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  • What exactly can concrete domains be used to describe?

    - by Exander
    I have read the formal definition of a "concrete domain", but I still don't quite get it. Could someone explain it to me in simpler terms, preferably with some examples? The definition is available in Reasoning in Description Logics with a Concrete Domain in the Framework of Resolution by Ullrich Hustadt, Boris Motik, Ulrike Sattler. Page 1, Definition 1.

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  • Optimize conditional operators branching in C#

    - by abatishchev
    Hello. I have next code: return this.AllowChooseAny.Value ? radioSpecific.Checked ? UserManager.CurrentUser.IsClient ? txtSubject.Text : subjectDropDownList.SelectedItem.Text : String.Empty : UserManager.CurrentUser.IsClient ? txtSubject.Text : subjectDropDownList.SelectedItem.Text; or in less complex form: return any ? specified ? isClient ? textbox : dropdown : empty : isClient ? textbox : dropdown; or in schematic form: | any / \ specified isClient / \ / \ isClient empty textbox dropdown / \ textbox dropdown Evidently I have a duplicated block on two different levels. Is it possible to optimize this code to probably split them to one? Or something like that..

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  • How do i merge the arrays in a particular format?

    - by Pankaj Khurana
    Hi, I have following arrays: 1) for total placed Array ( [0] => Array ( [centers] => Array ( [name] => delhi [id] => 1 ) [0] => Array ( [totalplaced] => 8 ) ) [1] => Array ( [centers] => Array ( [name] => mumbai [id] => 2 ) [0] => Array ( [totalplaced] => 1 ) ) ) 2) for total working Array ( [0] => Array ( [centers] => Array ( [name] => delhi [id] => 1 ) [0] => Array ( [totalworking] => 4 ) ) [1] => Array ( [centers] => Array ( [name] => mumbai [id] => 2 ) [0] => Array ( [totalworking] => 1 ) ) ) 3) for total trained Array ( [0] => Array ( [centers] => Array ( [name] => delhi [id] => 1 ) [0] => Array ( [totaltrained] => 8 ) ) [1] => Array ( [centers] => Array ( [name] => mumbai [id] => 2 ) [0] => Array ( [totaltrained] => 1 ) ) ) I wanted to merge these arrays so that the resultant array should look like this [newarray] => Array( [0] => Array ( [centers] => Array ( [name] => delhi [id] => 1 [totalplaced] => 8 [totalworking] => 4 [totaltrained] => 8 ) ) [1]=> Array( [centers] => Array ( [name] => mumbai [id] => 2 [totalplaced] => 1 [totalworking] => 1 [totaltrained] => 1 ) ) ) This is the tabular representation of the above data which i want to display centername totalplaced totalworking totaltrained delhi 8 4 8 mumbai 1 1 1 Please help me on this. Thanks Pankaj Khurana

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  • Why is Decimal('0') > 9999.0 True in Python?

    - by parxier
    This is somehow related to my question Why is ''0 True in Python? In Python 2.6.4: >> Decimal('0') > 9999.0 True From the answer to my original question I understand that when comparing objects of different types in Python 2.x the types are ordered by their name. But in this case: >> type(Decimal('0')).__name__ > type(9999.0).__name__ False Why is Decimal('0') > 9999.0 == True then? UPDATE: I usually work on Ubuntu (Linux 2.6.31-20-generic #57-Ubuntu SMP Mon Feb 8 09:05:19 UTC 2010 i686 GNU/Linux, Python 2.6.4 (r264:75706, Dec 7 2009, 18:45:15) [GCC 4.4.1] on linux2). On Windows (WinXP Professional SP3, Python 2.6.4 (r264:75706, Nov 3 2009, 13:23:17) [MSC v.1500 32 bit (Intel)] on win32) my original statement works differently: >> Decimal('0') > 9999.0 False I even more puzzled now. %-(

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  • Applications of Unification?

    - by Ravi
    What are (practical) applications of Unification ? Where it is been used in real world? I couldn't get the whole idea of what it is really about and why its considered as a part of Artificial Intelligence.

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  • <?php echo $questionTitle; ?> [closed]

    - by oil
    So this "question" makes no sense and will be closed. But are you willing to spend your hard-earned reputation to downvote it? Go on. A programmer should be able to make logical decisions, why will you downvote the question then instead of ignoring it?

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  • Prolog - Finding the current directory, relative directory for 'tell' predicate

    - by Bharat
    I'm having trouble trying to figure out how to get prolog to spit out a text file where I want it to. I'm currently doing a bunch of operations and then using tell('output.txt') to record the output. Now the problem is that when I do this, it creates this file in the SWI \bin\ folder. I was wondering if there's a way to make it create this file in the directory containing the actual .pl file. So even if the file was moved (and it will be), the text file gets created right where the source file is. Long story short, is there a way to get the location of the source file once the source file has been consulted? Many Thanks!

