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• What exactly does Pass phrase in MOSS2010 manage?

  - by elhombre

  Hi all The question says it. I am really wondering what it EXACTLY does, because I am getting from everywhere different answers.

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• Can GnomeKeyring store passwords unencrypted?

  - by antimeme

  I have a Fedora 15 laptop with the root and home partitions encrypted using LUKS. When it boots I have to enter a pass phrase to unlock the master key, so I have it configured to automatically log me in to my account. However, GnomeKeyring remains locked, so I have to enter another pass phrase for that. This is unpleasant and completely pointless since the entire disk is encrypted. I've not been able to find a way to configure GnomeKeyring to store its pass phrases without encryption. For example, I was not able to find an answer here: http://library.gnome.org/users/seahorse-plugins/stable/index.html.en Is there a solution? If not, is there a mailing list where it would be appropriate to plead my case?

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• If attacker has original data and encrypted data, can they determine the passphrase?

  - by Brad Cupit

  If an attacker has several distinct items (for example: e-mail addresses) and knows the encrypted value of each item, can the attacker more easily determine the secret passphrase used to encrypt those items? Meaning, can they determine the passphrase without resorting to brute force? This question may sound strange, so let me provide a use-case: User signs up to a site with their e-mail address Server sends that e-mail address a confirmation URL (for example: https://my.app.com/confirmEmailAddress/bill%40yahoo.com) Attacker can guess the confirmation URL and therefore can sign up with someone else's e-mail address, and 'confirm' it without ever having to sign in to that person's e-mail account and see the confirmation URL. This is a problem. Instead of sending the e-mail address plain text in the URL, we'll send it encrypted by a secret passphrase. (I know the attacker could still intercept the e-mail sent by the server, since e-mail are plain text, but bear with me here.) If an attacker then signs up with multiple free e-mail accounts and sees multiple URLs, each with the corresponding encrypted e-mail address, could the attacker more easily determine the passphrase used for encryption? Alternative Solution I could instead send a random number or one-way hash of their e-mail address (plus random salt). This eliminates storing the secret passphrase, but it means I need to store that random number/hash in the database. The original approach above does not require storage in the database. I'm leaning towards the the one-way-hash-stored-in-the-db, but I still would like to know the answer: does having multiple unencrypted e-mail addresses and their encrypted counterparts make it easier to determine the passphrase used?

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• If attacker has original data, and encrypted data, can they determine the passphrase?

  - by Brad Cupit

  If an attacker has several distinct items (for example: e-mail addresses) and knows the encrypted value of each item, can the attacker more easily determine the secret passphrase used to encrypt those items? Meaning, can they determine the passphrase without resorting to brute force? This question may sound strange, so let me provide a use-case: User signs up to a site with their e-mail address Server sends that e-mail address a confirmation URL (for example: https://my.app.com/confirmEmailAddress/bill%40yahoo.com) Attacker can guess the confirmation URL and therefore can sign up with someone else's e-mail address, and 'confirm' it without ever having to sign in to that person's e-mail account and see the confirmation URL. This is a problem. Instead of sending the e-mail address plain text in the URL, we'll send it encrypted by a secret passphrase. (I know the attacker could still intercept the e-mail sent by the server, since e-mail are plain text, but bear with me here.) If an attacker then signs up with multiple free e-mail accounts and sees multiple URLs, each with the corresponding encrypted e-mail address, could the attacker more easily determine the passphrase used for encryption? Alternative Solution I could instead send a random number or one-way hash of their e-mail address (plus random salt). This eliminates storing the secret passphrase, but it means I need to store that random number/hash in the database. The original approach above does not require this extra table. I'm leaning towards the the one-way hash + extra table solution, but I still would like to know the answer: does having multiple unencrypted e-mail addresses and their encrypted counterparts make it easier to determine the passphrase used?

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• How to use ssh-agent (and graphic passphrase dialog) in Kubuntu 10.10?

  - by halo

  I have recently switched from Ubuntu to kubuntu, both version 10.10. Unfortunately in KDE the ssh passphrase dialog doesn't work out of the box. Everytime my ssh private key is used I need to enter my password. This is neither secure nor comfortable. I have done comprehensive research on the net but only found out dated documentation. Several things I tried didn't work out. Current status: SSH setup working with direct passphrase input ssh-agent running in X session $SSH_AUTH_SOCK set to ssh-agent's socket in X session How to enable ssh-agent for keeping the passphrase in memory for ~15mins and as a bonus always use a graphical dialog for its input? I use asymmetric SSH key pairs for pushing/pulling in Git VCS logging remotely into different server systems

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• How to use ssh-agent (and graphic passphrase dialog) in Kubuntu 10.10?

