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  • Who Makes a Good Product Owner

    - by Robert May
    In general, the best product owners are those that care passionately about the customer of the product.  Note that I didn’t say about the product itself.  Actually, people that only care about the product, generally do not make good product owners.  Products only matter in relationship to their customers.  If a product doesn’t provide value to the customer, then the product has no value, no matter what a person might think of the product, and no matter what cool technologies exist inside of the product. A good product owner is also a good negotiator.  They recognize that many different priorities exist inside of a corporation, but that there can be only one list that developers work from.  A good product owner recognizes that its their job to help others around them prioritize (perhaps with a Product Council), but also understand that they alone have the final say about priorities and are willing to make the tough decisions required.  Deciding the priority between two perfectly valid stories is very difficult, especially when the stories are from two different departments! A good product owner is deeply interested in helping the team be successful.  They don’t seek to control the team, but instead seek to understand what the team can do and then work with the team to get the best product possible for the Customer.  A good product owner is never denigrating to team members, ever.  They recognize that such behavior would damage the trust that needs to be present between team members and product owners and will avoid it at all costs. In general, technical people (i.e. former or current developers) make poor product owners.  In their minds, they can’t separate implementation details from user functionality, so their stories end up sounding like implementation details.  For example, “The user enters their username on the password screen” is something that a technical product owner would write.  The proper wording for that story is “A user supplies the system with their credentials.”  Because technical people think different from the rest of the population, they are generally not a good fit. A good product owner is also a good writer.  Writing good stories demands good writing.  The art of persuasion, descriptiveness and just general good grammar are all required.  A good Product Owner must also be well spoken, since most of what will be conveyed will be conveyed with the spoken word, not just written word. A good product owner is a “People Person.”  They like talking to people and are very patient.  They don’t mind having questions repeated or fielding many questions, because they want to make sure that the ideas they’re conveying are properly understood so the customer gets the best product possible.  They are happy to answer any questions a team member may have and invite feedback and criticism of designs and stories, since they want a good product.  They really have little ego that gets in the way of building a great product. All of these qualities can be hard to find, but if you look close enough, you’ll find the right person in your organization.  Product owners can be found anywhere, not just in upper management.  Some of the best product owners are those that are very close to the customer.  In fact, check your customer support staff.  I’d bet that several great product owners are lurking there. Final note about what makes a good product owner.  You’re probably NOT going to find a good product owner in a manager, especially if they consider themselves a “Manager.”  Product owners don’t manage anything but the backlog, so be especially careful if the person you’re selecting for Product Owner is a manager. Up Next, “Messing with the Team.” Technorati Tags: Scrum,Product Owner

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  • KBACE Technologies Talks About Oracle Tutor Customer Benefits

    Maryellen Papelian, Education Practice Lead at KBACE Technologies and Russell Handley, Director of Tutor Marketing at Oracle explain what Oracle Tutor is, how customers use Oracle Tutor to document business processes, and how Oracle Tutor provides both content and software tools to easily create and maintain business process documents.

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  • Linking Simple product to their page listed under Grouped product in Magento

    - by Yogesh
    I want to add url for each simple product listed under Grouped product in Magento i have changed it with below code in app\design\frontend\blank\default\template\catalog\product\view\type\grouped.phtml but still not work for me it's link but with main group product (Example: Main Grouped product and three simple products Item1 Item2 Item3 but all simple product show same url of ain Grouped product) <td><a href="<?php $_item->getUrlPath() ?>"><?php echo $this->htmlEscape($_item->getName()) ?></a> </td> and this also <td><a href="<?php $_item->getProductUrl() ?>"><?php echo $this->htmlEscape($_item->getName()) ?></a> </td> i am doing any mistek pls. help how and where to change it

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  • Product table, many kinds of product, each product has many parameters

    - by StoneHeart
    Hi, i'm have not much experience in table design. My goal is a product table(s), it must design to fix some requirement below: Support many kind of products (TV, Phone, PC, ...). Each kind of product has different set of parameters like: Phone will have Color, Size, Weight, OS... PC will have CPU, HDD, RAM... Set of parameters must be dynamic. You can add or edit any parameter you like. I don't want make a table for each kind of product. So I need help to find a correct solution. Thanks.