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  • Prolog: using the sort/2 predicate

    - by Øyvind Hauge
    So I'm trying to get rid of the wrapper clause by using the sort library predicate directly inside split. What split does is just generating a list of numbers from a list that looks like this: [1:2,3:2,4:6] ---split-- [1,2,3,2,4,6]. But the generated list contains duplicates, and I don't want that, so I'm using the wrapper to combine split and sort, which then generates the desired result: [1,2,3,4,6]. I'd really like to get rid of the wrapper and just use sort within split, however I keep getting "ERROR: sort/2: Arguments are not sufficiently instantiated." Any ideas? Thanks :) split([],[]). split([H1:H2|T],[H1,H2|NT]) :- split(T,NT). wrapper(L,Processed) :- split(L,L2), sort(L2,Processed).

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  • Enforcing an "end" call whenever there is a corresponding "start" call

    - by Jeff Meatball Yang
    Let's say I want to enforce a rule: Everytime you call "StartJumping()" in your function, you must call "EndJumping()" before you return. When a developer is writing their code, they may simply forget to call EndSomething - so I want to make it easy to remember. I can think of only one way to do this: and it abuses the "using" keyword: class Jumper : IDisposable { public Jumper() { Jumper.StartJumping(); } public void Dispose() { Jumper.EndJumping(); } public static void StartJumping() {...} public static void EndJumping() {...} } public bool SomeFunction() { // do some stuff // start jumping... using(Jumper j = new Jumper()) { // do more stuff // while jumping } // end jumping } Is there a better way to do this?

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  • MongoMapper: how do I create a model like this

    - by Vladimir R
    Suppose we have two models, Task and User. So a user can have many tasks and tasks should be able to have many users too. But, a task should also have a unique creator who is also a user. Exemple: A task in this context is like this: Task ID, Task Creator, Users who should do the task User_1 creates a task and he is then the creator. User_1 specifies User_2 and User_3 as users who should do the task. So these two last users are not creators of task. How do I create this models so that if I have a task object, I can find it's creator and users who should complete it. And how do I do, if I have a user, to find all tasks he created and all tasks he should complete. Thank you.

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  • Which style is preferable when writing this boolean expression?

    - by Jeppe Stig Nielsen
    I know this question is to some degree a matter of taste. I admit this is not something I don't understand, it's just something I want to hear others' opinion about. I need to write a method that takes two arguments, a boolean and a string. The boolean is in a sense (which will be obvious shortly) redundant, but it is part of a specification that the method must take in both arguments, and must raise an exception with a specific message text if the boolean has the "wrong" value. The bool must be true if and only if the string is not null or empty. So here are some different styles to write (hopefully!) the same thing. Which one do you find is the most readable, and compliant with good coding practice? // option A: Use two if, repeat throw statement and duplication of message string public void SomeMethod(bool useName, string name) { if (useName && string.IsNullOrEmpty(name)) throw new SomeException("..."); if (!useName && !string.IsNullOrEmpty(name)) throw new SomeException("..."); // rest of method } // option B: Long expression but using only && and || public void SomeMethod(bool useName, string name) { if (useName && string.IsNullOrEmpty(name) || !useName && !string.IsNullOrEmpty(name)) throw new SomeException("..."); // rest of method } // option C: With == operator between booleans public void SomeMethod(bool useName, string name) { if (useName == string.IsNullOrEmpty(name)) throw new SomeException("..."); // rest of method } // option D1: With XOR operator public void SomeMethod(bool useName, string name) { if (!(useName ^ string.IsNullOrEmpty(name))) throw new SomeException("..."); // rest of method } // option D2: With XOR operator public void SomeMethod(bool useName, string name) { if (useName ^ !string.IsNullOrEmpty(name)) throw new SomeException("..."); // rest of method } Of course you're welcome to suggest other possibilities too. Message text "..." would be something like "If 'useName' is true a name must be given, and if 'useName' is false no name is allowed".

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  • Rails find :conditions

    - by Sam
    I have a Reservation model that I'm searching for with three fields. The container_id must always be self.id but as confirmed and auto_confirmed only one needs to be true. I have the following but it doesn't preform what I need: Reservation.find(:all, :conditions => ['container_id = ? AND confirmed = ? OR auto_confirm = ?', self.id, true, true,]) How should I change this?