  - by halo

  I have recently switched from Ubuntu to kubuntu, both version 10.10. Unfortunately in KDE the ssh passphrase dialog doesn't work out of the box. Everytime my ssh private key is used I need to enter my password. This is neither secure nor comfortable. I have done comprehensive research on the net but only found out dated documentation. Several things I tried didn't work out. Current status: SSH setup working with direct passphrase input ssh-agent running in X session $SSH_AUTH_SOCK set to ssh-agent's socket in X session How to enable ssh-agent for keeping the passphrase in memory for ~15mins and as a bonus always use a graphical dialog for its input? I use asymmetric SSH key pairs for pushing/pulling in Git VCS logging remotely into different server systems

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• How to make ssh-agent automatically add the key on demand?

  - by Vi.

  I want to run ssh-agent (with maximum lifetime option), but not add any keys at startup, but instead add them on demand. Like first time I login to some server it should ask for passphrase, next time (unless I waited for more than a hour) it should connect cleanly: ssh server1 Enter passphrase for key '/home/vi/.ssh/id_dsa': server1> ... ssh server2 server2> # no passphrase this time # wait for lifetime ssh server2 Enter passphrase for key '/home/vi/.ssh/id_dsa': I don't want to manually remember about running 'ssh-add' each time. (e.g. entered passphrase for just for ssh and "Oh, it hasn't remembered, need to retype"). How to configure ssh to automatically add key to ssh-agent if user provided the passphrase?

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• Why can't we just use a hash of passphrase as the encryption key (and IV) with symmetric encryption algorithms?

  - by TX_

  Inspired by my previous question, now I have a very interesting idea: Do you really ever need to use Rfc2898DeriveBytes or similar classes to "securely derive" the encryption key and initialization vector from the passphrase string, or will just a simple hash of that string work equally well as a key/IV, when encrypting the data with symmetric algorithm (e.g. AES, DES, etc.)? I see tons of AES encryption code snippets, where Rfc2898DeriveBytes class is used to derive the encryption key and initialization vector (IV) from the password string. It is assumed that one should use a random salt and a shitload of iterations to derive secure enough key/IV for the encryption. While deriving bytes from password string using this method is quite useful in some scenarios, I think that's not applicable when encrypting data with symmetric algorithms! Here is why: using salt makes sense when there is a possibility to build precalculated rainbow tables, and when attacker gets his hands on hash he looks up the original password as a result. But... with symmetric data encryption, I think this is not required, as the hash of password string, or the encryption key, is never stored anywhere. So, if we just get the SHA1 hash of password, and use it as the encryption key/IV, isn't that going to be equally secure? What is the purpose of using Rfc2898DeriveBytes class to generate key/IV from password string (which is a very very performance-intensive operation), when we could just use a SHA1 (or any other) hash of that password? Hash would result in random bit distribution in a key (as opposed to using string bytes directly). And attacker would have to brute-force the whole range of key (e.g. if key length is 256bit he would have to try 2^256 combinations) anyway. So either I'm wrong in a dangerous way, or all those samples of AES encryption (including many upvoted answers here at SO), etc. that use Rfc2898DeriveBytes method to generate encryption key and IV are just wrong.

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• Capistrano fails for multiple host deployments

  - by morris082

  I be at a loss here, and after scouring the seas (read: internet) for solutions I am left with none other than to hit up the stack. any help appreciated. I have capistrano running locally for deployments onto several different environments. (I'm on windows 7, fwiw). All was well until I needed to deploy to multiple :app servers during a single deployment. Usually I'm prompted for my ssh passphrase once when I call 'cap deploy'. I have ssh-agent running (git never pesters for my pass) but despite this Capistrano has always bugged me once each deployment. Regardless, it always worked when deploying to ONE host. Now, when I attempt to deploy to multiple servers at once, it asks for my passphrase what appears to be multiple times: (ips removed by ME) servers: ["redacted", "redacted"]<br /> Enter passphrase for ~/.ssh/id_rsa: Enter passphrase for ~/.ssh/id_rsa: So with the above I enter my passphrase but this doesn't work. It waits as little while, then spits out this error: connection failed for: <one of the server ips> (NoMethodError: undefined method `overwrite' for nil:NilClass) And that's the end of that. I can "passwordless" ssh into the servers I'm deploying on just fine. I'm pretty certain the ssh-agent is running since I can hit Git w/out entering my passphrase every time Using 'forward_agent' setting in cap deploy did not work. This is my role: role :app, "ip 1 removed", "ip 2 removed" If i set default_run_options[:max_hosts] = 1, it works OK but it asks for my passphrase for every single connection to each host I'm deploying to.. which ends up being a lot. Essentially I'm looking for any of the below (but not limited to): - "You're never going to fix that on windows" - "This is how you get REAL passwordless deployment in capistrano" - "Have you overlooked this setting/feature?" - "I have a rock that can fix anything, you may borrow it" Thanks!