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  • Oracle Product Leader Named a Leader in Gartner MQ for MDM of Product Data Solutions

    - by Mala Narasimharajan
    Gartner recently Oracle as a leader in the MQ report for MDM of Product Data Solutions.  They named Oracle as a leader with the following key points:  Strong MDM portfolio covering multiple data domains, industries and use cases Oracle PDH can be a good fit for Oracle EBS customers and can form part of a multidomain solution: Deep MDM of product data functionality Evolving support for information stewardship For  more information on the report visit Oracle's Analyst Relations blog at  http://blog.us.oracle.com/dimdmar/.  To learn more about Oracle's product information solutions for master data management click here. 

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  • Cool features of Macs / OS X?

    - by Click Upvote
    I found out yesterday that you can use a remote control with a Mac. And I've also heard that iSight web cams can be programmed to detect any kind of movements? What are some other cool/interesting features that a user new to Macs wouldn't likely know about?

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  • Product Naming Conventions - Does it make sense

    - by NeilHambly
    Maybe it’s just me, but with some of the MS Products being released in 2010 with "2010" in their product name, is the naming of the SQL Server product suite being released with product name that doesn’t make sense, our latest SQL Server Release which is now just about to be released is "SQL Server 2008 R2" My question is do you think this product name is ? Good, Bad or just plain confusing IMHO I think we could have been better placed if this was named "SQL Server 2010"...(read more)

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  • Magento: Getting Product Url's for Products within a Grouped Product

    - by Nathan
    For a grouped product, I would like to display a link to the simple products it is composed of. For example, if I have a grouped product called Dining Set composed of plates, knives, forks, etc. I'd like each of the subproducts to have a link to that subproduct (click plates goes to the Simple Product for plates) <?php foreach ($_associatedProducts as $_item): ?> <tr> <td><?php echo $this->htmlEscape($_item->getName()) ?></td> <td class="a-right"> <?php echo $this->getPriceHtml($_item, true) ?> </td> <?php if ($_product->isSaleable()): ?> <td class="a-center"> <?php if ($_item->isSaleable()) : ?> <a href="<?php $_item->getProductUrl() ?>">View</a> <?php else: ?> <p class="availability"><span class="out-of-stock"><?php echo $this->__('Out of stock.') ?></span></p> <?php endif; ?> </td> <?php endif; ?> </tr> <?php endforeach; ?> This is a code snippet from the grouped.phtml file in app/design/frontend/blank/default/template/catalog/product/view/type/grouped.phtml In particular the line that has $_item-getProductUrl() This does not work, and I don't know the code needed to get the url for this associated product item. If anyone could help here it would be much appreciated. Also, where on earth can I find the method's available (and how they're used) for Products or Categories or $_item and the like? Thanks, Nathan

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  • Hidden features of Bash

    - by Patrick
    Shell scripts are often used as glue, for automation and simple one-off tasks. What are some of your favorite "hidden" features of the Bash shell/scripting language? One feature per answer Give an example and short description of the feature, not just a link to documentation Label the feature using bold title as the first line See also: Hidden features of C Hidden features of C# Hidden features of C++ Hidden features of Delphi Hidden features of Python Hidden features of Java Hidden features of JavaScript Hidden features of Ruby Hidden features of PHP Hidden features of Perl Hidden features of VB.Net

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  • We're Hiring! - Server and Desktop Virtualization Product Management

    - by adam.hawley
    There is a lot of exciting stuff going on here at Oracle in general but the server and desktop virtualization group in particular is deeply involved in executing on Oracle's strategy for delivering complete hardware-software solutions across the company, so we're expanding our team with several open positions. If you're interested and qualified, then please send us your resume. The three positions in Virtualization Product Management can be found by going here or going to the Employment Opportunities Job Search page, clicking on 'Advanced Search' and typing the job opening numbers (include 'IRC'... see below) in the 'Keywords' field. Click Search. Current openings are... IRC1457623: Oracle VM Product Management IRC1457626: Desktop Virtualization Application Solutions Product Management IRC1473577: Oracle VM Best Practices Implementation Engineer (Product Management) I look forward to hearing from you!