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  • Hebbian learning

    - by Bane
    I have asked another question on Hebbian learning before, and I guess I got a good answer which I accepted, but, the problem is that I now realize that I've mistaken about Hebbian learning completely, and that I'm a bit confused. So, could you please explain how it can be useful, and what for? Because the way Wikipedia and some other pages describe it - it doesn't make sense! Why would we want to keep increasing the weight between the input and the output neuron if the fire together? What kind of problems can it be used to solve, because when I simulate it in my head, it certainly can't do the basic AND, OR, and other operations (say you initialize the weights at zero, the output neurons never fire, and the weights are never increased!)

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  • How do you get the logical xor of two variables in Python?

    - by Zach Hirsch
    How do you get the logical xor of two variables in Python? For example, I have two variables that I expect to be strings. I want to test that only one of them contains a True value (is not None or the empty string): str1 = raw_input("Enter string one:") str2 = raw_input("Enter string two:") if logical_xor(str1, str2): print "ok" else: print "bad" The ^ operator seems to be bitwise, and not defined on all objects: >>> 1 ^ 1 0 >>> 2 ^ 1 3 >>> "abc" ^ "" Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for ^: 'str' and 'str'

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  • zChaff not showing output

    - by pns
    Hello, So I downloaded the latest version of zChaff (2007), and was trying out some very simple SAT problems. But zChaff does not output the solution (variable assignments). A very simple example input: p cnf 2 2 1 2 0 1 -2 0 And what I get: c 2 Clauses are true, Verify Solution successful. Instance Satisfiable 1 -2 Random Seed Used 0 Max Decision Level 1 Num. of Decisions 2 ( Stack + Vsids + Shrinking Decisions ) 0 + 1 + 0 Original Num Variables 2 Original Num Clauses 2 Original Num Literals 4 Added Conflict Clauses 0 Num of Shrinkings 0 Deleted Conflict Clauses 0 Deleted Clauses 0 Added Conflict Literals 0 Deleted (Total) Literals 0 Number of Implication 2 Total Run Time 5.1e-05 RESULT: SAT I can see the 1 -2 on the left of "Random Seed Used", but shouldn't this be outputing the variable assignments as "v ..." ? Thanks

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  • Operations on bytes in C#

    - by Hooch
    Hello. I'm writing application to control LEDS on LPT. I have everything working except this. This is one small function. I have sth like that: I want to build function that will take two argument and return one number: In actual code those binary numers will be in hex. I put them there like that so that it's easier for you to visualize it. Example1: arg1 = 1100 1100 arg2 = 1001 0001 retu = 0100 1100 Example2: arg1 = 1111 1111 arg2 = 0001 0010 retu = 1110 1101 Example3: arg1 = 1111 0000 arg2 = 0010 0010 retu = 1101 0000 I have no idea how this function should look like. I want it to be as fast as possible. I'll call this function 200 times per second.

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  • How much time should it take to find the sum of all prime numbers less than 2 million?

    - by Shahensha
    I was trying to solve this Project Euler Question. I implemented the sieve of euler as a helper class in java. It works pretty well for the small numbers. But when I input 2 million as the limit it doesn't return the answer. I use Netbeans IDE. I waited for a lot many hours once, but it still didn't print the answer. When I stopped running the code, it gave the following result Java Result: 2147483647 BUILD SUCCESSFUL (total time: 2,097 minutes 43 seconds) This answer is incorrect. Even after waiting for so much time, this isn't correct. While the same code returns correct answers for smaller limits. Sieve of euler has a very simple algo given at the botton of this page. My implementation is this: package support; import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.List; /** * * @author admin */ public class SieveOfEuler { int upperLimit; List<Integer> primeNumbers; public SieveOfEuler(int upperLimit){ this.upperLimit = upperLimit; primeNumbers = new ArrayList<Integer>(); for(int i = 2 ; i <= upperLimit ; i++) primeNumbers.add(i); generatePrimes(); } private void generatePrimes(){ int currentPrimeIndex = 0; int currentPrime = 2; while(currentPrime <= Math.sqrt(upperLimit)){ ArrayList<Integer> toBeRemoved = new ArrayList<Integer>(); for(int i = currentPrimeIndex ; i < primeNumbers.size() ; i++){ int multiplier = primeNumbers.get(i); toBeRemoved.add(currentPrime * multiplier); } for(Integer i : toBeRemoved){ primeNumbers.remove(i); } currentPrimeIndex++; currentPrime = primeNumbers.get(currentPrimeIndex); } } public List getPrimes(){ return primeNumbers; } public void displayPrimes(){ for(double i : primeNumbers) System.out.println(i); } } I am perplexed! My questions is 1) Why is it taking so much time? Is there something wrong in what I am doing? Please suggest ways for improving my coding style, if you find something wrong.