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• Cannot login in account with encrypted home after update from 11.04 to 11.10

  - by martin

  After upgrading from ubuntu 11.04 to 10.10 I cannot access my encrypted home partition anymore. I can login, however all data stays encrypted. ecryptfs-mount-private gives: ERROR: Encrypted private directory is not setup properly Any idea how to fix this? Update I have several kernels installed (after the upgrade my menu.lst looks like this: http://paste.org/pastebin/view/35591) the problem is the same for all kernels. Booting from 2.6.32-27-generic and adduser --encrypt-home tes gives: Adding user `tes' ... Adding new group `tes' (1008) ... Adding new user `tes' (1007) with group `tes' ... Creating home directory `/home/tes' ... Setting up encryption ... ************************************************************************ YOU SHOULD RECORD YOUR MOUNT PASSPHRASE AND STORE IT IN A SAFE LOCATION. ecryptfs-unwrap-passphrase ~/.ecryptfs/wrapped-passphrase THIS WILL BE REQUIRED IF YOU NEED TO RECOVER YOUR DATA AT A LATER TIME. ************************************************************************ Error: Your kernel does not support filename encryption ERROR: Could not add passphrase to the current keyring adduser: `/usr/bin/ecryptfs-setup-private -b -u tes' returned error code 1. Exiting.

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• How to Recover an Encrypted Home Directory on Ubuntu

  - by Chris Hoffman

  Access an encrypted home directory when you’re not logged in – say, from a live CD – and all you’ll see is a README file. You’ll need a terminal command to recover your encrypted files. You should also back up your mount passphrase ahead of time – you may need this in the future. While eCryptfs normally decrypts your files with your login passphrase, the mount passphrase may be necessary if eCryptfs’s files become lost. HTG Explains: What Is RSS and How Can I Benefit From Using It? HTG Explains: Why You Only Have to Wipe a Disk Once to Erase It HTG Explains: Learn How Websites Are Tracking You Online

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• Can't connect to a remote server with Nautilus and a private key

  - by Desmond Hume

  The remote server requires a private key and passphrase for authentication. I tried putting username@server in the "Server" field and leaving "User name" and "Password" fields blank, putting the passphrase in the "Password" field, but it still says "Permission denied" and it doesn't ask for the private key at any point. I also tried ssh-add path/to/privatekey, but it says "Could not open a connection to your authentication agent.", however I'm not sure if ssh-add is even relevant. I can ssh into the server from the terminal just fine with the key/passphrase.

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• mounting external hard drive EXT4: "the unlocked device does not have a reckognizable filesystem on it"?

  - by user824924

  I'm having problems mounting ext4 partitions(inside a LUKS partition) in external drives. The drives are fine, there is no problem whatsoever with the drives and no filesystem corruption. This happened since a recent automatic system upgrade, and a manual upgrade to kernel 3.12.0. It goes like this: I plug in the external drive Passphrase is asked for luks device luks partition correctly unlocked/opened Instead of proceding with mounting the now exposed ext4 partition there's a pop-up saying: "the unlocked device does not have a recognizable filesystem on it". Same happens in this case: $ gvfs-mount -d /dev/sdc2 Enter a passphrase to unlock the volume The passphrase is needed to access encrypted data on WDC WD250... (250 GB Hard Disk). Password: Error mounting /dev/sdc2: The unlocked device does not have a recognizable file system on it Doing a manual sudo mount /dev/dm-1 /mnt/testfolder works with no errors and there is no problem with the filesystem (fscked). Also there doesn’t seem to be anything useful written to dmesg when this happens. What gives?

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• bruteforce script

  - by oshirowanen

  I have forgotten my passphrase for my gpg key on linux. Can someone please help me write a simple script to use bruteforce to crack the key? I remember show of the words which MIGHT be in the passphrase, so hopefully, it will not take long for my computer to bruteforce it. All is not lost of I can't recover the passphrase, it just means I will not be able to work on my project for the next 10 days until I get back to work to get another copy of the files, but this time with a new key for which I will remember to passphrase.

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• Encrypted home won't mount automatically nor with ecryptfs-mount-private

  - by Patrik Swedman

  Up until recently my encrypted home worked great but after a reboot it didn't mount itself automatically and when I try to mount it manually I get a mount error: patrik@patrik-server:~$ ecryptfs-mount-private Enter your login passphrase: Inserted auth tok with sig [9af248791dd63c29] into the user session keyring mount: Invalid argument patrik@patrik-server:~$ I've also tried with sudo even though that shouldn't be necesary: patrik@patrik-server:/$ sudo ecryptfs-mount-private [sudo] password for patrik: Enter your login passphrase: Inserted auth tok with sig [9af248791dd63c29] into the user session keyring fopen: No such file or directory I'm using Ubuntu 10.04.4 LTS and I access it over SSH with putty.