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  • Hidden features of Python

    - by jelovirt
    What are the lesser-known but useful features of the Python programming language? Try to limit answers to Python core One feature per answer Give an example and short description of the feature, not just a link to documentation Label the feature using bold title as the first line This question is along the lines of : Hidden Features of JavaScript Hidden Features of CSS Hidden Features of C# Hidden Features of VB.Net Hidden Features of Java Hidden Features of ASP.NET Hidden Features of Python Hidden Features of TextPad Hidden Features of Eclipse Hidden Features of JavaScript

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  • Interview questions for programming tutor?

    - by Emmett Gear
    My family is looking for a programming/computer science tutor. Personally, I want to learn Java or some other brand of web programming. I am best described as a PC "power user." I have never programmed in the past and would like a good jump start. I am a very quick learner and do not expect the tutor to have to teach me the ultra basic stuff that I can learn myself. My son also needs a programming tutor. He just got into Carnegie Mellon as a computer science major. Having done only robotics and mathematics in the past he is very nervous that he does not have the same level of knowledge as his future classmates. I need some help coming up with a list of questions to ask potential tutors and some criteria to judge them by. Thanks! Edit: So far I have come up with just the obvious... Where did you receive your education? What languages are you familiar with? How long have you been tutoring? What made you decide to become a tutor? What software projects have you worked on? What work references can you give me? How much do you charge?

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  • Hidden Features of MXML

    - by Ole Jak
    What are some of the hidden features of MXML? MXML being used in Flex Framework became quite popular language (because Flash Player is something every PC has and Flash Builder, Flash Catalist are quite popular Adobe programms) So at least from the existing features, do you know any that are not well known but very useful. Of course, this question is along the lines of: Hidden Features of ActionScript Hidden Features of JavaScript Hidden Features of CSS Hidden Features of C# Hidden Features of VB.NET Hidden Features of Java Hidden Features of ASP.NET Hidden Features of Python Hidden Features of TextPad Hidden Features of Eclipse Hidden Features of HTML Please specify one feature per answer. Note that it's not always a great idea to use these hidden features; often times they are surprising and confusing to others reading your code.

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  • Hidden Features of ActionScript

    - by Ole Jak
    What are some of the hidden features of ActionScript? ActionScript is widely used language. It has been around for so many years. So at least from the existing features, do you know any that are not well known but very useful. Of course, this question is along the lines of: Hidden Features of JavaScript Hidden Features of CSS Hidden Features of C# Hidden Features of VB.NET Hidden Features of Java Hidden Features of ASP.NET Hidden Features of Python Hidden Features of TextPad Hidden Features of Eclipse Hidden Features of HTML Do not mention features of ActionScript 2.0, since it is quite old and not eweryone can understend it now Please specify one feature per answer. Note that it's not always a great idea to use these hidden features; often times they are surprising and confusing to others reading your code.

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  • The Complementary Roles of PLM and PIM

