelloString CALL PrintString JMP $ PrintCharacter: MOV AH, 0x0E MOV BH, 0x00 MOV BL, 0x07 INT 0x10 RET PrintString: next_character: MOV AL, [SI] INC SI OR AL, AL JZ exit_function CALL PrintCharacter JMP next_character exit_function: RET HelloString db 'Hello World', 0 TIMES 510 - ($ - $$) db 0 DW 0xAA55 I wrote this code in the text editor in Ubuntu and saved the file as Boot.asm Then I compiled the Boot.asm to boot.bin file by using this command nasm -f bin -o boot.bin Boot.asm and it didn't gave me any errors. After that I copied the boot.bin file to my usb and took it to my Windows OS. After this I burned the boot.bin file to boot.img and boot.iso files. Then I created a new virtual machine and named it booter, when it asked for the .iso file of the OS I want to run I gave it the boot.iso file, about which I told above, then I powered on that virtual machine but it gave me this error PXE-M0F: No boot filename received PXE-M0F: Exiting Intel PXE ROM Operating System not found Please tell me what is the main problem and how can I overcome that problem.

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  • IA-32: Pushing a byte onto a stack isn't possible on Pentium, why?

    - by Tim Green
    Hi, I've come to learn that you cannot push a byte directly onto the Intel Pentium's stack, can anyone explain this to me please? The reason that I've been given is because the esp register is word-addressable (or, that is the assumption in our model) and it must be an "even address". I would have assumed decrementing the value of some 32-bit binary number wouldn't mess with the alignment of the register, but apparently I don't understand enough. I have tried some NASM tests and come up that if I declare a variable (bite db 123) and push it on to the stack, esp is decremented by 4 (indicating that it pushed 32-bits?). But, "push byte bite" (sorry for my choice of variable names) will result in a kind error: test.asm:10: error: Unsupported non-32-bit ELF relocation Any words of wisdom would be greatly appreciated during this troubled time. I am first year undergraduate so sorry for my naivety in any of this. Tim

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