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• Full disk encryption with seperate boot and encrypted keyfile storage: Two-Form Authentication

  - by Cain

  I am trying to setup true Full Disk encryption with two-form authentication on 12.04 and can not find out how to call a keyfile for the encrypted root out of another encrypted partition. All documentation or questions I am finding for whole or full disk encryption only encrypts separate partitions on the same disk. This is not what most are calling full disk encryption, /boot is not on a partition on the root drive, rather it is on a usb stick as sdx1. Instead root is on a logical partition on top of a LUKS container. Luks is run on the whole disk, encrypting the partition table as well. All drives in the machine are completely encrypted and to open it it requires a USB drive (what I have) as well as a passphrase (what I know) resulting in Two-Form Authentication to boot the machine. Device sdx cryptroot vg00 lvroot / There is no passphrase to open the encrypted root device, only a keyfile. That keyfile is kept on the usb drive with /boot, in its own encrypted partition (I'll call this cryptkey). In order for the root file system (cryptroot) to be opened, initramfs must ask for the passphrase to cryptkey on the usb drive, then use the keyfile inside that to open cryproot. I did manage to find what I think is the how-to I used to do this once before: http://wiki.ubuntu.org.cn/UbuntuHelp:FeistyLUKSTwoFormFactor I already have the system installed and can chroot into it, however, I can not get it to call for the keys on the USB during boot. I did find a how-to saying I needed to make a cryptroot conf for initramfs but, I believe that is for a passphrase: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/EncryptedFilesystemLVMHowto#Notes_for_making_it_work_in_Ubuntu_12.04_.22Precise_Pangolin.22_amd64 I also tried to setup crypttab. However, crypttab only works for drives mounted after the root drive as calling for a keyfile on a device not yet mounted to the system doesnt work. The Feisty how-to included scripts that would be run during boot instructing initramfs to mount the usb drive temporarily and call the keyfile for root which worked quite well except those scripts are outdated now, many of the things they relied on have been merged into something else, changed, or simply don't exist anymore. If I have missed a clear how-to for this, that would be wonderful, I just don't think I have.

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• Quick guide to Oracle IRM 11g: Configuring SSL