    - by Ulf Köster
    Oracle Product Value Chain Solutions (aka Enterprise PLM Solutions) are a comprehensive set of product management solutions that work together to provide Oracle customers with a broad array of capabilities to manage all aspects of product life: innovation, design, launch, and supply chain / commercialization processes beyond the capabilities and boundaries of traditional engineering-focused Product Lifecycle Management applications. They support companies with an integrated managed view across the product value chain: From Lab to Launch, From Farm to Fork, From Concept to Product to Customer, From Product Innovation to Product Design and Product Commercialization. Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) represents a broad suite of software solutions to improve product-oriented business processes and data. PLM success stories prove that PLM helps companies improve time to market, increase product-related revenue, reduce product costs, reduce internal costs and improve product quality. As a maturing suite of enterprise solutions, PLM is still evolving to realize the promise it can provide across all facets of a business and all phases of the product lifecycle. The vision for PLM includes everything from gathering early requirements for a product through multiple stages of the product lifecycle from product design, through commercialization and eventual product retirement or replacement. In discrete or process industries, PLM is typically more focused on Product Definition as items with respect to the technical view of a material or part, including specifications, bills of material and manufacturing data. With Agile PLM, this is specifically related to capabilities addressing Product Collaboration, Governance and Compliance, Product Quality Management, Product Cost Management and Engineering Collaboration. PLM today is mainly addressing key requirements in the early product lifecycle, in engineering changes or in the “innovation cycle”, and primarily adds value related to product design, development, launch and engineering change process. In short, PLM is the master for Product Definition, wherever manufacturing takes place. Product Information Management (PIM) is a product suite that has evolved in parallel to PLM. Product Information Management (PIM) can extend the value of PLM implementations by providing complementary tools and capabilities. More relevant in the area of Product Commercialization, the vision for PIM is to manage product information throughout an enterprise and supply chain to improve product-related knowledge management, information sharing and synchronization from multiple data sources. PIM success stories have shown the ability to provide multiple benefits, with particular emphasis on reducing information complexity and information management costs. Product Information in PIM is typically treated as the commercial view of a material or part, including sales and marketing information and categorization. PIM collects information from multiple manufacturing sites and multiple suppliers into its repository, but also provides integration tools to push the information back out to the other systems, serving as an active central repository with the aim to provide a holistic view on any product sold by a company (hence the name “Product Hub”). In short, PIM is the master of commercial Product Information. So PIM is quickly becoming mandatory because of its value in optimizing multichannel selling processes and relationships with customers, as you can see from the following table: Viewpoint PLM Current State PIM Key Benefits PIM adds to PLM Product Lifecycle Primarily R&D Front end Innovation Cycle Change process Primarily commercial / transactional state of lifecycle Provides a seamless information flow from design and manufacturing through the ultimate selling and servicing of products Data Primarily focused on “item” vs. “product” data Product structures Specifications Technical information Repository for all product information. Reaches out to entire enterprise and its various silos of product information and descriptions Provides a “trusted source” of accurate product information to the internal organization and trading partners Data Lifecycle Repository for all design iterations Historical information Released, current information, with version management and time stamping Provides a single location to track and audit historical product information Communication PLM release finished product to ERP PLM is the master for Product Definition Captures information from disparate sources, including in-house data stores Recognizes the reality of today’s data “mess” across information silos Provides the ability to package product information to its audience in the desired, relevant format to meet their exacting business requirements Departmental R&D Manufacturing Quality Compliance Procurement Strategic Marketing Focus on Marketing and Sales Gathering information from other Departments, multiple sites, multiple suppliers A singular enterprise solution that leverages existing information silos and data stores Supply Chain Multi-site internal collaboration Supplier collaboration Customer collaboration Works with customers, exchanges / data pools, and trading partners to provide relevant product information packaged the way the customer desires Provides ability to provide trading partners and internal customers with information in a manner they desire, continuously Tools Data Management Collaboration Innovation Management Cleansing Synchronization Hub functions Consistent, clean and complete commercial product information The goals of both PLM and PIM, put simply, are to help companies make more profit from their products. PLM and PIM solutions can be easily added as they share some of the same goals, while coming from two different perspectives: the definition of the product and the commercialization of the product. Both can serve as a form of product “system of record”, but take different approaches to delivering value. Oracle Product Value Chain solutions offer rich new strategies for executives to collectively leverage Agile PLM, Product Data Hub, together with Enterprise Data Quality for Products, and other industry leading Oracle applications to achieve further incremental value, like Oracle Innovation Management. This is unique on the market today.

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  • Hidden/best features of TextPad

    - by Binoj Antony
    I use Textpad as a text editor, so far I have found few of the features to be invaluable, please list features and keyboard shortcuts you find to be useful. CTRL + SHIFT + G : Selecting a file name and pressing this key combination will open this file in the editor. ALT + Mouse Left click + drag : This will let you select (to copy or cut) text vertically. CTRL + F5 : Find in files in subfolders. CTRL + M : To locate the matching end/begin braces. Regular expression support in find and replace. CTRL + F9 : Compare files Editable syntax hilighting Macros Abundance of free extensions Hope there are people out there who use Textpad.