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  • VHDL gate basics

    - by balina
    Hello. I'm learning VHDL and I've come to a halt. I'd like to create a simple gate out of smaller gates (a NAND gate here). Here's the code: library IEEE; use IEEE.STD_LOGIC_1164.all; entity ANDGATE2 is port( x,y : in STD_LOGIC; z : out STD_LOGIC ); end ANDGATE2; architecture ANDGATE2 of ANDGATE2 is begin z <= x AND y; end ANDGATE2; library IEEE; use IEEE.STD_LOGIC_1164.all; entity NOTGATE1 is port( x : in STD_LOGIC; z : out STD_LOGIC ); end NOTGATE1; architecture NOTGATE1 of NOTGATE1 is begin z <= NOT x; end NOTGATE1; library ieee; use ieee.std_logic_1164.all; entity NANDGATE2 is port( x : in STD_LOGIC; y : in STD_LOGIC; z : out STD_LOGIC ); end NANDGATE2; architecture NANDGATE2 of NANDGATE2 is signal c, d: std_logic; component NOTGATE1 port( n_in : in STD_LOGIC; n_out : out STD_LOGIC ); end component; component ANDGATE2 port( a_in1, a_in2 : in STD_LOGIC; a_out : out STD_LOGIC ); end component; begin N0: ANDGATE2 port map(x, y, c); N1: NOTGATE1 port map(c, d); z <= d; end NANDGATE2; Here's the code from some tutorial I've been using as a template; it compiles with no problems. library ieee; use ieee.std_logic_1164.all; -- definition of a full adder entity FULLADDER is port ( a, b, c: in std_logic; sum, carry: out std_logic ); end FULLADDER; architecture fulladder_behav of FULLADDER is begin sum <= (a xor b) xor c ; carry <= (a and b) or (c and (a xor b)); end fulladder_behav; -- 4-bit adder library ieee; use ieee.std_logic_1164.all; entity FOURBITADD is port ( a, b: in std_logic_vector(3 downto 0); Cin : in std_logic; sum: out std_logic_vector (3 downto 0); Cout, V: out std_logic ); end FOURBITADD; architecture fouradder_structure of FOURBITADD is signal c: std_logic_vector (4 downto 0); component FULLADDER port ( a, b, c: in std_logic; sum, carry: out std_logic ); end component; begin FA0: FULLADDER port map (a(0), b(0), Cin, sum(0), c(1)); FA1: FULLADDER port map (a(1), b(1), C(1), sum(1), c(2)); FA2: FULLADDER port map (a(2), b(2), C(2), sum(2), c(3)); FA3: FULLADDER port map (a(3), b(3), C(3), sum(3), c(4)); V <= c(3) xor c(4); Cout <= c(4); end fouradder_structure; My code compiles with no errors, but with two warnings: # Warning: ELAB1_0026: p2.vhd : (85, 0): There is no default binding for component "andgate2".(Port "a_in1" is not on the entity). # Warning: ELAB1_0026: p2.vhd : (87, 0): There is no default binding for component "notgate1".(Port "n_in" is not on the entity). What gives?

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  • Inserting an element into a sorted list

    - by Russell Cargill
    Ok I'm using getSharedPreferences to store my high score but before I fill it up I wanted to sort the scores into ascending order via and array, but if it finds a Score less than it in the first pos then it wont check the rest for the smallest? //function to add score to array and sort it public void addscoretoarray(int mScore){ for(int pos = 0; pos< score.length; pos++){ if(score[pos] > mScore){ //do nothing }else { //Add the score into that position score[pos] = mScore; break; } } sortArray(score); } should I call sortArray() before and after the loop to fix this problem or is there a better method to achive the same results? I should also mention that the sortArray(score) funtion is just calling Arrays.sort(score) where score is an array of mScore

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  • Finding cities close to one another using longitude and latitude

    - by Jamie
    Each user in my db is associated to a city (with it's longitude and latitude) How would I go about finding out which cities are close to one another? i.e. in England, Cambridge is fairly close to London. So If I have a user who lives in Cambridge. Users close to them would be users living in close surrounding cities, such as London, Hertford etc. Any ideas how I could go about this? And also, how would I define what is close? i.e. in the UK close would be much closer than if it were in the US as the US is far more spread out. Ideas and suggestions. Also, do you know any services that provide this sort of functionality? Thanks

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  • how to check the first time user of my App in android?

    - by androidbase Praveen
    hi all, In my App, first it shows a splash screen. after that another activity, then my main activity must be show. this is my design plan. the second activity(i.e before main activity) must be show for the first time user of the app. if he/she closes the app.splash screen will redirect to main activity automatically. how to do this ? Any Idea? i am developing my app for android phones.

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