  - by Simon Thorpe

  Quick guide to Oracle IRM 11g index So far in this guide we have an IRM Server up and running, however I skipped over SSL configuration in the previous article because I wanted to focus in more detail now. You can, if you wish, not bother with setting up SSL, but considering this is a security technology it is worthwhile doing. Contents Setting up a one way, self signed SSL certificate in WebLogic Setting up an official SSL certificate in Apache 2.x Configuring Apache to proxy traffic to the IRM server There are two common scenarios in which an Oracle IRM server is configured. For a development or evaluation system, people usually communicate directly to the WebLogic Server running the IRM service. However in a production environment and for some proof of concept evaluations that require a setup reflecting a production system, the traffic to the IRM server travels via a web server proxy, commonly Apache. In this guide we are building an Oracle Enterprise Linux based IRM service and this article will go over the configuration of SSL in WebLogic and also in Apache. Like in the past articles, we are going to use two host names in the configuration below,irm.company.com will refer to the public Apache server irm.company.internal will refer to the internal WebLogic IRM server Setting up a one way, self signed SSL certificate in WebLogic First lets look at creating just a simple self signed SSL certificate to be used in WebLogic. This is a quick and easy way to get SSL working in your environment, however the downside is that no browsers are going to trust this certificate you create and you'll need to manually install the certificate onto any machine's communicating with the server. This is fine for development or when you have only a few users evaluating the system, but for any significant use it's usually better to have a fully trusted certificate in use and I explain that in the next section. But for now lets go through creating, installing and testing a self signed certificate. We use a library in Java to create the certificates, open a console and running the following commands. Note you should choose your own secure passwords whenever you see password below. [oracle@irm /] source /oracle/middleware/wlserver_10.3/server/bin/setWLSEnv.sh [oracle@irm /] cd /oracle/middleware/user_projects/domains/irm_domain/config/fmwconfig/ [oracle@irm /] java utils.CertGen -selfsigned -certfile MyOwnSelfCA.cer -keyfile MyOwnSelfKey.key -keyfilepass password -cn "irm.oracle.demo" [oracle@irm /] java utils.ImportPrivateKey -keystore MyOwnIdentityStore.jks -storepass password -keypass password -alias trustself -certfile MyOwnSelfCA.cer.pem -keyfile MyOwnSelfKey.key.pem -keyfilepass password [oracle@irm /] keytool -import -trustcacerts -alias trustself -keystore TrustMyOwnSelf.jks -file MyOwnSelfCA.cer.der -keyalg RSA We now have two Java Key Stores, MyOwnIdentityStore.jks and TrustMyOwnSelf.jks. These contain keys and certificates which we will use in WebLogic Server. Now we need to tell the IRM server to use these stores when setting up SSL connections for incoming requests. Make sure the Admin server is running and login into the WebLogic Console at http://irm.company.intranet:7001/console and do the following; In the menu on the left, select the + next to Environment to expose the submenu, then click on Servers. You will see two servers in the list, AdminServer(admin) and IRM_server1. If the IRM server is running, shut it down either by hitting CONTROL + C in the console window it was started from, or you can switch to the CONTROL tab, select IRM_server1 and then select the Shutdown menu and then Force Shutdown Now. In the Configuration tab select IRM_server1 and switch to the Keystores tab. By default WebLogic Server uses it's own demo identity and trust. We are now going to switch to the self signed one's we've just created. So select the Change button and switch to Custom Identity and Custom Trust and hit save. Now we have to complete the resulting fields, the setting's i've used in my evaluation server are below. IdentityCustom Identity Keystore: /oracle/middleware/user_projects/domains/irm_domain/config/fmwconfig/MyOwnIdentityStore.jks Custom Identity Keystore Type: JKS Custom Identity Keystore Passphrase: password Confirm Custom Identity Keystore Passphrase: password TrustCustom Trust Keystore: /oracle/middleware/user_projects/domains/irm_domain/config/fmwconfig/TrustMyOwnSelf.jks Custom Trust Keystore Type: JKS Custom Trust Keystore Passphrase: password Confirm Custom Trust Keystore Passphrase: password Now click on the SSL tab for the IRM_server1 and enter in the alias and passphrase, in my demo here the details are; IdentityPrivate Key Alias: trustself Private Key Passphrase: password Confirm Private Key Passphrase: password And hit save. Now lets test a connection to the IRM server over HTTPS using SSL. Go back to a console window and start the IRM server, a quick reminder on how to do this is... [oracle@irm /] cd /oracle/middleware/user_projects/domains/irm_domain/bin [oracle@irm /] ./startManagedWeblogic IRM_server1 Once running, open a browser and head to the SSL port of the server. By default the IRM server will be listening on the URL https://irm.company.intranet:16101/irm_rights. Note in the example image on the right the port is 7002 because it's a system that has the IRM services installed on the Admin server, this isn't typical (or advisable). Your system is going to have a separate managed server which will be listening on port 16101. Once you open this address you will notice that your browser is going to complain that the server certificate is untrusted. The images on the right show how Firefox displays this error. You are going to be prompted every time you create a new SSL session with the server, both from the browser and more annoyingly from the IRM Desktop. If you plan on always using a self signed certificate, it is worth adding it to the Windows certificate store so that when you are accessing sealed content you do not keep being informed this certificate is not trusted. Follow these instructions (which are for Internet Explorer 8, they may vary for your version of IE.) Start Internet Explorer and open the URL to your IRM server over SSL, e.g. https://irm.company.intranet:16101/irm_rights. IE will complain that about the certificate, click on Continue to this website (not recommended). From the IE Tools menu select Internet Options and from the resulting dialog select Security and then click on Trusted Sites and then the Sites button. Add to the list of trusted sites a URL which mates the server you are accessing, e.g. https://irm.company.intranet/ and select OK. Now refresh the page you were accessing and next to the URL you should see a red cross and the words Certificate Error. Click on this button and select View Certificates. You will now see a dialog with the details of the self signed certificate and the Install Certificate... button should be enabled. Click on this to start the wizard. Click next and you'll be asked where you should install the certificate. Change the option to Place all certificates in the following store. Select browse and choose the Trusted Root Certification Authorities location and hit OK. You'll then be prompted to install the certificate and answer yes. You also need to import the root signed certificate into the same location, so once again select the red Certificate Error option and this time when viewing the certificate, switch to the Certification Path tab and you should see a CertGenCAB certificate. Select this and then click on View Certificate and go through the same process as above to import the certificate into the store. Finally close all instances of the IE browser and re-access the IRM server URL again, this time you should not receive any errors. Setting up an official SSL certificate in Apache 2.x At this point we now have an IRM server that you can communicate with over SSL. However this certificate isn't trusted by any browser because it's path of trust doesn't end in a recognized certificate authority (CA). Also you are communicating directly to the WebLogic Server over a non standard SSL port, 16101. In a production environment it is common to have another device handle the initial public internet traffic and then proxy this to the WebLogic server. The diagram below shows a very simplified view of this type of deployment. What i'm going to walk through next is configuring Apache to proxy traffic to a WebLogic server and also to use a real SSL certificate from an official CA. First step is to configure Apache to handle incoming requests over SSL. In this guide I am configuring the IRM service in Oracle Enterprise Linux 5 update 3 and Apache 2.2.3 which came with OpenSSL and mod_ssl components. Before I purchase an SSL certificate, I need to generate a certificate request from the server. Oracle.com uses Verisign and for my own personal needs I use cheaper certificates from GoDaddy. The following instructions are specific to Apache, but there are many references out there for other web servers. For Apache I have OpenSSL and the commands are; [oracle@irm /] cd /usr/bin [oracle@irm bin] openssl genrsa -des3 -out irm-apache-server.key 2048 Generating RSA private key, 2048 bit long modulus ............................