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  • PHP 5.4 Support: Minor Features

    - by Ondrej Brejla
    Hi all! This weak is another PHP weak. Asking why? PHP migrates to Git and GitHub! Isn't that cool? And this week is also NetBeans for PHP week, because we have some new NetBeans 7.2 features for you. Note: All PHP 5.4 features are available in your projects after setting Project Properties -> Sources -> PHP Version to PHP 5.4 value, or after choosing the same value during a PHP Project creation (in New Project Wizard). Callable type hint Let's start with a new PHP 5.4 type hint - callable. It's now in code completion and you can use it in your function declarations! Binary notation for integers The next feature is about recognizing of a new binary notation for integers, so you can use it without any problem - no syntax error will occur. Class::{expr}() And the last feature is about using of Class::{expr}() invocation. It's supported by our parser too, so no syntax errors will occur either. That's all for today and as usual, please test it and if you find something strange, don't hesitate to file a new issue (component php, subcomponent Editor). Thanks.

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  • Documenting Business Processes and Capturing Organizational Knowledge with Oracle Tutor 12.2

    Organizations can master the challenges of documenting business processes and capturing organizational knowledge with Oracle Tutor. They can also solve the documentation challenges they face during an implementation/upgrade and satisfy business process regulatory compliance initiatives. Oracle Tutor can help project teams lay the foundation for a successful application rollout or compliance audit by quickly and consistently creating and sustaining employee process documentation throughout the business lifecycle.

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  • Hidden features of WPF and XAML?

    - by Sauron
    Here is a large number of hidden features discussed for variety of languages. Now I am curious about some hidden features of XAML and WPF? One I have found is the header click event of a ListView <ListView x:Name='lv' Height="150" GridViewColumnHeader.Click="GridViewColumnHeaderClickedHandler"> The GridViewColumnHeader.Click property is not listed. Some of relevant features so far: Multibinding combined with StringFormat TargetNullValue to bindings TextTrimming property Markup extensions Adding Aero effect to Window Advanced "caption" properties XAML Converters See also: Hidden features of C# Hidden features of Python Hidden features of ASP.NET Hidden features of Perl Hidden features of Java Hidden features of VB.NET Hidden features of PHP Hidden features of Ruby Hidden features of C And So On........

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  • How to Use Windows’ Advanced Search Features: Everything You Need to Know

    - by Chris Hoffman
    You should never have to hunt down a lost file on modern versions of Windows — just perform a quick search. You don’t even have to wait for a cartoon dog to find your files, like on Windows XP. The Windows search indexer is constantly running in the background to make quick local searches possible. This enables the kind of powerful search features you’d use on Google or Bing — but for your local files. Controlling the Indexer By default, the Windows search indexer watches everything under your user folder — that’s C:\Users\NAME. It reads all these files, creating an index of their names, contents, and other metadata. Whenever they change, it notices and updates its index. The index allows you to quickly find a file based on the data in the index. For example, if you want to find files that contain the word “beluga,” you can perform a search for “beluga” and you’ll get a very quick response as Windows looks up the word in its search index. If Windows didn’t use an index, you’d have to sit and wait as Windows opened every file on your hard drive, looked to see if the file contained the word “beluga,” and moved on. Most people shouldn’t have to modify this indexing behavior. However, if you store your important files in other folders — maybe you store your important data a separate partition or drive, such as at D:\Data — you may want to add these folders to your index. You can also choose which types of files you want to index, force Windows to rebuild the index entirely, pause the indexing process so it won’t use any system resources, or move the index to another location to save space on your system drive. To open the Indexing Options window, tap the Windows key on your keyboard, type “index”, and click the Indexing Options shortcut that appears. Use the Modify button to control the folders that Windows indexes or the Advanced button to control other options. To prevent Windows from indexing entirely, click the Modify button and uncheck all the included locations. You could also disable the search indexer entirely from the Programs and Features window. Searching for Files You can search for files right from your Start menu on Windows 7 or Start screen on Windows 8. Just tap the Windows key and perform a search. If you wanted to find files related to Windows, you could perform a search for “Windows.” Windows would show you files that are named Windows or contain the word Windows. From here, you can just click a file to open it. On Windows 7, files are mixed with other types of search results. On Windows 8 or 8.1, you can choose to search only for files. If you want to perform a search without leaving the desktop in Windows 8.1, press Windows Key + S to open a search sidebar. You can also initiate searches directly from Windows Explorer — that’s File Explorer on Windows 8. Just use the search box at the top-right of the window. Windows will search the location you’ve browsed to. For example, if you’re looking for a file related to Windows and know it’s somewhere in your Documents library, open the Documents library and search for Windows. Using Advanced Search Operators On Windows 7, you’ll notice that you can add “search filters” form the search box, allowing you to search by size, date modified, file type, authors, and other metadata. On Windows 8, these options are available from the Search Tools tab on the ribbon. These filters allow you to narrow your search results. If you’re a geek, you can use Windows’ Advanced Query Syntax to perform advanced searches from anywhere, including the Start menu or Start screen. Want to search for “windows,” but only bring up documents that don’t mention Microsoft? Search for “windows -microsoft”. Want to search for all pictures of penguins on your computer, whether they’re PNGs, JPEGs, or any other type of picture file? Search for “penguin kind:picture”. We’ve looked at Windows’ advanced search operators before, so check out our in-depth guide for more information. The Advanced Query Syntax gives you access to options that aren’t available in the graphical interface. Creating Saved Searches Windows allows you to take searches you’ve made and save them as a file. You can then quickly perform the search later by double-clicking the file. The file functions almost like a virtual folder that contains the files you specify. For example, let’s say you wanted to create a saved search that shows you all the new files created in your indexed folders within the last week. You could perform a search for “datecreated:this week”, then click the Save search button on the toolbar or ribbon. You’d have a new virtual folder you could quickly check to see your recent files. One of the best things about Windows search is that it’s available entirely from the keyboard. Just press the Windows key, start typing the name of the file or program you want to open, and press Enter to quickly open it. Windows 8 made this much more obnoxious with its non-unified search, but unified search is finally returning with Windows 8.1.     