+++ .........+++ e is 65537 (0x10001) Enter pass phrase for irm-apache-server.key: Verifying - Enter pass phrase for irm-apache-server.key: [oracle@irm bin] openssl req -new -key irm-apache-server.key -out irm-apache-server.csr Enter pass phrase for irm-apache-server.key: You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated into your certificate request. What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN. There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank For some fields there will be a default value, If you enter '.', the field will be left blank. ----- Country Name (2 letter code) [GB]:US State or Province Name (full name) [Berkshire]:CA Locality Name (eg, city) [Newbury]:San Francisco Organization Name (eg, company) [My Company Ltd]:Oracle Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:Security Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:irm.company.com Email Address []:[email protected] Please enter the following 'extra' attributes to be sent with your certificate request A challenge password []:testing An optional company name []: You must make sure to remember the pass phrase you used in the initial key generation, you will need this when later configuring Apache. In the /usr/bin directory there are now two new files. The irm-apache-server.csr contains our certificate request and is what you cut and paste, or upload, to your certificate authority when you purchase and validate your SSL certificate. In response you will typically get two files. Your server certificate and another certificate file that will likely contain a set of certificates from your CA which validate your certificate's trust. Next we need to configure Apache to use these files. Typically there is an ssl.conf file which is where all the SSL configuration is done. On my Oracle Enterprise Linux server this file is located in /etc/httpd/conf.d/ssl.conf and i've added the following lines. <VirtualHost irm.company.com> # Setup SSL for irm.company.com ServerName irm.company.com SSLEngine On SSLCertificateFile /oracle/secure/irm.company.com.crt SSLCertificateKeyFile /oracle/secure/irm.company.com.key SSLCertificateChainFile /oracle/secure/gd_bundle.crt </VirtualHost> Restarting Apache (apachectl restart) and I can now attempt to connect to the Apache server in a web browser, https://irm.company.com/. If all is configured correctly I should now see an Apache test page delivered to me over HTTPS. Configuring Apache to proxy traffic to the IRM server Final piece in setting up SSL is to have Apache proxy requests for the IRM server but do so securely. So the requests to Apache will be over HTTPS using a legitimate certificate, but we can also configure Apache to proxy these requests internally across to the IRM server using SSL with the self signed certificate we generated at the start of this article. To do this proxying we use the WebLogic Web Server plugin for Apache which you can download here from Oracle. Download the zip file and extract onto the server. The file extraction reveals a set of zip files, each one specific to a supported web server. In my instance I am using Apache 2.2 32bit on an Oracle Enterprise Linux, 64 bit server. If you are not sure what version your Apache server is, run the command /usr/sbin/httpd -V and you'll see version and it its 32 or 64 bit. Mine is a 32bit server so I need to extract the file WLSPlugin1.1-Apache2.2-linux32-x86.zip. The from the resulting lib folder copy the file mod_wl.so into /usr/lib/httpd/modules/. First we want to test that the plug in will work for regular HTTP traffic. Edit the httpd.conf for Apache and add the following section at the bottom. LoadModule weblogic_module modules/mod_wl.so <IfModule mod_weblogic.c>    WebLogicHost irm.company.internal    WebLogicPort 16100    WLLogFile /tmp/wl-proxy.log </IfModule> <Location /irm_rights>    SetHandler weblogic-handler </Location> <Location /irm_desktop>    SetHandler weblogic-handler </Location> <Location /irm_sealing>    SetHandler weblogic-handler </Location> <Location /irm_services>    SetHandler weblogic-handler </Location> Now restart Apache again (apachectl restart) and now open a browser to http://irm.company.com/irm_rights. Apache will proxy the HTTP traffic from the port 80 of your Apache server to the IRM service listening on port 16100 of the WebLogic Managed server. Note above I have included all four of the Locations you might wish to proxy. http://irm.company.internalirm_rights is the URL to the management website, /irm_desktop is the URL used for the IRM Desktop to communicate. irm_sealing is for web services based document sealing and irm_services is for IRM server web services. The last two are typically only used when you have the IRM server integrated with another application and it is unlikely you'd be accessing these resources from the public facing Apache server. However, just in case, i've mentioned them above. Now let's enable SSL communication from Apache to WebLogic. In the ZIP file we extracted were some more modules we need to copy into the Apache folder. Looking back in the lib that we extracted, there are some more files. Copy the following into the /usr/lib/httpd/modules/ folder. libwlssl.so libnnz11.so libclntsh.so.11.1 Now the documentation states that should only need to do this, but I found that I also needed to create an environment variable called LD_LIBRARY_PATH and point this to the folder /usr/lib/httpd/modules/. If I didn't do this, starting Apache with the WebLogic module configured to SSL would throw the error. [crit] (20014)Internal error: WL SSL Init failed for server: (null) on 0 So I had to edit the file /etc/profile and add the following lines at the bottom. You may already have the LD_LIBRARY_PATH variable defined, therefore simply add this path to it. LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/lib/httpd/modules/ export LD_LIBRARY_PATH Now the WebLogic plug in uses an Oracle Wallet to store the required certificates.You'll need to copy the self signed certificate from the IRM server over to the Apache server. Copy over the MyOwnSelfCA.cer.der into the same folder where you are storing your public certificates, in my example this is /oracle/secure. It's worth mentioning these files should ONLY be readable by root (the user Apache runs as). Now lets create an Oracle Wallet and import the self signed certificate from the IRM server. The file orapki was included in the bin folder of the Apache 1.1 plugin zip you extracted. orapki wallet create -wallet /oracle/secure/my-wallet -auto_login_only orapki wallet add -wallet /oracle/secure/my-wallet -trusted_cert -cert MyOwnSelfCA.cer.der -auto_login_only Finally change the httpd.conf to reflect that we want the WebLogic Apache plug-in to use HTTPS/SSL and not just plain HTTP. <IfModule mod_weblogic.c>    WebLogicHost irm.company.internal    WebLogicPort 16101    SecureProxy ON    WLSSLWallet /oracle/secure/my-wallet    WLLogFile /tmp/wl-proxy.log </IfModule> Then restart Apache once more and you can go back to the browser to test the communication. Opening the URL https://irm.company.com/irm_rights will proxy your request to the WebLogic server at https://irm.company.internal:16101/irm_rights. At this point you have a fully functional Oracle IRM service, the next step is to create a sealed document and test the entire system.

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• Windows Vista claims wireless key is the wrong length

  - by humble coffee

  A family member of mine is house sitting and has been given the details of their wifi. The access point is an Airport Express, it has WEP encryption (I think) and they've been given a passphrase to use. I know it's a passphrase and not the encrypted key as it's an English word. The passphrase is 10 characters long. The problem is that Vista complains that it's not a valid key as it must be a 5 or 13 character non-hex key or a 10 or 26 character hex key. (From what I've read this suggests the encryption is WEP?) I've found a couple of suggested solutions, but I'm not actually at the house at the moment so I wanted to make sure I have a good chance of getting it to work when I'm there but have no internets to ask. Solution 1: Vista needs to be told explicitly what kind of encryption and key is being used. Specify in the connection settings that you are using WEP and that it is a "shared key". Solution2: Try converting the passphrase to hexadecimal using an ASCII-hex converter and entering that.

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• SSH with public/private key to iMac fails.

  - by bennedich

  I'm trying to connect to my iMac (server) from my macbook (client) on my LAN. Both have Mac OS X 10.6.4. Server running on a new clean install of the OS. When just activating Remote Login in System Preferences everything works fine. But when setting up ssh to only work with public/private key I get the following error messages from the server log depending on if I use a rsa passphrase or not: With passphrase (case 1): PAM: user account has expired for <myServerUserName> from 192.168.X.X via 192.168.X.Y Without passphrase (case 2): Failed publickey for <myServerUserName> from 192.168.X.X port AAAAA ssh2 This is my setup algorithm: Create a private and public key on client with command ssh-keygen -t rsa. In case 1 I also set a passphrase. Move the id_rsa.pub to the server path /Users/<myServerUserName>/.ssh/ In this folder I execute cat id_rsa.pub > authorized_keys Making sure Remote Login isn't active, I now execute sudo /usr/sbin/sshd -d on the server. Back on the client I now type ssh -v -v -v <myServerUserName>@192.168.X.Y and get prompted to accept RSA key fingerprint. This is NOT the same fingerprint as the one from when I created the private/public key (should it be?). I accept. Depending on case: CASE 1: Client gets halted for password and the response is permission denied even though correct password is given. Back on the server I can read the error message I stated above for case 1: PAM: user account has expired... CASE 2: Client gets message Connection closed by 192.168.X.Y. Back on the server I can read the error message I stated above for case 2: Failed publickey... What could possibly cause this?

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• Correct password for ssh key rejected when ssh-d into machine

  - by user20342

  When I am logged into my machine directly, I can do all git operations, and when prompted for a password, the password is accepted. When I ssh into the same box and run git operations on the same repos, the password is rejected. Relevant section of .ssh/config looks like this: # Generic settings Host * ServerAliveInterval 600 ControlPath /tmp/ssh-%r@%h:%p ControlMaster auto KeepAlive yes IdentityFile ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub Transaction looks like this when I login when I ssh into my box: {12-12-03 9:41}hbrown-wks2:~/workspace/spt/project@master??? hbrown% git pull Enter passphrase for key '/home/hbrown/.ssh/id_rsa.pub': Enter passphrase for key '/home/hbrown/.ssh/id_rsa.pub': Enter passphrase for key '/home/hbrown/.ssh/id_rsa.pub': Permission denied (publickey). fatal: Could not read from remote repository. Please make sure you have the correct access rights and the repository exists. Using bash does not appear to make a difference (i.e. ssh-agent /bin/bash). This is a recent development, but I can't cite the change that caused it.

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• How do I stop ssh-agent from forgetting my password after I login to the screen session from SSH?

  - by Shwouchk

  I have a screen session open in an lxterminal window. If I SSH somewhere, the first time it happens, an ssh-agent window opens and asks me for my private key passphrase, and after that ssh goes right on. If I log in from outside to this machine and attach to the screen session however, ssh-agent now asks me every time I connect for my passphrase, in the terminal. Is there a way to avoid this and to let it continue using the X agent, or at least to have the non-X agent remember the passphrase?

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• Remotely enter encryption key?