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  • Variant Management– Which Approach fits for my Product?

    - by C. Chadwick
    Jürgen Kunz – Director Product Development – Oracle ORACLE Deutschland B.V. & Co. KG Introduction In a difficult economic environment, it is important for companies to understand the customer requirements in detail and to address them in their products. Customer specific products, however, usually cause increased costs. Variant management helps to find the best combination of standard components and custom components which balances customer’s product requirements and product costs. Depending on the type of product, different approaches to variant management will be applied. For example the automotive product “car” or electronic/high-tech products like a “computer”, with a pre-defined set of options to be combined in the individual configuration (so called “Assembled to Order” products), require a different approach to products in heavy machinery, which are (at least partially) engineered in a customer specific way (so-called “Engineered-to Order” products). This article discusses different approaches to variant management. Starting with the simple Bill of Material (BOM), this article presents three different approaches to variant management, which are provided by Agile PLM. Single level BOM and Variant BOM The single level BOM is the basic form of the BOM. The product structure is defined using assemblies and single parts. A particular product is thus represented by a fixed product structure. As soon as you have to manage product variants, the single level BOM is no longer sufficient. A variant BOM will be needed to manage product variants. The variant BOM is sometimes referred to as 150% BOM, since a variant BOM contains more parts and assemblies than actually needed to assemble the (final) product – just 150% of the parts You can evolve the variant BOM from the single level BOM by replacing single nodes with a placeholder node. The placeholder in this case represents the possible variants of a part or assembly. Product structure nodes, which are part of any product, are so-called “Must-Have” parts. “Optional” parts can be omitted in the final product. Additional attributes allow limiting the quantity of parts/assemblies which can be assigned at a certain position in the Variant BOM. Figure 1 shows the variant BOM of Agile PLM. Figure 1 Variant BOM in Agile PLM During the instantiation of the Variant BOM, the placeholders get replaced by specific variants of the parts and assemblies. The selection of the desired or appropriate variants is either done step by step by the user or by applying pre-defined configuration rules. As a result of the instantiation, an independent BOM will be created (Figure 2). Figure 2 Instantiated BOM in Agile PLM This kind of Variant BOM  can be used for „Assembled –To-Order“ type products as well as for „Engineered-to-Order“-type products. In case of “Assembled –To-Order” type products, typically the instantiation is done automatically with pre-defined configuration rules. For „Engineered- to-Order“-type products at least part of the product is selected manually to make use of customized parts/assemblies, that have been engineered according to the specific custom requirements. Template BOM The Template BOM is used for „Engineered-to-Order“-type products. It is another type of variant BOM. The engineer works in a flexible environment which allows him to build the most creative solutions. At the same time the engineer shall be guided to re-use existing solutions and it shall be assured that product variants of the same product family share the same base structure. The template BOM defines the basic structure of products belonging to the same product family. Let’s take a gearbox as an example. The customer specific configuration of the gearbox is influenced by several parameters (e.g. rpm range, transmitted torque), which are defined in the customer’s requirement document.  Figure 3 shows part of a Template BOM (yellow) and its relation to the product family hierarchy (blue).  