  - by Jason Swett

  This might be a really dumb question but here goes, anyway. I just bought a couple servers. I already installed Ubuntu with encrypted LVM on one and I'm planning on doing the same with the other. This means that every time I boot up each of these machines, I have to enter the passphrase. And I'll have to do this every morning because I'll power each machine off each night for security reasons. Here's the problem: I don't have monitors or keyboards for these servers. It seems to me I have two options: Somehow enter the passphrase remotely Buy a KVM switch I doubt #1 is an option but I want to make sure it's not before I buy a KVM. Is it possible to enter the passphrase remotely? AND is it a good idea?

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• Managing multiple ssh keys

  - by Mathijs Kwik

  I have a lot of ssh keys, they are all passphrase protected and managed by ssh-agent. As a result of this, I am now getting "Too many authentication failures" on some connections. As has been explained on this site before, this is because ssh will try all keys the agent throws at it. The proposed solution is to use IdentitiesOnly in the config, together with an IdentityFile. While this indeed stops offering wrong keys, it seems it completely disables the agent in full, so now I have to type the passphrase on every connection. I could not find clear info about this. Does IdentitiesOnly just disable getting keys from ssh-agent in full? Or should it just block out the keys that aren't mentioned? Thanks, Mathijs # here's my config ~% cat .ssh/config Host bluemote HostName some.host.com IdentitiesOnly yes IdentityFile /home/mathijs/.ssh/keys/bluebook_ecdsa # I had the key loaded into the agent, shown here ~% ssh-add -L ecdsa-sha2-nistp521 SOME_LONG_BASE64_NUMBER== /home/mathijs/.ssh/keys/bluebook_ecdsa # but it doesn't seem to get used ~% ssh bluemote Enter passphrase for key '/home/mathijs/.ssh/keys/bluebook_ecdsa':

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• MaaS - juju boostrap and ssh not found

  - by user84471

  today I want to juju boostrap so I do ssh-keygen and get this Generating public/private rsa key pair. Enter file in which to save the key (/home/hsf/.ssh/id_rsa): key Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase): ubuntu Enter same passphrase again: ubuntu Your identification has been saved in key. Your public key has been saved in key.pub. The key fingerprint is: 7e:d2:df:66:f5:2f:92:02:ad:10:67:b7:10:cd:33:03 hsf@ubuntu-server The key's randomart image is: +--[ RSA 2048]----+ | E+ | | . * | | . + | | . + . | | +S+ . | | ....o .| | .ooo . ..| | .o..o.+ .| | ..+..o| +-----------------+ Then I copy my public key in key.pub is like this: ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAADAQABAAABAQC89zkec0YhwYuUmjB6oxmLGmzH2nCvJMF0mjigodxN$ To the maas dashboard : press "Add SSH key" and copy and add key. So now I want to bootstrap and I get this: 2012-08-27 13:02:02,923 INFO Bootstrapping environment 'maas' (origin: distro type: maas)... 2012-08-27 13:02:05,935 ERROR Failed to launch machine /MAAS/api/1.0/nodes/node-3c4b1752-f031-11e1-bd44-001185e67955/; attempting to release. Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/juju/providers/maas/launch.py", line 44, in start_machine cloud_init = self._create_cloud_init(machine_id, zookeepers) File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/juju/providers/common/launch.py", line 95, in _create_cloud_init cloud_init.add_ssh_key(get_user_authorized_keys(config)) File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/juju/providers/common/utils.py", line 84, in get_user_authorized_keys raise LookupError("SSH authorized/public key not found.") LookupError: SSH authorized/public key not found. SSH authorized/public key not found. 2012-08-27 13:02:11,969 ERROR SSH authorized/public key not found. I don't know what to do. Please help.

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• Best practices for encrypting continuous/small UDP data

  - by temp

  Hello everyone, I am having an application where I have to send several small data per second through the network using UDP. The application need to send the data in real-time (no waiting). I want to encrypt these data and insure that what I am doing is as secure as possible. Since I am using UDP, there is no way to use SSL/TLS, so I have to encrypt each packet alone since the protocol is connectionless/unreliable/unregulated. Right now, I am using a 128-bit key derived from a passphrase from the user, and AES in CBC mode (PBE using AES-CBC). I decided to use a random salt with the passphrase to derive the 128-bit key (prevent dictionary attack on the passphrase), and of course use IVs (to prevent statistical analysis for packets). However I am concerned about few things: Each packet contains small amount of data (like a couple of integer values per packet) which will make the encrypted packets vulnerable to known-plaintext attacks (which will result in making it easier to crack the key). Also, since the encryption key is derived from a passphrase, this will make the key space way less (I know the salt will help, but I have to send the salt through the network once and anyone can get it). Given these two things, anyone can sniff and store the sent data, and try to crack the key. Although this process might take some time, once the key is cracked all the stored data will be decrypted, which will be a real problem for my application. So my question is, what is the best practices for sending/encrypting continuous small data using a connectionless protocol (UDP)? Is my way the best way to do it? ...flowed? ...Overkill? ... Please note that I am not asking for a 100% secure solution, as there is no such thing. Cheers

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