Figure 3 Template BOM Every component of the Template BOM has links to the variants that have been engineeried so far for the component (depending on the level in the Template BOM, they are product variants, Assembly Variant or single part variants). This library of solutions, the so-called solution space, can be used by the engineers to build new product variants. In the best case, the engineer selects an existing solution variant, such as the gearbox shown in figure 3. When the existing variants do not fulfill the specific requirements, a new variant will be engineered. This new variant must be compliant with the given Template BOM. If we look at the gearbox in figure 3  it must consist of a transmission housing, a Connecting Plate, a set of Gears and a Planetary transmission – pre-assumed that all components are must have components. The new variant will enhance the solution space and is automatically available for re-use in future variants. The result of the instantiation of the Template BOM is a stand-alone BOM which represents the customer specific product variant. Modular BOM The concept of the modular BOM was invented in the automotive industry. Passenger cars are so-called „Assembled-to-Order“-products. The customer first selects the specific equipment of the car (so-called specifications) – for instance engine, audio equipment, rims, color. Based on this information the required parts will be determined and the customer specific car will be assembled. Certain combinations of specification are not available for the customer, because they are not feasible from technical perspective (e.g. a convertible with sun roof) or because the combination will not be offered for marketing reasons (e.g. steel rims with a sports line car). The modular BOM (yellow structure in figure 4) is defined in the context of a specific product family (in the sample it is product family „Speedstar“). It is the same modular BOM for the different types of cars of the product family (e.g. sedan, station wagon). The assembly or single parts of the car (blue nodes in figure 4) are assigned at the leaf level of the modular BOM. The assignment of assembly and parts to the modular BOM is enriched with a configuration rule (purple elements in figure 4). The configuration rule defines the conditions to use a specific assembly or single part. The configuration rule is valid in the context of a type of car (green elements in figure 4). Color specific parts are assigned to the color independent parts via additional configuration rules (grey elements in figure 4). The configuration rules use Boolean operators to connect the specifications. Additional consistency rules (constraints) may be used to define invalid combinations of specification (so-called exclusions). Furthermore consistency rules may be used to add specifications to the set of specifications. For instance it is important that a car with diesel engine always is build using the high capacity battery.  Figure 4 Modular BOM The calculation of the car configuration consists of several steps. First the consistency rules (constraints) are applied. Resulting from that specification might be added automatically. The second step will determine the assemblies and single parts for the complete structure of the modular BOM, by evaluating the configuration rules in the context of the current type of car. The evaluation of the rules for one component in the modular BOM might result in several rules being fulfilled. In this case the most specific rule (typically the longest rule) will win. Thanks to this approach, it is possible to add a specific variant to the modular BOM without the need to change any other configuration rules.  As a result the whole set of configuration rules is easy to maintain. Finally the color specific assemblies respective parts will be determined and the configuration is completed. Figure 5 Calculated Car Configuration The result of the car configuration is shown in figure 5. It shows the list of assemblies respective single parts (blue components in figure 5), which are required to build the customer specific car. Summary There are different approaches to variant management. Three different approaches have been presented in this article. At the end of the day, it is the type of the product which decides about the best approach.  For „Assembled to Order“-type products it is very likely that you can define the configuration rules and calculate the product variant automatically. Products of type „Engineered-to-Order“ ,however, need to be engineered. Nevertheless in the majority of cases, part of the product structure can be generated automatically in a similar way to „Assembled to Order“-tape products.  That said it is important first to analyze the product portfolio, in order to define the best approach to variant management.

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